Journal articles: 'Marital Discord Model of Depression'

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Fincham, Frank D., Steven R. H. Beach, Gordon T. Harold, and Lori N. Osborne. "Marital Satisfaction and Depression: Different Causal Relationships for Men and Women?" Psychological Science 8, no. 5 (September 1997): 351–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00424.x.

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A sample of 150 recently married couples provided data egarding marital satisfaction and depressive symptoms Approximatey 18 months later, 116 of these couples provided complete information on marital satisfaction and depression once again The data were examined using three sets of causal models, which yielded converging results For men, causal paths emerged from depression to marital satisfaction, whereas for women causal paths were from satisfaction to depression The results are discussed in relation to the marital discord model of depression

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HOLLIST, CODY S., RICHARD B. MILLER, OLGA G. FALCETO, and CARMEN LUIZA C. FERNANDES. "Marital Satisfaction and Depression: A Replication of the Marital Discord Model in a Latino Sample." Family Process 46, no. 4 (December 2007): 485–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.2007.00227.x.

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Deits-Lebehn, Carlene, Timothy W. Smith, Brian R. W. Baucom, Jill B. Nealey-Moore, Bert N. Uchino, and Cynthia A. Berg. "Two-Dimension Assessment of Marital Functioning across Adulthood: The Quality of Relationships Inventory." Journal of Family Issues 41, no. 5 (October 14, 2019): 692–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x19881670.

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Single-dimension measures of marital quality can obscure distinct effects of positive and negative aspects of relationships. The present study extended evidence regarding the two-dimension relationship quality model generally, and the Quality of Relationship Inventory (QRI) Support and Conflict scales in particular, by examining associations with overall marital adjustment, represented continuously and as a discrete category of significant marital discord, and depressive symptoms, using younger, middle-aged and older couples. Using multilevel modeling (MLM), QRI Support and Conflict scales were independently associated with overall marital adjustment in the continuous and categorical analyses. As expected, QRI Conflict was more consistently associated with depressive symptoms than was QRI Support. Results were consistent across age and sex. Hence, the two-dimension model is applicable for continuous and more clinically relevant categorical representations of marital quality across adulthood, and the QRI Support and Conflict scales provide additional measures of positive and negative aspects of relationship quality.

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Denton, Wayne H., Robert N. Golden, and Stephanie R. Walsh. "Depression, marital discord, and couple therapy." Current Opinion in Psychiatry 16, no. 1 (January 2003): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001504-200301000-00007.

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Gordon, Kristina Coop, Michael A. Friedman, Ivan W. Miller, and Lowell Gaertner. "Marital Attributions as Moderators of the Marital Discord–Depression Link." Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 24, no. 6 (September 2005): 876–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2005.24.6.876.

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Townsley, Ruth M., Steven R. H. Beach, Frank D. Fincham, and K. Daniel O'Leary. "Cognitive specificity for marital discord and depression: What types of cognition influence discord?" Behavior Therapy 22, no. 4 (1991): 519–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7894(05)80343-0.

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Platt, Rheanna, and Elisabet Arribas-Ibar. "2329." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 1, S1 (September 2017): 73–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2017.260.

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OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: (1) To assess the prevalence of mental health symptomatology (depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, PTSD symptoms, and problematic alcohol use) and psychosocial risk factors for mental health disorders (low social support, immigration stress, acculturation, and marital/partner discord), and their association with immigration status, health care access and contextual risk factors in Spanish-speaking parents of young children (ages 0–5) who attended a well-child visit. (2) To explore acceptability of screening for and discussing parental distress in the pediatric primary care setting, and parental acceptability of a group well-visit format to address both psychosocial risk factors and mental health symptoms in this population. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Latino immigrant parents (n=100) of children ages 0–5 attending well-child visits at Johns Hopkins Bayview Children’s Medical Practice were surveyed between October 2015 and February 2016. The verbally administered survey included the Woman Abuse Screening Tool (WAST), AUDIT-C, Primary Care Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PC-PTSD) Screener, California Health Interview Survey (CHIS), National Latino and Asian American Study (NLAAS), Appraisal Support Subscale from Interpersonal Support Evaluation List (ISEL), Personal Health Questionnaire Depression Scale (PHQ-8), and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-2). These questionnaires have been used in large regional or national surveys and most have been validated with US Latino populations. Positive screens were defined as PHQ-8>5 (mild depression or greater), GAD-2>3, AUDIT-C>3 for women and >4 for men, and PC-PTSD>3. Descriptive information and comparisons were obtained by χ2 and Student t-test. Study protocol will allow review of childrens’ pediatric records (n=100). From this sample, parents were separately recruited to participate in in-depth interviews (n=11 of 20 planned have been completed) further exploring both sources of parental distress, acceptability of screening for parental mental health symptoms in the primary care pediatric setting, and acceptability of a potential group-based well-visit model in the pediatric setting. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Survey participants were 93.0% women, and predominantly<35 years of age. The vast majority (94.0%) were undocumented, recently arrived (<15 years ago) and reported poor or very poor English proficiency (75.0%). Most (84.7%) reported living with a partner or spouse (84.7%), and 58% reported partner relationship strain. In all, 71% reported poor social support. The prevalence of “screen positive” mental health symptoms was highest for depression (55%) and PTSD (35%), followed by anxiety (29%) and alcohol risk use (25%). Having depression was significantly higher (68.4%) (p<0.02) in participants with less education (<6 grade). Partner relationship strain was associated with a higher prevalence of depressive symptoms (59.3%) (p<0.03). Immigration stress (feeling guilty for leaving family and friends) was also significantly associated with depressive symptoms (58.1%) and PTSD (43.5%) (p<0.03). More than half of the participants (60.0%) with depression were not covered by any health insurance and 56.3% of those with depression reported not having been seen by a health care provider in the past 12 months. A high prevalence of symptoms was found in those with poor appraised social support: alcohol risk use (76.0%), depression (69.1%), anxiety (69.0%), and PTSD (68.6%). Among participants, those aged<30 years old and those with more children reported poorer appraised social support. Data from child medical records (including BMI, presence of feeding problems, referrals for social work, or mental health services) has been extracted but not yet linked to parent survey or interview results. Preliminary review of In Depth Interviews suggests that the most common reported source of stress among participants was related to finances, followed by documentation/legal status difficulties, access to childcare, and limited English proficiency. Some mothers also mentioned interpersonal violence and lack of access to healthcare as stressors. All mothers expressed an interest in a pediatric primary care based parent focused the majority of which indicated that a group based intervention would be acceptable, some mothers indicated they preferred a one-to-one intervention if mental health were to be discussed. Mothers seem preferential to social worker-led interventions compared with pediatrician-led, but most mothers were indifferent. Finally, mothers expressed low support from the Latino community in Baltimore. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Results from this study suggest that this population of parents is experiencing a relatively high rate of mental health symptoms, low perceived social support, and limited access to their own source of care. This suggests that an intervention delivered within a primary care pediatric setting would have the potential to reach parents who might not otherwise interact with their own providers, and that there are an array of problems that could be targeted. Intervening with parents of young children has the potential to affect multiple child outcomes. A group intervention may target poor social support, though this format is not universally preferred. Next steps for this project include assessing the acceptability of and preference for various content components (ie, depression, parenting stress, legal issues) and linking parent data with child data (including developmental screening results, weight, feeding problems, and behavior problems).

