Journal articles on the topic 'Marital Activity Profile'

Professional activity in the conditions of the Arctic has certain features affecting the psycho-emotional condition of a person that can lead to the development of psychosomatic disorders and physical diseases. We evaluated the level of anxiety of psychiatric nurses (N=55) in the conditions of the Arctic for the purpose of early identification of premorbid states, prevention of emergence of psycho-emotional disturbances, and psychosomatic diseases in nurses. We determined that work experience, age, and shift work influenced the level of situational and personal anxiety. It was revealed that an increase in anxiety which is a symptom of psycho-emotional tension, depended on social factors (income and marital status), shift work, and managerial responsibilities and can be aggravated both with features of professional activity, and accommodation to the conditions of the Far North.

This study aims to determine the cognitive profile based on the characteristics of the elderly assisted my elderly friends in Bandung. This research method is quantitative descriptive research. The results showed that out of 80 elderly respondents, most were in the normal category, as many as 72 elderly (90%). The elderly who are categorized as usual to mild disorders are mostly in the age range of 60-70 years, are female, homemakers work, married marital status, medical history of hypertension and physical activity are homework and gymnastics, while for the elderly with disorders cognitive weight, age 78 years, female gender, widowed, marital status, work as a housewife, medical history of hypertension and physical activity, gymnastics and housework. In conclusion, the cognitive abilities of the elderly assisted my elderly friends in Bandung City in 2019 were mostly in the normal category and the cognitive skills of the elderly with typical to severe types; most of the elderly did homework and gymnastics. Keywords: Elderly Characteristics, Cognitive Ability, Elderly Friends

Background: The state of health of rural workers is influenced by the living conditions to which they are subjected, including social, economic, technological and organizational aspects. Given the scarcity of studies on this population of workers, establishing their profile is necessary. Objectives: To analyze cardiovascular risk according to demographic factors and anthropometric status of rural workers under the Pardo River Valley Regional Development Council (COREDE-VRP). Methods: Cross-sectional analytical study with rural workers in five municipalities in the COREDE-VRP southern region. We administered a structured questionnaire for lifestyle socioeconomic information, physical activity and self-reported health. Anthropometric measurements, resting heart rate and electrocardiogram (ECG) were performed to analyze heart rate variability (HRV). Results: Women exhibited higher cardiovascular risk, which in turn did not differ as a function of age, marital status, socioeconomic status or lifestyle. We found a relationship between cardiovascular risk and anthropometric measurements, but not with cardiovascular variables. Conclusion: Women exhibited higher cardiovascular risk, which was not associated with marital status, socioeconomic status, alcohol use, smoking, sleep disorders or physical activity. Therefore, we emphasize the relationship between cardiovascular risk and anthropometric variables, as well as the lack of association with heart rate and autonomic imbalance.

Outdoor Gyms (OGs) are spaces adopted in municipal public policies aimed at leisure physical activity. Considering the possible benefits of adopting a physically active lifestyle, this study aimed to assess the impacts of OG on leisure physical activity. Specifically, it aimed to: diagnose the profile of users; investigate the spaces used; evaluate the reasons that lead users to attend; identify the factors which act as barriers. This is a cross-sectional, descriptive/exploratory and field study investigating municipal documents and OG users located in Campo Grande/MS. The sample consisted of 275 subjects. The technique used was document analysis and structured interviews. The results indicate a predominance of females, aged 41-60 years, and married marital status. OGs are the main spaces used for leisure, having a positive impact on adherence to physical activity of 97%. Aspects related to health improvement are the main motivators for use and the absence of guidance is the biggest demotivator. It is concluded that although they positively impact the practice of leisure-time physical activity, the lack of guidance by Physical Education teachers is inhibiting.

This article aims to diagnose the agrosocioeconomic profile of rural producers in the Metropolitan Region of Cariri, through a case study applied in the municipalities of Crato, Juazeiro do Norte and Barbalha. To this end, an interview was conducted with sixty farmers, twenty from each municipality, containing questions about family composition; gender, age, marital status, education level; exercise of other economic activity besides agriculture; family income; technical assistance; cultivation type; total area of the property and cultivated area; agricultural implements used on the property; the destination of production; among other aspects. The results found highlight the predominance of the male gender (61.7%), with the age group of 46 to 65 years (48.3%), elementary school (46.6%), with 70% of the interviewees among those without schooling and with fundamental level, 76.7% interviewees married or in a stable relationship, with exclusive income from agricultural activity of up to 1 (one) minimum wage, working in small properties, with an area of less than 5 (five) hectares. Among the products, poultry, corn and beans cultivation stand out, mainly family consumption (91.7%), with the surplus sold atlocal fairs (51.7%), delivered to school meals (30%) and sold, in 25% of cases, at the property's headquarters. The importance of strengthening the sector is reinforced through the creation of government policies to support and guarantee production and marketing in the region.

Background. Lifestyle includes routine and daily living activities affecting an individual’s health. The present study aimed at evaluating the health-promoting lifestyle profile (HPLP) of medical sciences students of Kermanshah, Iran. Methods. In this cross-sectional study, 343 medical sciences students were enrolled by the stratified random sampling method. The data collection tools were demographic information form and the HPLP-II questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistics. Results. The mean overall HPLP-II score of the subjects was 2.25 ± 0.44 out of 4. Of the six HPLP-II dimensions, the highest and lowest scores belonged to interpersonal relations and physical activity, respectively. The mean overall HPLP-II score was statistically different in terms of gender, marital status, smoking habits, and economic status ( P ≤ 0.05 ). Conclusion. HPLP-II level was moderate in most of the students, and health-promoting behaviors, in the physical activity dimension, were in a low state. The results emphasized the need for interventions to improve students' lifestyles.

Abstract Introduction: Pneumopathies are defined as a group of respiratory diseases. Physiotherapy centers are a conventional treatment option which can help prevent and treat various pulmonary conditions. Objective: To characterize elderly persons with pneumopathies admitted for pulmonary rehabilitation. Methods: 84 elderly persons were admitted for pulmonary rehabilitation. Patients diagnosed with pulmonary disease and aged ≥60 years were included in the study. The following variables were analyzed: gender, age, marital status, profession, medical diagnosis, main medical complaint, associated diseases, and cardiovascular risk factors. Results: The most common lung disease is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (26.2%). Women showed a greater association with asthma [odds ratio (OR)=5.875; p=0.010]. Dyspnea was the most prevalent main complaint among this population (50%). Among the main complaints, difficulty walking was more associated with men (OR=2.85; p=0.055). Strokes were the main disease most commonly associated with pneumopathies (12.1%). Women had a greater association with other diseases (OR=5.34, p=0.068), especially when two diseases were presented simultaneously with lung disease (OR=2.32, p=0.041). Among the risk factors, physical inactivity (OR=3.33), alcohol consumption (OR=0.046) and history of smoking (OR=3.00) were significantly associated with men, while depression (OR=5.67) was significantly associated with women. Women exhibited a 3.28 greater association between allergies and pneumopathies than men (p=0.013). The practice of physical activity was more associated with women (OR=3.89; p=0.03). Osteoporosis was more prevalent among elderly women with pulmonary disease (OR=10.75; p<0.0001), and was also significantly associated with a history of smoking (OR=4.31; p=0.009). Conclusion: The most frequent diagnosis, main complaint and associated disease were COPD, dyspnea and strokes, respectively. Elderly woman exhibited a greater association with the diagnosis of bronchial asthma, and more diseases associated with lung disease. Physical inactivity, difficulty walking, and a history of alcohol consumption and smoking are more associated with men, while depression, the presence of allergies, regular physical activity and osteoporosis are more associated with women. Thus, the results demonstrate that these individuals have specific characteristics.

Objective: To investigate the relationship between satisfaction with life in general, sense of humor, and anxiety, depression and stress with subjective happiness in chronic kidney disease patients undergoing hemodialysis. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional and correlational study was developed in two units of the Diaverum dialysis clinic and one hospital unit, with 183 chronic kidney disease patients undergoing hemodialysis. An instrument was used to characterize the sociodemographic and clinical profile of the sample (age, gender, nationality, education, occupation, marital status, dialysis sessions length, presence of hypertension and diabetes): the subjective happiness scale; the satisfaction with life in general; depression, anxiety and stress scale 21; and multidimensional sense of humor scale. Inferential procedures included Spearman correlation coefficients, and multiple linear regression adjusting to age, marital status, professional activity and diabetes. Results: Subjective Happiness was positively correlated with satisfaction with life in general, and the three dimensions of Sense of Humor. Nevertheless, subjective happiness was negatively correlated with stress / anxiety and depression. Satisfaction with life in general, humor production and social use of humor, and attitude towards humor had a positive relationship with subjective happiness. However, depression had a negative relationship with subjective happiness. Conclusions: Higher levels of subjective happiness were associated with higher levels of satisfaction with life in general, and sense of humor, however they were also associated with lower levels of depression in patients undergoing hemodialysis.

The intention of this research is to provide more evidence related to women entrepreneurs by selecting an unexplored sample coming from two different regions: The Middle East and the Western Europe countries. It aims to explore the profile of women entrepreneurs and to further investigate the impact of their socio-demographic profile and their individual subjective perception on their preference for bank loans. The sample was composed of 47 and 46 women entrepreneurs operating in small and medium (SMEs) business activities, respectively in 10 Middle East and 10 Western Europe countries. Results show that the majority of women entrepreneurs in both regions are between 26 and 31 years old, they have a high education level, they have already received a training support and accumulate an important professional experience. The majority of women entrepreneurs also avoid using bank loans. However, women entrepreneurs in the Middle East have more conflict between their entrepreneurial activity and their family duties. Regressions results show that socio-demographic variables of women entrepreneurs, such as the age, the education level, the training support and the professional experience affect positively and significantly the use of bank loans in both regions. Other variables related to family issues such as the marital status, the family size and the family responsibilities provide a negative and significant impact. The subjective perception variables of women entrepreneurs such as the risk tolerance, the self-confidence and the confidence in banks affect negatively on the use of bank loans.

Using data from the World Health Survey carried out in Brazil in 2003, this paper has the objective of describing the sociodemographic profile of Brazilian women (age 18-69 years of age) that have adequate health care, not only with respect to health service utilization but also to healthy lifestyles. Sociodemographic variables (age, marital status, race, education level, number of household assets, and occupation), health care variables (periodic gynecologic exam with Papanicolaou, mammography among women aged 40-69 years, body mass index, smoking, alcohol, physical activity, dental care, private health insurance), and self-rated health were analyzed by municipality size strata. Logistic regression models were used to identify the characteristics of women that have adequate health care. Coverage of periodic gynecologic exam with Papanicolaou was 65.0% and mammography coverage was 47.0%. Less than 20.0% of Brazilian women have adequate care, and the most associated factors were: being younger than 40 years old, having higher educational level, having private health insurance and being married. The results indicate the need to develop health promotion policies focused on modifying the risk habits and risk practices to health, and to stimulate preventive periodic health exams.

