Relevant bibliographies by topics / Marine pollution

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Marine pollution'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Marine pollution"

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Hirano, Toshiyuki. "Marine Pollution." Japan journal of water pollution research 14, no. 9 (1991): 607–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2965/jswe1978.14.607.

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Townend, William K. "Marine pollution." Waste Management & Research 28, no. 11 (October 27, 2010): 959–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x10386142.

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Pearce, Jack. "Marine pollution." Marine Pollution Bulletin 34, no. 8 (August 1997): 592–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-326x(97)00062-3.

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Delhez, Éric J. M. "Marine pollution." Journal of Marine Systems 36, no. 3-4 (October 2002): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-7963(02)00178-1.

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Gray, John S. "Marine pollution." Marine Pollution Bulletin 21, no. 3 (March 1990): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326x(90)90560-u.

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Ellis, Derek V. "Marine pollution." Marine Pollution Bulletin 18, no. 2 (February 1987): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326x(87)90578-9.

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McIntyre, Alasdair D. "Marine pollution." Marine Pollution Bulletin 21, no. 2 (February 1990): 100–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326x(90)90201-i.

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Angelidis, Michael O. "Marine pollution." Environmental Pollution 81, no. 1 (1993): 88–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(93)90039-q.

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Cushing, D. H. "Marine pollution." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 1, no. 2 (August 1986): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(86)90078-9.

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Naim-Gesbert, Éric. "Pollution marine." Revue Juridique de l'Environnement 43, no. 3 (2018): 648–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rjenv.2018.7359.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Marine pollution"

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Bat, Levent. "Pollution effects on marine invertebrates." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1996. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU083075.

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In this study, the amphipod Corophium volutator and the polychaete Arenicola marina were evaluated as test organisms for use in sediment toxicity tests by adapting standard protocols developed by the EPA/COE and Thain et al. (1994) respectively for conducting 10-day sediment toxicity tests. Although these species have been used to assess the toxicity of marine and estuarine sediments, the detailed ecotoxicologies of these animals are not well documented. In particular, the effects of specific contaminants of known concentrations on this bioassay are not known. Here, I report several experiments carried out using clean intertidal sediment contaminated with the heavy metals copper, zinc and cadmium, and employing the Corophium and the Arenicola bioassay protocol. Concentrations of copper, zinc and cadmium were determined in tissues of Corophium exposed for 4 and 10 days to contaminated sediment using four protocols to allow for any material present in the gut. Significant differences in metal concentrations occurred between the protocols where gut contents were removed and those where they were left intact. These findings have implications for the way in which analyses of metal burdens are carried out for invertebrates in ecotoxicological work. Corophium survival in seawater with dissolved copper, zinc and cadmium was higher in the presence of sediment than without sediment, although the concentrations of these metals in Corophium tissues were the same in both cases. Bioconcentration factors (BCF) were inversely related to seawater concentrations of copper, zinc and cadium, with the lowest exposure concentration, (0.1 mg l-1 for both copper and zinc, 0.01 mg l-1 cadmium) having the highest BCF. Both live amphipods and those that had died accumulated copper, zinc and cadmium in their bodies during the bioassay, and bioconcentration factors were always higher for dead than for living amphipods for each metal.
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Anderson, Winston. "The law of Caribbean marine pollution /." London [u.a.] : Kluwer Law Internat, 1997. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/280184735.pdf.

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Richards, Jonathan Peter. "Implementing marine pollution policy : proposals for change." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/389.

