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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Marine Parks

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Academic literature on the topic 'Marine Parks'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 11 December 2022

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Marine Parks"

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ISMAIL, ZALINA, ASILAH ABDUL MUTALIB, FAZHANA ISMAIL, SHAIBATUL’ ISLAMIAH CHE MAN, ZAHIDAH AB LATIFF, and ZUNURA’IN ZAHALI. "EFFECTS OF COPPER SULPHATE ON THE SURVIVAL OF FREE-LIVING STAGE OF SCHISTOCEPHALUS CORACIDIA." Journal of Sustainability Science and Management 15, no. 6 (2020): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.46754/jbsd.2020.09.001.

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Marine parks have existed in Malaysia for a long time, but some have neglected the economic roles these marine parks play. This research aims to find out the benefits and costs generated by the marine parks in Terengganu by using cost-benefit analysis (CBA). Through data collected from literature review, various websites and the Department of Marine Park’s annual statement, it is found that the marine parks generate benefits to all constituents, but in protecting environment these marine parks faced some problems. In order to achieve these marine parks goals, based on our findings, we suggest

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Wang, Li, Guodong Wang, Xiaohong Hou, Zhiwei Chen, and Kai Lu. "Attractiveness index of national marine parks: A study on national marine parks in coastal areas of East China Sea." Open Geosciences 14, no. 1 (2022): 393–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geo-2022-0364.

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Abstract Balancing the development and protection of national marine parks in a suitable way is of great SIGNIFICANCE for environmental sustainability. Tourism attractiveness is an important indicator for measuring this development. In this study, by searching through online reviews of the national marine parks in the coastal areas of the East China Sea, and by analyzing tourists’ perceptions of them, an indicator system for tourism attraction was established. Natural attributes, supporting facilities, service experience, and tours were taken as secondary indicators. This study combines the an

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AHMAD, SITI AZNOR, and NICK HANLEY. "WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR REDUCING CROWDING EFFECT DAMAGES IN MARINE PARKS IN MALAYSIA." Singapore Economic Review 54, no. 01 (2009): 21–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590809003124.

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Marine Parks are established to protect an area of the sea zoned as a sanctuary for the protection of its marine eco-systems, especially coral reef and its associated fauna and flora, like sea grass bed, mangrove and the sea shore. In Malaysia, there are 6 marine parks to-date. The establishment of marine parks also attracts more tourists to the areas. For example, the number of visitors to Payar Marine Park increased tremendously from 3,668 visitors in 1990 to 133,775 visitors in 2002. However, too many tourists are thought by scientists to have damaged the coral reefs. This paper will estima

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Chapman, D. D. F. "Marine Parks Need Sharks?" Science 312, no. 5773 (2006): 526d—528d. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.312.5773.526d.

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Kim, Heesoo, Chang-Rae Lee, Sang-kyu Lee, Seung-Yoon Oh, and Won Kim. "Biodiversity and Community Structure of Mesozooplankton in the Marine and Coastal National Park Areas of Korea." Diversity 12, no. 6 (2020): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12060233.

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Zooplankton communities are useful bioindicators that can provide information on the changes occurring in marine ecosystems. Therefore, investigation of zooplankton communities in marine and coastal national parks is essential. However, the surveys of zooplankton communities using morphological identification require considerable time and labor. Metabarcoding is a practical alternative that can detect various taxa simultaneously. In this study, metabarcoding was newly applied along with the traditional morphological identification to establish a method for zooplankton community survey in the M

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Sidi, M. Adli Mohd, Badli Esham Ahmad, Chong Leong Puan, et al. "Recreational Risks: Human and Wildlife Conflicts at Johor National Parks, Malaysia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1019, no. 1 (2022): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1019/1/012007.