Background Apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 is the single most important genetic risk factor for cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease (AD), while lifestyle factors such as smoking, drinking, diet, and physical activity also have impact on cognition. The goal of the study is to investigate whether the association between lifestyle and cognition varies by APOE genotype among the oldest old. Methods and findings We used the cross-sectional data including 6,160 oldest old (aged 80 years old or older) from the genetic substudy of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) which is a national wide cohort study that began in 1998 with follow-up surveys every 2–3 years. Cognitive impairment was defined as a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score less than 18. Healthy lifestyle profile was classified into 3 groups by a composite measure including smoking, alcohol consumption, dietary pattern, physical activity, and body weight. APOE genotype was categorized as APOE ε4 carriers versus noncarriers. We examined the associations of cognitive impairment with lifestyle profile and APOE genotype using multivariable logistic regressions, controlling for age, sex, education, marital status, residence, disability, and numbers of chronic conditions. The mean age of our study sample was 90.1 (standard deviation [SD], 7.2) years (range 80–113); 57.6% were women, and 17.5% were APOE ε4 carriers. The mean MMSE score was 21.4 (SD: 9.2), and 25.0% had cognitive impairment. Compared with those with an unhealthy lifestyle, participants with intermediate and healthy lifestyle profiles were associated with 28% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 16%–38%, P < 0.001) and 55% (95% CI: 44%–64%, P < 0.001) lower adjusted odds of cognitive impairment. Carrying the APOE ε4 allele was associated with 17% higher odds (95% CI: 1%–31%, P = 0.042) of being cognitively impaired in the adjusted model. The association between lifestyle profiles and cognitive function did not vary significantly by APOE ε4 genotype (noncarriers: 0.47 [0.37–0.60] healthy versus unhealthy; carriers: 0.33 [0.18–0.58], P for interaction = 0.30). The main limitation was the lifestyle measurements were self-reported and were nonspecific. Generalizability of the findings is another limitation because the study sample was from the oldest old in China, with unique characteristics such as low body weight compared to populations in high-income countries. Conclusions In this study, we observed that healthier lifestyle was associated with better cognitive function among the oldest old regardless of APOE genotype. Our findings may inform the cognitive outlook for those oldest old with high genetic risk of cognitive impairment.

The aim of the study is to extrapolate clinical features of Premature Ejaculation (PE) patients and female partners of men affected with PE, in order to get a profile that can be of assistance for physicians within the dynamics of a couple, one of which is a PE patient. An observational, non-interventional, cross-sectional epidemiological study entitled IPER (Italian Premature Ejaculation Research) was conducted and included two different cohorts of subjects that were randomly sampled from a patient dataset of selected General Practitioners: 1. IPER-M sub-cohort (1.104 subjects) was made of male subjects in which they were then distinguished patients with or without PE based on the score of the PEDT questionnaire; IPER-F sub-cohort (1.109 subjects) was made of female subjects from an independent sample of women (therefore not the partners of the IPER-M males) in which they then distinguished those partners of a male subject with PE or not. In addition to an identical general questionnaire to explore demographic aspects and habits, each subcohort was then evaluated using validated questionnaires. No differences were noted between PE+/PE- patients in terms of alcohol consumption, smoking habits, physical activity nor stress condition in everyday life, employment, socio-economic class and marital status. While the prevalence of PE proportionally increased with age, excluding the 50-59 and 70-80 years decades, in the IPER-M group an overall statistically significant difference for the mean age between the PE+ and PE- groups (p = 0.002) was detected, but without reaching any difference amongst the different age classes in the IPER-F group. The PE+ patients reported a significantly lower frequency rate of sexual intercourse, worse QoL (p = 0.006 and p < 0.0001, respectively), and increased anxiety status (p < 0.0001 for both subgroups). This study shows that, rather than talking with a patient affected by PE it would be advisable to introduce the concept of couple counseling with the person patient and his partner, because it is only through classification of both partners as one couple and a full understanding of their mutual sexual experience that PE treatment can be optimized and its results measured accurately.

Background: Third-party hearing loss-related quality of life (HLQoL) reports measure the third-party disability as a result of communicating regularly with someone with hearing loss. Scales with known psychometric characteristics validated on a diverse subject population are needed in order to describe the activity limitations and participation restrictions experienced by spouses as a result of living with an individual with hearing loss. Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to develop a scale to measure third-party HLQoL in spouses of people with hearing loss with acceptable psychometric characteristics. This scale is known as the Hearing Impairment Impact–Significant Other Profile (HII-SOP). Research Design: In Study 1, the initial test items were developed and evaluated with a factor analysis for adequate construct validity. In Study 2, the internal consistency reliability, the validity, and the test-retest reliability of the revised test were evaluated. Study Sample: In Study 1, 120 people between 34 and 87 yr of age participated and in Study 2, 164 people between 23 and 88 yr of age participated. Data Collection and Analysis: In Study 1, a 41-item questionnaire was developed based on five content areas: physical adjustment, social activities, emotional reaction, intimate relationship, and change in roles. The scale was submitted to a factor analysis to analyze interrelationships among items, determine the underlying dimensions, and select items for the final scale. In Study 2, the internal consistency reliability, construct validity, and test-retest reliability were evaluated in the revised 20-item questionnaire. The internal-consistency reliability was measured using Cronbach's alpha. Validity was assessed by observing the correlations of the new scale with well-established scales measuring related constructs: overall health-related quality of life, marital communication, HLQoL, and negative affect, in both the person with hearing loss and the spouse. Test-retest reliability was measured in a subset of the spouses who completed the HII-SOP between 2 and 4 wk after the initial scale was completed. Results: The HII-SOP is a 20-item scale with three subscales which measure: (1) the emotions that arise when having a spouse with hearing loss as well as the impact of the hearing loss on the marital relationship, (2) the impact of the hearing loss on the social life of the spouse, and (3) the communication strategies used by the spouse. The scale and its subscales have adequate internal-consistency reliability suggesting that the 20 items do measure a single construct and the subscales do measure distinct subconstructs. The HII-SOP scale was significantly correlated with measures expected to relate to the construct of third-party disability associated with hearing loss. Finally, the HII-SOP scale has adequate test-retest reliability (r = 0.90) and the 95% critical differences is 19.7 points. Conclusions: The HII-SOP is a scale to measure third-party HLQoL in spouses of individuals with hearing loss. Scores of 20–39 reflect mild third-party disability, scores of 40–59 reflect moderate third-party disability, and scores >60 reflect severe third-party disability associated with hearing loss.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze whether quality of life in active, healthy elderly individuals is influenced by functional status and sociodemographic characteristics, as well as psychological parameters. METHODS: Study conducted in a sample of 120 active elderly subjects recruited from two open universities of the third age in the cities of São Paulo and São José dos Campos (Southeastern Brazil) between May 2005 and April 2006. Quality of life was measured using the abbreviated Brazilian version of the World Health Organization Quality of Live (WHOQOL-bref) questionnaire. Sociodemographic, clinical and functional variables were measured through crossculturally validated assessments by the Mini Mental State Examination, Geriatric Depression Scale, Functional Reach, One-Leg Balance Test, Timed Up and Go Test, Six-Minute Walk Test, Human Activity Profile and a complementary questionnaire. Simple descriptive analyses, Pearson's correlation coefficient, Student's t-test for non-related samples, analyses of variance, linear regression analyses and variance inflation factor were performed. The significance level for all statistical tests was set at 0.05. RESULTS: Linear regression analysis showed an independent correlation without colinearity between depressive symptoms measured by the Geriatric Depression Scale and four domains of the WHOQOL-bref. Not having a conjugal life implied greater perception in the social domain; developing leisure activities and having an income over five minimum wages implied greater perception in the environment domain. CONCLUSIONS: Functional status had no influence on the Quality of Life variable in the analysis models in active elderly. In contrast, psychological factors, as assessed by the Geriatric Depression Scale, and sociodemographic characteristics, such as marital status, income and leisure activities, had an impact on quality of life.

Patient compliance describes the degree, to which a patient follows treatment regimen. At present, non-compliance with medical recommendations is one of the key problems for outpatient practice. Even in case of respiratory infections, patients often violate the prescribed treatment regimen, which leads to growth of ineffective treatment cases, complications, and is also accompanied by a high risk of selection of drug-resistant infectious organisms and rise in expenditures for managing patients. The most common mistakes made by patients include the change by patients of the prescribed antibiotic dosing regimen and premature termination of antimicrobial therapy. Factors affecting patient compliance are extremely diverse. Among them are factors associated with treatment and a disease, patient-associated factors of «doctor - patient» contact, and demographic predictors of low compliance, drug dosage frequency. The most important factors affecting adherence to treatment are duration of therapy; drug tolerance/safety; dosage forms (tablets, syrup, sachet); patient confidence in medical recommendations (presence of «doctor - patient» relationship); severity of the disease; patient age and sex; social activity/employment of the patient; social status of the patient, level of education; marital status; presence of a concomitant pathology in the patient; presence of bad habits (smoking, alcohol) in the patient. The main factor affecting the compliance with therapy is the drug dosage frequency. It is known that compliance is highest, if a patient is required to take a single dose of the drug per day. Duration of therapy is another important factor affecting the patient compliance. For instance, pharmacotherapy for 7 days is characterized by better compliance compared to longer antibiotic treatment regimens. Methods of improving compliance with antimicrobial therapy: reduction in the drug dosage frequency; short courses of antibiotic therapy; favourable safety profile; the cost of the drug; a patient-friendly form of antibiotic dosage form; patient education, clear information of the patient; monitoring the treatment process (repeat visits, phone contacts, etc.). The most effective way to increase compliance is to use an antibiotic drug 1-2 times per day. The use of short antibiotics courses (less than 7 days) is also a good way to increase adherence to treatment. The use of antibiotics with a good safety profile is another important approach to improving the compliance. The article also discusses other ways to enhance the patient compliance with the treatment for respiratory infections.

