Journal articles: 'Marine mineral resources'

1

Alexander, Lewis M., and Fillmore C. F. Earney. "Marine Mineral Resources." Geographical Review 82, no. 2 (April 1992): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/215446.

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CRONAN, D. S. "Marine mineral resources." Geology Today 1, no. 1 (January 1985): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2451.1985.tb00278.x.

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Barnard, Alex. "Sustainable Development of Marine Mineral Resources." Marine Technology Society Journal 53, no. 5 (September 1, 2019): 27–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.53.5.6.

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Zhang, Ying, Chang Shui Liu, Lian Feng Gao, Zhen Guo Zhang, and Peng Zhang. "Marine Authigenic Deposits Mineral - New Fields for the Development of Rare Earth Resources." Advanced Materials Research 291-294 (July 2011): 1748–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.291-294.1748.

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Rare earth metals are an important strategic resource. Due to scarce reserves, and large consumer demand, it is facing the crisis of resource depletion. Marine are the largest deposits sites in the world. In the long growth history, marine autogenic sedimentary mineral, such as polymetallic nodules, crusts with large quantities, not only contain the enrichment of Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Ni and other valuable metals, but also contain extremely rare earth elements (REE) in the crust. Thus, in the process of developing marine mineral resources, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Ni and other metals are used, while it is possible for the development and utilization of the associated rare earth mineral. Marine may become a new field of rare earth resources development.

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TSURUSAKI, Katsuya. "Marine Mineral Resources & Its Exploiting Technology." Journal of the Society of Mechanical Engineers 91, no. 834 (1988): 477–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemag.91.834_477.

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Clark, Allen L., and Jennifer Cook Clark. "Marine Metallic Mineral Resources of the Pacific Basin." Marine Resource Economics 3, no. 1 (January 1986): 45–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/mre.3.1.42628917.

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Clark, Allen, and Chang Li. "Marine mineral resources of the South China sea." Marine Georesources & Geotechnology 11, no. 1 (January 1993): 101–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10641199309379907.

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Valencia, Mark J. "Third World cooperation on pacific marine mineral resources." Third World Quarterly 8, no. 2 (April 1986): 594–620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01436598608419914.

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9

Sakellariadou, Fani, Francisco J. Gonzalez, James R. Hein, Blanca Rincón-Tomás, Nikolaos Arvanitidis, and Thomas Kuhn. "Seabed mining and blue growth: exploring the potential of marine mineral deposits as a sustainable source of rare earth elements (MaREEs) (IUPAC Technical Report)." Pure and Applied Chemistry 94, no. 3 (February 4, 2022): 329–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2021-0325.

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Abstract The expected growth of the global economy and the projected rise in world population call for a greatly increased supply of materials critical for implementing clean technologies, such as rare earth elements (REEs) and other rare metals. Because the demand for critical metals is increasing and land-based mineral deposits are being depleted, seafloor resources are seen as the next frontier for mineral exploration and extraction. Marine mineral deposits with a great resource potential for transition, rare, and critical metals include mainly deep-sea mineral deposits, such as polymetallic sulfides, polymetallic nodules, cobalt-rich crusts, phosphorites, and rare earth element-rich muds. Major areas with economic interest for seabed mineral exploration and mining are the following: nodules in the Penrhyn Basin-Cook Islands Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), the Clarion–Clipperton nodule Zone, Peru Basin nodules, and the Central Indian Ocean Basin; seafloor massive sulfide deposits in the exclusive economic zones of Papua New Guinea, Japan, and New Zealand as well as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the three Indian Ocean spreading ridges; cobalt-rich crusts in the Pacific Prime Crust Zone and the Canary Islands Seamounts and the Rio Grande Rise in the Atlantic Ocean; and the rare earth element-rich deep-sea muds around Minamitorishima Island in the equatorial North Pacific. In addition, zones for marine phosphorites exploration are located in Chatham Rise, offshore Baja California, and on the shelf off Namibia. Moreover, shallow-water resources, like placer deposits, represent another marine source for many critical minerals, metals, and gems. The main concerns of deep-sea mining are related to its environmental impacts. Ecological impacts of rare earth element mining on deep-sea ecosystems are still poorly evaluated. Furthermore, marine mining may cause conflicts with various stakeholders such as fisheries, communications cable owners, offshore wind farms, and tourism. The global ocean is an immense source of food, energy, raw materials, clean water, and ecosystem services and suffers seriously by multiple stressors from anthropogenic sources. The development of a blue economy strategy needs a better knowledge of the environmental impacts. By protecting vulnerable areas, applying new technologies for deep-sea mineral exploration and mining, marine spatial planning, and a regulatory framework for minerals extraction, we may achieve sustainable management and use of our oceans.

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Rasskazov, Andrey A., Evgeniy S. Gorbatov, and Alexander E. Kotelnikov. "Features of formation of lacustrine mineral resources." RUDN Journal of Engineering Researches 22, no. 2 (October 2, 2021): 225–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8143-2021-22-2-225-233.

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The conditions of the formation of nonmetallic and ore minerals in limnogenic structures are considered. It has been established that lakes are natural enriches of a wide range of useful components - silicate, carbonate, water-soluble, ore, organomineral. The most significant minerals of modern lakes, in addition to water, are: sapropel, diatomite, lime and mineral salts. Deposits of sand, clay, oil shale, oil and gas, coal, phosphorites, zeolites, evaporites, bauxites, ferromanganese, copper ores, placer minerals, and some rare and dispersed elements are associated with limnogenic complexes of different ages. It is shown that a greater variety of minerals of ancient lacustrine complexes compared to modern ones is associated both with variations of lacustrine lithogenesis in the past and with post-sedimentation transformations of sedimentary matter. In particular, epigenetic enrichment of ancient lacustrine complexes with ore components is noted. It was revealed that hydrocarbons and diatomites of lacustrine genesis are of a higher quality compared to similar minerals of marine genesis. It is noted that evolutionary changes in the processes of accumulation of limnogenic minerals have affected to the greatest degree biogenic and chemogenic components. An example of this is the progressive accumulation of caustobiolites and the sulfate evolution of evaporites in lacustrine structures during the Phanerozoic. An analysis of the genetic characteristics of lacustrine minerals makes it possible to develop new exploratory traits of a number of sedimentary deposits.

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Lugra, Wayan. "DISTRIBUTION OF MINERAL RESOURCES AND AGGREGATES IN SAMBAS WATERS, WEST KALIMANTAN PROVINCE." Buletin Sumber Daya Geologi 4, no. 1 (May 14, 2009): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.47599/bsdg.v4i1.174.

