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Journal articles on the topic 'Marine mammal'
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Baker, Troy L., Jim Jeansonne, Charlie Henry, and John Tarpley. "NOAA OFFICE OF RESPONSE AND RESTORATION'S ROLE DURING OIL SPILLS WHERE MARINE MAMMALS ARE INVOLVED." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2008, no. 1 (2008): 991–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2008-1-991.
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ABSTRACT Providing rapid and humane care for distressed or threatened marine mammals is crucial to the ultimate success of such actions. Recently, in the southeast United States, marine mammals were observed in the vicinity of several oil spills. Proper coordination of marine mammal rescue or recovery actions with the Unified Command (UC) is essential for response personnel safety and increased probability of saving the affected animals. In the event of animal mortalities, effective coordination between the marine mammal resource agencies and the UC helps ensure the preservation of causal evidence. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration'S (NOAA'S) Office of Response and Restoration (OR&R), generally through the NOAA Scientific Support Coordinator (SSC), is able to assist the Federal On-Scene Coordinator (FOSC) and UC in addressing the threat of spilled oil on potentially affected marine mammals. Response actions during recent spills included: documenting the animals’ type and location, notification of the marine mammal agencies and teams responsible for their recovery and care, and coordination between the spill response and the marine mammal response. The actions of responders during recent spills involving marine mammals are summarized and relevant issues discussed, including properly characterizing the threat to marine mammals from spilled oil. The recent oil spill responses involving marine mammals in the southeastern U.S. are applicable to future spills throughout the United States and potentially worldwide. These recent incidents underscore the need to fully understand and plan for high profile wildlife issues during oil spill responses.
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Balaji, Vedharajan, and Veeramuthu Sekar. "Marine mammal strandings in the northern Palk Bay from 2009 to 2020." Journal of Threatened Taxa 13, no. 5 (2021): 18313–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.6302.13.5.18313-18318.
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Globally, the marine mammal population has been under threat due to various human activities. Data on stranding of these animals that are important for effective conservation planning and management, however, are not available in most of the developing countries. This paper presents observations on marine mammal strandings in northern Palk Bay, the southeastern coast of India over the last decade. In total, 21 stranding events consisting of 23 marine mammals were observed from 2009 to 2020. These stranded mammals include a Humpback Dolphin, a Blue Whale, two Finless Porpoises, and 19 Dugongs. The evident reason for the death of the dugongs and the porpoise being fishing activities, regulations on fishing practices, and intensive monitoring of the existing dugong population and their habitats are necessary. This study recommends for establishment of conservation reserve, and setting up district-level marine mammal rescue and release units in Nagapattinam, Tiruvarur, Thanjavur, Pudukkottai, and Ramanathapuram districts, comprising fishers and line departments. These units need to be sufficiently equipped in terms of equipment and infrastructure, and periodical technical training and workshops on marine mammal rescue and release procedures to quickly respond and handle marine mammal strandings in the area.
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Yuan, Yuan, Yaolei Zhang, Peijun Zhang, et al. "Comparative genomics provides insights into the aquatic adaptations of mammals." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 37 (2021): e2106080118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2106080118.
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The ancestors of marine mammals once roamed the land and independently committed to an aquatic lifestyle. These macroevolutionary transitions have intrigued scientists for centuries. Here, we generated high-quality genome assemblies of 17 marine mammals (11 cetaceans and six pinnipeds), including eight assemblies at the chromosome level. Incorporating previously published data, we reconstructed the marine mammal phylogeny and population histories and identified numerous idiosyncratic and convergent genomic variations that possibly contributed to the transition from land to water in marine mammal lineages. Genes associated with the formation of blubber (NFIA), vascular development (SEMA3E), and heat production by brown adipose tissue (UCP1) had unique changes that may contribute to marine mammal thermoregulation. We also observed many lineage-specific changes in the marine mammals, including genes associated with deep diving and navigation. Our study advances understanding of the timing, pattern, and molecular changes associated with the evolution of mammalian lineages adapting to aquatic life.
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Mamayu Utami, Ikha Jayanti, Tri Retnaningsih Soeprobowati, and Denny Nugroho Sugianto. "An Overview of Marine Mammals in Eastern Indonesia 2016: Implications for Marine Mammals Research and Conservation." E3S Web of Conferences 73 (2018): 04017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20187304017.
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Eastern Indonesia is known as the center of marine biodiversity of the world as well as habitat and marine mammal migration path. Not all marine mammal events in eastern Indonesia are well documented. The purpose of this study was to determine the occurrence of marine mammals in eastern Indonesia in 2016. Data collection done through observation, indepth interview with the community and experts. The results of this study were 8 (eight) occurrences of marine mammals which were in Mollucas, North Mollucas and West Papua Provinces with the highest incidence in August. That marine mammals were Duyung (Dugong dugon), Sperm Whale (Physetermacrocephalus), Risso’s Dolphin (Grampus griseus), and 2 types of unidentified Whales. The marine mammals exist were deliberately netted by people, stranded, trapped in fishing nets or deliberately commercialized. This marine mammals stranded occurence indicate the requirement of strategies development for handling these protected marine ‘biota’ to store their population.
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YAMADA, Tadasu K. "Marine Mammal Strandings." Japanese Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 5, no. 1 (2000): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5686/jjzwm.5.11.
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Felgate, Nick. "Marine Mammal Resource." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 112, no. 5 (2002): 2400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4779795.
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Kuiken, T. "Marine mammal diseases." Veterinary Record 128, no. 1 (1991): 19–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.128.1.19.
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Ramirez, Ken. "Marine Mammal Training." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice 15, no. 3 (2012): 413–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvex.2012.06.005.
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Kriangwanich, Wannapimol, Kittisak Buddhachat, Anocha Poommouang, et al. "Feasibility of melting fingerprint obtained from ISSR-HRM curves for marine mammal species identification." PeerJ 9 (June 25, 2021): e11689. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11689.