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O'Leary, K. Daniel, Lawrence P. Riso, and Steven R. H. Beach. "Attributions about the marital discord/depression link and therapy outcome." Behavior Therapy 21, no. 4 (1990): 413–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7894(05)80355-7.

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Whisman, Mark A., Briana L. Robustelli, Steven R. H. Beach, Douglas K. Snyder, and James M. Harper. "Marital discord and depression in middle-aged and older couples." Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 32, no. 7 (October 28, 2014): 967–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407514554519.

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Halford, W. Kim, and Matthew R. Sanders. "Behavioural Marital Therapy in the Treatment of Psychological Disorders." Behaviour Change 6, no. 3-4 (September 1989): 165–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0813483900007531.

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There is a well established relationship between marital discord and individual psychopathology in family members. This paper reviews evidence relating to patterns of marital interaction related to the co-occurrence of marital discord and three common psychological disorders: depression, alcohol abuse, and childhood conduct disorders. The effects of behavioural marital therapy (BMT) on dysfunctional marital interaction in such cases, and the impact of BMT on individuals' psychological disorders, are evaluated. It is concluded that BMT is often a useful component of treatment in each disorder reviewed. Further it is argued that it is important routinely to assess the relationship context in which these disorders occur. Finally, some of the difficulties and limitations of the application of BMT in cases where the presenting problem is an individual psychopathology are considered.

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Jarnecke, Amber M., Susan C. South, Irene J. Elkins, Robert F. Krueger, Erin C. Tully, and William G. Iacono. "The role of parental marital discord in the etiology of externalizing problems during childhood and adolescence." Development and Psychopathology 29, no. 4 (December 20, 2016): 1177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095457941600122x.

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AbstractPrevious research has established that parental marital discord is associated with higher levels of offspring externalizing behaviors, but it is unclear how parental relationship functioning is associated with the genetic and environmental variance on a factor of externalizing problems. Thus, the current study assessed how parental marital discord moderates genetic and environmental variance on offspring externalizing problems at two different ages: childhood and late adolescence. That is, the magnitude of genetic and environmental influences on offspring externalizing at ages 11 and 17 was examined as a function of parental marital discord. Consistent with a diathesis–stress model of psychopathology, it was hypothesized that with increasing marital discord, genetic influences on externalizing would be more pronounced. Rather, results indicated that for the 11-year-old sample, nonshared environmental influences were greater when parental marital discord was low, and comparatively, shared environmental influences contributed more to the variance in externalizing problems when parental marital discord was high. No moderation was found for the 17-year-old cohort. In contrast to studies that do not find an effect of the shared environment, these results provide evidence that the common rearing environment has an impact on externalizing problems in preadolescent children.

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Beach, Steven R. H., and K. Daniel O'Leary. "The treatment of depression occurring in the context of marital discord." Behavior Therapy 17, no. 1 (January 1986): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7894(86)80112-5.

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Denton, W. H., T. J. Carmody, A. J. Rush, M. E. Thase, M. H. Trivedi, B. A. Arnow, D. N. Klein, and M. B. Keller. "Dyadic discord at baseline is associated with lack of remission in the acute treatment of chronic depression." Psychological Medicine 40, no. 3 (July 17, 2009): 415–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291709990535.

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BackgroundDyadic discord, while common in depression, has not been specifically evaluated as an outcome predictor in chronic major depressive disorder. This study investigated pretreatment dyadic discord as a predictor of non-remission and its relationship to depressive symptom change during acute treatment for chronic depression.MethodOut-patients with chronic depression were randomized to 12 weeks of treatment with nefazodone, the Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy or their combination. Measures included the Marital Adjustment Scale (MAS) and the Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology – Self Report (IDS-SR30). Of 681 original patients, 316 were partnered and 171 of these completed a baseline and exit MAS, and at least one post-baseline IDS-SR30. MAS scores were analysed as continuous and categorical variables (‘dyadic discord’ v. ‘no dyadic discord’ defined as an MAS score >2.36. Remission was defined as an IDS-SR30 of ⩽14 at exit (equivalent to a 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression of ⩽7).ResultsPatients with dyadic discord at baseline had lower remission rates (34.1%) than those without dyadic discord (61.2%) (all three treatment groups) (χ2=12.6, df=1, p=0.0004). MAS scores improved significantly with each of the treatments, although the change was reduced by controlling for improvement in depression. Depression remission at exit was associated with less dyadic discord at exit than non-remission for all three groups [for total sample, 1.8 v. 2.4, t(169)=7.3, p<0.0001].ConclusionsDyadic discord in chronically depressed patients is predictive of a lower likelihood of remission of depression. Couple therapy for those with dyadic discord may increase remission rates.

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Waring, E. M. "The Role of Marital Therapy in the Treatment of Depressed Married Women." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 39, no. 9 (November 1994): 568–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674379403900910.