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Marine sediments of Sambas Waters, West Kalimantan, contain of five groups of minerals such as hydroxide oxides, silicates, sulfides, and carbonates. The dominant mineral in hydroxide oxides group is magnetite that composes about 0.00720% and lowest is 0.00310% of the sediments, followed by hematite, limonite, and rutile. Augite being the dominant mineral in silicate group was found in six samples with highest percentage of 0,.0091%, followed by casiterite and hornblende. Phyrite from the sulfide group, is present in six samples of seven sediment samples with average percentage of <1%. Dolomite is the only mineral that represents carbonate group and it was found in 7 samples with average percentage of less than 1%. While Mica minerals that occur in the study area are muscovite. Muscovite was observed in four sample of seven samples analysed, with highest percentage of 0.000771% and the lowest 0.00018%.Aggregates that have been exploited in the study area are andesite, dacite and sands that compose the alluvium and old volcanic units.

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Yan, Mengdi, and Shuangshuang Jiang. "Recent trends in functional characteristics and degradation methods of alginate." BIO Web of Conferences 61 (2023): 01015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20236101015.

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The total area of the Earth's oceans is 360 million square kilometers, accounting for approximately 71% of the Earth's surface area. It is a huge treasure trove of resources, containing abundant mineral resources, oil and gas resources, microbial resources, etc. The production of marine biomass is enormous, and as a third-generation renewable energy source, it has more sustainable development potential than terrestrial biomass. The main source of marine biomass is marine algae, so the development and excavation of marine algae resources is imperative. At present, alginate has become the second largest sustainable development resource in terms of production, second only to cellulose, and has enormous application value. The biological enzyme method for degrading alginate utilizes alginate lyase to β The elimination mechanism breaks the glycosidic bond, which has more degradation advantages than physical and chemical methods.

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Zhou, Peng, Jiawang Chen, Dongrui Ruan, Xiaoqing Peng, Xiaocheng Wu, Ziqiang Ren, and Qiaoling Gao. "Design of a Marine Sediments Resistivity Measurement System Based on a Circular Permutation Electrode." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 9 (September 13, 2021): 995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9090995.

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Marine sediments are rich in mineral resources, organic resources, and microbial life. The study of marine sediments is of great significance for the development and utilization of marine resources and understanding the life process. Resistivity is the overall characteristic of the electrical conductivity of marine sediments. Measuring the resistivity of marine sediments is helpful to ascertain the marine geological structure, study the distribution of marine mineral resources, and evaluate the marine soil environment. Measuring the resistivity of marine sediments is of great significance to promote marine exploration. At present, the resistivity measurement device on the market can be directly used to measure soil and water on land, but if used to measure marine sediments, it will be disturbed by seawater temperature and pressure, resulting in large errors. In this paper, a high-precision pressure-maintaining transfer system of marine sediment resistivity measurement instrument based on circular permutation electrode is designed, which can measure the resistivity of marine sediment samples after pressure-maintaining transfer. At the same time, a new type of circular permutation electrode measurement method is proposed, which makes the resistivity value more accurate, reduces the length of the probe appropriately, and saves the cost. By measuring the resistivity of marine sediments, the type of sediments can be inverted, which provides a way of thinking about the promotion of the research and development and utilization of marine resources.

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Ochromowicz, Katarzyna, Kurt Aasly, and Przemyslaw Kowalczuk. "Recent Advancements in Metallurgical Processing of Marine Minerals." Minerals 11, no. 12 (December 19, 2021): 1437. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11121437.

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Polymetallic manganese nodules (PMN), cobalt-rich manganese crusts (CRC) and seafloor massive sulfides (SMS) have been identified as important resources of economically valuable metals and critical raw materials. The currently proposed mineral processing operations are based on metallurgical approaches applied for land resources. Thus far, significant endeavors have been carried out to describe the extraction of metals from PMN; however, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, it lacks a thorough review on recent developments in processing of CRC and SMS. This paper begins with an overview of each marine mineral. It is followed by a systematic review of common methods used for extraction of metals from marine mineral deposits. In this review, we update the information published so far in peer-reviewed and technical literature, and briefly provide the future perspectives for processing of marine mineral deposits.

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Hannington, Mark, Sven Petersen, and John Jamieson. "Another Look at Marine Minerals." SEG Discovery, no. 134 (July 1, 2023): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/segnews.2023-134.fea-01.

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Abstract Deep-sea mining is taking another step closer to reality. Early leases for exploration in the central Pacific manganese nodule fields and elsewhere in the oceans are coming to an end, and contractors are faced with a choice—extend the licenses to continue exploration or apply to mine the deposits they have found. The first 15-year licenses were originally signed into effect by the International Seabed Authority (ISA) in 2001 and began to expire in 2016. With no operations in a position to commence mining and, more importantly, no regulations in place to allow it, most exploration licenses were simply renewed. Eight of the original licenses were extended for five more years, some twice, and new licenses have been granted. Today, there are 31 contracts for exploration: 19 for manganese nodules, 7 for sea-floor massive sulfides, and 5 for Co-rich crusts. The first contract for massive sulfide exploration expires in 2026; the first for Co-rich crusts expires in 2029. Meanwhile, there is strong interest from a number of countries in the mineral resource potential of their exclusive economic zones (EEZs), particularly Japan and Norway. Against this backdrop of rapidly shifting exploration activity, it may be time to take another look at marine minerals as a resource for the future. In a report entitled “The Future of the Ocean Economy by 2030,” the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) asked, “What new developments could result in a complete revision of offshore mineral potential?” For most parts of the oceans, the answer to this question is plagued by inadequate mapping and a lack of geologic knowledge as a basis for assessing the resources. However, new approaches to exploration are emerging, and recent discoveries, such as on the continental shelf and beneath the cover of sediment, are changing our view of the resource potential.

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Mello, Sidney L. M., and Jorge J. C. Palma. "Geology & geophysics for the exploration of marine mineral resources." Revista Brasileira de Geofísica 18, no. 3 (2000): 239–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-261x2000000300003.

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Kaluza, Andrea, Kai Lindow, and Rainer Stark. "Investigating challenges of a sustainable use of marine mineral resources." Procedia Manufacturing 21 (2018): 321–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2018.02.127.