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This study aims to determine the factors that affect the implementation of marine pollution policy, especially with regard to regulation of the hazardous substances which contaminate the marine environment- The purpose is to identify weaknesses in the current regulatory regime and to propose improvements. The study also aims to develop a new strategic framework for the implementation of the recent international policy commitments, which call for the complete cessation of discharges of hazardous substances into the marine environment by the year 2020. Furthermore, the study seeks to provide evidence to support or challenge current theories relating to regulation and policy implementation. Examination was made of the attitudes of environmental managers from the UK chemical industry and inspectors from the environmental agencies towards the regulatory system. These are the key personnel who operate at the regulatory interface where the policy outcome is determined. The methodology combined both qualitative and quantitative techniques. Structured interviews helped define the issues for subsequent investigation using a questionnaire survey which was sent to over 700 key personnel. Focus groups were then used to explain the survey findings and develop solutions to key regulatory problems. Statistical analysis of the survey response data revealed similarities and significant differences between the views of industry and the regulator on the effectiveness of the current Integrated Pollution Control regime. The strength of the system was perceived as its practical and pragmatic approach, coupled with a convenient and familiar bureaucracy. The weaknesses identified related to the derivation and enforcement of standards. The Environmental Quality Standards system, which underpins the regime, was acknowledged to be flawed by both operators and regulators who agreed it should be improved by the expansion in the number of priority listed chemicals, the introduction of sediment Environmental Quality Standards and Direct Toxicity Assessment of effluents. Focus groups supported the expansion of the system, but recognised that it would create a regime that was both complex and impractical. The findings were used to construct a revised model of the existing regime. Multivariate analysis of the industry response data identified 3 cluster types and significant differences were revealed between their knowledge of policy developments, their implications and the need for changes to the current system of hazardous chemical control. Operators and regulators acknowledged the existence of the mutual interdependency which has created and maintained a tight policy network (community) at the regulatory interface. Further evidence to support the existence of this community and of regulatory capture, was provided by the study data. Focus group discussions also identified the requirement for a more fundamental reappraisal of the regulatory system in order to deliver the OSPAR strategy. A new regulatory model, which incorporates process and product substitution, is proposed as a strategic framework to ensure that future policy commitments are implemented. This approach may lead to the opening up of the current tight policy network with resultant benefits for policy implementation and reduced regulatory capture. The new model could be applied by other countries within the OSPAR region and in other regions of the world, in order to improve environmental protection.
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Sydsjö, Norlin Karin. "A legal review of the International Safety Management (ISM) code /." Stockholm : Swedish Maritime Law Assoc, 1998. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/371956676.pdf.

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Tsui, Kai-man, and 徐啓文. "Marine oil pollution control-projections for Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31253568.

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Duncan, E. "The impact of plastic pollution on marine turtles." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/36309.

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Plastic debris is entering into the marine environment at an accelerating rate, now becoming one of the most ubiquitous and long-lasting changes in natural systems. Marine turtles are large marine vertebrates with complex life histories and highly mobile behaviour that may make them particularly vulnerable to its impacts. The main goals of this thesis were to i) evaluate the potential implications of the presence of plastic pollution in the environment to marine turtles by reviewing current literature ii) provide a global summary of the issue of entanglement in this taxon, utilising a global network of experts iii) explore the drivers of key interactions between marine turtles and plastic ingestion and develop novel additions classification methodologies to explore selective ingestion of plastics iv) develop a methodology for investigating and isolating the presence of microplastic ingestion in marine turtle gut content and v) examine plastic pollution on a key habitat for marine turtles e.g. nesting beaches. Major findings of the thesis include i) the issue of entanglement with plastic debris, the majority in ghost fishing gear, is both an under-reported and under-researched threat ii) a clear display of strong diet-related ingestion towards plastic debris that resemble natural food items, utilising a case study of green turtles in Northern Cyprus iii) a method development that allowed the identification and isolation of a suite synthetic particles in gut content residue samples, providing evidence of ingestion of synthetic debris at the microscopic size class iv) a more comprehensive viewpoint on plastic concentrations on nesting beaches, in the form of 3D sampling to investigate subsurface plastic densities, showing microplastics present down to turtle nesting depth of both loggerhead and green turtles in Northern Cyprus. In conclusion, this thesis forms the most detailed and comprehensive investigation to date on the impacts of this pollutant on the taxon of marine turtles; contributing to knowledge into macro and microplastic ingestion, entanglement and key habitats through method development and integration of marine turtle feeding ecology and developmental biology.
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Tsui, Kai-man. "Marine oil pollution control-projections for Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17457701.

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Pantelodimou, Eirini. "La lutte contre la pollution marine en France." Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010317.