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Currently, species identification of stranded marine mammals mostly relies on morphological features, which has inherent challenges. The use of genetic information for marine mammal species identification remains limited, therefore, new approaches that can contribute to a better monitoring of stranded species are needed. In that context, the ISSR-HRM method we have proposed offers a new approach for marine mammal species identification. Consequently, new approaches need to be developed to identify individuals at the species level. Eight primers of the ISSR markers were chosen for HRM analysis resulting in ranges of accuracy of 56.78–75.50% and 52.14–75.93% in terms of precision, while a degree of sensitivity of more than 80% was recorded when each single primer was used. The ISSR-HRM primer combinations revealed a success rate of 100% in terms of discrimination for all marine mammals included in this study. Furthermore, ISSR-HRM analysis was successfully employed in determining marine mammal discrimination among varying marine mammal species. Thus, ISSR-HRM analysis could serve as an effective alternative tool in the species identification process. This option would offer researchers a heightened level of convenience in terms of its performance and success rate. It would also offer field practice to veterinarians, biologists and other field-related people a greater degree of ease with which they could interpret results when effectively classifying stranded marine mammals. However, further studies with more samples and with a broader geographical scope will be required involving distinct populations to account for the high degree of intraspecific variability in cetaceans and to demonstrate the range of applications of this approach.
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Rose, Naomi A. "Marine Mammal Welfare: An Exploration of the World of Marine Mammals." Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 2, no. 3 (1999): 255–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327604jaws0203_10.
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Clegg, Isabella L. K., Rebecca M. Boys, and Karen A. Stockin. "Increasing the Awareness of Animal Welfare Science in Marine Mammal Conservation: Addressing Language, Translation and Reception Issues." Animals 11, no. 6 (2021): 1596. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11061596.
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Integrating welfare principles into conservation strategy is an emerging synthesis that encourages consideration of individual animals’ quality of life in research, policies and law. However, these principles have gained limited traction in marine compared to terrestrial animal conservation. This manuscript investigates several factors that may be contributing to this disparity. In order to gauge current understanding of animal welfare science principles by marine mammal researchers and other stakeholders, a “Welfare in the Wild” workshop was convened at the 32nd European Cetacean Society conference (La Spezia, Italy, April 2018). The workshop was attended by 30 participants who completed pre- and post-workshop surveys on animal welfare principles. The survey results highlight a range of different views about exactly what animal welfare science is and how it can be applied to marine mammals. Specifically, participants’ definitions appeared to vary depending on the type of employment or research they engaged in, indicating a need for an interdisciplinary common language. Secondly, we analysed the peer-reviewed literature in order to ascertain where marine mammal publications exploring welfare were being published. From 1950 to July 2020, a total of 299 articles featured both marine mammal taxa (one or more) and the word welfare in the title, abstract or keywords. This represents just 0.96% of the total peer-reviewed published papers on marine mammal taxa (n = 31,221) during the same period. When examining articles published within “Welfare and Ethics” (n = 6133) and “Aquatic-focused” (n = 139,352) journals, just 1.2% (n = 71) and 0.04% (n = 57) of articles, respectively, featured the word welfare when examining marine mammals. With the aim of exploring how explicitly including welfare evaluations in marine mammal research and management can benefit conservation outcomes, we framed our workshop and quantitative literature review findings to provide practical solutions to the language, translation and reception issues of this burgeoning cross-disciplinary collaboration.
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Kornev, S. I., and A. M. Mironova. "Interactions between marine mammals and high seas fisheries in Kamchatka waters (based on monitoring data for 2012–2022)." Researches of the aquatic biological resources of Kamchatka and the North-West Part of the Pacific Ocean, no. 71 (March 7, 2024): 92–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.15853/2072-8212.2023.71.92-109.
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Occurrence of marine mammals in different types of fisheries and interactions between marine mammals and fisheries in the Okhotsk and Bering Seas and the Pacific waters adjacent to the eastern coast of Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands was analyzed. Classification of marine mammal species on their dependence from the fisheries has been made.
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Hoyt, Erich, and Giuseppe Notarbartolo di Sciara. "Important Marine Mammal Areas: a spatial tool for marine mammal conservation." Oryx 55, no. 3 (2021): 330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605321000272.
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Marx, Felix G. "Marine mammals through time: when less is more in studying palaeodiversity." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, no. 1658 (2008): 887–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.1473.
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The validity of biological explanations of patterns of palaeodiversity has been called into question owing to an apparent correlation of diversity with the amount of sedimentary rock preserved. However, this claim has largely been based on comprehensive estimates of global marine Phanerozoic diversity, thus raising the question of whether a similar bias applies to the records of smaller, well-defined taxonomic groups. Here, new data on European Caenozoic marine sedimentary rock outcrop area are presented and compared with European occurrences of three groups of marine mammals (cetaceans, pinnipedimorphs and sirenians). Limited evidence was found for a correlation of outcrop area with marine mammal palaeodiversity. In addition, similar patterns were identified in the cetacean and pinnipedimorph diversity data. This may point to the preservation of a genuine biological signal not overwhelmed by geological biases in the marine mammal diversity data, and opens the door to further analyses of both marine mammal evolution and geological bias in other small and well-defined groups of taxa.
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Fasick, Jeffry I., Haya Algrain, Courtland Samuels, et al. "Spectral tuning and deactivation kinetics of marine mammal melanopsins." PLOS ONE 16, no. 10 (2021): e0257436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257436.
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In mammals, the photopigment melanopsin (Opn4) is found in a subset of retinal ganglion cells that serve light detection for circadian photoentrainment and pupil constriction (i.e., mydriasis). For a given species, the efficiency of photoentrainment and length of time that mydriasis occurs is determined by the spectral sensitivity and deactivation kinetics of melanopsin, respectively, and to date, neither of these properties have been described in marine mammals. Previous work has indicated that the absorbance maxima (λmax) of marine mammal rhodopsins (Rh1) have diversified to match the available light spectra at foraging depths. However, similar to the melanopsin λmax of terrestrial mammals (~480 nm), the melanopsins of marine mammals may be conserved, with λmax values tuned to the spectrum of solar irradiance at the water’s surface. Here, we investigated the Opn4 pigments of 17 marine mammal species inhabiting diverse photic environments including the Infraorder Cetacea, as well as the Orders Sirenia and Carnivora. Both genomic and cDNA sequences were used to deduce amino acid sequences to identify substitutions most likely involved in spectral tuning and deactivation kinetics of the Opn4 pigments. Our results show that there appears to be no amino acid substitutions in marine mammal Opn4 opsins that would result in any significant change in λmax values relative to their terrestrial counterparts. We also found some marine mammal species to lack several phosphorylation sites in the carboxyl terminal domain of their Opn4 pigments that result in significantly slower deactivation kinetics, and thus longer mydriasis, compared to terrestrial controls. This finding was restricted to cetacean species previously found to lack cone photoreceptor opsins, a condition known as rod monochromacy. These results suggest that the rod monochromat whales rely on extended pupillary constriction to prevent photobleaching of the highly photosensitive all-rod retina when moving between photopic and scotopic conditions.