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Mu, Ling Ji, Edward Chen, Sheng Wei Huang, Kun Lin Chen, Jui Chun Chao, Cyuan Si Shih, Chin Yin Chen, Wen Chang Yang, and Jen Hwa Guo. "Mechatronic System Design for Science/Work Class ROV." Applied Mechanics and Materials 284-287 (January 2013): 1867–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.284-287.1867.

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Marine environments cover most of the earth’s surface, and average depth more than 3800m. It is rich in biological resources and mineral resources. With the depletion of land resources, marine resources development and utilization is increasingly apparent. However, accompanied by the development of marine resources such as oil, natural gas from offshore extension to the deep ocean, Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) for its safety, high efficiency, large range of operating depths, work long hours, is increasingly becoming the development of marine resources important tool. In this study, the science/work-class ROV which design by Taiwan Ocean Research Institute (TORI) and Built from Perry is discussed.

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Chen, Xuguang, Tianyi Xu, Gen Li, and Lubao Luan. "2023 Outstanding Young Researcher Award Recipient: A Review Study on Interactions Between the Deep-Sea Benthonic Mining Vehicle and the Marine Sediment." Journal of Marine Environmental Engineering 11, no. 2 (2024): 95–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.32908/jmee.v11.2024080701.

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Developments of modern industrialization heavily depend on energy resources, leading to the rapid decrease of land-mineral resources. As a result, the exploitation of marine resources, including the coastwise oil and gas resources, and the benthonic metallic mineral resources in the abysmal sea, has gained its popularity in the industrial community. This paper mainly focuses on developments of exploiting the deep-sea benthonic metallic mineral resources and presents a review on recent studies about interactions between the deep-sea benthonic mining vehicle and the marine sediment. For that, the recently reported benthonic crawler-mounted vehicles are summarized firstly. Following that, responses of soils subjected to movements of the crawler-mounted vehicle, characteristics of pressure-sinkage relationship and of shear stress-shear displacement relationship reported in the literature are presented. Finally, some existing problems that existed in the current studies and future prospects about the deep-sea mining vehicle are presented in the conclusion. This study is capable of providing a basic understanding of the current researching status of the deep-sea benthonic mining vehicle.

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Waldner, Jeffrey, Jeffrey Reidenauer, Lora Turner, Paul Knorr, and Leighann Brandt. "BUILDING A NATIONAL SAND RESOURCE INVENTORY FOR THE US CONTINENTAL SHELF." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36 (December 30, 2018): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36.sediment.88.

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The future of coastal resilience or restoration plans which implement natural or nature-based features largely depends upon the identification of proximate and compatible offshore sand and gravel material. BOEMâ€™s Marine Minerals Program (MMP) is multi-faceted, focusing on coordinated leasing of sediment for extraction, inventorying sediment resources through geological and geophysical surveys of the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS), and environmental studies and reviews to inform decisions. However, on a national scale, little is known about the character, quantity, and location of sand resources on the OCS and the habitat it provides for biological communities. BOEM places a high priority on creating a comprehensive national sand resource inventory to meet BOEMâ€™s mandate as stewards of all federal mineral resources on the OCS. This stewardship responsibility will be realized by proactively planning for the increasing demands for OCS resources and emergency needs as they arise.

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Moraga, Carlos, Eduardo Cerecedo-Saenz, Javier González, Pedro Robles, Francisco Raul Carrillo-Pedroza, and Norman Toro. "Comparative Study of MnO2 Dissolution from Black Copper Minerals and Manganese Nodules in an Acid Medium." Metals 11, no. 5 (May 18, 2021): 817. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11050817.

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The low grade of copper deposits and the use of the froth flotation process have caused excessive tailing production. In recent years, experts have looked for new alternative methods to improve this situation. Black copper minerals are abundant resources not exploited by large-scale copper mining and possess high Mn concentrations. On the other hand, manganese nodules are submarine resources and show high concentrations of Cu, Ni, Fe, and, mainly, Mn. However, both mineral resources are refractory to conventional leaching processes, and so a reducing agent is necessary for their treatment. We studied the use of tailings obtained from the flotation of foundry slags with a high content of Fe3O4 as reducing agents at different MnO2/tailings ratios and H2SO4 concentrations. Mn dissolution was compared in marine nodule and black copper minerals samples. It was found that higher Mn dissolutions are obtained from marine nodules, likely due to the acid consumption created by Cu dissolution from black copper minerals. The remnant elements in manganese nodules were leached under an oxidant condition.

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Rengi, Pareng, Ulil Amri, Tomi Ramadona, Ediar Usman, and Bustari Bustari. "Detection and Identification of Sediment Layer to Discover the Marine Mineral Resources Potential in Aruah Islands." Journal of Wetlands Environmental Management 9, no. 1 (April 5, 2021): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jwem.v9i1.250.

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<p>Aruah Islands is located on an international shipping line adjacent to Malaysia. The important aspect in borderline management is the maritime resource potential, one of which is sea minerals. In order to dig the information about marine mineral resources in Aruah Islands, a high-resolution seismic reflection with low frequency was applied, which capable to detect the depth and identify the sedimentary layers clearly and accurately. The depth of water and sediment layers were detected using an echosounder, reason Navi sound type 210 with a tow fish 100 kHz and shallow seismic boomer with a single channel type and wave energy 200 Joules. Gravity core and grab sampler were used to collect the sediment sample. There were three stages on seismic interpretation: sequence analysis, facies analysis, and reflection character identification. Furthermore, sediments containing coarse sand-sized minerals were observed using a microscope. The measurement result of Aruah Islands water depth was ranging from 0-80 m, the deepest part is on the Northern of Batu Mandi island which was 80 m depth. Seismic profiles indicated that the upper layer of tertiary sedimentary as the youngest rocks. Based on sediment thickness, the thickest area was found on the Western (approx. 50 m) and the Northern (approx. 32 m). In line with the island’s Southern part condition, which was plain or shallow sea exposure, the Southeastern island sediment thickness ranged only about 10-18 m. Generally, based on the analyzed sediment sample, quartz was the main mineral found, which was 60-80% of the composition. Other minerals were zircon, tin, hematite, magnetite, limonite, biotite, and dolomite.</p>

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Nik Fuad, Nik Munirah, Wan Izatul Asma Wan Talaat, and Mohd Hazmi Mohd Rusli. "Mining the Deep Seabed: Is Malaysia Ready?" Asian Social Science 13, no. 2 (January 19, 2017): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v13n2p107.