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Abstract National parks are significant ecotourism destinations providing various nature attractions in a form of biological, physical and/or historical resources. However, risk issues associated with recreational activities in national parks are becoming more pertinent and crucial as safety and threats to humans and wildlife can occur. This study was conducted to identify the risks for human and wildlife for visitors at tropical rainforests, marine parks, and coastal mangroves of Johor National Park. It is a qualitative study and data was collected through semi structured interviews with the

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Mwebaze, Paul, and Alan MacLeod. "Valuing marine parks in a small island developing state: a travel cost analysis in Seychelles." Environment and Development Economics 18, no. 4 (2013): 405–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x12000538.

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AbstractA major problem facing the Seychelles islands is the decline in the quality and the value of marine protected areas (MPAs). Economic valuation can help guide policy makers to understand the value of marine resources and the cost of neglecting MPAs by expressing the value of their goods and services in monetary terms. This paper presents an analysis of the economic value of a group of marine parks in Seychelles. The travel cost method is used to establish willingness-to-pay of international tourists for trips to marine parks in Seychelles from their observed behaviour. The average per-t

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Cognetti, G. "Transboundary marine parks in the Mediterranean." Marine Pollution Bulletin 26, no. 6 (1993): 292–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326x(93)90568-5.

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Savranchuk, L. "Essence, grouping and prospects of the world theme park." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography 1, no. 43 (2013): 82–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2013.43.1546.

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In the articles considered essence, grouping and prospects of development of thematic parks of the world. Key words: thematic and regional grouping of the world parks on geographical, marine, space, historical, attractions, safaris, gastronomic.

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Luts, Andrii. "Tourism and recreation within the coastal and marine national natural parks of Ukraine." Constructive geography and rational use of natural resources 3, no. 1 (2023): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2786-4561.2023.3.1-3/9.

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National natural parks are part of the nature reserve fund, the activities of which are limited and regulated, but certain types of tourism and recreation services are possible on their territory. National natural parks of Ukraine, located in the coastal area, can offer a wide range of tourist and recreational services, and taking into account access to the sea and the presence of beaches, they have some advantages compared to many other natural parks of Ukraine located on land. The purpose of the study was to analyze the tourist and recreational potential of coastal and marine national natura

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Marine Parks"

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Chiu, Tsui-hung. "The potential and prospects of Hong Kong's proposed marine parks and marine reserves /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1995. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B14709168.

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Stewart, Romola R. "Systematic marine reserve design /." [St. Lucia, Q.], 2004. http://adt.library.uq.edu.au/public/adt-QU20050310.144920/index.html.

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Yacob, Mohd Rusli. "Valuation of ecotourism development in marine parks, Malaysia : the case of Redand Island Marine Park." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.430930.

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Tiedt, Lourien. "Travel motivations of tourists to selected marine national parks / Tiedt L." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/7577.

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Tourism comprises the world's largest industry, and beaches (marine tourism) are considered as one of the major tourism attractions in the world. Marine tourism includes different aspects such as the ocean, coastal water sports, hotels and restaurants, island and beach resorts, recreation, fishing boat operators, cruise ships and charter yacht companies. One of the main contributors to marine and wildlife tourism in South Africa, is South African National Parks (SANParks), comprising of 21 national parks. Of the 21 National Parks six are marine national parks covering 4004.4 square kilometres

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Chan, Kwok-kuen. "Comparative marine parks management and programme transferability /." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31365425.

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Chan, Kwok-kuen, and 陳國權. "Comparative marine parks management and programme transferability." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45012374.

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Chan, Ho-chung. "Marine Life Centre at Hoi Ha Wan." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25952766.

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戴玉麟 and Yuk-lun Stephen Tai. "The effective management of marine reserves and parks." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31255309.

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Tai, Yuk-lun Stephen. "The effective management of marine reserves and parks /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25436016.

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Chiu, Tsui-hung, and 趙翠虹. "The potential and prospects of Hong Kong's proposed marine parks and marine reserves." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1995. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31253118.

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Books on the topic "Marine Parks"

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Francis, Lee. Marine parks of Thailand. SNP Publishing Pte. Ltd. under their Raffles Editions imprint, 1998.