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La mer joue un rôle essentiel dans la régulation du climat et dans l'équilibre écologique. Les océans et les mers constituent une source de richesse, un immense réservoir de ressources alimentaires et d'emplois pour un grand nombre de personnes. La mer Méditerranée est un écosystème sensible soumis à de fortes pressions par les activités humaines comme la pêche, l'exploration gazière et pétrolière, l'immersion des déchets ou d'autres matières en mer, le transport maritime, le transfert d'espèces aquatiques envahissantes par les eaux de ballast et le tourisme littoral. La France durement touchée par les naufrages de l'Amoco Cadiz, de l'Erika et du Prestige, a pris de nombreuses initiatives tant au niveau international que régional. La complexité du problème de la pollution marine, due à la diversité des facteurs polluants et à leurs sources diffuses, a favorisé une approche sectorielle. Cette approche s'est traduite par l'adoption, aux niveaux national, régional et international, d'un ensemble disparate de politiques, textes législatifs, programmes et plans d'action dans le domaine de la protection du milieu marin. Il s'agit d'un corps de règles étouffées comprenant des mesures préventives et répressives. La complexité institutionnelle et juridique de la protection du milieu marin empêche pourtant la protection effective de la mer. Dans ce contexte, la communauté internationale encourage la mise en œuvre d'une approche écosystématique pour les océans. À l'échelle européenne, l'adoption de la directive-cadre « stratégie pour le milieu marin » favorise la cohérence entre les différentes politiques européennes et l'intégration des préoccupations environnementales dans toutes les politiques liées à la mer. De plus, l'efficacité de la législation européenne dans le domaine de la lutte contre la pollution marine a été renforcée par l'adoption d'un cadre commun de responsabilité pour la prévention et la réparation des préjudices environnementaux
The sea plays a vital role in regulating climate and in maintaining ecological balance. The oceans and the sea constitute a source of wealth, an immense reservoir of food resources and of employment for many people. The Mediterranean Sea is a sensitive ecosystem, subject to strong pressures derived from human activities, such as fishing, oil and gas exploration, dumping of waste and other matter in the sea, maritime transport, transfer of aquatic invasive species via ballast water and littoral tourism. France, severely affected by the sinking of the Amoco Cadiz, the Erika and the Prestige, took numerous initiatives not only at an international but also at a regional level. The complexity of the marine pollution problem, due to the diversity of polluting factors and to their diffuse sources, has favored a regional approach. This approach has resulted in the adoption, at a national, regional and international level, of a network of policies, legislative texts, programs and action plans in the field of marine environment protection. It constitutes a stifling body of rules, comprising preventive and repressive measures. The institutional and legal complexity of marine protection hinders, however, the effective protection of the marine environment. ln this context, the international community encourages the implementation of an ecosystem approach to oceans. At European level, the adoption of the Framework Directive «Strategy for the Marine Environment» favours a consistency between different EU policies as well as an integration of environmental considerations into ail policies related to the sea. Furthermore, the effectiveness of European legislation in the field of the fight again marine pollution, has been reinforced by the adoption of a common framework of liability with regard to the prevention and remedy of environment damage
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Sonko, Amidou. "Dignostic écotoxicologique de la pollution marine au Sénégal." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lorient, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORIS643.

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Nous avons étudié la pollution marine des sédiments et des eaux côtières de la presqu’ile du Cap-Vert et de la Petite côte. Les résultats montrent que la perception des populations n’est pas toujours en phase avec les observations scientifiques. La population signale un niveau de pollution principalement modérée mais qui s’est aggravé ces dix dernières années. La majorité des sites étudiés n’est pas conforme aux qualités microbiologiques de l’eau de baignade d’un point de vu microbiologique. Les quantités de microplastiques de certains sites sont élevées. Les macroplastiques en mer, ne sont pas significativement présents sur tous les sites échantillonnés. Pour les ETM seuls le chrome et le nickel sont au-dessus de la concentration d'effet probable (CEP) sur les organismes marins en ce qui concerne la fraction ≤ 100 μm. Les premiers niveaux trophiques de la chaine alimentaire du milieu marin ne semblent pas être affectés par la toxicité des sédiments alors que les niveaux moyens et supérieurs le sont davantage. La majorité (81%) des sites étudiés ont révélé un niveau d’écotoxicité supérieur à 20%, via le test d’embryotoxicité de Magallana gigas reconnu pour sa plus grande sensibilité par rapport aux autres bioessais. Par conséquent, l'évaluation de la toxicité des sédiments marins montre que la majorité des sites sélectionnés apparaissent dans un mauvais état écotoxicologique. La variabilité inter-sites des résultats sont dues aux caractéristiques des sites
We studied the marine pollution of the sediments and coastal waters of the Cape Verde peninsula and the Petite Côte. The results show that the perception of the population is not always in line with scientific observations. The population reports a mainly moderate level of pollution, which has worsened over the last ten years. The majority of the sites studied do not comply with the microbiological quality of bathing water from a microbiological point of view. The quantities of microplastics at some sites are high. Macroplastics at sea are not significantly present at all the sites sampled. For TMEs only chromium and nickel are above the probable effect concentration (PEC) on marine organisms for the fraction ≤ 100 μm. The first trophic levels of the marine food chain do not seem to be affected by sediment toxicity, whereas the middle and upper levels are more affected. The majority (81%) of the sites studied revealed a level of ecotoxicity greater than 20%, via the Magallana gigas embryotoxicity test, which is known to be more sensitive than other bioassays. Consequently, the assessment of the toxicity of marine sediments shows that the majority of the selected sites appear to be in a poor ecotoxicological state. The inter-site variability of the results is due to the characteristics of the sites
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Rozenbilds, Gaston. "A review of marine pollution in South Australia : the case for monitoring." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1991. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envr893.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Marine pollution"

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Chris, Frid, and Attrill Martin, eds. Marine pollution. 5th ed. Oxford [England]: Oxford University Press, 2001.