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The mineral industry is expanding fast coinciding with the increase in demands. The depleting land-based minerals has led to the seeking of mineral resources especially from deep sea. Deep seabed minerals have high concentration of precious metal in comparison to land-based minerals. A lot of countries have started to explore and exploit the deep seabed minerals. Thus, it is necessary for Malaysia to commence on deep seabed mining exploration to reap its economic and technological benefits. Similarly, like land mining, the marine environment will face environmental degradation from deep seabed mining exploration. Being a State-party to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 (UNCLOS 1982) and Convention of Biological Diversity 1994 (CBD), Malaysia has yet to develop a set of policies, regulations and laws related to deep seabed mining to mitigate its effect to the marine environment coinciding to the requirements of these conventions. The purpose of this study is to explore the preparedness of Malaysia to embark on exploration of deep seabed mining in areas beyond the national jurisdiction while observing the effects of deep seabed mining to the marine environment. The challenges in exploring the deep seabed mining as well as the relevant international and national laws related to deep seabed mining will also be observed in this study.

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Yakovleva, Tatyana. "Marine environmental protection in mineral resource development in the arctic zone of Russia." E3S Web of Conferences 376 (2023): 03019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202337603019.

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International and environmental law in Russia does not provide a preventive and precautionary approach to forestall degradation of the marine environment and the "polluter pays" principle at the present stage. The author proposes supplementing international environmental law in the investigated area with an approach based on the principle that the polluter not only pays but also restores. Improvement of approaches and principles of international law will be the basis for changing Russian legislation and legislation of other countries in order to prevent degradation of the marine environment. After an oil spill, the coastal waters of the seas and their ecosystems are the most vulnerable; therefore, the national legislation of states is primarily interested in legal regulation of marine environmental protection in case of oil and petroleum product spills. The legal obligation on oil and gas producing companies to carry out measures to remediate the marine environment will require them to finance scientific research, search and develop new technologies for the safe development of subsoil resources and restoration of the marine environment. This study is a comprehensive analysis of the scientific research results in the field of biology, environmental protection, protection of water bodies, marine environment, as well as international and Russian environmental law governing relations in the field of marine environment protection during the development of mineral deposits on the continental shelf, internal sea waters, in the territorial sea and the adjacent zone of the Russian Federation.

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Yakovleva, Т. A. "Marine environmental protection in mineral resource development in the Arctic zone of Russia." Vestnik of North-Eastern Federal University. History. Political Science. Law, no. 3 (September 30, 2023): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.25587/2587-5612-2023-3-43-50.

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International and environmental law in Russia does not provide a preventive and precautionary approach to forestall degradation of the marine environment and the “polluter pays” principle at the present stage. The author proposes supplementing international environmental law in the investigated area with an approach based on the principle that the polluter not only pays but also restores. Improvement of approaches and principles of international law will be the basis for changing Russian legislation and legislation of other countries in order to prevent degradation of the marine environment. After an oil spill, the coastal waters of the seas and their ecosystems are the most vulnerable; therefore, the national legislation of states is primarily interested in legal regulation of marine environmental protection in case of oil and petroleum product spills. The legal obligation on oil and gas producing companies to carry out measures to remediate the marine environment will require them to finance scientific research, search and develop new technologies for the safe development of subsoil resources and restoration of the marine environment. This study is a comprehensive analysis of the scientific research results in the field of biology, environmental protection, protection of water bodies, marine environment, as well as international and Russian environmental law governing relations in the field of marine environment protection during the development of mineral deposits on the continental shelf, internal sea waters, in the territorial sea and the adjacent zone of the Russian Federation.

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Et al., Dr Pham Ngoc Tram. "Experiences in the Blue Economy Development of Northeast Asia Countries in the Context of Industrial Revolution 4.0 – Implication for Vietnam." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 6 (April 5, 2021): 2167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i6.4821.

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In the 21st century, in addition to the growing population and the depletion of land-based mineral and energy resources, the development of coastal economic sectors has become a new global concern. Therefore, all marine countries in the world consider the development and use of marine resources an essential part of their national development strategy. The marine economy gradually stimulates competition among nations. This article is based on the synthesis of documents to learn and analyze experiences of coastal development in some Northeast Asian countries in the context of the Industrial Revolution 4.0. From there, draw reference lessons for Vietnam.

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Stickley, D. C. "An Enviromental Code of Practice for the New Zealand Petroleum Industry: Is One Needed?" Energy Exploration & Exploitation 13, no. 2-3 (May 1995): 199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0144598795013002-310.

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All phases of the New Zealand petroleum industry (exploration, production, transportation, storage and distribution) are governed by various overlapping, if not conflicting, pieces of legislation. The separate treatment of petroleum under the Crown Minerals Act 1991 was a recognition that ownership and grants of right to mineral resources was a function of government that is distinct from protection of the environment. Nevertheless, the Resource Management Act 1991 is the central statute which co-ordinates conditions for prevention of marine pollution under the Marine Safety Authorities Act, Dangerous Goods Act, and the proposed Hazardous Substances and New Organisms legislation. On-the-ground compliance has largely been delegated to local authorities. The adoption of regional and district plans recognising petroleum exploration and production as a permitted activity subject to resource consent requirements presents the opportunity for the New Zealand petroleum industry to put forward a code of practice that integrates a system of compliance to meet many, if not all, statutory requirements and ease the administration of this legislation by local authorities.

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Demina, Liudmila L. "Editorial for the Special Issue “Heavy Metals in Marine and Lake Sediments”." Minerals 13, no. 5 (May 19, 2023): 692. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13050692.

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Golodov, M. F. "Contemporary perspective of the State Hydrographic Service of Ukraine." Oceanographic Journal (Problems, methods and facilities for researches of the World Ocean), no. 1(12) (March 22, 2019): 105–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.37629/2709-3972.1(12).2019.105-121.

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The State Hydrographic Service of Ukraine of the Ministry of Infrastructure of Ukraine performs the functions of the national hydrographic service in Ukraine and supports almost all activities related to the sea: safety of navigation, protection of the marine environment, development of national infrastructure, management of the coastal zone, marine research, exploitation of marine resources, maritime delimitation borders, maritime defense and state security. The main practical goal of oceanographic and hydrographic research is to ensure safety and improve the efficiency of surface and underwater navigation, the use of biological, mineral and energy resources of water and the sea floor, and the improvement of weather forecasting methods.

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Parianos, John, Ian Lipton, and Matthew Nimmo. "Aspects of Estimation and Reporting of Mineral Resources of Seabed Polymetallic Nodules: A Contemporaneous Case Study." Minerals 11, no. 2 (February 14, 2021): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11020200.