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Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission., ed. Washington State parks: Marine parks and moorage. Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission, 2000.

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Consultants, Pacific Basin Environmental. CNMI marine parks management plan. The Consultants, 1985.

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United States. National Ocean Service. National marine sanctuaries. NOAA Ocean Service, 2002.

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(Indonesia), Natural Resources Management Project. Improved planning for marine national parks. Associates in Rural Development for Office of Agro-Enterprise and Environment, USAID, 1995.

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1939-, Lien Jon, Graham Robert, and National and Provincial Parks Association of Canada., eds. Marine parks & conservation: Challenge and promise. National and Provincial Parks Association of Canada, 1985.

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1939-, Lien Jon, Graham R, and National and Provincial Parks Association of Canada., eds. Marine parks & conservation: Challenge and promise. National and Provincial Parks Association of Canada, 1985.

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Yacob, Mohd Rusli. Economic valuation of marine parks ecotourism Malaysia: The case of Redang Island Marine Park. Universiti Putra Malaysia Press, 2008.

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Canada, Parks. Saguenay-St. Lawrence Marine Park: Management plan. Parks Canada, 2010.

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Marsh, John. Marine parks, recreation and conservation in Japan. Kwansei Gakuin University, 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "Marine Parks"

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May, Vincent. "Marine Parks." In Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93806-6_208.

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May, Vincent. "Marine Parks." In Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48657-4_208-2.

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Ritchie, William, William J. Neal, David M. Bush, et al. "Marine Parks." In Encyclopedia of Coastal Science. Springer Netherlands, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3880-1_208.

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Forbes, Vivian Louis. "Marine Parks, Protected Zones, and Marine Resources." In Malaysia's Maritime Jurisdictional Limits. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-78783-6_6.

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Macnab, Paul A. "Exploratory Planning for a Proposed National Marine Conservation Area in Northeast Newfoundland." In National Parks and Protected Areas. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60907-7_12.

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Walker, Brian, and David Salt. "People and Pen Shells, Marine Parks and Rules:." In Resilience Practice. Island Press/Center for Resource Economics, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-231-0_8.

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Agrawal, Anju, and Krishna Gopal. "Protected Areas in Relation to Marine Parks and Sanctuaries." In Biomonitoring of Water and Waste Water. Springer India, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-0864-8_8.

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Dorigatti, Josip, Tina Peric, and Gorana Jelic Mrcelic. "Marine protected areas and the problem of paper parks." In Ninth International Symposium “Monitoring of Mediterranean Coastal Areas: Problems and Measurement Techniques”. Firenze University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/979-12-215-0030-1.19.

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Paper aim is to overview paper parks problem regarding Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). Ocean makes Earth habitable for humankind; careful management of ocean is a key feature of sustainable future. MPAs are a key instrument of ocean protection; MPAs effective management is essential to reduce environmental challenges. A 2017 WWF report highlighted that EU protected areas were at risk due to lack of proper implementation of EU laws by member states and the Commission legal actions. The Report showed the importance of both management plans and to involve all stakeholders in its developing process

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Shao, X., J. W. Ringsberg, H. D. Yao, Z. Li, and E. Johnson. "Fatigue of mooring lines in wave energy parks." In Advances in the Analysis and Design of Marine Structures. CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003399759-23.

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Roth, Melina, Kévin Leleu, Matthieu Cabaussel, Benoit Dumeau, and Magali Lucia. "French Marine Nature Parks: An Innovative Tool for Integrated Management of Maritime Space." In Evolution of Marine Coastal Ecosystems under the Pressure of Global Changes. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43484-7_24.

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Conference papers on the topic "Marine Parks"

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Davison, Nigel, Adrian Roberts, and Gareth Glass. "Arresting and Preventing Corrosion of Steel in Concrete*." In CORROSION 2008. NACE International, 2008. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2008-08302.