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Clark, R. B. Marine pollution. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1989.

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Clark, R. B. Marine pollution. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989.

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Chris, Frid, and Attrill Martin, eds. Marine pollution. 4th ed. Oxford [England]: Oxford University Press, 1997.

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J, Albaigés, ed. Marine pollution. New York: Hemisphere Pub. Corp., 1989.

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Christodoulou-Varotsi, Iliana. Marine Pollution Control. Abingdon, Oxon [UK] ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2018. | Series: Lloyd’s practical shipping guides: Informa Law from Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315709925.

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Romi-Levin, Rivka. Marine pollution: Bibliography. Haifa, Israel: University of Haifa, Wydra Institute of Shipping and Aviation Research, Information Center/Library, 1994.

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Vance, Mary A. Marine pollution: Monographs. Monticello, Ill: Vance Bibliograhies, 1985.

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Assuranceforeningen Gard gjensidig (Arendal, Norway), ed. Handbook on marine pollution. Arendal, Norway: Assuranceforeningen Gard, 1985.

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Guard, Canadian Coast, ed. Marine oil pollution response. [Ottawa]: Canadian Coast Guard, 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Marine pollution"

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Tolba, Mostafa K. "Marine pollution." In Saving Our Planet, 33–44. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2278-8_4.

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Santos, A. D. O., M. T. L. Nascimento, M. de Oliveira e Sá, D. M. Bila, J. A. Baptista Neto, R. Pereira, and M. N. Vieira. "Marine Pollution." In Analysis of Nanoplastics and Microplastics in Food, 61–71. First edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2020. | Series: Food analysis and properties: CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429469596-4.

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Gottlieb, Hiroko Muraki. "Marine Pollution." In Fulfilling the Sustainable Development Goals, 357–72. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003144274-28.

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Baughen, Simon. "Marine Pollution." In Shipping Law, 333–52. Seventh edition. | Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge. 2019.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315172040-17.

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Brander, S., and P. Betjemann. "Marine Pollution." In Oceans and Society, 78–98. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003058151-8.

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Baughen, Simon. "Marine Pollution." In Shipping Law, 356–78. 8th ed. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003279525-19.

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Mukherjee, Swapna, Kaushik Kiran Ghosh, and Abhra Chanda. "Marine Oil Pollution." In Environmental Oceanography and Coastal Dynamics, 163–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34422-0_10.

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Fogarty, Aengus R. M. "Marine Pollution Prevention." In Merchant Shipping Legislation, 429–48. Third edition. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Informa Law from Routledge, 2017.: Informa Law from Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315232218-12.

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Cremean, Damien, Erika Techera, and Natalie Ozer. "Marine Pollution Law." In Routledge Handbook of International Environmental Law, 173–88. 2nd edition. | Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2021. | Series: Routledge handbooks: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003137825-15.

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Dixon, D. R., and J. T. Wilson. "Genetics and marine pollution." In Marine Genetics, 29–43. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2184-4_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Marine pollution"

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Zappalà, G., G. Caruso, F. Azzaro, and E. Crisafi. "Marine environment monitoring in coastal Sicilian waters." In WATER POLLUTION 2006. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/wp060341.

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Williams, R., and A. Gilmour. "Australian Marine Pollution Monitoring Programs." In OCEANS '86. IEEE, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/oceans.1986.1160425.

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Xu Chun-Lin. "Marine Pollution Monitoring in China." In OCEANS '86. IEEE, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/oceans.1986.1160431.

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Caruso, G., and G. Zappalà. "Microbial parameters as indicators of mariculture impact on the marine environment." In WATER POLLUTION 2010. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/wp100191.

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Ehara, Y., A. Osako, A. Zukeran, K. Kawakami, and T. Inui. "Diesel PM collection for marine emission using hole-type electrostatic precipitators." In AIR POLLUTION 2014. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/air140121.