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Exploration of seabed polymetallic nodules identifies the Clarion Clipperton Zone and the Indian Ocean Nodule Field to be of economic interest. Mineral resource estimation is important to the owner of the resource (all of mankind; and managed by the International Seabed Authority; ISA) and to developers (commercial and government groups holding contracts with the ISA). The Committee for Mineral Reserves International Reporting Standards was developed for the land-based minerals industry and adapted in 2015 for ISA-managed nodules. Nodules can be sampled in a meaningful manner using mechanical devices, albeit with minor issues of bias. Grade and moisture content are measured using the established methodology for land-based minerals. Tonnage of resource is determined via the abundance of nodules in kilograms per square metre of seabed. This can be estimated from physical samples and, in some cases, from photographs. Contemporary resource reporting for nodules classify the level of confidence in the estimate, by considering deposit geology, sample geostatistics, etc. The reporting of estimates also addresses reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction, including factors such as mining technology, the marine environment, metallurgical processing, and metals markets. Other requirements are qualified persons responsible for estimation and reporting, site inspection, and sample chain of custody.

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Samata, Norihito. "The Common Heritage of Humankind Principle and Marine Genetic Resources: A Critical Assessment of the BBNJ Process." Australian Year Book of International Law Online 41, no. 1 (October 23, 2023): 101–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26660229-04101016.

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Abstract This article explores the negative implications of the biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction (‘BBNJ’) process for the common heritage of humankind (‘CH’) principle, focusing on the discussions over its applicability to Marine Genetic Resources (‘MGRs’). This article argues that the CH under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea for deep-sea mineral resources was neither necessary nor desirable for MGRs governance. An analysis of the BBNJ process demonstrates that CH’s exploitation bias is still persistent, which makes this principle politically controversial and prevents the principle from embracing sustainable development. Indeed, Article 7 of the Agreement under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction stipulates the CH as a general principle of the new BBNJ regime. However, the BBNJ negotiations failed to articulate how the CH principle can contribute to managing the living resources, MGRs, in areas beyond national jurisdiction. This finding would cast doubt on the alleged potential of the CH principle to govern a broad range of subjects or resources other than deep-sea minerals.

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Lee, J. W., Y. D. Choi, Y. H. Lee, C. H. Yoon, and J. M. Park. "Internal Flow Analysis on a Mixed Flow Pump for Developing Marine Mineral Resources." Journal of Fluid Machinery 13, no. 5 (October 1, 2010): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5293/kfma.2010.13.5.011.

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Nguyen, Xuan Phuong, and Phuoc Quy Phong Nguyen. "Strategies for Maritime Development: A case in Vietnam." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 3, no. 12 (December 5, 2018): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2018.3.12.986.

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Strategic assessors of the 21st century are "The Century of the Ocean," because, along with current economic and demographic growth, natural resources, especially non-renewable resources on land, will be exhausted after several decades. The world economy is increasingly dependent on the sea and the ocean. About 70% of the world's industrial potential is in the 500km wide area of the coast. The mineral, biological and marine resources of the oceans and oceans have an important implication for the world economy. Marine ecosystems are the most important resource with hundreds of thousands of animals, plants, and microorganisms. Sea is a diversified and abundant source of seafood, chemicals, salt, oil and gas, clean energy from the sea and oceans, wind, seawater, ocean currents, and the tide is being exploited for transportation, energy and countless other human benefits. The sea and the continental shelf are waterways that can develop tourism, sightseeing and recreation activities. The role of marine economics, including maritime economics, has become increasingly important and has been identified as a key sector for investment. This paper analyzes the advantages, limitations, and causes in maritime economic development, and draws on experiences to develop the maritime economy.

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Nguyen, Xuan Phuong, and Phuoc Quy Phong Nguyen. "Strategies for Maritime Development: A case in Vietnam." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 3, no. 12 (December 5, 2018): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2018.3.12.986.

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Strategic assessors of the 21st century are "The Century of the Ocean," because, along with current economic and demographic growth, natural resources, especially non-renewable resources on land, will be exhausted after several decades. The world economy is increasingly dependent on the sea and the ocean. About 70% of the world's industrial potential is in the 500km wide area of ??the coast. The mineral, biological and marine resources of the oceans and oceans have an important implication for the world economy. Marine ecosystems are the most important resource with hundreds of thousands of animals, plants, and microorganisms. Sea is a diversified and abundant source of seafood, chemicals, salt, oil and gas, clean energy from the sea and oceans, wind, seawater, ocean currents, and the tide is being exploited for transportation, energy and countless other human benefits. The sea and the continental shelf are waterways that can develop tourism, sightseeing and recreation activities. The role of marine economics, including maritime economics, has become increasingly important and has been identified as a key sector for investment. This paper analyzes the advantages, limitations, and causes in maritime economic development, and draws on experiences to develop the maritime economy.

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Yanko, V. V., A. O. Kravchuk, and O. P. Kravchuk. "HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF MARINE GEOLOGY AT ODESSA UNIVERSITY." Odesa National University Herald. Geography and Geology 19, no. 3(22) (April 3, 2015): 308–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2303-9914.2014.3(22).40440.

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The beginnings of Odessa I. I. Mechnikov National University (ONU), Ukraine, date back to 1865. Its Department of Physical and Marine Geology continues the school’s strong tradition in marine geological research. This paper describes the main developmental stages of marine geology at Odessa University, emphasizing the role of the scientists (among them V. Lapshin, R. Prendel, N. Golovkinskiy, N. Andrusov, and G. G. Tkachenko) who played significant roles in geological research in the Black Sea region.Following the Great October Revolution in the early 1920s, the Novorossian University was closed, and its leading scientists left to enrich foreign universities. It took ten years to revive the university anew with the name I. I. Mechnikov Odessa State University.In the early 1970s, marine geology began to flourish thanks to G. G. Tkachenko. He established the Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Marine Geology and Geochemistry as well as the university’s first scientific fleet, represented by the research vessels “Mechnikov” and “Antares.” University marine geologists worked around the globe, exploring mineral resources, including hydrocarbons and iron-manganese nodules. Today, the Department of Physical and Marine Geology contributes substantially to the development of mineral resources in Ukraine. It has established international contacts with many scientists through numerous research programmes supervised by the Department Head, Prof. Valentina Yanko. The projects have geological, ecological and geoarchaeological impact, especially in preserving the environment as well as reconstructing sea level and climate changes together with the associated human adaptive strategies.