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Abstract Corrosion of steel reinforcement is a major factor affecting the durability of reinforced concrete structures. To address this problem an improved electrochemical treatment consisting of two phases has been developed. Firstly a high current is briefly driven to the steel to arrest corrosion. In the process corroding sites are moved from the steel to an installed anode system. This first phase lasts about 1 week. Galvanic protection is then provided. This is low maintenance and requires no user intervention to function. A single anode system consisting of a hybrid of impressed current

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Chen, Junhao, and Yan Peng. "Machine Learning-Based Demand Forecasting for Frequently Replaced Spare Parts in Marine Engines." In 2025 6th International Conference on Computer Vision, Image and Deep Learning (CVIDL). IEEE, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1109/cvidl65390.2025.11085989.

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Muntasser, Z. M., M. M. Al-Darbi, and M. R. Islam. "Coatings Performance under Marine Environment." In CORROSION 2002. NACE International, 2002. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2002-02215.

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Abstract Marine atmosphere with its high level of salinity and humidity is very corrosive. It has been estimated that the direct cost of marine corrosion worldwide is between 50 and 80 billion dollars every year. However, coating the industry is responsible for almost 40 % of this cost. While polymer-based coatings have been used successfully to prevent corrosion in other parts of the world, few such coatings appear to have success in the marine environment. In this paper a new type of coating (properties of both a high performance epoxy and acrylic polyurethane) was tested for preventing corr

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Hallopeau, Xavier, Arnaud Meillier, and Olivier Lesieutre. "Field Application of Cathodic Prevention on a Marine Viaduct." In CORROSION 2020. NACE International, 2020. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2020-15034.

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Abstract Marine reinforced concrete structures are expected to suffer from chloride-induced Corrosion during their service life. The use of in-built cathodic protection system (referred as Cathodic Prevention (CPrev)) can be used to prevent corrosion by maintaining steel passivity. Such a CPrev system has been implemented on a 5.4 km long marine viaduct exposed to aggressive environment in the Indian Ocean. The tidal and submerged parts of the 48 piers were selected to receive this enhanced corrosion protection. The paper emphasizes particularly on the anode design, anode zone configuration an

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Lyublinskii, E. Ya, V. D. Pirogov, and T. I. Balkova. "Experimental Methods of Service Life Determination for the Plated Coating in Marine Environment." In CORROSION 1995. NACE International, 1995. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1995-95294.

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Abstract Plated coatings are one of the most extensively applied, yet expensive and deficient methods of protection from corrosion, providing high decorative quality and special properties of parts and constructions used in vessels. The technology of galvanic coating presents a health risk and is an ecologically dangerous process. Thus, the optimization of the coating's thickness to exclude the losses under the use of excessive thickness, and to prevent the necessity to restore the coatings after the covering with understated thicknesses are the vital problems. It can be successful if accelera

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Sanchugov, Yevgeny E. L., Anatoly A. D. Koval, and Sergey S. B. Belikov. "The Hot Corrosion of High-Temperature Nickel-Base Alloys for Marine Gas Turbine Engines." In CORROSION 2011. NACE International, 2011. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2011-11409.

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Abstract The hot corrosion resistance of nickel- base superalloys ChS91VI and EP708 for stator parts of marine gas turbine engines is investigated. The resistance to hot corrosion of superalloys ChS91VI and EP708 at 700oC are determined mainly by the microstructure of grain boundaries. At 800oC there are catastrophic corrosion damage of these alloys.

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Mathiesen, Troels, Harald Osvoll, Peyman Mohseni, and Borge Bjorneklett. "Managing Corrosion Challenges with Drilling Risers and Subsea Equipment." In CORROSION 2015. NACE International, 2015. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2015-06164.

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Abstract Equipment for drilling risers and subsea oil exploration involve use of many metals with the risk of galvanic corrosion, if not protected or maintained properly. Paint coated steel accounts for the majority for of such structures, but temporary coated steel, stainless steel and hard face alloys are also applied for special components. The time for completing subsea wells typically extended over few weeks in the past, with the possibility of maintenance on the rig between the operations. As drilling technology evolves, the well completion may now last several months, which presents new

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Melchers, Robert E., and Robert Jeffrey. "Corrosion of Vertical Steel Strips Exposed in the Marine Tidal Zone and Implications for ALWC." In CORROSION 2010. NACE International, 2010. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2010-10223.