Estudo realizado com o objetivo de conhecer o perfil de pacientes atendidos com infarto agudo do miocárdio em uma unidade de terapia intensiva de um hospital público de São Paulo, no período de 26 de julho a 30 de setembro de 2010, com análise de 50 casos, escolhidos ao acaso, segundo as variáveis: sexo, faixa etária, cor, estado civil, paridade, grau de instituição, hábito de fumar e atividade física. Pelos resultados pode-se concluir predominância do sexo masculino, faixa etária de 60 a 70 anos, maior incidência de cor preta, casados, com um filho, houve a predominância do ensino fundamental completo, respondendo sim ao hábito de fumar, e a não prática nenhum tipo de atividade física.Descritores: Unidade de Terapia Intensiva, Paciente, Infarto Agudo do Miocárdio. Acute Myocardial Infarction: the profile of patients treated in ICU of a public hospital in Sao PauloAbstract: Study carried out in order to know the profile of patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction in an intensive care unit a public hospital in Sao Paulo, from july 26 to September 30, 2010, with analysis of 50 cases, chosen at random, according to the variables: gender, age, race, marital status, parity, level of institution, smoking and physical activity. From the results we can conclude a predominance of males, age 60-70 years, higher incidence of black, married with a son, there was a predominance of complete elementary school, answering yes to the smoking habit, and not to practice any type of physical activity.Descriptors: Intensive Care Unit, Patient, Acute Myocardial Infarction. Infarto Agudo de Miocardio: el perfil de los pacientes tratados em la UCI de um hospital público de São PauloResumen: Estudio realizado con el fin de conocer el perfil de los pacientes com infarto agudo de miocardio en la unidad de cuidados intensivos del un hospital público de São Paulo, a partir de julio 26 a septiembre 30, 2010, con el análisis de 50 casos, selecionados aleatorizado, de acuerdo con las variables: género, edad, raza, estado civil, paridad, nível de institución, el tabaquismo y la actividad física. De los resultados podemos concluir un predomínio del sexo masculino, edad 60-70 años, la mayor incidência de negro, se casó con un hijo, hubo un predomínio de la escuela primaria completa, respondendo que sí a la costumbre de fumar, y no a la práctica de cualquier tipo de actividad física.Descriptores: Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, Paciente, Infarto agudo de Miocardio.

Aim. To assess the associations of metabolic syndrome (MS) with sociodemographic and behavioral factors in the Russian population aged 25-64 years.Material and methods. As part of the ESSE-RF 2 study, representative samples of the population of four Russian regions (Krasnodar Krai, Omsk and Ryazan Oblasts, Republic of Karelia) were examined: men (n=3011) and women (n=3721) aged 25-64 years. The response rate was approximately 80%. The study was approved by the Independent Ethics Committee of National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine. All subjects were interviewed using a standard questionnaire. We analyzed the region and type of residence (urban/ rural area), age, educational level, marital and economic status, behavioral habits, and medical history data. Anthropometric measurements were performed. Blood pressure (BP) was measured with an Omron BP monitor. Lipid profile were assessed. MS was diagnosed according to the IDF criteria (2006). Statistical analysis was performed using the R 3.6.1 software package.Results. Abdominal obesity (AO) was found in 49,7% of men and 61,6% of women. Obesity according to body mass index was noted in 31,6% of subjects (men — 28,6% and women — 34%). MS prevalence in the entire sample was 33,0% and increased with age. In the group of subjects 35-44 years old, the prevalence of MS was significantly higher among men, and among those 55-64 years old — among women. We also found that AO in combination with two MS components was observed in 17,2% of participants; AO with three components — in 11,8%, AO with four components — in 4%. The highest prevalence of MS was noted in theRyazan region (men — 42,0%, women — 37,4%), the lowest — in theRepublic ofKarelia (men — 25,8%, women — 29,6%). In men, age-adjusted univariate logistic regression revealed significant associations of MS with former smoking, low physical activity, and alcohol abuse. Elevated BP and lipid profile abnormalities were significantly associated with low income level. AO was significantly associated with marriage. Similarly, the risk of diabetes and elevated blood glucose levels was lower in single men. Among women, the risk of MS was higher in those without higher education, with low income, smoking, and low consumption of vegetables and fruits. Women living in rural areas have a higher risk of AO and high BP. The risk of lipid metabolism disorders was higher among women with secondary education. Most of these associations were confirmed by multivariate analysis.Conclusion. MS was diagnosed in 33% of Russians aged 25-64 years. The proportion of people with MS increases with age, which, due to the life expectancy increase, suggests an increase in the total number of MS people. Risk factors associated with MS in women are smoking, insufficient consumption of vegetables and fruits, no higher education, and low income. In men, MS are associated with excessive alcohol consumption, smoking, and low physical activity. MS prevalence can be reduced by changing the lifestyle and habits, and if necessary, in combination with drug therapy.

Background: Income is an important determinant of physical activity (PA) when analyzed in its different domains. Sociodemographic characteristics such as sex, age, education, and marital status reveal distinct population profiles when PA domains are analyzed in isolation. This study aimed to describe clusters of PA in domains within income inequalities and to investigate the associated sociodemographic characteristics of Brazilian adults. Methods: A secondary analysis of the National Health Survey was performed (N = 50,176). PA, sociodemographic characteristics, and family income were investigated. Low- (n = 9504) and high-income adults (n = 6330) were analyzed. Two-step cluster and Rao–Scott chi-square tests were employed. Results: High-income adults accumulated 1.06 times more PA in leisure time compared with low-income adults. Of the 3 clusters observed, the inactive cluster was more prevalent (low-income group: 65.9%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 64.1–67.5; high-income group: 84.5%; 95% CI, 82.9–86.0). Work/leisure activities (21.2%; 95% CI, 19.8–22.8) and commuting/household activities (12.9%; 95% CI, 11.8–14.1) characterized low-income adults. Work/household activities (10.9%; 95% CI, 9.6–12.3) and commuting/leisure activities (4.6%, 95% CI, 3.9–5.4) characterized high-income adults. Sex (P < .001), age (P < .001), and marital status (P = .0023) were associated with low-income clusters. Conclusion: PA clustering differs within income inequalities. PA in leisure differentiates the opportunities in low- and high-income groups, but it is representative of a very small portion of the wealth.

ABSTRACTThis study examined engagement in leisure activities among older adults, specifically focusing on how life transition factors in later life, including retirement and marital status, are associated with leisure activity engagement using a national sample of older American men and women. We conducted multiple regression analyses with a sample of 5,405 individuals (2,318 men; 3,087 women) from the Consumption and Activities Mail Survey, a supplementary sample of the Health and Retirement Study. We analysed activity engagement in each of four domains of leisure activities: mental, physical, social and religious. Retirement status was categorised into three groups: working (referent), completely retired and partly retired. Marital status was categorised into four groups: married (referent), divorced or separated, widowed and never married. We found an overall trend of a positive relationship between retirement and leisure activity engagement, which suggests that retirement provides a chance for older adults to participate in leisure activities after withdrawal from the labour force. The overall trend of a negative relationship between non-married status and leisure activity engagement suggests that the loss or absence of a spouse may serve as a barrier to participate in leisure activities. Nevertheless, variation among retirees and non-married individuals suggests future studies should compare completely and partly retired individuals or those who are widowed, divorced or separated, or never married to elucidate distinguishable leisure activity profiles.

Background: Gender roles impact different spheres of life and lead women to behavioral patterns and lifestyle habits associated with femininity, generating important differences between men and women in health. The present study analyzed relationships between conformity to the feminine norms and different lifestyle indicators: Educational level, marital status, alcohol consumption, tobacco consumption, sleeping hours, social support, and physical activity. Additionally, cluster analysis was developed in order to identify different patterns of gender role conformity. Methods: The sample was made up of 347 women age 18–70 from Spain. Data collection was conducted during 2014. Results: Multiple logistic regression analyses produced odds ratios showing that women with lower feminine role conformity were more likely to use tobacco and alcohol, but less likely to share their lives with someone. Cluster analysis found four different profiles of gender role conformity related to different patterns of alcohol consumption and marital status. Conclusions: Conformity to feminine norms was associated with basic affective conditions such as sharing life with others and with alcohol and tobacco consumption, but not with physical activity, social support, and sleep duration. Whereas tobacco and alcohol use have important health implications, public health systems should pay attention to gender-related variables in order to design and implement specific prevention programs.

Abstract The main objective was to identify pregnancy risk factors arising from the behaviour and lifestyle of Mureş county women during pregnancy. The postpartum women monitored in this study were from Mureş county and were interviewed by applying a questionnaire during the period they were in the hospital for postnatal care immediately after birth. The questions aimed at identifying prenatal risk factors and the unhealthy behaviour of women before and during pregnancy, referring to the socio-economic and cultural status (low family income or unemployment, less than high school studies, rural background and marital status), obesity during pregnancy, alcohol consumption, coffee consumption, no physical activity. We identified, among the three major ethnicities in Mureş county (Romanian, Hungarian, Roma), the behaviour and lifestyle components with risk in pregnancy and after comparing profiles of these groups we identified the Roma ethnicity as being at the highest perinatal risk.

e20517 Background: Cancer related fatigue (CRF) is common in cancer survivors. CRF has been reported to be one of the most distressing symptoms associated with cancer and its treatment. Activity and biological profiles of those who suffer from CRF, have been poorly characterized. This IRB approved prospective, natural history study reports fatigue and associated findings in women newly diagnosed with breast cancer (BrCa), receiving standard treatment. Methods: All women were evaluated pre-operatively and at >9 months after diagnosis. Variables measured: Age, height, marital status, presence of children, menopausal status, tumor size, node status, estrogen receptor (ER+), hemoglobin, white blood cell count, fasting blood glucose, and BMI. Patient reported outcomes included visual analog scale (VAS) of fatigue (F), SF-36 version2, Physical Activity Questionnaire (PAQ, Harvard Alumni Health Study) and Sleep Questionnaire. Some variables were dichotomized to maximize the statistical power for the relatively small sample size. Bivariate correlations, and logistic regression analyses were performed using two fatigue conditions: presence of any F, or presence of clinically significant fatigue (CSF) defined as >=4 on the VAS. Results: 61 women, mean age of 51y, 39% had BMI >=25, 85% had >= 1 child, 52% were post-menopause, 92% ER+. Increased F at follow-up was statistically significant when compared to baseline (p=<0.0001, using paired t-test). Significant correlations (p<0.1) are reported between CSF and the following: node+, BMI>=25; inverse correlations with amount of vigorous activity (PAQ), physical function and vitality on SF-36. Physical function (SF-36) had significant inverse correlations with: age, menopause, and BMI. Low vitality was associated with: large tumor size, high WBC, longer time sleeping. Node+, BMI>=25, low physical function and vitality levels retained statistically significant relationships to CSF in the regression analyses. Conclusions: Node+ BrCa, BMI>=25, low level of physical activity and vitality (SF-36) are correlated with CSF. Except node status, each is treatable and may reduce CSF No significant financial relationships to disclose.