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Jefferson, Thomas A. "Marine mammals of the United States Exploring Expedition, 1838–1842: history and taxonomy." Archives of Natural History 50, no. 1 (2023): 101–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2023.0831.
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The United States Exploring Expedition of 1838–1842, in some ways, represents the beginning of American marine mammal biology. The expedition returned home with information on at least twelve marine mammal specimens (mostly small cetaceans or pinnipeds), seven of which were considered new species at the time. Commanded by Lieutenant Charles Wilkes, the expedition covered over 80,000 miles, surveyed new waters and lands, and brought back thousands of scientific specimens. Official publications of the expedition by Titian Peale and John Cassin cover the birds and mammals collected. The squadron’s publications, and the journals of its officers and scientists also contain a good deal of information about sightings of marine mammals. Of particular interest were whaling operations and grounds, and the expedition did much to help expand the whaling prospects of the United States around the globe, with a focus on the South Pacific islands. Though largely forgotten today, the “U. S. Ex. Ex.” played an important early role in establishing American influence in marine mammal biology and global whaling operations.
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Lakhnarayan Kumar Bhagarathi, Phillip N. B. DaSilva, Gyanpriya Maharaj, et al. "The impact of climate change on the ecology, reproduction and distribution of marine mammals and the possible legislation, conservation and management approaches to protect these marine mammal species: A systematic review." Magna Scientia Advanced Biology and Pharmacy 13, no. 1 (2024): 045–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/msabp.2024.13.1.0057.
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This paper aims to review and evaluate published literature on the impact of climate change on marine mammals. A systematic method was utilized to access research works of literature on “Impact of Climate Change on Marine Mammals”. A total of eighty-two (82) research papers published between the years 1976 to 2024 were accumulated and used for this review. A subjective approach was used to select the topics: impact of climate change and marine mammals. In this paper, nine (9) direct and indirect effects of climate change and environmental factors affecting marine mammals were assessed in this paper. Further, six (6) detrimental impacts of climate change on marine mammals were evaluated and presented. In addition, an integrated checklist of one hundred twenty-seven (127) marine mammal species were presented along with their current IUCN Red List status categories. Subsequently, a total of eighty-three (83) cetaceans (whales, dolphins and porpoises), thirty-four (34) pinnipeds (seals, sea lions and walruses), six (6) sirenians (manatees and dugongs) and four (4) fissipeds (polar bears and sea otters) were presented on the integrated checklist. In addition, this paper assessed some marine mammal species that are endangered and threatened with extinction such as Monachus monachus and Phocoena sinus. Legislation, conservation and implications for the management and preservation to address marine mammals and combat the effect of climate change was also presented in this review. The published works of literature established that the global marine mammal population dynamics, ecology, reproduction, abundance and distribution are all affected by the threats of climate change. The availability of prey impacts the distribution, abundance and movement of marine mammals as well as their community structure, vulnerability to toxins and disease, success of their reproduction, and, ultimately, their survival. Additionally, marine mammals are particularly vulnerable to the possible effects and repercussions of changes in salinity, pH, and CO2. This review highlights that more extensive studies on the impact of climate change on marine mammals should be done in neotropical countries since there are gaps of such information on research and published data in these biodiversity-rich regions.
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Wilkin, Sarah M., Michael Ziccardi, Laurie Sullivan, et al. "Improving preparedness for marine mammal oil spill response and assessment in the United States." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (2017): 2017228. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.000228.
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Several recent oil spills in the United States have had the potential to impact large numbers and multiple populations of cetaceans (whales and dolphins) and pinnipeds (seals and sea lions), namely the Macondo-252/Deepwater Horizon oil spill from April 2010, the Texas City Y event in March 2014, and the Refugio Beach oil spill in May 2015. In each of these spills, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and partners have engaged in significant activities during and following the spills, to both respond effectively to minimize impacts and assess the effects of oil spills on marine mammals. Experience gained during these spills has led to improved preparedness for future events with potential involvement of marine mammals. NOAA's National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) has developed the “National Pinniped and Cetacean Oil Spill Response Guidelines,” which are available online. These guidelines provide a broad national overview of response activities, a proposed organizational structure, and considerations to identify, recover, treat, and sample oiled and potentially oiled marine mammals. Further development of a response framework includes regional preparedness plans for marine mammals, based on the national guidelines but with regionally appropriate modifications to reflect local considerations, including species likely to be impacted, geographic concerns, and understanding of local cultural practices. Efforts are underway to improve training opportunities through a national exercise plan and to track trained and qualified individuals for potential deployment. For assessment, NMFS and NOAA's National Ocean Service (NOS) have partnered to develop the “National Marine Mammal Oil Spill Assessment Guidelines” to facilitate early, efficient, and effective assessment of impacts from oil spills on marine mammals as part of the Natural Resource Damage Assessment process. This paper will outline the current status of these products and their role in marine mammal assessment and response in the U.S., raise awareness of marine mammals within oil spills, and identify potential resources for marine mammal response and assessment in other countries.
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Houser, Dorian S., James J. Finneran, Keith Jenkins, et al. "The history of marine mammal bioacoustics at the Navy Marine Mammal Program." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 143, no. 3 (2018): 1768. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.5035789.
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Álvarez-González, Miguel, Paula Suarez-Bregua, Graham J. Pierce, and Camilo Saavedra. "Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in Marine Mammal Research: A Review of Current Applications and Challenges." Drones 7, no. 11 (2023): 667. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones7110667.