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The absence of a close, confiding relationship has been identified as a vulnerability factor to depression for women under adverse circumstances. Marital discord has also been identified as a risk factor in initiating and sustaining depression in women. Recent research has suggested that marriages with a depressed spouse are associated with lack of intimacy and decreased self-disclosure. This paper reviews three controlled outcome studies which demonstrate that marital therapy in combination with antidepressant medication is not indicated for hospitalized women with major affective disorder but either alone or in combination with antidepressants, marital therapy is a viable treatment for outpatient women who are suffering from depression.

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Hammen, Constance. "Adolescent Depression." Current Directions in Psychological Science 18, no. 4 (August 2009): 200–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01636.x.

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High rates of diagnosable depression in adolescence, especially among young women, present challenging clinical and research issues. Depression not only portends current maladjustment but may also signal risk for recurrent or chronic depression and its associated impairment. Because depression is most often a response to stressful events and circumstances, it is important to understand the stress context itself. Individuals with depression histories are known to contribute to the occurrence of interpersonal and other stressors at a high rate, and for young women particularly, the occurrence of interpersonal stressors and conditions in turn predicts recurrences of depression, in a vicious cycle. Interpersonal dysfunction in early adolescence predicts the likelihood of continuing maladaptive functioning in peer, family, romantic, and parenting roles. The transmission of depression from one generation to the next involves not only heritable factors but also the likelihood that depressed youth become caught in life contexts of marital and parenting discord that portend dysfunction for their offspring and continuing depression for themselves.

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Beach, Steven R. H., and K. Daniel O'Leary. "Treating depression in the context of marital discord: Outcome and predictors of response of marital therapy versus cognitive therapy." Behavior Therapy 23, no. 4 (1992): 507–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7894(05)80219-9.

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Kiecolt-Glaser, Janice K., Lisa Jaremka, Rebecca Andridge, Juan Peng, Diane Habash, Christopher P. Fagundes, Ronald Glaser, William B. Malarkey, and Martha A. Belury. "Marital discord, past depression, and metabolic responses to high-fat meals: Interpersonal pathways to obesity." Psychoneuroendocrinology 52 (February 2015): 239–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.11.018.

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Richman, Jack M., Mimi V. Chapman, and Gary L. Bowen. "Recognizing the Impact of Marital Discord and Parental Depression on Children: A Family-Centered Approach." Pediatric Clinics of North America 42, no. 1 (February 1995): 167–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-3955(16)38916-7.

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Mirowsky, John. "Depression and Marital Power: An Equity Model." American Journal of Sociology 91, no. 3 (November 1985): 557–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/228314.

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Atkins, David C., Kirsty E. Bortnik, Kurt Hahlweg, and Notker Klann. "The Association Between Marital Discord and Depression in a Community-Based Sample of Couples Seeking Treatment." Journal of Couple & Relationship Therapy 10, no. 1 (January 24, 2011): 20–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15332691.2011.539172.

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Shah, Sayed Sikander. "Mediation in Marital Discord in Islamic Law: Legislative Foundation and Contemporary Application." Arab Law Quarterly 23, no. 3 (2009): 329–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157302509x454726.

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AbstractMediation as a method of marriage conflict resolution has recently emerged as one of the most workable institutionalized techniques in Western jurisdictions. In Islamic law, although ipso facto, it was given legislative recognition centuries ago under the principle of tahkim; its potential as a viable reconciliation technique was somewhat obscured by juridical technicalities. Indisputably, mediation was the underlying ratio legis for the institution of hakam (arbitration). In practice, however, mediation was not the sole prerogative of the arbitration. It was instituted and carried out through numerous culturally specific methods, both formal and informal. In the Malaysian scene, mediation in family dispute is part of the ongoing daily job of Shari'ah lawyers, judges and officers in religious departments. However, critiques believe that neither the agents under traditional hakam nor Shari'ah practitioners of Shari'ah bodies have the necessary training and soft skills to act as effective go-betweens in resolving marital conflicts in the contemporary setting. The alternative, therefore, is to create a body such as a “Conciliatory Committee” using the pattern for a Western mediation model. Thus this paper, while agreeing with this idea, proposes an integrated method of doing this within the hybrid framework of both arbitration and modern mediation techniques consistent with Islamic legal methodology.

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Lee, Miyoung, Yeon-Suk Kim, and Mi-Kyoung Lee. "The Mediating Effect of Marital Intimacy on the Relationship between Spouse-Related Stress and Prenatal Depression in Pregnant Couples: An Actor–Partner Interdependent Model Test." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2 (January 9, 2021): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020487.

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Prenatal depression is an important factor in predicting postpartum depression. Most studies have assessed factors affecting prenatal depression by focusing on pregnant wives. However, the emotional and psychological aspects of both expectant parents need to be considered. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of spouse-related stress in expectant couples on prenatal depression and investigate the mediating effects of marital intimacy on this relationship. A total of 120 expectant couples from two cities in Korea at more than 15 weeks of completed pregnancy participated in the study. Using a structured questionnaire, we assessed the general characteristics of the participants, spouse-related stress, prenatal depression, and marital intimacy. The results revealed that four actor effects and one partner effect were significant. Marital intimacy and prenatal depression among expectant parents were affected by spouse-related stress. Moreover, spouse-related stress in the husbands completely mediated marital intimacy in pregnant wives, demonstrating partner effects on prenatal depression in pregnant wives. Therefore, it was observed that paternal factors affect prenatal depression in pregnant wives. This warrants the inclusion of husbands in marital interventions and strategies to improve marital intimacy in pregnant wives.

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Lee, Miyoung, Yeon-Suk Kim, and Mi-Kyoung Lee. "The Mediating Effect of Marital Intimacy on the Relationship between Spouse-Related Stress and Prenatal Depression in Pregnant Couples: An Actor–Partner Interdependent Model Test." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2 (January 9, 2021): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020487.

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Prenatal depression is an important factor in predicting postpartum depression. Most studies have assessed factors affecting prenatal depression by focusing on pregnant wives. However, the emotional and psychological aspects of both expectant parents need to be considered. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of spouse-related stress in expectant couples on prenatal depression and investigate the mediating effects of marital intimacy on this relationship. A total of 120 expectant couples from two cities in Korea at more than 15 weeks of completed pregnancy participated in the study. Using a structured questionnaire, we assessed the general characteristics of the participants, spouse-related stress, prenatal depression, and marital intimacy. The results revealed that four actor effects and one partner effect were significant. Marital intimacy and prenatal depression among expectant parents were affected by spouse-related stress. Moreover, spouse-related stress in the husbands completely mediated marital intimacy in pregnant wives, demonstrating partner effects on prenatal depression in pregnant wives. Therefore, it was observed that paternal factors affect prenatal depression in pregnant wives. This warrants the inclusion of husbands in marital interventions and strategies to improve marital intimacy in pregnant wives.