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this survey was to establish a database of habitual food and drink consumption in a representative sample of Irish adults, aged 18–64 years. The present paper describes the sampling protocol, response rate and characteristics of the survey population in terms of sex and age groups, seasonality, geographical location, marital status, social class, socio-economic status and education level.DesignA cross-sectional food consumption survey was carried out. In the Republic of Ireland, a nationally representative sample of adults was randomly selected with a validated two-stage clustered design, using the electoral register as the sampling frame. This method produced a self-weighting or ‘epsem’ sample of individuals, where each adult who was registered to vote had an equal opportunity of being selected. Similarly, in Northern Ireland, a two-stage random sampling procedure was used. The sampling frame was the electoral register, and the sample was stratified by urban/rural and by an index of material deprivation, to ensure representation of each sector of the community. The recruitment procedure was the same in the North and South. An introductory letter with an information leaflet was posted to each selected individual and these were followed up by a visit from a fieldworker, who invited participation in the survey.SettingNorthern Ireland and Republic of Ireland between 1997 and 1999.ResultsThe response rate, which is the percentage of the total number of people who completed a 7-day food diary (n = 1379) out of the total eligible sample (n = 2177), was 63%. Non-respondents and dropouts constituted 34% and 3%, respectively, of the total eligible sample. Compared with the most recent census figures available, the sample was generally found to be representative in terms of sex and age group profiles, geographical location, marital status, seasonality, social class, socio-economic group and education level. Data on sex and age group and geographical location were collected from non-respondents for comparison with the survey sample. There were no apparent differences between them.ConclusionThe North/South Ireland Food Consumption Survey has established a Samplino relational database of habitual food and drink consumption, in addition to data on Response rate habitual physical activity, anthropometric measurements, socio-demographic factors, Demographics lifestyle, health status indicators and attitudes, in a nationally representative sample Socio-economic factors of the population of the island of Ireland.

Abstract The purposes of this study were to identify the patterns of caregiving activities among family caregivers in Hong Kong and to examine their associations with characteristic factors and caregiver burden. The data was from the cross-sectional survey on the profiles of family caregivers of older adults in Hong Kong. 932 family caregivers were classified into different classes by using the Latent class analysis (LCA) according to their engagements in the 17 daily caregiving activities: 6 activities of daily living (ADLs), 8 instrumental activities of daily living activities (IADLs), emotional support, decision-making, and financial support. Five classes were revealed and labeled “Total All-round Caregiving” (Class I: 19.5%), “Partial All-round Caregiving” (Class II: 8.2%), “ADLs Free Caregiving” (Class III: 23.8%), “ADLs & Partial IADLs Free Caregiving” (Class IV: 32.5%), “Financial Caregiving” (Class V: 16.0%), respectively. Results from multinomial logistic regression found that the following factors were associated with the class membership: care recipients’ age, medical diagnoses, and caregivers’ gender, job status, marital status, self-rated economic status, living with care recipients, and caring for ≥40 hours per week. Findings from multiple linear regression showed caregivers with different patterns of caregiving activities reported different levels of caregiver burden. Caregivers in Class I have been found with the highest caregiver burden. This is the first study that has applied LCA to capture the patterns of caregiving activities among family caregivers. Identification of caregiving activity patterns and examination of their characteristics and caregiver burden can help healthcare providers to shift to prioritized and targeted caregiver support.

AbstractObjectiveCurrent indices of diet quality generally include intakes of specific foods or nutrients. We sought to develop an index that discriminates healthy and unhealthy eating choices for use in large surveys as a short questionnaire and as a measure in existing studies with adequate dietary data.DesignThe Eating Choices Index (ECI) score included four components: (i) consumption of breakfast, (ii) consumption of two portions of fruit per day, (iii) type of milk consumed and (iv) type of bread consumed, each providing a score from 1 to 5. In analysis of 5 d food records, the ECI score was examined in relation to macronutrients, fibre, vitamin C, Fe, Ca and folate using Pearson correlations. Variation with sex, BMI, socio-economic status, marital status, smoking status and physical activity were also investigated.SettingMedical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development.SubjectsIndividuals (n2256) aged 43 years.ResultsThe ECI score (mean 12·3 (sd3·5)) was significantly positively associated with protein, carbohydrate, fibre, vitamin C, Fe, Ca and folate (r= 0·2–0·5;P< 0·001) and significantly negatively associated with fat intake (r= –0·2;P< 0·001); ECI scores were not correlated with total energy intake. Individuals with a lower ECI score were more likely to be men (P< 0·001), overweight or obese (P< 0·001), have lower socio-economic status (P< 0·001), smoke more (P< 0·001) and be less physically active (P< 0·001).ConclusionsECI scores correlated with nutrient profiles consistent with a healthy diet. It provides a simple method to rank diet healthiness in large observational studies.

The assumptions of the own research presented in the article refer to the socio-interactive approach that assumes that learning and proper language acquisition by a child require cognitive activity, proper progress in cognitive development, and active - resulting from social relations - observation of adult speech. The research assumptions also take into account the importance of the autoregulatory function of language and systemic understanding of the concept of family. The aim of the study was to check the presence of the relationship between speech understanding by children with delayed verbal development and the various dimensions of their family functioning and ego-resiliency of parents. The study included a group of 72 well-cognitively functioning Polish children aged 5-7 with a diagnosis of delayed verbal development and their families selected using random and nonprobability sampling. The children were examined using the Polish Picture Vocabulary Test – Comprehension - version A (PPVT-C). Functioning of the families of the examined children was operationalized by the results of FACES IV by D. Olson (the Polish version of the scale was used); while the Ego Resiliency Scale was used to study resilience. The results of the conducted research indicate, among others, that families of children with lower scores on speech understanding present less favorable functioning profiles in the scope of selected dimensions of FACES -IV: Family Communication, Cohesion, Disengaged and Family Satisfaction. However, the relationship between the child's understanding of speech and other demographic variables such as parent's age, parent's gender, parent's education, marital status has not been confirmed. It was recognized that the results of the research will allow in the future to optimize the therapeutic services offered to children with verbal development disorders and their families in their natural environment, as well as to allow the presentation of appropriate strategies to support speech development (especially speech understanding abilities) in children. The creation of a group representing a certain type of language disorder will allow a better adaptation of the training program to the specific difficulties experienced by a child, as well as allow for more effective involvement of parents in preventive measures.

Abstract Introduction Chronotype refers to an individual’s preferred timing of sleep and wakefulness, which can be classified as ‘normal’ or ‘late’ chronotypes. The purpose of this study was to examine whether late sleep timing was associated with impaired mood and diabetes-related distress in persons with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods The study is a secondary analysis of pooled cross-sectional baseline data from two studies of treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (R01-DK96028) and insomnia (K24-NR016685) in persons with T2D. Sleep timing was measured by the bedtime from a 7-day sleep diary. “Normal” sleep timing was defined as bedtime between 9PM to 12AM ≥ 85% per week. “Late” sleep timing as bedtime after 12AM with normal sleep timing &lt; 85% per week. Other sleep variables evaluated were sleep duration, daytime sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale [ESS]), and OSA severity (apnea-hypopnea index [AHI]). The Profiles of Mood States measured Total Mood Disturbance (TMD) and the subscales of Tension-Anxiety (T-A), Depression-Dejection (D-D), Anger-Hostility (A-H), Vigor-Activity (V-A), Fatigue-Inertia (F-I), and Confusion-Bewilderment (C-B). Diabetes-related distress was measured by the Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID). Hierarchical multiple regression was performed to determine whether sleep timing was associated with mood and diabetes-related distress. Results The sample (N=296) had 61% with late sleep timing (n=181). Persons with normal vs late sleep timing were similar in age, sex, race, and education (p &gt;.05). Persons with late sleep timing were less likely to be partnered, had shorter sleep duration and greater mood impairment (TMD and T-A, D-D, A-H, C-B subscales) than those with normal timing (all p values &lt;.05); there was no significant difference by sleep timing in PAID scores (p=.256). Hierarchical regression analyses adjusting for demographics (age, sex, race, marital status, education level), clinical (HbA1c, BMI), and sleep variables (sleep duration, ESS, AHI) revealed that late sleep timing was not significantly associated with impaired mood (TMD and subscales) or PAID. However, ESS was statistically significant in predicting greater TMD (β=.310, p &lt;.001), mood subscales (all p-values &lt;.05) and PAID (β =.222, p &lt;.001). Conclusion Daytime sleepiness, not late sleep timing, is a significant sleep-related symptom for increased mood impairment and diabetes-related distress in persons with T2D. Support (if any):

Introduction: Infertility is a global public health problem; cost-effective patient-friendly treatment modalities along with psychosexual intervention strategies are essential for infertility control/prevention/management among ethnically disparate populations. Objectives: This study aimed to assess differential in vitro fertilization (IVF) success trends among infertile women of South Indian ethnicity. Materials and Methods: Prospective, observational study designed in a hospital-based setting with active enrollment of infertile women undergoing IVF/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) at Indira IVF Center, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (April-September 2019); inclusion criteria: age >35 years, South Indian ethnicity, married >1 year, absence of full-term clinical pregnancy, endometrial thickness <6 mm/thin endometrium; exclusion criteria: prior ≥2 IVF failures, fibroids/adenomyosis/cervical cancer/endometriosis. IVF success was determined by evaluating total frozen embryos transferred/month, average oocyte yield/donor, oocyte quality, M-II oocytes, biochemical/clinical pregnancy (beta-human chorionic gonadotropin positivity/fetal cardiac activity). Mycobacterium tuberculosis positivity was assessed by GeneXpert polymerase chain reaction-based technology, and psychosexual intervention-incorporated marital relationship counseling sessions/therapy, referrals for psychiatric assessments (cognitive impairment/schizophrenia/depression). Written informed consent of participants was taken and study was approved by Institutional Review Board. Results: Mean age and endometrial thickness of study participants were 33.3 years (SD ±1.9) and 8.7 mm (SD ±0.5), respectively; average Body Mass Index (BMI) and anti-müllerian hormone (AMH) levels were 28.4 kg/m2 and 4.7 ng/mL, respectively. Embryos transferred/month: 7 in April/13 in May/24 in June/36 in July/24 in August/30 in September, and pregnancies: 4/8/17/26/20/22 for the months of April, May, June, July, August, and September 2019, respectively. Subgroup stratification demonstrated M-II vs total oocytes retrieved were 76%, 73%, 60%, 71%, 77%, and 77%. Overall IVF success rates were 57% in April/62% in May/71% in June/72% in July/83% in August/73% in September; frozen embryo transfer success was 0 in April-May/67% in June/73% in July/89% in August/100% in September 2019. English/Tamil-speaking infertile women self-reported treatment-related satisfaction rates of 80% to 100%. Conclusion: M-II oocytes’ yield, sociodemographics of infertile women, and increasing age/aberrant AMH/BMI profiles/endometrial receptivity/diminished ovarian reserve are promising predictors of IVF/ICSI success in genetically distinct patient population subset(s). Future multicentric gene epidemiology studies with larger sample size and precision-based psychiatric assessments/interventions are warranted for development of predictive biomarkers in infertility management.