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Starostenko, V. I., V. P. Kobolev, and V. M. Paliy. "TO THE 60TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF EARTH SCIENCES OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF UKRAINE." Geological Journal, no. 2 (June 26, 2024): 95–138. http://dx.doi.org/10.30836/igs.1025-6814.2024.2.301480.

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In the third part of the article, the main historical events in dates, facts and personalities of the formation and development of the Department of Earth Sciences of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine from the time Ukraine gained independence in 1991 and until now are considered in chronological order. The most important achievements of the scientists of the Department of Earth Sciences of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, who were awarded the State Prizes of Ukraine in the field of science and technology, as well as the prizes of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine named after outstanding scientists of Ukraine – V.I. Vernadsky, P.A. Tutkovsky, S.I. Subbotin. In the early 1990s, in the conditions of complex social transformation, there was a significant quantitative reduction in personnel potential, but the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine managed to get out of the crisis. At the expense of internal reserves, the network of its institutions and scientific units was reorganized. After the declaration of Ukraine’s independence, a number of academic institutions were created as part of the Earth Department of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. In 1996, the Ukrainian flag was raised in Antarctica – Ukraine, according to an agreement between the British and Ukrainian governments, officially took possession of the “Faraday” research station, which became the property of Ukraine and received the name “Akademik Vernadsky”. Information provided regarding the Targeted comprehensive programs of resource-oriented scientific research of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine: “Mineral resources of Ukraine and their extraction” (2004–2008), “Comprehensive bio-resource, hydrophysical and geological-geophysical research of the marine environment, promising oil and gas structures and mapping of the distribution of gas hydrates in the water area of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov” (2007–2009), “Strategic Mineral Resources of Ukraine” (2009–2015), “Comprehensive Assessment of the State and Forecasting of the Dynamics of the Marine Environment and Resources of the Azov-Black Sea Basin” (2010–2012), “Comprehensive Monitoring, Assessment and forecasting the dynamics of the state of the marine environment and the resource base of the Azov-Black Sea basin under conditions of growing anthropogenic load and climate change” (2013–2015), “Mineral and raw material base of Ukraine as the basis of state security” (2016–2020), “Critical and strategic mineral resources of Ukraine under the conditions of globalization and climate change” (2021–2025). In a difficult time for the country, scientists of the Department of Earth Sciences of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in the conditions of war continue their activities aimed at maintaining the functioning of the branches of the economy of Ukraine, monitoring the state of the environment and ensuring counteraction to the aggressor and adverse natural phenomena.

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Zhao, Weibo, Zhigang Wen, Hui Zhang, Chenjun Wu, Yan Liu, Huanxin Song, Liwen Zhang, Yingyang Xi, and Lu Sun. "Integrated Assessment of Marine-Continental Transitional Facies Shale Gas of the Carboniferous Benxi Formation in the Eastern Ordos Basin." Energies 14, no. 24 (December 16, 2021): 8500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14248500.

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In the Benxi Formation of the Carboniferous system of the Upper Paleozoic in the Ordos Basin, there are many sets of coal measures dark organic-rich shale, being marine continental transitional facies, with significant unconventional natural gas potential. Previous studies are only limited to the evaluation of tight sandstone reservoir in this set of strata, with no sufficient study on gas bearing and geological characteristics of organic-rich shale, restricting the exploration and evaluation of shale gas resources. In this study, analysis has been conducted on the organic carbon content, the major elements, the trace elements, and the mineral composition of core samples from the Benxi Formation in key drilling sections. In addition, qualitative and quantitative pore observation and characterization of core samples have been conducted. The sedimentary environments and reservoir characteristics of the shale of the Benxi Formation have been analyzed. Combined with the gas content analyzing the results of the field coring samples, the shale gas resource potentials of the Benxi Formation have been studied, and the geological characteristics of the Benxi Formation shale gas in the eastern Ordos Basin have been made clear, to provide a theoretical basis for shale gas resource evaluation of the Benxi Formation in the Ordos Basin. The results show that (1) in the Hutian Member, Pangou Member, and Jinci Member of the Benxi Formation, organic-rich shale is well developed, with the characteristics of seawater input as a whole. There is a slight difference in sedimentary redox index, which shows that the reducibility increases gradually from bottom to top. (2) There is an evident difference in the mineral characteristics of shale in these three members. The Hutian Member is rich in clay minerals, while the Jinci Member is high in quartz minerals. (3) The pores are mainly inorganic mineral intergranular pores, clay interlayer fractures, and micro fractures, and organic matter pores are developed on the surface of local organic matter. (4) The mud shale in the Jinci Member has a large cumulative thickness, has relatively high gas-bearing property, and is rich in brittle minerals. The Jinci Member is a favorable section for shale gas exploration of the Benxi Formation.

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Hastuti, Hastuti, Amiruddin Muhidu, Rastin Rastin, and Eliyanti Agus Mokodompit. "Indonesia's Marine Economic Potential As A Maritime Country." International Journal of Science, Technology & Management 4, no. 4 (July 23, 2023): 813–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.46729/ijstm.v4i4.897.

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This nation has economic potential that is no less flashy and dazzling in terms of natural resources and the environment. The main purpose of this article is to emphasise the importance of Indonesia's marine economic potential as a maritime country in achieving Indonesia's prosperity and glory as a maritime country. Fisheries, marine tourism, marine transportation, offshore energy and mineral resources, marine industry, marine buildings, and marine services are all goals for the marine economic spectrum. This marine resource's potential economic value is estimated to be at least $8.22 trillion per year. This article was written using qualitative and descriptive literature studies. A literature review was used as the research method to analyse the journal. Reviewing related libraries is what a literature review entails. (Review of related literature/review of literature) The findings indicate that the Indonesian government already has a policy in place for Indonesia's marine strategy, which refers to Indonesia's Development Vision, which is contained in Law Number 17 of 2007 concerning the National Long-Term Development Plan 2005-2025 and Law Number 32 of 2014 concerning Marine. This policy is reflected in a number of concepts, including Blue Economy, Maritime Domain Awareness, World Maritime Axis, and Nusantara Insight. To realise Indonesia as an independent, advanced, and strong archipelagic country based on national interests, this great potential must be managed and utilised holistically, integrated thematically, and distributed spatially proportionally through an integrated development planning process supported by harmonious spatial planning and the implementation of sustainable development that can run in harmony.