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Luht, K., T. Kull, and A. Tammepuu. "Development of marine and coastal pollution training curriculum for master’s study level." In WATER POLLUTION 2012. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/wp120221.

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Robbe, N., and T. Hengstermann. "Remote sensing of marine oil spills from airborne platforms using multi-sensor systems." In WATER POLLUTION 2006. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/wp060351.

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Okawa, M., T. Takahashi, T. Kazama, and K. Nakata. "“Health Examination” — a semi-enclosed coastal environment: a new concept for marine environmental monitoring." In WATER POLLUTION 2006. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/wp060031.

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Zappalà, G., S. Bonamano, A. Madonia, G. Caruso, and M. Marcelli. "Microbiological risk assessment in a coastal marine environment through the use of mathematical models." In WATER POLLUTION 2012. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/wp120011.

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Chen, Chiung-Hsing, Yi-Chen Wu, Kang-Pyng Yu, Miin-Jong Hao, and Shuoh Ren Tsai. "Monitoring River Pollution of Marine Environment." In 2021 International Symposium on Intelligent Signal Processing and Communication Systems (ISPACS). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ispacs51563.2021.9651056.

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Reports on the topic "Marine pollution"

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KEYSTONE CENTER CO. Reducing Navy Marine Plastic Pollution. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada201794.

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Megan Johnson, Megan Johnson. Effects of marine pollution on Halophila hawaiiana. Experiment, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18258/22468.

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Lemay, Michele H. Coastal and Marine Resources Management in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, December 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008805.

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This document presents a coastal and marine resources management strategy for the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB). The strategy provides new directions for Bank activities which significantly affect sustainable development of coastal and marine areas in Latin America and the Caribbean. Calling for a renewed, more integrated approach, the strategy is intended to bring the Bank's interventions in sectors such as marine fisheries, tourism, maritime transport and pollution control in line with the fundamental objectives of the 8th Capital Replenishment. Looking beyond these sectoral considerations, the strategy highlights new opportunities for lending and non-lending support in line with the distinct character of coastal and marine areas, their evolving regulatory framework, and the responsibility shared by governments and coastal communities in the Region to manage them.
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Wi, Jungyeon. Preventing Styrofoam in Marine Environment through Eco-friendly, Durable Bivalve Buoys of Reduced Impact through structural modification. Intellectual Archive, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32370/iaj.2729.

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Microplastics and marine pollution are emerging environmental issues around the world. In South Korea, styrofoam buoys are one of the primary sources of microplastics. The article addresses current limitations regarding environmental efforts done to reduce styrofoam buoys at governmental and company levels. The article introduces one solution to the problem, a new eco-friendly buoy made of biodegradable material with enhanced durability and sustainability. The article proposes potential campaigns and activities to raise awareness of the issue and encourage using eco-friendly buoys.
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Rucevska, Ieva, Natalia Skripnikova, Carina Thomassen, Eirin Husabø, Elisabeth Berglihn, Karen Raubenheimer, and Niko Urho. Climate Impacts of Plastics: Global Actions to Stem Climate Change and End Plastic Pollution. GRID-Arendal, February 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.61523/spyl9908.

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Science provides convincing evidence that greenhouse gas emissions generated across the plastics life cycle are estimated to be between 3.8 and 4.5 per cent of global greenhouse gas emissions. This is set to grow with a projected increase in primary plastic production. This report presents the synthesis of an extensive literature review of the plastics life cycle. It analyses the countries’ submissions to the UNFCCC, the Paris Agreement, and the Intergovernmental Committee on plastic pollution. It also suggests measures that co-benefit addressing plastic pollution and achieving the global climate goals. This report reveals critical gaps in the current reporting practice for accounting plastics impacts on climate under the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement and points out the role of the international legally binding instrument on plastic pollution, including in the marine environment, (the instrument) in stemming climate change. The report argues that the development and the implementation of the plastics instrument provides a unique opportunity to strengthen global efforts in addressing climate change across the plastics life cycle, complementing the broader decarbonisation activities of the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement. To combat climate change alongside the plastics life cycle, the primary focus must be on reducing the production of plastics and focusing on low-carbon design as well as improving waste management and remediation. Additionally, the report draws attention to the lack of internationally agreed definitions used for the assessment of the impacts of plastics on climate, which would guide research, national reporting, and policy interventions in the future.
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6

Mercer Clarke, Colleen S. L., Alexander J. Clarke, Murray Simpson, John D. Clarke, and Daniel Scott. Coastal Setbacks in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Study of Emerging Issues and Trends that Inform Guidelines for Coastal Planning and Development. Inter-American Development Bank, October 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009056.