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Sanders, Matthew R. "Enhancing the Impact of Behavioural Family Intervention With Children: Emerging Perspectives." Behaviour Change 9, no. 3 (September 1992): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0813483900006252.

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Behavioural family intervention (BFI) as a treatment approach emphasises the importance of family interaction patterns in the origins, maintenance, and treatment of child behaviour problems. The BFI Field can document substantial contributions to the development of more effective treatments with children, particularly those with conduct problems. Furthermore, this approach is now being applied to new areas with encouraging results (eg. pain, chronic health problems, anxiety disorders, and learning difficulties). There is increasing evidence that this technology is not a panacea and that good clinical outcomes can be difficult to achieve when children's problems are complicated by other indices of family adversity (eg. marital discord, maternal depression, alcohol abuse, or poverty). This special issue of Behaviour Change documents recent developments in BFI which attempt to improve outcomes with high risk groups. Applications of BFI with depressed and marital distressed parents and with children who are developmentally disabled, anxious, or have learning difficulties, are discussed. Finally, the issue points towards the use of BFI as a strategy for preventing disruptive behavioural disorders in children.

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Feldbau-Kohn, Shari, Richard E. Heyman, and K. Daniel O’Leary. "Major Depressive Disorder and Depressive Symptomatology as Predictors of Husband to Wife Physical Aggression." Violence and Victims 13, no. 4 (January 1998): 347–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.13.4.347.

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This study investigated the association between a husband’s depressive symptomatology and the frequency of physical aggression toward his wife, as well as a husband’s Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and the frequency of physical aggression toward his wife. We assessed physically aggressive men who volunteered for treatment with their wives (N = 89). Almost one third had moderate levels of depressive symptomatology (Beck Depression Inventory [BDI ≥ 14]), but only 11% met criteria for MDD (based on a structured interview [SCID]). Although the rate of MDD was not absolutely high, it was higher than that reported in a community sample (i.e., 3%). A significant relationship between increased depressive symptomatology and frequency of physical aggression was found, but the association was most likely accounted for by self-reported anger. Related contextual factors including marital discord and psychological aggression are addressed. Theoretical and treatment implications are discussed, including the severity of the treatment population (volunteer vs. court mandated), and severity of the depression (symptomatology vs. clinical diagnosis).

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Islam, Md Azharul, Sayeda Amina Efat, Ayesha Binte Yousuf, and Shaheen Islam. "Depression of married women: Exploring the role of employment status, marital satisfaction and psychological well-being." Dhaka University Journal of Biological Sciences 25, no. 2 (July 20, 2016): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujbs.v25i2.46333.

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This study was carried out to explore the level of depression among married women. Additionally, the role of employment status, academic qualification, marital satisfaction and psychological well-being on depression was examined. Depression, marital satisfaction and psychological well-being of 200 married women were assessed. Results showed 15% of the study participants scored above the cut-off point of depression and are at the risk of depression. Employment and academic status, marital satisfaction and psychological wellbeing (GHQ-28) jointly accounted for 56.2% variability in the depression with psychological well-being (β = 0.515, p < 0.001) and marital satisfaction (β = –0.276, p < 0.001) appeared as the most influential predictors. Lower education and unemployment also associated with the higher level of depression. The model indicated if a married woman with poorer psychological well-being, lower marital satisfaction and lower educational qualification is unemployed, she is more likely to be diagnosed as depressed. Implications and future direction are discussed. Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 25(2): 113-121, 2016 (July)

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Tallat, G., A. Kamal, and S. Mccarthy. "Depression as a Moderator in the Relationship between Direction of Social Comparison and Self Esteem." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)70564-4.

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The present study explored the moderator role of depression in the relationship of self esteem and the direction of social comparison in the context of marital relationships among married couples. The relationship between the direction of social comparison and depression was also explored. The sample consisted of 100 married individuals (50 Married Couples) having diverse educational and occupational background and form all the three socio economic background. The sample was taken from different cities of Pakistan. The couples were requested to complete Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Index of Self Esteem (ISE) along with another scale, Social Comparison in Marital Relationship Measure (SCMRM). SCMRM was developed by the researcher to explore the couples’ inclination of comparing their spouses with others around them on different dimension of marital relationship satisfaction. The standardized method was used for the development of SCMRM. The study provided evidence of significant negative relationship of depression with social comparison in marital relationship and with self esteem. The findings also supported the hypothesis that depression will play a role of moderator in the relationship between direction of social comparison in marital relationship and self esteem. Beck's (1967) cognitive model of depression suggested that depressives’ systematic bias against the self is reflected in their tendency to compare themselves with better off others. Thus our results confirm the cognitive depressive model which proposed that depressives engage in dysfunctional social comparison (upward).

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Reid, John B., and Gerald R. Patterson. "The development of antisocial behaviour patterns in childhood and adolescence." European Journal of Personality 3, no. 2 (June 1989): 107–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2410030205.

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A developmental model of antisocial behaviour is presented in this paper. Arguments and evidence are presented for the position that although many factors such as parent criminality, social and economic disadvantage, child temperament, and marital discord systematically affect the development of antisocial child behaviour, their influence is mediated by the extent to which they disrupt day‐to‐day parenting practices. Particularly, it is argued that irritable, ineffective discipline and poor parental monitoring are the most proximal determinants of the early development and maintenance of antisocial behaviour. The implications of this model for prevention and intervention in child conduct problems are discussed, using examples of promising clinical work that focuses on direct parent training.

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Sandberg, J. G., and J. M. Harper. "In search of a marital distress model of depression in older marriages." Aging & Mental Health 4, no. 3 (August 2000): 210–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713649929.

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Nella, Dimitra, Efharis Panagopoulou, Nikiforos Galanis, Anthony Montgomery, and Alexis Benos. "Consequences of Job Insecurity on the Psychological and Physical Health of Greek Civil Servants." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/673623.