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Mikulski, Stanisław Z., Regina Kramarska, and Grzegorz Zieliński. "Rare earth elements pilot studies of the baltic marine sands enriched in heavy minerals." Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi 32, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 5–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gospo-2016-0036.

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Abstract The carried out pilot work on the concentration of rare earth elements (REE) in the Baltic marine sands from the Odra and Słupsk Banks showed that in some places their accumulations are quite interesting in terms of the placer deposits and may be the subject of an interesting prospecting project. The results of ICP-MS and electron microprobe (CAMECA SX-100) investigation confirm the close relationship of REE concentration to heavy minerals content in the sediments of marine sands. It is indicated, in addition to monazite, as a primary mineral carrier of rare earth elements. The vast preponderance of light REE is noted in the samples of heavy mineral concentrates from the Odra and Słupsk Banks as well as in the beach sand sample from the Hel Peninsula. The highest concentrations are achieved mainly by cerium and almost two times less by lanthanum. The total REE in the most interesting considered samples range from c.a. 0.14% (trench on the beach) to 0.9% (heavy minerals concentrate from the Odra Bank). The high contents of REE are accompanied by a high concentration of Th (900-150 ppm). Neodymium (0.1-0.17% Nd), whose presence is associated with the presence of pyrochlore and Nb-rutile also appears in the heavy minerals concentrate samples. It is necessary to systematically identify heavy minerals resources in the Baltic sands. More detailed research should cover the prospective areas situated to the North-East from the documented placer fields of the Odra Bank, as well as tentatively identified areas of the Słupsk Bank and submarine paleo-slope of the Hel Peninsula.

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Goto, Koichi, Tatsuo Fukuhara, Shunsuke Kondo, Sotaro Takashima, Yasuo Furushima, and Hiroyuki Yamamoto. "Deep-sea observation for environmental impact assessment : for the development of marine mineral resources." BUTSURI-TANSA(Geophysical Exploration) 73 (2020): 64–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3124/segj.73.64.

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Warren, Kenneth. "Book reviews : Earney, F.C.F. 1990: Marine mineral resources. London: Routledge. pp 387. £65.00 cloth." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 14, no. 3 (September 1990): 420–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913339001400310.

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Kuranda, T. K., N. Y. Shved, T. V. Havrys, and A. B. Osadcha. "Scientific potential of ukraine in marine research areas." Science, technologies, innovation, no. 4(28) (2023): 16–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.35668/2520-6524-2023-4-02.

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The study of the national scientific potential in the marine field was carried out on the basis of the analysis of the data of the R&D registration database and dissertations of UkrISTEI for the period 2017–2021, the state of training of specialists in the Higher Education and Research Institute of the Ministry of Education and Science in the fields of marine research in six areas of marine research (1. Ecology of rivers, seas, oceans, coastal areas, ecological consequences of human activity, 2. Fisheries, 3. Infrastructure of water management, 4. Geology and development of marine mineral and energy resources, 5. Production of machines, equipment, means, 6. Logistics) by indicators: quantitative assessment of R&D and dissertations in general in all spheres, as well as in the cross-section of spheres and thematic directions, organizations – performers of R&D (grouped according to the spheres of management to which they belong); dynamics of the number of research and development projects and dissertations, growth rates of the total number of research and development projects and dissertations in thematic areas of marine research; quantitative assessment of the specialties for which scientific and engineering personnel are trained on marine issues. The article provides not only a general analysis of the state of scientific research, dissertation activity of scientists and training of qualified specialists in the field of marine research, but also emphasizes the main, above-mentioned, areas related to water and maritime complexes. According to the results of the analysis of R&D and dissertations, the most relevant thematic directions of marine research were determined, which include: 1.1. Ecosystem of rivers, seas, oceans, 2.3. Aquaculture, 3.2. Hydrotechnical and hydromelioration facilities, 4.2. Development of marine mineral resources, 6.2. Shipbuilding.

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Sun, Kai, Ziyin Wu, Mingwei Wang, Jihong Shang, Zhihao Liu, Dineng Zhao, and Xiaowen Luo. "Accurate Identification Method of Small-Size Polymetallic Nodules Based on Seafloor Hyperspectral Data." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 12, no. 2 (February 15, 2024): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse12020333.

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Polymetallic nodules are spherical or ellipsoidal mineral aggregates formed naturally in deep-sea environments. They contain a variety of metallic elements and are important solid mineral resources on the seabed. How best to quickly and accurately identify polymetallic nodules is one of the key questions of marine development and deep-sea-mineral-resource utilization. We propose a method that uses YOLOv5s as a reference network and integrates the IoU (Intersection over Union) and the Wasserstein distance in the optimal transmission theory to accurately identify different sizes of polymetallic nodules. Experiment using deep-sea hyperspectral data obtained from the Peru Basin was performed. The results showed that better recognition effects were achieved when the fusion ratio of overlap and Wasserstein distance metric was 0.5, and the accuracy of the proposed algorithm reached 84.5%, which was 6.2% higher than that of the original baseline network. In addition, the rest of the performance indexes were also improved significantly compared to traditional methods.

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Lazuardi, S. D., F. Hadi, D. V. Devintasari, P. Wuryaningrum, M. Riduwan, O. S. Noarista, and S. F. Alifia. "The impact on downstream policy implementation for mineral export products in Indonesia: marine transportation point of view." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1298, no. 1 (February 1, 2024): 012018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1298/1/012018.

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Abstract Indonesia is a country with abundant natural resources, particularly for metal mineral mining. In 2020, Indonesia is recorded to have approximately 1.2 billion tons of bauxite ore reserves, which made Indonesia the 6th largest owner of bauxite reserves in the world. Apart from bauxite, around 52% or 72 million tonnes of world nickel reserves are also located in Indonesia. However, most of the bauxite and nickel mining production have been exported in the form of ore or concentrate, which has a much lower selling value compared to the processed products. Therefore, the Indonesian government imposed a ban on the export of unprocessed minerals through Law Number 3 of 2020. The export ban is intended for mineral mining products, especially bauxite and nickel, to be processed first into semi-finished goods or finished goods, to provide added value in terms of foreign exchange for Indonesia. This study aims to determine the impact on the implementation of the downstream program, especially for nickel mineral product from marine transportation point of view. The method used in this study is optimizing non-linear programming to determine the type and number of fleets needed to transport nickel from the mine site to the smelter and its processed products from the smelter to the importing country by considering the minimum unit transport costs. The output of this research is the configuration of the sea transport fleet required for the implementation of the mineral product downstream program as well as the potential added value of transporting those processed products into the Indonesia‘s balance of payment.