This study aimed to explore the perceived barriers to physical activity among college students Study Design: Qualitative research design Eight focus group discussions on 67 college students aged 18-24 years (48 females, 19 males) was conducted on College premises. Data were analysed using inductive approach. Participants identified a number of obstacles to physical activity. Perceived barriers emerged from the analysis of the data addressed the different dimensions of the socio-ecological framework. The result indicated that the young adults perceived substantial amount of personal, social and environmental factors as barriers such as time constraint, tiredness, stress, family control, safety issues and much more. Understanding the barriers and overcoming the barriers at this stage will be valuable. Health professionals and researchers can use this information to design and implement interventions, strategies and policies to promote the participation in physical activity. This further can help the students to deal with those barriers and can help to instil the habit of regular physical activity in the later adult years.

Background: Lifestyle-related diseases are increasing worldwide representing 63% of all deaths globally. Health-promoting behaviors among nurses may affect the quality of patient care and education. This study aims to identify the health-promoting lifestyle among nurses. Methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional study design was used among 111 nurses working in Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara from November 2016 to March 2017. A simple random sampling technique (lottery method) was applied using a self-administered structured standard tool, Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile II. The analysis was done using an independent t-test. Results: The total Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II mean score was 137.66±19.18. The highest mean score was in spiritual growth (27.43±4.63) and lowest in physical activity (17.03±4.88). A good health-promoting lifestyle was among 60.4% of the nurses. The significant difference in the mean score of total Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II was found in marital status (p=0.031) and educational qualification (p=0.009). Likewise, the significant mean difference of interpersonal relations, nutrition and stress management was found with educational qualification (p < 0.05). The significant mean difference in nutrition was also found with marital status (p=0.02). There was a significant mean difference in physical activity and spiritual growth with work experience (p<0.05). Conclusion: The spiritual aspect of health has been more focused by the nurses. Along with this, nurses need to put greater emphasis on physical activity and stress management for better health.

Background: Hispanics in the U.S. are less likely to engage in leisure time physical activity than non-Hispanics. Among Hispanics, families influence health behaviors and family support may motivate adults at risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) or type 2 diabetes (T2D) to participate in physical activity. Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine whether family support predicts engagement in leisure time physical activity among Hispanic adults at risk for CVD or T2D. Methods: Baseline data from Hispanic adults at risk for CVD or T2D were analyzed. Family support for leisure time physical activity was measured using the Family Support subscale of the Social Support for Physical Activity instrument. This consists of 7 items with response options ranging from never (0) to always (4). Sum scores range from 0 to 28 and higher scores indicate greater family support for engagement in physical activity. Leisure time physical activity was measured using the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLP-II) physical activity subscale. This consists of eight items with response options ranging from never (1) to routinely (4) with higher mean scores indicating higher levels of engagement in leisure time physical activity. Linear regression was used to examine the association between family support and leisure time physical activity, controlling for age, sex, race, financial comfort, education, acculturation, years living in the U.S, marital status, and employment. Results: Participants (N=182) were 40±9 years old; 82.7% were female. The mean HPLP-II score was 1.7±0.5, reflecting low engagement in leisure time physical activity. Results of the regression analysis indicated that greater family support predicted higher levels of engagement in leisure time physical activity (F(10,171)=2.717, p<.004; R 2 =.137). Conclusions: Family support for physical activity may increase engagement in leisure time physical activity in Hispanic adults at risk for CVD or T2D. Interventions that promote family support for physical activity could be an important avenue for reducing CVD and T2D risk in this population group.

Abstract Background Health behaviors are important contributors to cardiovascular health (CVH) across populations. Little data exist regarding the association between attaining health behavior goals and long-term health outcomes. Methods Ideal CVH behaviors (no tobacco smoking, normal body mass index, engagement in leisure physical activity and healthy dietary habits) based on the American Heart Association definition, were evaluated in a random Israeli population sample (N=1079) stratified by sex, ethnicity (Arabs and Jews) and age (range: 25–74 years). Negative binomial models were used for testing associations with health service utilization counts and the Cox proportional hazard models for the associations with major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and mortality. Median follow-up was 15.6 years (interquartile [IQ] rage: 12.9–16.1) for mortality and 9.7 (IQ range: 7.7–10.2) otherwise. Results None of the participants had all four ideal health behaviors at baseline, 68 (6%) had three, 308 (28%) had two, 547 (51%) had one, and 156 (14%) had none. Mean [standard deviation; SD] participant age was 49 [12], 51 [14], 52 [15] and 47 [15] for participants with 0, 1, 2 and 3 ideal health behaviors, respectively. With each additional ideal health behavior, the prevalence of male (range: 83% of subjects with no ideal behaviors to 40% of subjects with three), Arab (61% to 21%) and married (92% to 65%) participants decreased, and the prevalence of participants with higher socioeconomic determinants increased. A higher number of ideal health behavior was associated with lower baseline diastolic blood pressure (mean [SD]: 82 [9] mmHg for none, to 76 [9] mmHg for three ideal behaviors), and a more favorable baseline lipid profile. Adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, marital status, education years, professional prestige and comorbidities (Charlson index), each additional ideal health behavior was associated with reduced risk of developing diabetes (Hazard Ratio [HR]: 0.73, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.58–0.91), hypertension (HR: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.71–1.03) and dyslipidemia (HR: 0.85, 95% CI: 0.74–0.98). Controlling for the same variables, the addition of one ideal health behavior was associated with fewer hospitalizations (rate ratio [RR]: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.69–0.93), and cardiology clinic visits (RR: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.75–1.03). The hazard ratio was 0.84 (95% CI: 0.62–1.14) for MACE and 0.82 (95% CI: 0.66–1.03) for all-cause mortality. Conclusion Attainment of all four cardiovascular health behaviors goals is rare across the population. A higher number of ideal health behaviors is associated with a lower risk of long-term diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia, fewer health service utilizations and a lower MACE and mortality risk.

African descent populations are experiencing a disproportionate burden of type 2 diabetes. In New York City, almost one third of the Black population are foreign-born Afro-Caribbeans and two thirds are African American. We compared type 2 diabetes risk profiles and disease burden among foreign-born Afro-Caribbean and US-born African American New Yorkers by estimating: a) Prevalence of type 2 diabetes; b) Type 2 diabetes risk profile by ethnicity and c) Odds of type 2 diabetes. Using the 2013/14 New York City Health and Nutrition Examination Survey probability sample weighted to the New York City population, we analyzed data for Afro-Caribbean (n=81) and African American (n=118) participants. Type 2 diabetes was defined as prior diagnosis; or HbA1c≥6.5%; or fasting glucose ≥126mg/dL. Logistic regression estimated odds of type 2 diabetes by BMI category, waist circumference (cm), and physical activity; adjusting for age, sex, education, income, and marital status. Among Afro-Caribbeans (Age (Mean ±SE) 49±2years, BMI 29.2 ±0.7kg/m 2 ) and African Americans (Age 46±2years, BMI 30.3 ±0.9kg/m 2 ) type 2 diabetes prevalence was 31% (25 of 81) and 21% (25 of 118) respectively. Compared to African Americans with type 2 diabetes, Afro-Caribbeans with type 2 diabetes had lower mean BMI (29.9 ±0.8kg/m 2 vs. 34.6 ±1.78kg/m 2 , P =0.01), and lower waist circumference (102 ±2cm vs. 114 ±3cm, P =0.0015). Afro-Caribbeans with type 2 diabetes were more likely to be overweight (57.2% vs. 13.5%) rather than obese (33.2% vs. 74.7%), yet less likely to meet HP2010 physical activity goals (23.6% vs 35.3%). Overall type 2 diabetes odds were no different between groups. In the total population odds were 5% higher for each cm waist circumference [aOR=1.05 (95% CI 1.01-1.10), P =0.0194]. Compared to the youngest age group, ages 20-49y, type 2 diabetes odds were higher among ages 50-59y [aOR=7.12 (95% CI 2.29-22.14)], and ages 60+ [aOR=5.04 (95% CI 1.65-15.39), P =0.0482]. In stratified logistic regression analyses among Afro-Caribbean New Yorkers, odds were 18% greater per cm waist circumference [aOR=1.18 (95% CI 1.03-1.35), P =0.0194]. For Afro-Caribbeans, low physical activity was associated with seven times greater odds of type 2 diabetes [aOR=7.03 (95% CI 1.19-41.53), P =0.0314]. Compared to African Americans, Afro-Caribbeans with type 2 diabetes are more likely to have lower waist circumference and be overweight rather than obese despite reporting less physical activity. Further examination of the relationship between BMI, waist circumference and visceral vs. subcutaneous adipose tissue may elucidate important intraethnic differences in diabetes risk. To enhance detection of diabetes among Afro-Caribbeans and African Americans in New York City, screening criteria should consider unique diabetes phenotypes.

Abstract Background Evidence on whether leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) facilitates individuals’ adoption of multiple healthy behaviors remains scarce. This study investigated the associations of diverse longitudinal LTPA trajectories from childhood to adulthood with diet, screen time, smoking, binge drinking, sleep difficulties, and sleep duration in adulthood. Methods Data were drawn from the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Participants were aged 9–18 years (N = 3553; 51% females) in 1980 and 33–49 years at the latest follow-up in 2011. The LTPA trajectories were identified using a latent profile analysis. Differences in self-reported health-related behaviors across the LTPA trajectories were studied separately for women and men by using the Bolck-Croon-Hagenaars approach. Models were adjusted for age, body mass index, education level, marital status, total energy intake and previous corresponding behaviors. Results Persistently active, persistently low-active, decreasingly and increasingly active trajectories were identified in both genders and an additional inactive trajectory for women. After adjusting the models with the above-mentioned covariates, the inactive women had an unhealthier diet than the women in the other trajectories (p < 0.01; effect size (ES) > 0.50). The low-active men followed an unhealthier diet than the persistently and increasingly active men (p < 0.01; ES > 0.50). Compared to their inactive and low-active peers, smoking frequency was lower in the increasingly active women and men (p < 0.01; ES > 0.20) and persistently active men (p < 0.05; ES > 0.20). The increasingly active men reported lower screen time than the low-active (p < 0.001; ES > 0.50) and persistently active (p < 0.05; ES > 0.20) men. The increasingly and persistently active women reported fewer sleep difficulties than the inactive (p < 0.001; ES > 0.80) and low-active (p < 0.05; ES > 0.50 and > 0.80, respectively) women. Sleep duration and binge drinking were not associated with the LTPA trajectories in either gender, nor were sleep difficulties in men and screen time in women. Conclusions Not only persistently higher LTPA but also an increasing tendency to engage in LTPA after childhood/adolescence were associated with healthier diet and lower smoking frequency in both genders, having less sleep difficulties in women and lower screen time in increasingly active men. Inactivity and low activity were associated with the accumulation of several unhealthy behaviors in adulthood. Associations were stronger in women.