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The aim of this study was to estimate the short term consequences of job insecurity associated with a newly introduced mobility framework in Greece. In specific, the study examined the impact of job insecurity on anxiety, depression, and psychosomatic and musculoskeletal symptoms, two months after the announcement of the mobility framework. In addition the study also examined the “spill over” effects of job insecurity on employees not directly affected by the mobility framework. Personal interviews using a structured questionnaire were conducted for 36 university administrative employees awaiting repositioning, 36 coworkers not at risk, and 28 administrative employees of a local hospital not at risk. Compared to both control groups the employees in the anticipation phase of labor mobility had significantly worse scores for perceived stress, anxiety, depression, positive affect, negative affect, social support, marital discord, common somatic symptoms, and frequency of musculoskeletal pain. This study highlights the immediate detrimental effects of job insecurity on the physical, psychological, and social functioning of employees. There is a need for the development of front line interventions to prevent these effects from developing into chronic conditions with considerable cost for the individual and society in general.

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Braun, Michal, Mario Mikulincer, Anne Rydall, Andrew Walsh, and Gary Rodin. "Hidden Morbidity in Cancer: Spouse Caregivers." Journal of Clinical Oncology 25, no. 30 (October 20, 2007): 4829–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2006.10.0909.

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Purpose This study assesses psychological distress among advanced cancer patients and their spouse caregivers, while examining the relative contribution of caregiving burden and relational variables (attachment orientation and marital satisfaction) to depressive symptoms in the spouse caregivers. Methods A total of 101 patients with advanced GI or lung cancer and their spouse caregivers were recruited for the study. Measures included Beck Depression Inventory–II (BDI-II), Caregiving Burden scale, Experiences in Close Relationships scale, and ENRICH Marital Satisfaction scale. Results A total of 38.9% of the caregivers reported significant symptoms of depression (BDI-II ≥ 15) compared with 23.0% of their ill spouses (P < .0001). In a hierarchical regression predicting caregiver's depression, spouse caregiver's age and patient's cancer site were entered in the first step, objective caregiving burden was entered in the second step, subjective caregiving burden was entered in the third step, caregiver's attachment scores were entered in the fourth step, and caregiver's marital satisfaction score was entered in the fifth step. The final model accounted for 37% of the variance of caregiver depression, with subjective caregiving burden (β = .38; P < .01), caregiver's anxious attachment (β = .21; P < .05), caregiver's avoidant attachment (β = .20; P < .05), and caregiver's marital satisfaction (β = −.18; P < .05) making significant contributions to the model. Conclusion Spouse caregivers of patients with advanced cancer are a high-risk population for depression. Subjective caregiving burden and relational variables, such as caregivers' attachment orientations and marital dissatisfaction, are important predictors of caregiver depression.

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Halford, W. Kim. "Cognitive Behavioural Treatment of Adjustment Disorder with Depressed Mood Following Marital Breakdown." Behaviour Change 4, no. 1 (March 1987): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0813483900008573.

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Marital breakdown is common, and often associated with depression. A model is outlined in which such depression may be maintained by avoidance of depression eliciting stimuli. A 27-year-old recently-separated male with severe depression was treated with systematic exposures to depression eliciting stimuli, with cognitive coping self statements being used during exposures. The worst self ratings of depression reported by the client and scores on the Beck Depression Inventory improved greatly from baseline to treatment phases. Gains were maintained at 4 week, 3 and 6 month follow-ups. Further research is warranted to evaluate the efficacy of this potentially useful approach to treating marital breakdown, and possibly other adjustment disorders, which are associated with depressed mood.

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Yeh, Shih-Bin, and Carlos H. Schenck. "A case of marital discord and secondary depression with attempted suicide resulting from REM sleep behavior disorder in a 35-year-old woman." Sleep Medicine 5, no. 2 (March 2004): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2003.09.008.

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Filipović, Severina, Tatjana Vukosavljević-Gvozden, and Goran Opačić. "Irrational Beliefs, Dysfunctional Emotions, and Marital Adjustment." Journal of Family Issues 37, no. 16 (July 10, 2016): 2333–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x15572384.

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This study aimed to formulate and test a thorough and comprehensive model that explains how irrational beliefs and dysfunctional emotions of partners affect marital adjustment. Unlike previous research that examined the direct association of irrational cognitions and marital disturbance, we hypothesized that emotions—anger, depression, and anxiety—have a mediatory role in the relationship between irrational cognitions and marital adjustment of both partners. We also hypothesized that dysfunctional emotions of one partner affect the perceived marital adjustment of the other partner. The model was tested on nonclinical sample of 100 couples ( N = 200). The results of structural equation modeling support the model. We found that irrational beliefs lead to dysfunctional emotions, which further affect the perceived marital adjustment of both partners. However, on examining the partners’ mutual effect, it was found that only dysfunctional emotions of the males affect females’ perceived marital adjustment but not vice versa.

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Li, Jia, and Qi Wang. "RELIGIOUS DIFFERENCE, MARITAL SATISFACTION, AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING OF CHINESE MIDDLE-AGED AND OLDER ADULTS." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S617—S618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.2301.

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Abstract Objectives: Religion plays an important role in people’s individual and interpersonal life. Spousal religious difference is a potential risk factor of marital satisfaction, which will further influence people’s psychological well-being. This study aims to explore the associations between spousal religious differences, marital satisfaction, and psychological well-being of Chinese middle-aged and older adults. We also investigated the gender differences in the captioned associations. Method: We adopted a sample of 1285 adults aged 45 and above from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). We conducted descriptive statistics, multiple regression models and a path analysis based on a general structural equation model (GSEM). Results: Spousal religious difference was only associated with wives’ marital satisfaction. Marital satisfaction was associated with depression and life satisfaction for both genders, and wives’ marital satisfaction had a stronger association with life satisfaction than husbands’. Wives’ marital satisfaction mediated the relationship between spousal religious difference and their psychological well-being, including depression and life satisfaction. Discussion: This study calls for more further research on the individual and interpersonal outcomes of religiosity in middle-aged and older adults. Gender differences should be paid attention to in academic research, service provision and clinical settings.