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Research on the ecology and biology of marine mammal populations is necessary to understand ecosystem dynamics and to support conservation management. Emerging monitoring tools and instruments offer the opportunity to obtain such information in an affordable and effective way. In recent years, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have become an important tool in the study of marine mammals. Here, we reviewed 169 research articles using UAVs to study marine mammals, published up until December 2022. The goals of these studies included estimating the number of individuals in populations and groups via photo-identification, determining biometrics and body condition through photogrammetry, collecting blow samples, and studying behavioural patterns. UAVs can be a valuable, non-invasive, and useful tool for a wide range of applications in marine mammal research. However, it is important to consider some limitations of this technology, mainly associated with autonomy, resistance to the marine environment, and data processing time, which could probably be overcome in the near future.
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Chaulk, Keith G., Daniel Michelin, Melva Williams, and Tony Wolfrey. "Community-Based Observations of Marine Mammal Occurrences in Groswater Bay, Labrador." Canadian Field-Naturalist 127, no. 1 (2013): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v127i1.1404.
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Experienced observers from the community of Rigolet, Newfoundland and Labrador, recorded marine mammal observations at Rigolet on the coast of Labrador from July to September 2012. During this study, a total of nine species of marine mammals were documented. A daily average of 2.6 (range 1–5) marine mammal species were observed, with Harp Seals (Pagophilus groenlandicus) and Common Minke Whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) being the most common. The area is thought to be regionally important for Ringed Seal (Pusa hispida) whelping; however, Ringed Seals were not observed in large numbers. Beluga Whales (Delphinapterus leucas) were also reported anecdotally, but were less common than the other species, with the possible exception of the Harbour Porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). Labrador is experiencing significant industrial growth related to hydroelectric development and offshore oil and gas exploration. These data should aid environmental assessment and environmental effects monitoring and assist researchers in understanding regional marine mammal ecology, including species diversity, seasonal occurrence, and relative abundance.
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Corkeron, Peter J. "Marine mammals' influence on ecosystem processes affecting fisheries in the Barents Sea is trivial." Biology Letters 5, no. 2 (2009): 204–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2008.0628.
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Some interpretations of ecosystem-based fishery management include culling marine mammals as an integral component. The current Norwegian policy on marine mammal management is one example. Scientific support for this policy includes the Scenario Barents Sea (SBS) models. These modelled interactions between cod, Gadus morhua , herring, Clupea harengus , capelin, Mallotus villosus and northern minke whales, Balaenoptera acutorostrata . Adding harp seals Phoca groenlandica into this top-down modelling approach resulted in unrealistic model outputs. Another set of models of the Barents Sea fish–fisheries system focused on interactions within and between the three fish populations, fisheries and climate. These model key processes of the system successfully. Continuing calls to support the SBS models despite their failure suggest a belief that marine mammal predation must be a problem for fisheries. The best available scientific evidence provides no justification for marine mammal culls as a primary component of an ecosystem-based approach to managing the fisheries of the Barents Sea.
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Rahim, Nurul Hidayah Abdul, Azzakirat Abdul Raman, Azmi Marzuki Muda, Saifullah Arifin Jaaman*, and Xuelei Zhang. "Bycatch Estimates of Dugongs and Dolphins: Results from an Interview Survey of Fishermen in Brunei Bay, Malaysia." Borneo Journal of Marine Science and Aquaculture (BJoMSA) 7 (December 31, 2023): 30–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.51200/bjomsa.v7i.4192.
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Bycatch refers to the unintentional capture of non-targeted animals during fishing activities. Worldwide, bycatch poses a significant threat to marine mammal species. In the Southeast Asian region, information on bycatch is particularly scarce, and there is little indication that the issue is adequately addressed anywhere in the region. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted face-to-face interview surveys across fishing communities in the Malaysian side of the Brunei Bay. We collected two datasets of marine mammal bycatch incidences from two different groups of fishermen (N=90 of 356 reported dugong data, 0.3%, and N=62 of 146 reported dolphin data, 0.4%), to estimate the levels of mortalities of the marine mammals. More than four fifths (82.1%) of respondents reported that they have accidentally captured at least one marine mammal (25.0% dugong and 42.5% dolphin) throughout their lifetime as a fisherman, with the highest frequency of occurrence being reported by fishers using gillnets (53.5% and 38.7%, respectively). Our interview results suggest an annual bycatch of 0.22 (95% CI = 0.13 to 0.32) for dugongs and 0.65 (95% CI = 0.40 to 0.88) for dolphins in the Malaysian Brunei Bay. Findings from this study provides important data to guide fisheries resource managers in providing protection and conservation efforts the endangered marine mammal populations.
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Baumgartner, Mark F., Kathleen M. Stafford, Peter Winsor, Hank Statscewich, and David M. Fratantoni. "Glider-Based Passive Acoustic Monitoring in the Arctic." Marine Technology Society Journal 48, no. 5 (2014): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.48.5.2.
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AbstractPersistently poor weather in the Arctic makes traditional marine mammal research from aircraft and ships difficult, yet collecting information on marine mammal distribution and habitat utilization is vital for understanding the impact of climate change on Arctic ecosystems. Moreover, as industrial use of the Arctic increases with the expansion of the open-water summer season, there is an urgent need to monitor the effects of noise from oil and gas exploration and commercial shipping on marine mammals. During September 2013, we deployed a single Slocum glider equipped with a digital acoustic monitoring (DMON) instrument to record and process in situ low-frequency (<5 kHz) audio to characterize marine mammal occurrence and habitat as well as ambient noise in the Chukchi Sea off the northwest coast of Alaska, USA. The DMON was programmed with the low-frequency detection and classification system (LFDCS) to autonomously detect and classify sounds of a variety of Arctic and sub-Arctic marine mammal species. The DMON/LFDCS reported regularly in near real time via Iridium satellite detailed detection data, summary classification information, and spectra of background noise. The spatial distributions of bowhead whale, bearded seal, and walrus call rates were correlated with surface salinity measured by the glider. Bowhead whale and walrus call rates were strongly associated with a warm and salty water mass of Bering Sea origin. With a passive acoustic capability that allows both archival recording and near real-time reporting, we envision ocean gliders will become a standard tool for marine mammal and ocean noise research and monitoring in the Arctic.