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Bank investments in tourism and other coastal development projects have been on the rise, generating an interest in the development of instruments and tools that would more effectively inform Bank staff on critical issues, and support the management of the environmental and social risks of the Bank's portfolio. Coastal areas, which are home to the majority of the population of the LAC Region, are challenged by rising populations, sprawling and sometimes unplanned development, and the associated pressures of pollution, overexploitation of marine and freshwater resources, loss of biodiversity, severe storms, and the longer-term threats of climate change and attendant sea level rise.
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7

Lenz, Mark. RV POSEIDON Fahrtbericht / Cruise Report POS536/Leg 1. GEOMAR, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/geomar_rep_ns_56_2020.

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DIPLANOAGAP: Distribution of Plastics in the North Atlantic Garbage Patch Ponta Delgada (Portugal) – Malaga (Spain) 17.08. – 12.09.2019 The expedition POS 536 is part of a multi-disciplinary research initiative of GEOMAR investigating the origin, transport and fate of plastic debris from estuaries to the oceanic garbage patches. The main focus will be on the vertical transfer of plastic debris from the surface and near-surface waters to the deep sea and on the processes that mediate this transport. The obtained data will help to develop quantitative models that provide information about the level of plastic pollution in the different compartments of the open ocean (surface, water column, seafloor). Furthermore, the effects of plastic debris on marine organisms in the open ocean will be assessed. The cruise will provide data about the: (1) abundance of plastic debris with a minimum size of 100 μm as well as the composition of polymer types in the water column at different depths from the sea surface to the seafloor including the sediment, (2) abundance and composition of plastic debris in organic aggregates (“marine snow”), (3) in pelagic and benthic organisms (invertebrates and fish) and in fecal pellets, (4) abundance and the identity of biofoulers (bacteria, protozoans and metazoans) on the surface of plastic debris from different water depths, (5) identification of chemical compounds (“additives”) in the plastic debris and in water samples.
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8

Jalkanen, Jukka-Pekka, Erik Fridell, Jaakko Kukkonen, Jana Moldanova, Leonidas Ntziachristos, Achilleas Grigoriadis, Maria Moustaka, et al. Environmental impacts of exhaust gas cleaning systems in the Baltic Sea, North Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea area. Finnish Meteorological Institute, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361898.