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Abstract Accelerated Low Water Corrosion (ALWC) particularly of steel sheet piling in harbors has been documented in various parts of the world. It is thought to involve microbiological influences but the precise mechanisms involved remain to be explained. This paper reports in-situ field investigations for the corrosion of long lengths of mild steel strips exposed at 10 locations on the Eastern Australian seaboard for up to 3 years. Preliminary results show that corrosion below the mean low water level was more severe for higher average concentrations of total nitrogen concentration in the bu

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Loukodimou, Adamantini, Dimitrios Statharas, David Weston, and Shiladitya Paul. "Multilayer Anticorrosion Systems for Offshore Wind Turbines." In CONFERENCE 2024. AMPP, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2024-20840.

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Abstract Offshore wind turbines are subjected to a harsh marine environment, which can cause detrimental problems to them due to corrosion, if not protected properly. Offshore wind energy is considered to play an important role in the net zero emissions by 2050, as set in Paris Agreement [1], contributing to environmental protection and sustainability. Thus, the long-term corrosion protection and life expansion of these offshore structures is of high importance. In this work, the formation of microcapsules, loaded with corrosion inhibitor liquid is presented. More specifically the microcapsule

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Baynham, John, and Tim Froome. "Assessment of Effects of Cavities and Narrow Channels on CP Design in the Marine Environment." In CORROSION 2017. NACE International, 2017. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2017-09275.

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Abstract CP system design work in the marine environment makes use of structure surface area, required current density, and anode resistance formulae to select the number and mass of anodes required to protect a structure. The formulae cannot take account of restrictions to current flow caused by close proximity of structural surfaces to each other, and consequently CP systems which have been designed in the recommended way may sometimes not protect parts of a structure. In some situations it may be judged that cathodic protection is not required on some surfaces, but recommended practice is t

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Reports on the topic "Marine Parks"

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Debrot, Dolfi, Josephine Langley, Mark Vermeij, et al. Description of the Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) of the Proposed Marine Nomination Properties of the Bonaire and Curaçao Marine Parks (BCMP). Wageningen Marine Research, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/430905.

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Raikow, David, Scott Kichman, Amanda McCutcheon, and Anne Farahi. Marine water quality in Pacific Island national parks: Temporal, spatial, and chemical patterns 2008–2015. National Park Service, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2284328.

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Cox-Ammann, Karah, Mirella Cortez, Eric Dinger, and Alexis Necarsulmer. Rocky intertidal monitoring: 2021–2022 results from Redwood National and State Parks. National Park Service, 2025. https://doi.org/10.36967/2309092.

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This report presents survey results from 2021 and 2022 for the rocky intertidal community at 3 sites at Redwood National and State Parks (RNSP) in Del Norte County, California. These sites are part of MARINe (Multi-Agency Rocky Intertidal Network), a regional intertidal monitoring network sponsored by the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM), with additional funding and support from local and state governments, universities, and private organizations (see www.marine.ucsc.edu). Funding for annual monitoring in RNSP is provided by the National Park Service (NPS) Klamath Network (KLMN) throug

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Winchell, Alyssa, Olivia Helinski, Thom Curdts, and Monique LaFrance Bartley. Shoreline length and water area in the ocean, coastal, and Great Lakes parks (second edition): Updated statistics for shoreline miles and water acres. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2299484.