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Kim, Ju Hee, Hye Sook Shin, and Eun Kyoung Yun. "A Dyadic Approach to Infertility Stress, Marital Adjustment, and Depression on Quality of Life in Infertile Couples." Journal of Holistic Nursing 36, no. 1 (November 10, 2016): 6–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0898010116675987.

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Purpose: This study was conducted to examine the level of infertility stress, marital adjustment, depression, and quality of life in infertile couples and assess the actor and partner effects in these areas using the actor–partner interdependence model. Design: Cross-sectional study. Method: Participants were 121 infertile couples. After pilot study, data were collected from November 2012 to March 2013 using the following questionnaires: the Fertility Quality of Life, Fertility Problem Inventory, Revised Dyadic Adjustment Scale, and Beck Depression Inventory. Findings: There was a gender difference in infertility stress, depression, and quality of life. Infertility stress had actor and partner effects on the quality of life. Marital adjustment had an actor effect on the quality of life for the wives. Depression had actor and partner effects on quality of life for the wives, but only an actor effect for the husbands. Conclusion: This study found that there were actor and partner effects of infertility stress, marital adjustment, and depression on the quality of life in infertile couples. These findings may help nurses be aware of such effects and can be used as a baseline data in the development of nursing interventions for infertile couples.

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Whisman, Mark A., Briana L. Robustelli, and Lindsay T. Labrecque. "Specificity of the Association between Marital Discord and Longitudinal Changes in Symptoms of Depression and Generalized Anxiety Disorder in the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing." Family Process 57, no. 3 (March 25, 2018): 649–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/famp.12351.

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Radke-Yarrow, Marian, Kathleen McCann, Elizabeth DeMulder, Barbara Belmont, Pedro Martinez, and Dorothy T. Richardson. "Attachment in the context of high-risk conditions." Development and Psychopathology 7, no. 2 (1995): 247–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579400006489.

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AbstractThe role of attachment in interaction with other relationships and conditions was investigated in relation to children's later psychosocial development (at ages 6 and 9). Thirty-nine unipolar depressed mothers, 24 bipolar mothers, and 32 normal control mothers and their children were studied. The network of conditions defining early experience included, in addition to attachment, maternal psychopathology, marital discord, other disordered relationships in the family, and recent losses of significant persons. Patterns of mother-child interaction were also examined. Assessments of children's problems were based on psychiatric evaluations of depressive affect, anxiety, and disruptive-oppositional behavior.The findings support the conclusion that attachment enters into development in interaction with other relationships and conditions. Maternal psychopathology, in particular, in interaction with the attachment relationship, is linked to later developmental outcomes. The importance of considering mother-child interactional and dispositional characteristics is indicated. The early attachment relationship together with the ways in which the mother's depression is expressed with her child, and the child's style of coping with the mother's functioning establish patterns of behavior that influence the child's vulnerability to later problems. Multiple pathways of transmission of affective problems are discussed.

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BROWN, GEORGE W., and PATRICIA M. MORAN. "Single mothers, poverty and depression." Psychological Medicine 27, no. 1 (January 1997): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291796004060.

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The present study set out to examine the relationship between marital status, poverty and depression in a sample of inner-city women. Single and married mothers were followed up over a 2-year period during which time rates of psychosocial risk factors, onset of depression and experience of chronic episodes were measured. Risk of onset was double among single mothers. Single mothers were twice as likely as their married counterparts to be in financial hardship, despite being twice as likely to be in full-time employment. Both of these factors were independently associated with onset in single mothers. The link between them and onset was via their association with humiliating or entrapping severe life events. Single parents were at a much raised risk of experiencing these events. Onset was also more likely to follow such an event when women had poor self-esteem and lack of support, both of which were more common among single mothers. These risk factors were more frequently found among those in financial hardship. Financial hardship was also related to risk of having a chronic episode (lasting at least a year), of which single parents were also at greater risk. The majority of chronic episodes among single mothers had their origins in prior marital difficulties or widowhood and rates of chronicity reduced with length of time spent in single parenthood. Results are discussed in terms of an aetiological model of onset in which financial hardship probably influences outcome at a wide variety of points.

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Firat, Meryem, Yalçın Kanbay, Burcu Demir Gökmen, Mehmet Utkan, and Ayşe Okanli. "Investigating the Factors Affecting Depression By Using Structural Equation Modeling." Galician Medical Journal 28, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): E202111. http://dx.doi.org/10.21802/gmj.2021.1.1.

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The objective of the research was to study the factors affecting depression in general population. Materials and Methods. A total of 1,291 individuals at the age of 15-68 years participated in this cross-sectional study. The Demographic Information Form, the Beck Depression Inventory for Primary Care and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale were used as data collection tools. The data obtained were evaluated in the SPSS 23 package program. Missing data were validated for extreme values, and, then, tested for normality and homogeneity. Testing for the research model was implemented by structural equation modeling using the AMOS program. Results. The following goodness-of-fit values were determined for the revised model predicting the factors influencing depression: χ2 = 535.62, χ2/df = 4.74, the normed fit index = 0.95, the Tucker-Lewis index = 0.95, the comparative fit index = 0.96, the goodness-of-fit index = 0.95, the adjusted goodness-of-fit index = 0.94, the root-mean-square error of approximation = 0.05, the root mean square residual = 0.12, which were within acceptable limits. According to our model, the generalized anxiety disorder-7 (t = 15.923; p < 0.001), gender (t = -5.866; p < 0.001), age (t = -8.193; p < 0.001) and marital status (t = -6.107; p < 0.001) had a significant effect on depression. However, there was no significant relationship between depression score and educational status, place of residence, family type, and smoking. Conclusions. In this model of our study, generalized anxiety disorder was found to have the greatest effect on depression, followed by age, marital status, and gender, respectively.

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Barros-Gomes, Patrícia, Jonathan Kimmes, Erika Smith, Bryan Cafferky, Sandra Stith, Jared Durtschi, and Eric McCollum. "The Role of Depression in the Relationship Between Psychological and Physical Intimate Partner Violence." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 34, no. 18 (October 22, 2016): 3936–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260516673628.