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Description: Shipping is responsible for a range of different pressures affecting air quality, climate, and the marine environment. Most social and economic analyses of shipping have focused on air pollution assessment and how shipping may impact climate change and human health. This risks that policies may be biased towards air pollution and climate change, whilst impacts on the marine environment are not as well known. One example is the sulfur regulation introduced in January 2020, which requires shipowners to use a compliant fuel with a sulfur content of 0.5% (0.1% in SECA regions) or use alternative compliance options (Exhaust Gas Cleaning Systems, EGCS) that are effective in reducing sulfur oxide (SOx) emissions to the atmosphere. The EGCS cleaning process results in large volumes of discharged water that includes a wide range of contaminants. Although regulations target SOx removal, other pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), metals and combustion particles are removed from the exhaust to the wash water and subsequently discharged to the marine environment. Based on dilution series of the Whole Effluent Testing (WET), the impact of the EGCS effluent on marine invertebrate species and on phytoplankton was found to vary between taxonomic groups, and between different stages of the invertebrate life cycle. Invertebrates were more affected than phytoplankton, and the most sensitive endpoint detected in the present project was the fertilisation of sea urchin eggs, which were negatively affected at a sample dilution of 1 : 1,000,000. Dilutions of 1: 100,000 were harmful to early development of several of the tested species, including mussels, polychaetes, and crustaceans. The observed effects at these low concentrations of EGCS effluent were reduced egg production, and deformations and abnormal development of the larvae of the species. The ecotoxicological data produced in the EMERGE project were used to derive Predicted No Effect Concentration values. Corresponding modelling studies revealed that the EGCS effluent can be considered as a single entity for 2-10 days from the time of discharge, depending on the environmental conditions like sea currents, winds, and temperature. Area 10-30 km outside the shipping lanes will be prone to contaminant concentrations corresponding to 1 : 1,000,000 dilution which was deemed harmful for most sensitive endpoints of WET experiments. Studies for the Saronikos Gulf (Aegean Sea) revealed that the EGCS effluent dilution rate exceeded the 1 : 1,000,000 ratio 70% of the time at a distance of about 10 km from the port. This was also observed for 15% of the time within a band of 10 km wide along the shipping lane extending 500 km away from the port of Piraeus. When mortality of adult specimens of one of the species (copepod Acartia tonsa) was used as an endpoint it was found to be 3-4 orders of magnitude less sensitive to EGCS effluent than early life stage endpoints like fertilisation of eggs and larval development. Mortality of Acartia tonsa is commonly used in standard protocols for ecotoxicological studies, but our data hence shows that it seriously underestimates the ecologically relevant toxicity of the effluent. The same is true for two other commonly used and recommended endpoints, phytoplankton growth and inhibition of bioluminescence in marine bacteria. Significant toxic effects were reached only after addition of 20-40% effluent. A marine environmental risk assessment was performed for the Öresund region for baseline year 2018, where Predicted Environmental Concentrations (PECs) of open loop effluent discharge water were compared to the PNEC value. The results showed modelled concentrations of open loop effluent in large areas to be two to three orders of magnitude higher than the derived PNEC value, yielding a Risk Characterisation Ratio of 500-5000, which indicates significant environmental risk. Further, it should be noted that between 2018-2022 the number of EGCS vessels more than quadrupled in the area from 178 to 781. In this work, the EGCS discharges of the fleet in the Baltic Sea, North Sea, the English Channel, and the Mediterranean Sea area were studied in detail. The assessments of impacts described in this document were performed using a baseline year 2018 and future scenarios. These were made for the year 2050, based on different projections of transport volumes, also considering the fuel efficiency requirements and ship size developments. From the eight scenarios developed, two extremes were chosen for impact studies which illustrate the differences between a very high EGCS usage and a future without the need for EGCS while still compliant to IMO initial GHG strategy. The scenario without EGCS leads to 50% reduction of GHG emissions using low sulfur fuels, LNG, and methanol. For the high EGCS adoption scenario in 2050, about a third of the fleet sailing the studied sea areas would use EGCS and effluent discharge volumes would be increased tenfold for the Baltic Sea and hundredfold for the Mediterranean Sea when compared to 2018 baseline discharges. Some of the tested species, mainly the copepods, have a central position in pelagic food webs as they feed on phytoplankton and are themselves the main staple food for most fish larvae and for some species of adult fish, e.g., herring. The direct effect of the EGSE on invertebrates will therefore have an important indirect effect on the fish feeding on them. Effects are greatest in and near shipping lanes. Many important shipping lanes run close to shore and archipelago areas, and this also puts the sensitive shallow water coastal ecosystems at risk. It should be noted that no studies on sub-lethal effects of early 19 life stages in fish were included in the EMERGE project, nor are there any available data on this in the scientific literature. The direct toxic effects on fish at the expected concentrations of EGCS effluent are therefore largely unknown. According to the regional modelling studies, some of the contaminants will end up in sediments along the coastlines and archipelagos. The documentation of the complex chemical composition of EGCS effluent is in sharp contrast to the present legislation on threshold levels for content in EGCS effluent discharged from ships, which includes but a few PAHs, pH, and turbidity. Traditional assessments of PAHs in environmental and marine samples focus only on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) list of 16 priority PAHs, which includes only parent PAHs. Considering the complex PAHs assemblages and the importance of other related compounds, it is important to extend the EPA list to include alkyl-PAHs to obtain a representative monitoring of EGCS effluent and to assess the impact of its discharges into the marine environment. An economic evaluation of the installation and operational costs of EGCS was conducted noting the historical fuel price differences of high and low sulfur fuels. Equipment types, installation dates and annual fuel consumption from global simulations indicated that 51% of the global EGCS fleet had already reached break-even by the end of 2022, resulting in a summarised profit of 4.7 billion €2019. Within five years after the initial installation, more than 95% of the ships with open loop EGCS reach break-even. The pollutant loads from shipping come both through atmospheric deposition and direct discharges. This underlines the need of minimising the release of contaminants by using fuels which reduce the air emissions of harmful components without creating new pollution loads through discharges. Continued use of EGCS and high sulfur fossil fuels will delay the transition to more sustainable options. The investments made on EGCS enable ships to continue using fossil fuels instead of transitioning away from them as soon as possible as agreed in the 2023 Dubai Climate Change conference. Continued carriage of residual fuels also increases the risk of dire environmental consequences whenever accidental releases of oil to the sea occur.
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9

Gregow, Hilppa, Antti Mäkelä, Heikki Tuomenvirta, Sirkku Juhola, Janina Käyhkö, Adriaan Perrels, Eeva Kuntsi-Reunanen, et al. Ilmastonmuutokseen sopeutumisen ohjauskeinot, kustannukset ja alueelliset ulottuvuudet. Suomen ilmastopaneeli, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31885/9789527457047.