Abstract Background Socioeconomic status (SES) is a strong predictor of recurrent events post-myocardial infarction (MI) with unclear underlying mechanisms. To what extent SES is associated with secondary prevention activities (SPAs) and attainment of quality-of-care treatment goals is unknown. Purpose We aimed to assess the association between SES and SPAs during the first year post-MI and attained treatment targets at the 1-year follow-up. Methods Nationwide Swedeheart registry-based cohort study on 30,191 18–76 year old 11–15 month survivors of a first MI (8,180 women) 2006–2013. Complementary individual-level clinical data and data on SES (age and gender stratified quintiles of disposable income, level of education, and marital status), were linked from other national registries. Associations between SES and the outcomes were estimated in multivariable logistic regression models with basic adjustment for potential registry-related confounding. Results The associations between all indicators of SES and attendance to patient education and physical training programs were strong, moderate for dietary program attendance but absent for participation in smoking cessation program (Table 1). Higher SES was also associated with repeated lipid profile measurements and the highest vs lowest income with intensified statin therapy. Correspondingly, higher SES was associated with having achieved target levels of LDL-C, blood pressure, and HbA1c as well as with persistence to and being on high intensity statin treatment (Figure 1). Further, higher SES was strongly associated with having quit smoking. No association with income was however observed regarding the weekly physical activity goal. Conclusions Higher SES was strongly associated with most SPAs including programs aiming at life style change and risk factor control as well as with attainment of corresponding secondary prevention targets. This may be explanatory for higher long-term risk of recurrent disease. Figure 1. Target Attainment Forest Plots Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: Other. Main funding source(s): Stockholm City Council and The Swedish Heart and Lung Association

Background: The cognitive impairment in elderly people is the major cause of the inability to execute the daily activity and of the major reason of the happening of care-dependence. There has not been any research about the profile of cognitive functions impairment in the District of Kawangkoan. Thus, the purpose of this research was to obtain the profile of cognitive functions impairment in the District of Kawangkoan. Methods: This was a descriptive survey with the design of cross-sectional study, which rolls out, the results of MMSE, TMT A, TMT B and CDT; the age, sex, education, occupations, family history of cognitive decline, marital status, the number of children, and the history of stroke and DM, and also the smoking profile of the participants. The subjects of this research were the elderly people that were the members of the old people foundations in the District of Kawangkoan. Results: There were 61 participants of this research, consisting of four males (6.6%) and 57 (94.4%) females participants. The result of this research shows that the MMSE scores were mostly normal (72.1%), the TMT A and the TMT B scores were both mostly abnormal (95.1% and the latter 72.1%), the CDT scores mostly normal (67.2%). In all these three instruments have the absolute result that was, the elderly people with older age has more numbers of participants with cognitive functions impairment than the younger age. The result also shows that the group of subjects with higher education has less numbers of cognitive decline subjects than the group of subjects with lower education. The subjects that had a former occupation as a teacher have the normal cognitive functions as the results of all the tests. Subjects that were married and have children, and do not have a history of stroke, DM and smoking got the score of normal cognitive functions. Conclusions: The cognitive functions of elderly people based on the MMSE and CDT scores, show that most of them have a normal cognitive functions where as the result of the TMT part A and the TMT part B show the opposite result that is most of the participants have an abnormal score. Key words: Cognitive functions impairment – Elderly peopleLatar Belakang: Penurunan fungsi kognitif pada lansia merupakan penyebab terbesar terjadinya ketidakmampuan dalam melakukan aktifitas normal sehari-hari, dan juga merupakan alasan tersering yang menyebabkan terjadinya ketergantungan terhadap orang lain untuk merawat diri sendiri. Belum pernah ada penelitian tentang profil penurunan fungsi kogntif di Kec. Kawangkoan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui profil penurunan fungsi kognitif pada lansia di Kecamatan Kawangkoan. Metode: Penelitian survey deskriptif dengan rancangan penelitian potong lintang, yang memaparkan data hasil pemeriksaan MMSE, TMT A, TMT B, CDT, umur, jenis kelamin; riwayat pendidikan, pekerjaan, keluarga dengan penurunan fungsi kognitif, status pernikahan dan jumlah anak, riwayat penyakit stroke, diabetes mellitus dan merokok. Subjek penelitian adalah para lansia yang menjadi anggota dari yayasan-yayasan manula yang ada di Kec. Kawangkoan. Hasil: Terdapat 61 sampel dari total 65 subjek penelitian. Sampel terdiri dari 4 orang berjenis kelamin laki-laki (6.6%) dan 57 perempuan (94.4%). Penelitian menunjukkan hasil pemeriksaan MMSE menunjukkan 72.1% normal, TMT A 95.1% tidak normal, pemeriksaan TMT B 72.1% tidak normal dan CDT67.2% normal. Pada hasil pemeriksaan ditemukan hasil absolut pada ketiga jenis pemeriksaan ini yaitu lebih banyak terdapat penurunan fungsi kognitif pada lansia dengan umur yang lebih tua. Profil fungsi kognitif berdasarkan riwayat pendidikan menunjukkan bahwa sampel dengan pendidikan kurang dari sembilan tahun sebagian besar mengalami penurunan fungsi kogntif. Riwayat pekerjaan guru seluruhnya memiliki hasil fungsi kognitif yang normal sedangkan sampel yang riwayat pekerjaannya petani lebih banyak mengalami penurunan fungsi kognitif. Sampel yang tidak menikah dan tidak memiliki anak memiliki hasil penurunan fungsi kognitif yang dominan daripada yang menikah dan memiliki anak. Pada hasil ditemukan bahwa sampel yang memiliki riwayat stroke, DM dan merokok positif memiliki hasil penurunan fungsi kognitif yang dominan disbanding yang tidak memiliki riwayat stroke, DM dan merokok. Kesimpulan: Hasil pemeriksaan fungsi kognitif berdasarkan pemeriksaan MMSE dan CDT menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar lansia masih memiliki fungsi kogntif yang normal sedangkan pada TMT A dan TMT B ditemukan hasil sebaliknya di mana ditemukan hasil sebagian besar mengalami penurunan fungsi kognitif. Kata Kunci: Penurunan fungsi kognitif – Lansia

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer are leading causes of morbidity and mortality. A favorable risk factor and behavior profile, reflected by a metric of cardiovascular health (CV health) recently introduced by the AHA, predict a lower risk of CVD in younger populations, yet has not been well-characterized in older adults. Achieving ideal CV health may also lower cancer risk, since cancer and CVD share common risk factors. We used multivariable Cox regression to estimate hazard ratios (HR) for the association between CV health and incident CVD and cancer, respectively, among Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) participants. We characterized CV health as the number [0 (worst) - 7 (best)] of ideal CV health behaviors and factors at baseline: 1) never smoking, or quit for >1 yr; 2) body mass index <25 kg/m 2 ; 3) physical activity of ≥150 min/wk moderate, ≥75 min/wk vigorous, or ≥150 min/wk moderate and vigorous; 4) at least 4 of 5 healthy diet components (≥4.5 cups/day of fruits and vegetables; ≥3.5 oz servings/wk of fish; ≥3 1-oz servings/day of whole grains; <1,500 mg/day of sodium; and ≤36 oz/wk of sugar-sweetened beverages); 5) total cholesterol (untreated) <200 mg/dL; 6; blood pressure (untreated) <120 mmHg / <80 mmHg; and 7) fasting glucose (untreated) <100 mg/dL. Approximately 300 women (<1%) had a CV health score of 7 (best) in both CVD- and cancer-free groups at baseline. Among 115,302 women free of CVD at baseline, the hazard of CVD was inversely related to CV health (Figure 1a), controlling for age, race/ethnicity, family history, marital status, and education. Among 129,145 women free of cancer at baseline (Figure 1b), we observed a similar pattern, controlling for the same factors, although HRs were of smaller magnitude. Lower CV health is associated with an increased risk of CVD and cancer in older post-menopausal women, emphasizing the importance of prevention efforts among older adults. Figure 1. HRs and 95% CIs for (a) incident CVD and (b) incident cancer by ideal CV health score: WHI observational study participants

Business activity and the production portfolio of business systems are directed to the consumers’ requirements by marketing activities, therefore, there are situations in which these activities create and stimulate certain needs and requirements. Market creation is a complex activity that affects a large number of disciplines and synergistically creates satisfaction with the product and / or service, which, in a pandemic, is a special challenge for the creators of the product portfolio, especially for distribution channels. Distribution of products and / or services is a key factor of business success in the conditions of social distance and insufficiently developed technical - technological support for the transition to the virtual sphere of business and communication. A useful base of business activity includes adequate modeling of consumer profiles in order to adapt the marketing strategy to them, which ultimately provides guidelines for market positioning as a precondition for business efficiency. Creating consumer profiles requires a model analysis of habits, preferences, talents, personal and socio - psychological characteristics that allow the creation of similar groups, and thus the adaptation of marketing strategies in line with the created consumer profiles. The empirical basis of the proposed solutions enables a confidence in the modeled information, and thus reliability in their objectivness, which enables business flexibility conditioned by external stimuli, such as the COVID - 19, but it can also be used in other business conditions. The aim of the research is to establish a correlation and find answers on how to fit consumer profiles and their purchase under pandemic conditions. Consumer purchase depends on numerous factors, both internal and external, which are valid in regular conditions as well. Considering the current conditions, it is necessary to evaluate consumers’ behaviour during the purchase. Consumer profiling is not universal and cannot be generalized for the global market, especially if it is programmed for providers within a selected geographic unit. The research assumption is that different results would be obtained in another territorial unit and a different consumer typology would be profiled, but this assumption needs to be checked, which opens up the possibilities of new research projects. The research marked off another group of factors, known as factor II, which includes: marital status, number of children, respondent’s age, children’s age, ownership of a residential building and employment status. Consumers’ reaction to consumption is mostly within these factors. Data analysis and generation of management information that profiles consumers can be performed in other territorial units and in other time frames, and they are based on the knowledge of tools for data collection and processing, and then consulting service management - marketing adjustment of strategic commitments and business policy in accordance with the generated results.