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Colten, Roger H., and Jeanne E. Arnold. "Prehistoric Marine Mammal Hunting on California's Northern Channel Islands." American Antiquity 63, no. 4 (1998): 679–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2694115.
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Prehistoric marine mammal hunting is of interest to archaeologists worldwide because these animals were exploited by a wide range of coastal societies. Sorting out the roles of particular groups of fauna in prehistoric economies requires detailed attention to the analysis of the entire faunal assemblage. Although marine mammals typically provided large quantities of fat and protein and were desirable prey, they were not always central to the diets of the groups that exploited them, particularly in temperate zones. To evaluate effectively the importance of marine mammal exploitation, scholars should calculate the relative contribution of these animals to the economy, identify changes in hunting techniques, determine the relationship between fauna and other aspects of society, assess changing environmental conditions, and consider alternate explanations for those relationships. A large body of research on the northern Channel Islands of California demonstrates that fishing was relatively more important than marine mammal exploitation in subsistence and in stimulating sociopolitical and technological developments. Recent attempts to credit marine mammal hunting as a driving force in the invention of the plank canoe and the evolution of a chiefdom in the Santa Barbara Channel area misunderstand environmental factors and site histories in this region. Rather than assuming that a pan-Pacific Coast set of traditions existed to exploit these taxa, we see evidence of local and regional differences rooted in variable cultural settings, physiographic and oceanographic conditions, and available technologies. Data from the Santa Barbara Channel are used to explore the relationships among marine mammal use, sociological change, and environmental change.
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Nelms, SE, J. Alfaro-Shigueto, JPY Arnould, et al. "Marine mammal conservation: over the horizon." Endangered Species Research 44 (March 25, 2021): 291–325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/esr01115.
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Marine mammals can play important ecological roles in aquatic ecosystems, and their presence can be key to community structure and function. Consequently, marine mammals are often considered indicators of ecosystem health and flagship species. Yet, historical population declines caused by exploitation, and additional current threats, such as climate change, fisheries bycatch, pollution and maritime development, continue to impact many marine mammal species, and at least 25% are classified as threatened (Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable) on the IUCN Red List. Conversely, some species have experienced population increases/recoveries in recent decades, reflecting management interventions, and are heralded as conservation successes. To continue these successes and reverse the downward trajectories of at-risk species, it is necessary to evaluate the threats faced by marine mammals and the conservation mechanisms available to address them. Additionally, there is a need to identify evidence-based priorities of both research and conservation needs across a range of settings and taxa. To that effect we: (1) outline the key threats to marine mammals and their impacts, identify the associated knowledge gaps and recommend actions needed; (2) discuss the merits and downfalls of established and emerging conservation mechanisms; (3) outline the application of research and monitoring techniques; and (4) highlight particular taxa/populations that are in urgent need of focus.
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Zitterbart, Daniel P., Heather R. Smith, Michael Flau, et al. "Scaling the Laws of Thermal Imaging–Based Whale Detection." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 37, no. 5 (2020): 807–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-19-0054.1.
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AbstractMarine mammals are under growing pressure as anthropogenic use of the ocean increases. Ship strikes of large whales and loud underwater sound sources including air guns for marine geophysical prospecting and naval midfrequency sonar are criticized for their possible negative effects on marine mammals. Competent authorities regularly require the implementation of mitigation measures, including vessel speed reductions or shutdown of acoustic sources if marine mammals are sighted in sensitive areas or in predefined exclusion zones around a vessel. To ensure successful mitigation, reliable at-sea detection of animals is crucial. To date, ship-based marine mammal observers are the most commonly implemented detection method; however, thermal (IR) imaging–based automatic detection systems have been used in recent years. This study evaluates thermal imaging–based automatic whale detection technology for its use across different oceans. The performance of this technology is characterized with respect to environmental conditions, and an automatic detection algorithm for whale blows is presented. The technology can detect whales in polar, temperate, and subtropical ocean regimes over distances of up to several kilometers and outperforms marine mammal observers in the number of whales detected. These results show that thermal imaging technology can be used to assist in providing protection for marine mammals against ship strike and acoustic impact across the world’s oceans.
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Skern-Mauritzen, Mette, Ulf Lindstrøm, Martin Biuw, et al. "Marine mammal consumption and fisheries removals in the Nordic and Barents Seas." ICES Journal of Marine Science 79, no. 5 (2022): 1583–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsac096.
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Abstract In this study, we assess prey consumption by the marine mammal community in the northeast Atlantic [including 21 taxa, across three regions: (I) the Icelandic shelf, Denmark Strait, and Iceland Sea (ICE); (II) the Greenland and Norwegian Seas (GN); and (III) the Barents Sea (BS)], and compare mammal requirements with removals by fisheries. To determine prey needs, estimates of energetic requirements were combined with diet and abundance information for parameterizing simple allometric scaling models, taking uncertainties into account through bootstrapping procedures. In total, marine mammals in the ICE, GN, and BS consumed 13.4 [Confidence Interval (CI): 5.6–25.0], 4.6 (CI: 1.9–8.6), and 7.1 (CI: 2.8–13.8) million tonnes of prey year–1. Fisheries removed 1.55, 1.45, and 1.16 million tonnes year–1 from these three areas, respectively. While fisheries generally operate at significantly higher trophic levels than marine mammals, we find that the potential for direct competition between marine mammals and fisheries is strongest in the GN and weakest in the BS. Furthermore, our results also demonstrate significant changes in mammal consumption compared to previous and more focused studies over the last decades. These changes likely reflect both ongoing population recoveries from historic whaling and the current rapid physical and biological changes of these high-latitude systems. We argue that changing distributions and abundances of mammals should be considered when establishing fisheries harvesting strategies, to ensure effective fisheries management and good conservation practices of top predators in such rapidly changing systems.
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SCHWARTZ, MICHAEL K., and DARYL J. BONESS. "Marine mammal subspecies in the age of genetics: Introductory remarks from the Associate Editor and Editor-in-Chief of Marine Mammal Science." Marine Mammal Science 33 (June 7, 2017): 7–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/mms.12416.