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The new EU strategy on adaptation to climate change highlights the urgency of adaptation measures while bringing forth adaptation as vitally important as a response to climate change as mitigation. In order to provide information on how adaptation to climate change has been promoted in Finland and what calls for attention next, we have compiled a comprehensive information package focusing on the following themes: adaptation policy, impacts of climate change including economic impacts, regional adaptation strategies, climate and flood risks in regions and sea areas, and the availability of scientific data. This report consists of two parts. Part 1 of the report examines the work carried out on adaptation in Finland and internationally since 2005, emphasising the directions and priorities of recent research results. The possibilities of adaptation governance are examined through examples, such as how adaptations steering is organised in of the United Kingdom. We also examine other examples and describe the Canadian Climate Change Adaptation Platform (CCAP) model. We apply current information to describe the economic impacts of climate change and highlight the related needs for further information. With regard to regional climate strategy work, we examine the status of adaptation plans by region and the status of the Sámi in national adaptation work. In part 2 of the report, we have collected information on the temporal and local impacts of climate change and compiled extensive tables on changes in weather, climate and marine factors for each of Finland's current regions, the autonomous Åland Islands and five sea areas, the eastern Gulf of Finland, the western Gulf of Finland, the Archipelago Sea, the Bothnian Sea and the Bay of Bothnia. As regards changes in weather and climate factors, the changes already observed in 1991-2020 are examined compared to 1981-2010 and future changes until 2050 are described. For weather and climate factors, we examine average temperature, precipitation, thermal season duration, highest and lowest temperatures per day, the number of frost days, the depth and prevalence of snow, the intensity of heavy rainfall, relative humidity, wind speed, and the amount of frost per season (winter, spring, summer, autumn). Flood risks, i.e. water system floods, run-off water floods and sea water floods, are discussed from the perspective of catchment areas by region. The impacts of floods on the sea in terms of pollution are also assessed by sea area, especially for coastal areas. With regard to marine change factors, we examine surface temperature, salinity, medium water level, sea flood risk, waves, and sea ice. We also describe combined risks towards sea areas. With this report, we demonstrate what is known about climate change adaptation, what is not, and what calls for particular attention. The results can be utilised to strengthen Finland's climate policy so that the implementation of climate change adaptation is strengthened alongside climate change mitigation efforts. In practice, the report serves the reform of the National Climate Change Adaptation Plan and the development of steering measures for adaptation to climate change both nationally and regionally. Due to its scale, the report also serves e.g. the United Nations’ aim of protecting marine life in the Baltic Sea and the national implementation of the EU strategy for adaptation to climate change. As a whole, the implementation of adaptation policy in Finland must be speeded up swiftly in order to achieve the objectives set and ensure sufficient progress in adaptation in different sectors. The development of binding regulation and the systematic evaluation, monitoring and support of voluntary measures play a key role.
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Veland, Siri, and Christine Merk. Lay person perceptions of marine carbon dioxide removal (CDR) – Working paper. OceanNETs, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/oceannets_d3.3.

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This working paper presents first insights on lay public perceptions of marine carbon dioxide removal (CDR) approaches. In seven focus groups, three in Germany and four in Norway (including one pilot) the researchers asked members of the lay public to share their views of the ocean and the effects of climate change, four CDR approaches, as well as their reflections on responsible research and innovation (RRI) of marine CDR. The four CDR methods were ocean iron fertilization, ocean alkalinity enhancement, artificial upwelling, and blue carbon management through restoration of coastal and marine ecosystems. In addition, respondents were asked to compare the four approaches. Our findings indicate that the public will be very supportive of blue carbon management irrespective of its actual carbon sequestration potential, due in part to the perceived bad state of marine ecosystems worldwide. Participants were skeptical whether any of the CDR approaches could have relevant effect on carbon sequestration and long-term storage; they reasoned about issues such as the ability to scale up treatments in time and space, unforeseen or unforeseeable effects on ecosystems in time and space, and the role of industry in the implementation process. They argued that despite the potential availability of marine CDR, industry and the general public should stop polluting behaviors and practices. Nevertheless, the participants universally agreed that further research on all four CDR methods should be pursued to better understand effects on climate, ecosystems, local communities, and the economy.
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