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INOUE, EIJI. "4th Circum Pacific Energy and Mineral Resources Conference - Introduction of conference, marine frontier and ODP." Journal of the Japanese Association for Petroleum Technology 52, no. 2 (1987): 188–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3720/japt.52.188.

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Prescott, Victor. "Book reviews : Earney, F.C.F. 1990: Marine mineral resources. London: Routledge. xxiv + 394 pp. £65.00 cloth." Progress in Human Geography 15, no. 3 (September 1991): 351–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913259101500318.

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Shchyptsov, O. A. "Marine scientific research – the way forward to the industrial development of deep ocean mineral resources." Oceanographic Journal (Problems, methods and facilities for researches of the World Ocean), no. 2(13) (April 22, 2020): 4–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.37629/2709-3972.2(13).2020.4-13.

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The article considers the status of the International Seabed Authority and the current state of activity in the international seabed area for the purpose of scientific research and exploration of deep-sea mineral resources of the oceans. Attention is paid to the actions of the International Seabed Authority in support of the United Nations Decade for Ocean Science for Sustainable Development. A retrospective of the relationship between Ukraine and the International Seabed Authority was described, and the prospects for Ukraine’s further participation in the International Seabed Authority were considered. Proposed ways for Ukraine to use the potential of the International Seabed Authority to strengthen the national security of the State, ensure its political, socio-economic and environmental interests, and accelerate economic reforms. In the future, Ukraine will be able to claim a portion of the international seabed area only on the condition that appropriate deep-sea studies are carried out.

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Warsidah, Warsidah, Mega Sari Juane Sofiana, Apriansyah Apriansyah, Lucky Hartanti, Desriani Lestari, Ikha Safitri, and Shifa Helena. "Proximate and Macro Minerals Content of Gastropods in the Waters of Teluk Cina Lemukutan Island West Kalimantan." Jurnal Biologi Tropis 22, no. 4 (December 3, 2022): 1210–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v22i4.4398.

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Lemukutan Island in West Kalimantan has marine natural resources with a high level of diversity such as seagrass, coral reefs, macroalgae, and gastropods. Gastropods are one of the largest Mollusc phylum groups that are abundant in the waters of Lemukutan Island. Several types of gastropods have been reported to have high economic value and high nutritional content as well as macro minerals such as Na, Ca, K, F, and P. Therefore, these biota are more widely used as food. This study aims to analyze the proximate and mineral content of gastropods (Lambis and Monetaria) from the waters of Lemukutan Island. The moisture content and ash content of the sample were determined by the gravimetric method. The results of the study found that macro mineral content was determined in Lambis and Monetaria by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The protein content in both types of gastropods is quite high. Monetaria has a higher protein content (63.69%) than Lambis (50.06%). However, the fat content in Lambis is 1.88% and Monetaria is 1.14%. The highest mineral content of these two types of gastropods is iron (Fe). Lambis and Monetaria have Fe content of 0.2762 mg/kg and 0.1818 mg/kg, respectively.

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Mi, Zhi Nan, Biao Yang, Lu Jin, and Ren Zhi Wu. "Mechanical Design of Scientific Instrument Interface Module in Seafloor Observation System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 602-605 (August 2014): 1582–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.602-605.1582.

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It has a far-reaching significance of developing and utilizing the marine resources to improve the human environment and alleviate the shortage of resources for the rich mineral, biological, oil and gas resources provided by the ocean. Undersea observation techniques, as an vital path to understand the ocean and exploit the ocean resource, play a more and more extensive influence in and around the world via its real-time, in-situ and 3-dimentional observing features. As an important part of the seafloor observation systems, SIIM serves as a bridge to connect the instruments and junction box. It requires that SIIM must have the ability to endure the high pressure, corrosion and organism attachment, and to ensure its modules work well. This paper aims to introduce a method of designing mechanical structure of SIIM. Finally, the reliability of the design is verified by means of the finite element analysis.

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Suchkov, I. A. "TRANSFORMATIONAL CONVERSIONS OF MANGANESE HYDROXIDES FROM FERROMANGANESE DEPOSITS OF THE WORLD OCEAN UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE." Odesa National University Herald. Geography and Geology 19, no. 4(23) (March 20, 2015): 258–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2303-9914.2014.4(23).39379.

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The paper is aimed at investigation and characterization as well as at crystal-chemical interpretation of products of thermo conversions of manganese hydroxides from ferromanganese deposits from different areas in the World Ocean. The results of research which are represented in this paper give notions about features of crystal-chemical conversions of manganese minerals with different types of crystal structure, different chemical composition and genesis when they are heated. This allows to generate new diagnostic criteria of these minerals and valuation of such type of mineral resources. Such common minerals, in marine and oceanic nodules, as vernadite, birnessite, buzerit I, mixed-layer asbolan– buzerit, todorokit and pyrolusite, were selected for further research. The samples were taken in certain way to have one mineral phase of manganese hydroxide which is represented by two preparations: one of which is with high ratio of iron and manganese, and the other one with low ratio, and with different quantities of nickel, cobalt and copper. To study changes of mineral composition of ferromanganese deposits the samples were heated in consecutive order in the range of temperatures 20-9000С. The mineral composition of initial samples and the products of annealing was determined by means of x-ray diffraction. Transformations of manganese hydroxides under the influence of high temperatures are as follows: if iron is a dominant component in the initial sample, hematite and yakobsite will be formed; if manganese content will be increased in the initial sample then hematite is absent in the products of annealing and along with yakobsite such mineral as biksbiit appears. Later on, with incensement of manganese content in the initial sample such mineral as gausmanite appears in the products of annealing which corresponds to the area of disruption of miscibility in the system. Along with farther incensement of the ratio between iron and manganese, such mineral as yakobsite cannot be formed anymore and the quantity of gausmanite increases. Initial mineralogical composition of the sample determines the character of conversions of crystal lattice up to 7000C. The composition of the final products of annealing depends first of all on the ratio Mn/Fe in the sample. Thus, the trend of transformation of manganese hydroxides from marine and oceanic ferromanganese deposits under the influence of heating depicts commonality of their structure. Under the influence of temperature on manganese-oxygen octahedrons only the way of connection between layers and bands and their order can be changed. The scheme of transformational conversions of manganese hydroxides is suggested in the paper.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Marine mineral resources'

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