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SCHWARTZ, MICHAEL K., BONESS, DARYL J. (2017): Marine mammal subspecies in the age of genetics: Introductory remarks from the Associate Editor and Editor-in-Chief of Marine Mammal Science. Marine Mammal Science (SPECIAL ISSUE) 33: 7-11, DOI: 10.1111/mms.12416
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Guan, Shane. "A simple approach for marine mammal noise-induced threshold shift prediction from down-the-hole piling noise exposure." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, no. 4 (2022): A108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0015704.
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In assessing auditory effects on marine mammals from noise exposure, a dual-criterion is currently used by regulators to estimate the noise-induced threshold shift (NITS). Such criterion classifies anthropogenic noise into two mutually exclusive categories: Impulsive and non-impulsive. However, in real world situations, marine mammals are often exposed to complex noise field that contains both impulsive and non-impulsive components, thus makes it difficult or even impossible to accurately assess their NITS from noise exposure. One example is down-the-hole (DTH) pile installation, which generates both impulsive noise from percussive drilling/striking and non-impulsive noise from debris removal simultaneously. In this study, a relatively simple approach is proposed that employs kurtosis values to quantify the impulsiveness of two DTH piling noises datasets for six different marine mammal functional hearing groups. A kurtosis adjustment approach that has been suggested for predict human hearing loss from noise exposure was then used to build correction factors for estimation of NITS of marine mammals exposed to DTH piling noises. Further research on marine mammal NITS from complex noise exposure is needed to validate and improve this model.
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Mishin, T. V. "Bycatch of marine mammals in the Northwest Atlantic during commercial fishery (based on literature materials and observations by the Polar branch of VNIRO in 2013-2020)." Vestnik MGTU 25, no. 2 (2022): 110–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21443/1560-9278-2022-25-2-110-119.
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This paper describes one of the most acute problem for both environmental companies and fisheries - bycatch of marine mammals caused by bioresource exploitation in the Northwest Atlantic (NWA). There is no doubt that fishing has some impact on marine mammals, but information on bycatch of marine mammals is needed to understand the extent of the impact of different fishing gears. The paper is based on data from reports of observers of the Polar branch of VNIRO from fishing vessels in the 3LMNO NAFO zone (Newfoundland Island), as well as literary materials. As a result of the analysis, it has been found that small species of marine mammals, such as gray, common, harp seals from the Phocidae family, common dolphin, short-finned pilot whale (Delphinidae family) as well as harbour porpoise from the Phocoenidae family are most often injured by various fishing gears. Toothed whales (sperm whale, bottlenose whale) are the least susceptible to bycatch. Among the baleen whales, humpback whale, northern right whale and minke whale are often the victims of fishing. Gillnets, trawl fishing, and longlines are the greatest threats to small marine mammal species, while baleen whales are most vulnerable to traps, usually to catch ten-legged crustaceans Decapoda. Analysis of the literature has shown that, in general, the stocks of most marine mammal species in the NWA, excluding the northern right whale, are in a stable condition. The manuscript considers measures aimed at reducing bycatch of marine mammals.
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McIntyre, T. "Trends in tagging of marine mammals: a review of marine mammal biologging studies." African Journal of Marine Science 36, no. 4 (2014): 409–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/1814232x.2014.976655.
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Temte, Jonathan L. "THE MARINE MAMMAL INVENTORY REPORT: INDEPENDENT VERIFICATION OF A CAPTIVE MARINE MAMMAL DATABASE." Marine Mammal Science 9, no. 1 (1993): 95–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1993.tb00432.x.
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Groussaud, Pauline, Stephen J. Shankster, Mark S. Koylass, and Adrian M. Whatmore. "Molecular typing divides marine mammal strains of Brucella into at least three groups with distinct host preferences." Journal of Medical Microbiology 56, no. 11 (2007): 1512–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.47330-0.
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In order to investigate the genetic relationships within Brucella isolated from marine mammals, two genome-based typing methods, variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) typing and multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA), were applied to a selection of 74 marine mammal isolates. All isolates were examined by VNTR and data were compared with multilocus sequencing data from a subset of 48 of these. Marine mammal brucellae are distinct from classically recognized species by these methods and appear to correspond to three major genetic groups, which reflect distinct preferred hosts. One group contains isolates predominantly found in pinnipeds (seals) and corresponds to the previously proposed species ‘Brucella pinnipediae’. However, isolates corresponding to the previously proposed species ‘Brucella cetaceae’ fall into two distinct groups that appear to have different preferred cetacean hosts (porpoises and dolphins). Furthermore, these two groups appear less closely related to each other than either group is to ‘B. pinnipediae’ isolates. The groups identified by VNTR typing and MLSA are completely congruent. The relevance of these findings to current proposals to recognize two species of marine mammal Brucella is discussed.
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Bodkin, James L., and Ronald J. Jameson. "Patterns of seabird and marine mammal carcass deposition along the central California coast, 1980–1986." Canadian Journal of Zoology 69, no. 5 (1991): 1149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z91-163.
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At monthly intervals from February 1980 through December 1986, a 14.5-km section of central California coastline was systematically surveyed for beach-cast carcasses of marine birds and mammals. Five hundred and fifty-four bird carcasses and 194 marine mammal carcasses were found. Common murres, western grebes, and Brandt's cormorants composed 45% of the bird total. California sea lions, sea otters, and harbor seals composed 90% of the mammal total. Several factors appeared to affect patterns of carcass deposition. The El Niño – Southern Oscillation (ENSO) of 1982–1983 was the dominant influence in terms of interannual variation in carcass deposition. During this ENSO, 56% of the seabirds and 48% of the marine mammals washed ashore. Patterns of intra-annual variation were species specific and were related to animal migration patterns, reproduction, and seasonal changes in weather. Nearshore currents and winds influenced the general area of carcass deposition, while beach substrate type and local patterns of sand deposition influenced the location of carcass deposition on a smaller spatial scale. Weekly surveys along a 1.1-km section of coastline indicated that 62% of bird carcasses and 41% of mammal carcasses remained on the beach less than 9 days. Cause of death was determined for only 8% of the carcasses. Oiling was the most common indication of cause of death in birds (6%). Neonates composed 8% of all mammal carcasses.