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Physical and psychological intimate partner violence (IPV) are significant public health concerns often associated with negative consequences for individuals, families, and society. Because IPV occurs within an interpersonal relationship, it is important to better understand how each partner’s depressive symptoms, marital satisfaction, and psychological and physical IPV are interlinked. The purpose of this study was to identify actor and partner effects in a dyadic data analysis association between marital satisfaction and depressive symptoms, its links to psychological IPV, and then to physical IPV. Guided by the social information processing model, this study has implications for understanding the processes leading to various types of IPV in people seeking couples therapy. Using cross-sectional data from 126 heterosexual couples, we conducted an actor–partner interdependence model (APIM) to test actor and partner effects. Indirect actor and partner effects were also assessed. More depressive symptoms were associated with lower marital satisfaction. More depressive symptoms were generally linked with increased perpetration of psychological and physical IPV. Psychological IPV was associated with an individual’s use of physical IPV. Effect sizes were moderate to large in magnitude. Four specific indirect effects were identified from depressive symptoms to psychological IPV to physical IPV. Depressive symptoms may be an important factor related to psychological and physical IPV for males and females. Implications include assessing for and treating depression in both partners, and discussing preferred ways of supporting each other that do not include psychological or physical IPV.

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Weinberg, Michael, Avi Besser, Virgil Zeigler-Hill, and Yuval Neria. "Marital satisfaction and trauma-related symptoms among injured survivors of terror attacks and their spouses." Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 35, no. 3 (February 9, 2017): 395–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407517691367.

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This study examined the relationships between marital satisfaction and trauma-related symptoms (i.e., post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety) among 105 couples of injured survivors of terror attacks and their spouses ( N = 210). Structural equation modeling and the actor–partner interdependence model were used to test the interdependence relationship between survivors’ and spouses’ marital satisfaction and trauma-related symptoms. The results demonstrated that the level of marital satisfaction reported by unexposed spouses was negatively associated with their own trauma-related symptoms as well as with the symptoms reported by the survivors. In contrast, the level of marital satisfaction reported by the survivors was negatively associated with their own trauma-related symptoms but had no connection with trauma-related symptoms reported by their spouses. Taken together, our findings shed new light on the potential links between marital satisfaction and trauma-related symptoms for survivors of terrorism and their spouses. Theoretical and clinical implications of these findings are also discussed.

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Mezuk, Briana, Rachel Bergmans, and Victoria Schoebel. "Depressive Symptoms Among Older, Sexual Minority Adults and the Influence of Marital Status." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 166–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.539.

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Abstract Adverse health outcomes, including poor mental health and depression, tend to be more common among those who are lesbian, gay, or bisexual (LGB). Minority stress theory posits that chronic minoritization contributes to disparities in depression. Factors like social support and income can improve mental health outcomes, and these resilience-promoting factors can be gained through marriage. However, whether marriage improves mental health outcomes in old age regardless of sexual orientation is not well established. This study aims to determine if depressive symptoms differ by sexual orientation in old age, and to test whether the association between depression and sexual orientation was moderated by marital status. The 2016 Health and Retirement Study, a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults older than 50 years (n=4,253), was the first wave to include respondent sexual orientation. Depressive symptoms were measured on the 8-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Those with a score greater than or equal to 3 were considered to have elevated depressive symptoms. When testing main effects in the adjusted model, depression was not more common among LGB persons than heterosexual persons (OR=0.95; 95% CI=0.46-2.00). Yet, marital status significantly moderated the relationship between sexual orientation and depression (p=0.034). Among heterosexual adults, being married was protective against depression (OR=0.48; 95% CI=0.32-0.71) when compared to being never married, whereas marriage was not protective among LGB adults (OR=0.95; 95% CI=0.26-3.45). Findings indicate that LGB adults do not experience the same mental health benefits of marriage as heterosexual individuals.

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Foran, Heather M., and K. Daniel O'Leary. "The Role of Relationships in Understanding the Alexithymia–Depression Link." European Journal of Personality 27, no. 5 (September 2013): 470–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.1887.

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Alexithymia is associated with increased depressive symptoms in both clinical and community samples. One way that alexithymia may lead to depression is through its impact on interpersonal relationships. Individuals with alexithymia report lower perceived social support, intimacy, and relationship satisfaction. Furthermore, poor relationship functioning is a clear risk factor for depressive symptoms. Given the established alexithymia–depression link and marital dysfunction–depression link, a logical next step is to examine whether relationship dysfunction (low social support, intimacy, negative relationship behaviours, and relationship dissatisfaction) mediates the association between alexithymia and depressive symptoms. The hypothesized mediation model was assessed in a sample of 104 community couples with two analytical approaches—first with cross–sectional measures using path analysis and second with daily diary measures collected over a seven–day period using a multilevel modelling approach. Poor relationship functioning mediated the association between alexithymia and depressed mood in the daily diary data and partially mediated that association with the cross–sectional measures. These results identify alexithymia as an important variable in understanding the marital functioning–depression association, and this finding has implications for treatment. Copyright © 2012 European Association of Personality Psychology

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Toews, Michelle L., Patrick C. McKenry, and Beth S. Catlett. "Male-Initiated Partner Abuse During Marital Separation Prior to Divorce." Violence and Victims 18, no. 4 (August 2003): 387–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/vivi.2003.18.4.387.

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The purpose of this study was to assess predictors of male-initiated psychological and physical partner abuse during the separation process prior to divorce among a sample of 80 divorced fathers who reported no physical violence during their marriages. The predictor variables examined were male gender-role identity, female-initiated divorces, dependence on one’s former wife, depression, anxiety, and coparental conflict. Through ordinary least square (OLS) regression techniques, it was found that male gender-role identity was positively related to male-initiated psychological abuse during separation. Logistic regression analyses revealed that male-initiated psychological abuse, anxiety level, coparental conflict, and dependence on one’s former spouse increased the odds of a man engaging in physical abuse. However, depression decreased the odds of separation physical abuse. The models predicting both male-initiated psychological abuse (F= 2.20,p< .05,R2= .15) and physical violence during the separation process were significant (Model χ2= 35.00,df= 7,p< .001).

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GUO, MAN, IRIS CHI, and MERRIL SILVERSTEIN. "Intergenerational support and depression among Chinese older adults: do gender and widowhood make a difference?" Ageing and Society 37, no. 4 (December 11, 2015): 695–724. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x15001403.