Introduction: Evidence suggests that subjective social status (SSS)—perceived status in the social hierarchy—may be more strongly associated with health than objective markers of social status (OSS), income and education. Compared to persons with high SSS, those with low SSS report poorer self-rated physical health and have higher rates of medical comorbidities. Little is known about the relationship between SSS and ideal cardiovascular health (CVH) profiles defined by the American Heart Association (AHA), particularly among diverse Hispanic/Latino adults. Hypothesis: Higher SSS will be associated with more favorable CVH profiles. Methods: We analyzed baseline HCHS/SOL data † on adults ages 18-74 in 2008-11 (N=15,440). SSS was assessed using the McArthur Scale, a 10-rung “social ladder” to specify social rank (scores range from 1-10; higher scores indicate higher SSS). CVH was defined based on levels of 7 metrics: diet, body mass index (BMI), physical activity, cholesterol, blood pressure, fasting glucose, and smoking status; levels of each metric were categorized as ideal, intermediate and poor using AHA criteria. A composite CVH score was calculated by summing across metrics (scores range from 0-14; higher scores indicate better CVH). Linear and logistic regressions were used to examine cross-sectional associations of SSS with CVH (overall and single metrics), after adjusting for OSS, demographics, Hispanic/Latino group, study center, marital status, insurance, prevalent coronary heart disease, and depressive symptoms (CESD). Results: In multivariate-adjusted models, each one unit increase in SSS* was associated with a higher overall CVH score (β = 0.03, 95% CI 0.004, 0.057, p <0.05); higher SSS was also positively associated with ideal levels of BMI, physical activity, and fasting blood glucose levels (see Table 1). Conclusions: These findings suggest an association between SSS and CVH among diverse Hispanic/Latino adults. Future studies will explore the mechanisms through which SSS may influence CVH.

Introduction: Animal studies and limited human research suggest that nightly fasting duration (NFD) and timing of food intake may influence cardiometabolic risk through behavioral and physiological mechanisms. Research is needed to clarify these associations in diverse populations including Hispanic/Latina women, who have elevated cardiometabolic risk. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that longer NFD would be associated with lower body adiposity, inflammation, blood pressure (BP) and lipids, and glucose regulation indicators and with healthier lifestyle behaviors that may explain associations with cardiometabolic risk. Methods: We examined associations of NFD with cardiometabolic risk among n= 9,781 diverse Hispanic/Latina women, aged 18-76y, from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL), recruited from four US cities between 2008-2011. Pregnant women and those treated for diabetes were excluded. NFD, defined as time from last meal on one day to first meal on the next day, was calculated from two 24-hour recalls. BMI, waist size (WS), BP, blood lipids, glucose, insulin, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, hemoglobin A 1c , and C-reactive protein measurements were used in linear and logistic regression models to evaluate associations of NDF with cardiometabolic risk. Models accounted for sample weights and design effects and were adjusted for age, marital status, education, employment, income, health insurance, race, Hispanic/Latino background, acculturation level, BMI, and percent caloric intake consumed after 8PM. Results: The mean NFD was 12.9±2.3 hours. In linear regression models, longer NFD was associated with higher BMI (β=0.19,p<0.0001), WS (β=0.42,p<0.0001), systolic BP (β=0.20,p=0.012) and lower HDL (β=-0.25,p=0.006). In logistic models, NFD ≥13h vs.<13h was associated with elevated odds of overweight and obesity (OR:1.34,95%CI:1.16-1.54), obesity alone (OR:1.26,95%CI:1.11-1.42), and an “at-risk” WS (OR:1.25,95%CI:1.09-1.43). NFD ≥13h vs.<13h was also associated with higher odds of hypertension (OR:1.20,95%CI:1.02-1.42) and low HDL (OR:1.28,95%CI:1.13-1.46), respectively. When examined in relation to lifestyle, longer NFD was associated with longer self-reported sleep (β=0.05,p<0.0001) and lower caloric intake (β=-37.3,p<0.0001), and null results were observed for diet quality and objectively-measured physical activity. Conclusions: This large cross-sectional population-based study in U.S. Hispanic/Latina women showed null associations between NFD and glycemic control and inflammation, contrary to previous findings in Caucasian women, but uniquely evaluated and demonstrated deleterious associations between prolonged NFD and other cardiometabolic risk factors. Future studies should investigate longitudinal associations of NFD with cardiometabolic outcomes in this population group.

Abstract Background and Objectives Though subjective age is a well-recognized risk factor for several chronic diseases, the biological basis for these associations remains poorly understood. Research Design and Methods We used new comprehensive biomarker data from the 2016 wave of the nationally representative Health and Retirement Study (HRS) to evaluate the association between biomarker levels and self-reported subjective age in a subset of 3,740 HRS participants who provided a blood sample. We measured biomarkers in seven biological domains associated with aging: inflammation, glycemia, lipids, liver function, endocrine function, renal function, and cardiac function. The primary outcome was the age discrepancy score (subjective age − chronological age) categorized as those who felt younger, older, or the same as their chronological age (reference group). Analyses adjusted for comprehensive psychosocial factors (chronic stress index, depression score), demographic factors (race, sex, body mass index, marital status, physical activity), and prevalence of chronic health conditions (comorbidity index). Results The prevalence of clinically relevant reduced levels of albumin concentrations was lower in those who felt younger (8.8% vs. 16.0%; p = .006) and higher in those who felt older (20.4% vs. 16.0%; p = .03) when compared with the reference category. The prevalence of clinically significant elevation in liver enzymes such as alanine aminotransferase was also significantly lower among those who felt younger (7.1% vs. 8.6%; p = .04) when compared with the reference category. Prevalence of clinically elevated levels in cystatin C was also lower among those who felt younger when compared with the reference category (50.0% vs. 59.1%; p = .04). There was no association between lipids, glucose, or C-reactive protein (inflammatory marker) and subjective age categories. Discussion and Implications These results suggest that people who feel younger may have favorable biomarker profiles and as a result may have lower prevalence of age-related diseases when compared with those who feel older or those who feel the same as their chronological age.