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Boesch, Robert. "Challenges and Perspectives in Proving Harm of Anticoagulants to Marine Predators and Scavengers." Conservation 4, no. 4 (2024): 762–77. https://doi.org/10.3390/conservation4040045.
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Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) have been used for eradication of mammals such as rats and mice on islands for more than three decades. Baits containing 25 to 50 parts per million of an AR (usually the second-generation anticoagulant brodifacoum) were aerially applied to 70% or more of the area on islands. In some areas, baits entered the seas. Many apparent coincidences between the AR bait applications and marine mammal strandings that were observed are summarized and discussed. The coincidences were not well studied and the associations between AR applications and mammal strandings have been understudied or denied. Such associations warrant a need to investigate whether AR applications are directly associated with marine mammal deaths and strandings, for which challenges are discussed. Monitoring marine ecosystems faces many challenges. This review calls for attention to consider and possibly establish a reasonable certainty of no harm for ecosystem restoration efforts. Cases potentially related to ARs are presented to illustrate the concept and the need of establishing such a certainty.
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Lavigne, D. M., S. Innes, G. A. J. Worthy, K. M. Kovacs, O. J. Schmitz, and J. P. Hickie. "Metabolic rates of seals and whales." Canadian Journal of Zoology 64, no. 2 (1986): 279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z86-047.
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A critical review of metabolic rate determinations for pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, fur seals, and walrus) and cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises) does not support the widely accepted generalization that they have higher metabolic rates than terrestrial mammals of similar size. This finding necessitates a rethinking of the thermoregulatory adaptations of these marine mammals for an aquatic existence and has important implications in comparative studies of mammals, which frequently omit marine forms because they are perceived to be "different" from other mammals. It also suggests that numerous studies have overestimated food consumption by marine mammal populations.
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Wartzok, Douglas, Arthur N. Popper, Jonathan Gordon, and Jennifer Merrill. "Factors Affecting the Responses of Marine Mammals to Acoustic Disturbance." Marine Technology Society Journal 37, no. 4 (2003): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/002533203787537041.
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The issues surrounding marine mammals and noise cannot be managed effectively without an understanding of the effects of that noise on individual mammals and their populations. In the spring of 2003 the National Research Council released Ocean Noise and Marine Mammals, a report that reviewed sources of ocean noise (natural and anthropogenic), the effects of noise on marine mammals, patterns and long-term trends in ocean noise, and included recommendations intended to improve understanding of the sources and impacts of anthropogenic marine noise. This paper provides a brief summary of observed effects of ocean noise on marine mammals and the factors that can change the response of the animal to the noise exposure. It introduces the reader to short- and long-term behavior changes that have been observed in marine mammals in response to ocean noise, and discusses future directions for marine mammal research.
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Notarbartolo di Sciara, G., and E. Hoyt. "Healing the wounds of marine mammals by protecting their habitat." Ethics in Science and Environmental Politics 20 (August 20, 2020): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/esep00190.
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Important marine mammal areas (IMMAs)—‘discrete habitat areas, important for one or more marine mammal species, that have the potential to be delineated and managed for conservation’ (IUCN Marine Mammal Protected Areas Task Force 2018, p. 3)—were introduced in 2014 by the IUCN Marine Mammal Protected Areas Task Force to support marine mammal and wider ocean conservation. IMMAs provide decision-makers with a user-friendly, actionable tool to inform them of the whereabouts of habitat important for marine mammal survival. However, in view of their non-prescriptive, evidence-based and biocentric nature, the conservation effectiveness of IMMAs is strictly dependent on politicians’ willingness to make use of them. It has been the customary task of advocacy non-governmental organisations to lobby decision-makers to stimulate respect for environmental law, but the scientific community is increasingly joining this effort. Scientists can effectively strengthen a healthy relationship between scientific objectivity and political advocacy without damaging the credibility of conservation science. Thus, those undertaking the identification of IMMAs can be among those responsible for strongly advocating the implementation of IMMAs and other conservation initiatives.
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Boltnev, Alexander I., Sergey A. Zagrebelny, Vladimir B. Zagrebelny, et al. "State of stocks and harvesting of marine mammals in Russia in 2000–2020." Trudy VNIRO 195, no. 1 (2024): 205–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.36038/2307-3497-2024-195-205-231.
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Purpose: analysis of stocks and harvest of marine mammals in the coastal waters of Russia in 2000–2020.Method: collection and analysis of statistics data on the harvest of marine mammals provided by the territorial bodies of the Federal Agency for Fishery, as well as the results of a survey of the indigenous population about their harvest. The capture of marine mammals to ensure the traditional way of life of the indigenous population of the coastal regions of Russia continues to this day.Novelty: presents new data on the state of stocks and harvest of marine mammals in the coastal waters of Russia in 2000–2020.Results: By the beginning of the 21st century, commercial harvest for marine mammals had practically ceased for economic reasons. The trapping of marine mammals to ensure the traditional way of life of the indigenous population of the coastal regions of Russia continues to this day. The most intensive use of marine mammals is observed in Chukotka, where cetaceans, walruses and true seals are hunted. The meat and fat of marine mammals is used by the indigenous population for food purposes, as well as food for domestic dogs and fur-bearing animals when they are kept in cages. In Kamchatka, Sakhalin and along the entire mainland coast of the Sea of Okhotsk, the harvest of marine mammals by the indigenous population is significantly lower than in Chukotka. In these areas, seal fat is used for medical purposes. In remote villages of the Far North, hunted seals and beluga whales are also used for food, but collecting statistics on their production in these areas is difficult and is based on expert estimates. For a long time after the cessation of commercial fishing, the stocks of marine mammals were not assessed. Only thanks to federal funding of environmental projects of the Russian Academy of Sciences, thanks to Russian-A merican cooperation in the field of marine mammal research and the support of environmental organizations, new information has been obtained about marine mammal stocks in the last two decades of the 21st century. It is shown that despite the cessation of industrial harvesting of marine mammals, there is no significant increase in their stocks.