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This report details the cumulative shoreline miles and water acres within the 88 ocean, coastal, and Great Lakes National Park units. Across the National Park Service (NPS), there is a total of 14,350 shoreline miles and 2,534,595 water acres. This report serves as an update to the NPS Natural Resource Report titled, ?Shoreline length and water area in the ocean, coastal and Great Lakes Parks: Updated statistics for shoreline miles and water acres (rev 1b)? (Curdts 2011). Note: For park units located in ocean settings, ?water acres? refers to marine, estuarine, and tidally influenced waters. F

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Ammann, Karah, Eric Dinger, and David Lohse. Rocky intertidal monitoring: 2019?2020 results from Redwood National and State Parks. National Park Service, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2301673.

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This report presents the results of the monitoring surveys done in 2019 and 2020 of the rocky intertidal community at three sites within the Redwood National and State Parks (RNSP) in Del Norte County, California. These sites are part of MARINe (Multi-Agency Rocky Intertidal Network), a regional intertidal monitoring network sponsored by the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM), with additional funding and support from local and state governments, universities, and private organizations (see www.marine.ucsc.edu). Funding for annual monitoring in RNSP is provided by the National Park Servic

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Psuty, Norbert, Tanya Silveira, Andrea Habeck, et al. Northeast Coastal and Barrier Network geomorphological monitoring protocol: Part II ? coastal topography, version 2. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2301966.

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Coastal topography was ranked as one of the most important variables for monitoring following a review of potential vital signs in the coastal parks of the Northeast Coastal and Barrier Network (NCBN). Changes in coastal topography, whether caused by erosion or accretion, vary both spatially and temporally. Understanding these variations is key to early recognition of potential problems affecting natural and cultural resources in coastal parks. For managers, understanding spatial and temporal patterns of geomorphologic change is basic to optimal management of any coastal park because the inter

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Arreola-Alarcon, I. M., H. Reyes-Bonilla, J. S. Sakthi, Francisco Rodriguez-Gónzalez, and M. P. Jonathan. Seasonal Tendencies of Microplastics around Coral Reefs in Selected Marine Protected National Parks of Gulf of California, Mexico. Peeref, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54985/peeref.2207p2749286.

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Loso, Michael, and Michael Loso. Glacier monitoring in the Central Alaska Network: Protocol narrative, version 1.0. National Park Service, 2025. https://doi.org/10.36967/2308209.

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Two of the three national parks that comprise the National Park Service Inventory & Monitoring Program?s Central Alaska Network (CAKN) are covered by large quantities of glacier ice. Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve has 3,121 glaciers and Denali National Park and Preserve has 881. These glaciers cover significant portions of the parks and exert substantial influence over the surrounding landscapes with impacts on weather, vegetation, animal migration, river flow, aquatic life, and even downstream marine ecosystems. They also provide a significant attraction?and hazard?for visi

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Whelan, Kevin, and Wendy Wright. Protocol implementation plan for monitoring mangrove soil surface elevation tables in South Florida / Caribbean Network parks. National Park Service, 2016. https://doi.org/10.36967/2230638.

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The mangrove forest ecosystem is a critical coastal resource in South Florida’s Biscayne National Park (BISC); Salt River Bay National Historical Site and Ecological Preserve (SARI) in St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands; and the Virgin Islands National Park (VIIS) in St John, U.S. Virgin Islands. Mangrove wetlands provide flood control, storm protection, shore stabilization, water filtration (capturing soil runoff), carbon sequestration, and habitat for fish and wildlife communities. The economic value of the services derived from mangroves has been estimated as high as $200,000–$900,000 ha-1 (Uni

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Hudgens, Bian, Jene Michaud, Megan Ross та ін. Natural resource condition assessment: Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau National Historical Park. National Park Service, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2293943.

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Natural Resource Condition Assessments (NRCAs) evaluate current conditions of natural resources and resource indicators in national park units (parks). NRCAs are meant to complement—not replace—traditional issue- and threat-based resource assessments. NRCAs employ a multi-disciplinary, hierarchical framework within which reference conditions for natural resource indicators are developed for comparison against current conditions. NRCAs do not set management targets for study indicators, and reference conditions are not necessarily ideal or target conditions. The goal of a NRCA is to deliver sci

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