A politician’s political and personal selves have been in the spotlight of academic scholarship for hundreds of years, but only in recent years has a political ‘persona’ obtained new modes of mediation via networked media. New advancements in politics, technology, and media brought challenges to the traditional politics and personal self-representation of major leaders. Vladimir Putin’s divorce announcement in June 2013, posed a new challenge for his political self-mediation. A rather reserved leader (Loshak), he nonetheless broadcast his personal news to the large audience and made it in a very peculiar way, causing the media professionals and public to draw parallels with Soviet-era mediated politics and thereby evoke collective memories. This paper studies how Vladimir Putin’s divorce announcement was constructed and presented and also what response and opinion threads—satirical and humorous, ignorant and informed feedback—it achieved via media professionals and the general Twitter audience. Finally, this study aims to evaluate how Vladimir Putin’s political ‘persona’ was represented and perceived via these mixed channels of communication.According to classic studies of mediated political persona (Braudy; Meyrowitz; Corner), any public activity of a political persona is considered a part of their political performance. The history of political marketing can be traced back to ancient times, but it developed through the works of Renaissance and Medieval thinkers. Of particular prominence is Machiavelli’s The Prince with its famous “It is unnecessary for the prince to have all the good qualities I have enumerated, but it is very necessary to appear to have them” (cited in Corner 68). All those centuries-built developments and patterns of political self-representation have now taken on new forms as a result of the development of media industry and technology. Russian mediated politics has seen various examples of new ways of self-representation exercised by major politicians in the 2010s. For instance, former president Dmitry Medvedev was known as the “president with an iPad” (Pronina), as he was advocating technology and using social networks in order to seem more approachable and appear to be responsive to collecting feedback from the nation. Traditional media constantly highlighted Medvedev’s keen interest in Facebook and Twitter, which resulted in a growing public assumption that this new modern approach to self-representation may signify a new approach to governance (see Asmolov).Goffman’s classic study of the distinction between public and private life helps in linking political persona to celebrity persona. In his view the political presentation of self differs from the one in popular culture because politicians as opposed to entertainers have to conform to a set of ideals, projections, social stereotypes and cultural/national archetypes for their audience of voters (Goffman; Corner). A politician’s public persona has to be constantly reaffirming and proving the values he or she is promoting through their campaigns. Mediations of a political personhood can be projected in three main modes: visual, vocal, and kinetic (Ong; Mayhew; Corner). Visual representation follows the iconic paintings and photography in displaying the position, attitude, and associative contexts related to that. Vocal representation covers both content and format of a political speech, it is not only the articulated message, but also more important the persona speaking. Ong describes this close relation of the political and personal along with the interrelation of the message and the medium as “secondary orality”—voice, tone and volume make the difference. The third mode is kinetic representation and means the political persona in action and interaction. Overlapping of different strategies and structures of political self-representation fortifies the notion of performativity (Corner and Pels) in politics that becomes a core feature of the multidimensional representation of a mediated political self.The advancement of electronic media and interactive platforms has influenced political communication and set the new standard for the convergence of the political and personal life of a politician. On its own, the President Clinton/Monica Lewinsky affair raised the level of public awareness of the politician’s private life. It also allowed for widely distributed, contested, and mediated judgments of a politician’s personal actions. Lawrence and Bennett in their study of Lewinsky case’s academic and public response state that although the majority of American citizens did not expect the president to be the moral leader, they expressed ambivalence in their rendition of the importance of “moral leadership” by big politicians (438). The President Clinton/Lewinsky case adds a new dimension to Goffman and Corner’s respective discussions on the significance of values in the political persona self-representation. This case proves that values can not only be reinforced by one’s public persona, but those values can be (re)constructed by the press or public opinion. Values are becoming a contested trait in the contemporary mediated political persona. This view can be supported by Dmitry Medvedev’s case: although modern technology was known as his personal passion, it was publicised only with reference to his role as a public politician and specifically when Medvedev appeared with an iPad talking about modernisation at major meetings (Pronina). However, one can argue that one’s charisma can affect the impact of values in public self-representation of the politician. In addition, social networks add a new dimension to personified publicity. From Barack Obama’s ‘Yes We Can’ networked campaign in 2008 and through many more recent examples, we are witnessing the continuing process of the personalisation of politics (Corner and Pels). From one point of view, audiences tend to have more interest and sympathy in political individuals and their lifestyles rather than political parties and their programmes (Lawrence and Bennett; Corner and Pels). It should be noted that the interest towards political individuals does not fall apart from the historical logics of politics; it is only mediated in a new way. Max Weber’s notion of “leadership democracy” proves that political strategy is best distributed through the charismatic leadership imposing his will on the audience. This view can be strengthened by Le Bon’s concept of emotive connection of the leader and his crowd, and Adorno’s writings on the authoritarian personality also highlight the significance of the leader’s own natural and mediated persona in politics. What is new is the channels of mediation—modern audiences’ access to a politician’s private life is facilitated by new forms of media interactivity (Corner and Pels). This recent development calls for the new understanding of “persona” in politics. On one hand, the borderline between private and public becomes blurred and we are more exposed to the private self of a leader, but on the other hand, those politicians aware of new media literacy can create new structures of proximity and distance and construct a separate “persona” online, using digital media for their benefit (Corner and Pels). Russian official politics has developed a cautious attitude towards social networks in the post-Medvedev era - currently, President Vladimir Putin is not known for using social networks personally and transmits his views via his spokesperson. However, his personal charisma makes him overly present in digital media - through the images and texts shared both by his supporters and rivals. As opposed to Medvedev’s widely publicised “modernisation president” representation, Putin’s persona breaks the boundaries of limited traditional publicity and makes him recognised not only for his political activity, but looks, controversial expression, attitude to employees, and even personal life. That brings us back to Goffman, Corner and Lawrence and Bennett’s discussions on the interrelation of political values and personal traits in one’s political self-representation, making it evident that one’s strong personality can dominate over his political image and programme. Moreover, an assumption can be made that a politician’s persona may be more powerful than the narrative suggested by the constructed self-representation and new connotations may arise on the crossroads of this interaction.Russian President Divorce Announcement and Collective MemoryVladimir Putin’s divorce announcement was broadcast via traditional media on 6 June 2013 as a simple news story. The state broadcasting company Vesti-24 sent a journalist Polina Yermolayeva from their news bulletin to cover Vladimir Putin and Lyudmila Putin’s visit to a ballet production, Esmeralda, at the state Kremlin theatre. The news anchor’s introduction to the interview was ordinarily written and had no hints of the upcoming sensation. After the first couple and the journalist had discussed their opinion of the ballet (“beautiful music,” “flawless and light moves”), the reporter Yermolayeva suddenly asked: “You and Lyudmila are rarely seen together in public. Rumour has it that you do not live together. It is true?” Vladimir Putin and his wife exchanged a number of rather pre-scripted speeches stating that the first couple was getting a divorce as the children had grown old enough, and they would still stay friends and wished each other the best of luck. The whole interview lasted 3:25 minutes and became a big surprise for the country (Loshak; Sobchak).When applying the classification of three modes of political personhood (Corner; Ong) to Vladimir Putin’s divorce announcement, it becomes evident that all three modes—visual, vocal, and kinetic—were used. Television audiences watched their president speak freely to the unknown reporter, explain details of his life in his own words so that body language also was visible and conveyed additional information. The visual self-representation harkens back to classic, Soviet-style announcements: Vladimir Putin and Lyudmila Putina are dressed in classic monochrome suit and costume with a skirt respectively. They pose in front of the rather dull yet somewhat golden decorations of the Kremlin Theatre Hall, the walls themselves reflecting the glory and fanfare of the Soviet leadership and architecture. Vladimir Putin and his wife both talk calmly while Lyudmila appears even more relaxed than her husband (Sobchak). Although the speech looks prepared in advance (Loshak), it uses colloquial expressions and is delivered with emotional pauses and voice changes.However, close examination of not only the message but the medium of the divorce announcement reveals a vast number of intriguing symbols and parallels. First, although living in the era of digital media, Vladimir Putin chose to broadcast his personal news through a traditional television channel. Second, it was broadcast in a news programme making the breaking news of the president’s divorce, paradoxically, quite a mundane news event. Third, the semiotic construction of the divorce announcement bore a lot of connotations and synergies to the conservative, Soviet-style information distribution patterns. There are a few key symbols here that evoke collective memories: ballet, conservative political report on the government, and the stereotype of a patriarchal couple with a submissive wife (see Loshak; Rostovskiy). For example, since the perestroika of the 1990s, ballet has been widely perceived as a symbol of big political change and cause of public anxiety (Kachkaeva): this connotation was born in the 1990s when all channels were broadcasting Swan Lake round the clock while the White House was under attack. Holden reminds us that this practice was applied many times during major crises in Soviet history, thus creating a short link in the public subconscious of a ballet broadcast being symbolic of a political crisis or turmoil.Vladimir Putin Divorce: Traditional and Social Media ReceptionIn the first day after the divorce announcement Russian Twitter generated 180,000 tweets about Vladimir Putin’s divorce, and the hashtag #развод (“divorce”) became very popular. For the analysis that follows, Putin divorce tweets were collected by two methods: retrieved from traditional media coverage of Twitter talk on Putin’s divorce and from Twitter directly, using Topsy engine. Tweets were collected for one week, from the divorce announcement on 6 June to 13 June when the discussion declined and became repetitive. Data was collected using Snob.ru, Kommersant.ru, Forbes.ru, other media outlets and Topsy. The results were then combined and evaluated.Some of those tweets provided a satirical commentary to the divorce news and can be classified as “memes.” An “Internet meme” is a contagious message, a symbolic pattern of information spread online (Lankshear and Knobel; Shifman). Memes are viral texts that are shared online after being adjusted/altered or developed on the way. Starting from 1976 when Richard Dawkins coined the term, memes have been under media scholarship scrutiny and the term has been widely contested in various sciences. In Internet research studies, memes are defined as “condensed images that stimulate visual, verbal, musical, or behavioral associations that people can easily imitate and transmit to others” (Pickerel, Jorgensen, and Bennett). The open character of memes makes them valuable tools for political discourse in a modern highly mediated environment.Qualitative analysis of the most popular and widely shared tweets reveals several strong threads and themes round Putin’s divorce discussion. According to Burzhskaya, many users created memes with jokes about the relationship between Vladimir Putin and Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev. For instance, “He should have tied up his relationship with Dmitry Anatolyevich long ago” or “So actually Medvedev is the case?” were among popular memes generated. Another collection of memework contained a comment that, according to the Russian legislation, Putin’s ex-wife should get half of their wealth, in this case—half of the country. This thread was followed by the discussion whether the separation/border of her share of Russia should use the Ural Mountains as the borderline. Another group of Twitter users applied the Russian president’s divorce announcement to other countries’ politics. Thus one user wrote “Take Yanukovich to the ballet” implying that Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovich (who was still a legitimate president in June 2013) should also be taken to the ballet to trigger changes in the political life in Ukraine. Twitter celebrity and well-known Russian actress and comedian Tatiana Lazareva wrote “In my opinion, it is a scam”, punning on the slang meaning of the word “razvod” (“divorce”) in Russian that can also mean “fraud” or “con”. Famous Russian journalist Dmitry Olshansky used his Twitter account to draw a historical parallel between Putin and other Russian and Soviet political leaders’ marital life. He noted that such Russian leaders as Tsar Nikolay the Second and Mikhail Gorbachev who loved their wives and were known to be good husbands were not successful managers of the state. In contrast, lone rulers of Russia such as Joseph Stalin proved to be leaders who loved their country first and gained a lot of support from their electorate because of that lonely love. Popular print and online journalist Oleg Kashin picked up on that specific idea: he quoted Vladimir Putin’s press secretary who explained that the president had declared that he would now spend more time working for the prosperity of the country.Twitter users were exchanging not only 140 symbol texts but also satirical images and other visual memes based on the divorce announcement. Those who suggested that Vladimir Putin should have divorced the country instead portrayed Lyudmila Putina and Vladimir holding candles and wearing funereal black with various taglines discussing how the country would now be split. Other users contributed visual memes jamming the television show Bachelor imagery and font with Vladimir Putin’s face and an announcement that the most desirable bachelor in the country is now its president. A similar idea was put into jammed images of the Let’s Get Married television show using Vladimir Putin’s face or name linked with a humorous comment that he could try those shows to find a new wife. One more thread of Twitter memes on Putin’s divorce used the name of Alina Kabaeva, Olympic gymnast who is rumoured by the press to be in relationship with the leader (Daily Mail Reporter). She was mentioned in plenty of visual and textual memes. Probably, the most popular visual meme (Burzhskaya; Topsy) used the one-liner from a famous Soviet comedy Ivan Vasylievich Menyaet Professiyu: it uses a joyful exclamation of an actress who learns that her love interest, a movie director, is leaving his wife so that the lovers can now fly to a resort together. Alina Kabaeva, the purported love interest of Putin, was jammed to be that actress as she announced the “triumphal” resort vacation plan to a girlfriend over the phone.Vladimir Putin’s 2013 divorce announcement presented new challenges for his personal and political self-representation and revealed new traits of the Russian president’s interaction with the nation. As the news of Vladimir and Lyudmila Putin’s divorce was broadcast via traditional media in a non-interactive television format, commentary on the event advanced only through the following week’s media coverage and the massive activity on social networks. It has still to be examined whether Vladimir Putin’s political advisors intentionally included many symbols of collective memory in the original and staid broadcast announcement. However, the response from traditional and social media shows that both Russian journalists and regular Twitter users were inclined to use humour and satire when discussing the personal life of a major political leader. Despite this appearance of an active counter-political sphere via social networks, the majority of tweets retrieved also revealed a certain level of respect towards Vladimir Putin’s privacy as few popular jokes or memes were aggressive, offensive or humiliating. Most popular memes on Vladimir Putin’s divorce linked this announcement to the political life of Russia, the political situation in other countries, and television shows and popular culture. Some of the memes, though, advanced the idea that Vladimir Putin should have divorced the country instead. The analysis also shows how a charismatic leader can affect or reconstruct the “values” he represents. In Vladimir Putin’s divorce event, his personality is the main focus of discussion both by traditional and new media. However, he is not judged for his personal choices as the online social media users provide rather mild commentary and jokes about them. The event and the subsequent online discourse, images and texts not only identify how Putin’s politics have become personified, the research also uncovers how the audience/citizenry online often see the country as a “persona” as well. Some Internet users suggested Putin’s marriage to the country; this mystified, if not mythologised view reinforces Vladimir Putin’s personal and political charisma.Conclusively, Vladimir Putin’s divorce case study shows how political and private persona are being mediated and merged via mixed channels of communication. 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