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Cloeckaert, Axel, Maggy Grayon, and Olivier Grepinet. "An IS711 Element Downstream of thebp26 Gene Is a Specific Marker of Brucella spp. Isolated from Marine Mammals." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 7, no. 5 (2000): 835–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.7.5.835-839.2000.
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ABSTRACT DNA polymorphism of the bp26 gene, coding for a diagnostic protein antigen for brucellosis, was assessed by PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis using primers to amplify the bp26 gene with its flanking regions. Surprisingly, whereas PCR performed on DNA of the reference strains of the six recognized Brucella species produced a product of the expected size (1,029 bp), PCR performed on DNA of three representative strains from marine mammals (from a seal, a dolphin, and a porpoise) produced a larger product, of about 1,900 bp. Nucleotide sequencing of the 1,900-bp PCR products revealed the presence of an insertion sequence, IS711, downstream of thebp26 gene and adjacent to a Bru-RS1 element previously described as being a hot spot for IS711 insertion. PCR performed on a large number of field strains from different geographic origins and from marine mammal isolates indicated that the occurrence of an IS711 element downstream of the bp26 gene was a feature specific to the marine mammal Brucellastrains. Thus, this PCR assay is able to differentiateBrucella terrestrial isolates from marine mammal isolates and could be applied for diagnostic purposes.
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MacKenzie, Brian R., Jürgen Alheit, Daniel J. Conley, Poul Holm, and Carl Christian Kinze. "Ecological hypotheses for a historical reconstruction of upper trophic level biomass in the Baltic Sea and Skagerrak." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 59, no. 1 (2002): 173–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f01-201.
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Fish and marine mammal populations in the Baltic Sea and Skagerrak have undergone major fluctuations over the past five centuries. We summarize how these fluctuations may have depended on various forms of predation (e.g., cannibalism, fishing, hunting) and environmental processes. The best-documented long-term fisheries in this region are the herring (Clupea harengus) fisheries near Bohuslän, western Sweden, and in the Øresund. These fisheries have been important since at least the 1200s and appear to be partly climatically driven. However, in the rest of the Baltic, information about fisheries for herring and other fish species is rare until after 1900. During the 20th century, while the Baltic underwent eutrophication, the biomass and landings of three fish species (cod (Gadus morhua), herring, and sprat (Sprattus sprattus)) all increased, whereas the biomass of marine mammals (grey seals (Halichoerus grypus), ringed seals (Phoca hispida), harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena)) decreased. The relative roles of exploitation, marine mammal predation, and environmental variability (e.g., eutrophication, major inflows of saline water, climate change) on the long-term dynamics of key fish species is not clear and requires increased collaboration among historians, fisheries and marine mammal ecologists, oceanographers, and climatologists.
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Shields, Morgan M., Tara Roth, and Risa Pesapane. "A pictorial key to the adult and larval nasal mites (Halarachnidae) of marine mammals." ZooKeys 1216 (October 23, 2024): 101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1216.135359.
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Mites in the family Halarachnidae are common endoparasites infesting the nasal tissues of a variety of marine mammals. These mites are easily transmissible and compromise the health of their hosts, especially in captive environments. While these mites are noted by marine mammal caretakers, they may easily be misidentified due to repeated revisions to halarachnid mite taxonomy and reclassification of misidentified specimens. Species identification currently requires multiple taxonomic keys, knowledge of revisions to species classifications through time, and training in acarology, which is impractical for marine mammal clinicians. Therefore, to summarize the known taxonomy and aid in future identification of halarachnid mites, we present a pictorial key composed of illustrations based on existing literature and images obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high-resolution light microscopy (LM). Illustrations are organized into flow charts for the identification of both adult and larval stages. Dorsal shield silhouettes are also provided to facilitate the identification of adults. We hope that this key be used to simplify future taxonomic research, provide a standard for species identification, and aid in the diagnosis of halarachnid infestations in captive and rehabilitated marine mammal populations.
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Shields, Morgan M., Tara Roth, and Risa Pesapane. "A pictorial key to the adult and larval nasal mites (Halarachnidae) of marine mammals." ZooKeys 1216 (October 23, 2024): 101–14. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1216.135359.
Full textAbstract:
Mites in the family Halarachnidae are common endoparasites infesting the nasal tissues of a variety of marine mammals. These mites are easily transmissible and compromise the health of their hosts, especially in captive environments. While these mites are noted by marine mammal caretakers, they may easily be misidentified due to repeated revisions to halarachnid mite taxonomy and reclassification of misidentified specimens. Species identification currently requires multiple taxonomic keys, knowledge of revisions to species classifications through time, and training in acarology, which is impractical for marine mammal clinicians. Therefore, to summarize the known taxonomy and aid in future identification of halarachnid mites, we present a pictorial key composed of illustrations based on existing literature and images obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high-resolution light microscopy (LM). Illustrations are organized into flow charts for the identification of both adult and larval stages. Dorsal shield silhouettes are also provided to facilitate the identification of adults. We hope that this key be used to simplify future taxonomic research, provide a standard for species identification, and aid in the diagnosis of halarachnid infestations in captive and rehabilitated marine mammal populations.
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Srinivasan, Mridula. "Marine Mammal Science Without Borders." Aquatic Mammals 44, no. 6 (2018): 736–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1578/am.44.6.2018.736.
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MARSH, HELENE, and ZENA DINESEN. "Marine mammal research in Australia." Fisheries science 68, sup1 (2002): 276–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2331/fishsci.68.sup1_276.
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Braham, Howard. "NOAA's National Marine Mammal Laboratory." Oceanography 2, no. 1 (1989): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.1989.35.
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Newman, S. J., and S. A. Smith. "Marine Mammal Neoplasia: A Review." Veterinary Pathology 43, no. 6 (2006): 865–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1354/vp.43-6-865.
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Austin, Melanie E. "Marine mammal vocalizations: Spectrum analysis." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 129, no. 4 (2011): 2538. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.3588431.
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Moore, Sue E. "World Marine Mammal Science Conference." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 104, no. 1 (1998): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.423267.
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