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ABSTRACTUsing four-wave panel data of 1,327 older adults in rural China, this study examined potential gender and marital status differences in the relationships between three forms of intergenerational support (monetary, instrumental and emotional support) and the level of depression of the older adults. Results from a pooled time-series fixed-effects model showed that receiving and providing monetary support had a comparable beneficial effect on mothers and fathers, but mothers benefited more psychologically than fathers from closer relationships with their children. Exchanges in instrumental support was not related to either mothers' or fathers' level of depression. Widowhood further affected the gendered relationships between support and depression in that recently widowed fathers had a significantly higher level of depression when they received more monetary support from their children. In contrast, providing monetary support to children was associated with a significantly higher level of depression among recently widowed mothers. We explained the findings in the context of familial and gender norms in the Chinese culture and temporal needs for family support that link with bereavement coping stages among older adults. We argued that the gender and marital status patterns observed in this study are attributive to more fundamental differences in men's and women's social positions in the Chinese society.

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Huang, Xuena, Qilong Cao, Liu Liu, Jun Yao, and Guoqiang Rui. "Factors Influencing Depression in Chinese Civil Servants." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 46, no. 8 (August 11, 2018): 1233–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.7094.

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We analyzed depression in Chinese civil servants, using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) and a survey completed by people employed by the Civil Service in 6 cities in eastern China. The results showed that the HAMD is a valid and effective measure for assessing depression in Chinese civil servants. As we had assumed, Chinese civil servants manifested a strong sense of despair, which was consistent between the genders. In general, however, depression had a greater impact on female than on male civil servants. In the linear regression model with demographic variables as independent variables, we found that gender, education level, and marital status were significant predictive factors of depression, but income and age were not. We suggest that although civil servants may enjoy a more lucrative job and a better material lifestyle compared to other people in China, the issue of their mental health merits attention.

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Park, Jummi, and Nayeon Shin. "Predictive Model for the Quality of Life of Infertile Men." Open Nursing Journal 15, no. 1 (February 16, 2021): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874434602115010009.

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Purpose: This study explores factors influencing the quality of life of infertile men, and attempts to construct a structural model to predict their quality of life. Methods: Data was collected via questionnaires from 242 infertile male outpatients from 3 infertile clinics at general hospital urologist departments, with the subjects’ confidentiality was ensured. The self-reported questionnaires were collected for 7 months from February to August 2016 in the outpatient centers. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS/WIN 21.0 Program and Mplus 6.0 Program. Results: Hypothesis test of the quality of life as the endogenous variable identified infertility-related stress (β=-0.79, t=-9.41), depression (β=-0.20, t=-2.58), and spirituality (β=0.21, t=2.90) as statistically significant variables. Marital adjustment (β=-0.06, t=-0.69) and social support (β=-0.12, t=-1.79) were not statistically significant. The variables accounted for 84.1% of the variation. Conclusion: The results of the study show that infertility-related stress and depression have negative correlation, and spirituality has a positive correlation with infertile men’s quality of life. As such, there needs to be a development of practical and multi-faceted nursing intervention programs to control infertility-related stress and depression levels so as to sustain infertile men’s quality of life.

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M., Rohith, and Shailaja S. Patil. "Prevalence of internet addiction amongst the IT professionals of Bangalore city and its effect on their lifestyle and dietary habits." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 4, no. 6 (May 22, 2017): 2132. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20172189.

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Background: Internet is being widely used all around the world, had both positive and negative influence in human life. The number of users is increasing day by day. Recent reports indicated that some on-line users, particularly IT Professionals, were becoming addicted to the Internet in much the same way that others became addicted to drugs, alcohol, or gambling, which resulted in; reduced work performance, and even marital discord and separation. The objectives of the study were the pattern of Internet addiction on young’s internet addiction diagnostic questionnaire and the effects of Internet addiction on the lifestyle and dietary behaviour. Methods: Cross-sectional online survey was conducted amongst the IT Professionals of 4 different companies. Data was collected on a pre-designed questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of 1. Socio-demographic information, 2.Young’s Internet Addiction Test (IAT) 3. Dietary pattern. The questionnaire was sent to 400 people through e-mail, out of which 353 subjects mailed back the questionnaire with complete response. Results: Majority of the participants were in the age group of 30 to 34, males and were educated up to post-graduate level. When the scores were tabulated on Young’s Internet Addiction Scale, 30.8% of the subjects were found to be mildly addicted to internet, where as 48.4% and 20.8% were moderately and severely addicted. Conclusions: People who are high in internet addiction are more likely to vulnerability to depression, anxiety, and stress. Psychological approach is essential to tackle this problem.

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Kim, Woorim, Eun-Cheol Park, Kyu-Tae Han, Tae-Hoon Lee, and Tae Hyun Kim. "The impact of offspring marital status on depressive symptoms of parents: findings from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging." International Psychogeriatrics 29, no. 3 (December 1, 2016): 399–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610216002064.

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ABSTRACTBackground:Noticeable demographic changes have taken place in South Korea, with the general marriage rate decreasing and the average first age at marriage and general divorce rate increasing. The shown trends have contributed to intergenerational discordance in the perception of familial values, which is important in addressing the psychological well-being of parents. This study aimed to investigate the association between the marital status of offspring aged 40 years and over and the depression levels of parents.Methods:Data were from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA), 2006–2012. A total of 2,540 individuals with at least two offspring aged 40 years and over were included. Association between offspring marital status and parental depression scores, measured using the Center for Epidemiological Studies and Depression (CES-D 10) scale, was investigated using the generalized estimating equation (GEE) model. Subgroup analysis was performed based on offspring education level.Results:When parents with only married offspring were set as reference, parents with never married offspring (β: 0.27,p= 0.02), parents with separated offspring (β: 0.52,p= 0.03), and parents with never married offspring and separated offspring (β: 0.38,p< 0.001) showed increases in depression scores. In the subgroup analysis, these higher depression score effects were largely limited to parents with high school graduate offspring.Conclusion:It is important to monitor the mental health status of parents with never married, separated, or both never married and separated offspring as this group may be comparatively vulnerable to depressive symptoms.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Marital Discord Model of Depression'

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