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Journal articles on the topic 'Maritime concerns'
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Santoso, Dewi, and Fadhillah Nafisah. "Indonesia’s Global Maritime Axis Doctrine: Security Concerns and Recommendations." Jurnal Hubungan Internasional 10, no. 2 (January 9, 2018): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jhi.v10i2.7306.
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Since President Joko Widodo’s administration begins, there has been a new reform forIndonesia’s maritime psyche. The President sees a huge potential in Indonesia’s maritimesector, especially due to its strong and consolidated domain around Indian and PacificOceans. Hence, he came up with an overarching concept of “Global Maritime Axis”,and set it as the main point of his administration. This so-called “Jokowi’s doctrine”fundamentally represents national vision and development agenda to rebuild the country’sidentity as a maritime nation, boosts its maritime culture, and expands its economy fromwhich Indonesians could prosper. This paper seeks to analyze the impact of Indonesia’smaritime vision in foreign and defense policy, specifically upon maritime diplomacy andresolutions of border disputes; maintenance of territorial integrity, maritime sovereignty,good order at sea, security over the outer islands; and safeguards over national resourcesand exclusive economic zones (EEZ). It then ends with examining recent maritime securitydevelopments, which fosters Indonesia’s position as a maritime power with considerablediplomatic influence on the world, and the opportunities therein.
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KAŁDUŃSKI, MARCIN. "A Commentary on Maritime Boundary Arbitration between Bangladesh and India Concerning the Bay of Bengal." Leiden Journal of International Law 28, no. 4 (October 30, 2015): 799–848. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156515000436.
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AbstractThis article considers the law of maritime delimitation as applied by the Arbitral Tribunal in the 2014 Bangladesh v. India case. The dispute concerned the delimitation of the maritime boundary between the two states in the north-eastern part of the Bay of Bengal. The Tribunal's Award covers several important issues which require careful examination, such as the land boundary terminus, the delimitation methodology, the role of objectivity, predictability and transparency in maritime delimitation, and the impact of the established case law on the present delimitation procedures. The commentary analyses the Award from the viewpoint of the law of maritime delimitation and traces how the Tribunal applied and developed the methodology used in maritime delimitation. The key points where the Award advances the law of the sea concern the concavity of the coast as a relevant circumstance and the creation of grey area. The Tribunal made significant pronouncements on the continental shelf, especially, beyond 200 nm. It confirmed the concept of a single continental shelf and reasoned that legal regimes of the EEZ and the continental shelf are independent and separable. However, the creation of another grey area met with strong disagreement from Dr Rao. The author considers the Award and the Dissenting Opinion to argue that the adjustment of the equidistance line raises certain concerns and that the creation of grey area is permissible under UNCLOS.
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Morabito, Giacomo. "Maritime Piracy: Beyond Economic Concerns and Private Business Interests." Georgetown Journal of International Affairs 18, no. 1 (2017): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/gia.2017.0007.
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Usewicz, Teresa. "Continuity and change in the maritime dimension of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)." International Journal of Maritime History 33, no. 1 (March 2021): 70–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871421991157.
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This article concerns the maritime dimension of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). It presents an analysis of NATO’s past naval experience and key maritime achievements to gauge the extent to which they have contributed to the organization’s longevity, and to question whether strengthening its maritime dimension would affect the organization’s durability. The main findings of the research underscore the importance of the Alliance’s maritime safety efforts.
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McGillivary, Phil. "Why Maritime Cybersecurity Is an Ocean Policy Priority and How It Can Be Addressed." Marine Technology Society Journal 52, no. 5 (September 1, 2018): 44–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.52.5.11.
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AbstractMaritime cybersecurity is developing as an issue that affects the ocean. Recent security breaches cost shipping companies hundreds of millions of dollars and put marine ecosystems at risk by disabling ship controls and increasing risks of collisions and hazmat spills. Additionally, most new ships are designed to transmit engine performance data ashore to allow timely maintenance and efficient operation. However, many ships still prohibit such data transmission due to security concerns, resulting in increased ship emissions and environmental risks from accidental release of oil, hydraulic fluids, or lubricants. Similarly, research vessel data are routinely sent ashore, but security concerns for their computers are also increasing, especially when they operate in global ports and oceans. Maritime cybersecurity is also critical as autonomous ships are being developed. Addressing maritime cybersecurity is therefore a valid area of scientific policy research and important for ocean science operations.The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has called for improved maritime cybersecurity, and the U.S. Coast Guard also recently released a Navigation and Vessel Inspection Circular (NVIC; NVIC 05-17) on maritime cybersecurity for comments. The newly established Maritime Cyber Security Committee of the Marine Technology Society is coordinating maritime cybersecurity best practice information, contacts for cybersecurity professionals, and lessons learned on responding to cyberattacks to make this information broadly available. We review here various stakeholder approaches to maritime cybersecurity, outline available resources, and discuss how advanced methods, including optical communications and quantum encryption, will improve maritime cybersecurity. Scientists have a role in developing and implementing maritime cybersecurity methods and policies to ensure safe ship operations and improved environmental security for the oceans.
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Mraković, Ivan, and Ranko Vojinović. "Maritime Cyber Security Analysis – How to Reduce Threats?" Transactions on Maritime Science 8, no. 1 (April 20, 2019): 132–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7225/toms.v08.n01.013.
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Maritime cyber security management requires a holistic approach as there is an increase in complexity, digitalization, and automation of systems in maritime industry. Numerous interconnected systems between ship and shore, which are in need of a special focus in the internet environment, are increasing on daily basis. Nowadays one of the major concerns in maritime computing is vulnerability to cyber-attacks. In maritime industry, cyber incidents can lead to loss of life, loss of control over ships or sensitive data, as well as ship and/or cargo hijacking. This paper therefore covers key problems of maritime industry from cyber security perspective and proposes solutions on how to eliminate or minimize them.
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Chang, Yen-Chiang, and Mehran Idris Khan. "China–Pakistan economic corridor and maritime security collaboration." Maritime Business Review 4, no. 2 (June 17, 2019): 217–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mabr-01-2019-0004.
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Purpose This study aims to explore why marine development and maritime security in Pakistan are significant and what the Chinese concerns are. Therefore, the objective of this research is to analyse a growing Pak–China bilateral interests, particularly at Gwadar, to achieve the geostrategic objectives of China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). Design/methodology/approach The study adopts a qualitative means to discuss the significance of China’s ambitions towards the CPEC project concerning strategic deep-sea management and maritime regulations in the region, with a particular focus on the Gwadar Port. Findings The paper concludes that the Gwadar Port is a critical element for maritime security in the whole region. The study also provides an analysis of national and international, security and legal challenges associated with CPEC. Originality/value Most of the potential outcomes have already been discussed in public, though a limited academic discussion is available on the legal aspects. It is particularly so with regard to the development and capacity building in the maritime sector of Pakistan under this project. This study aims to explore why marine development and maritime security in Pakistan is significant and what the Chinese concerns are.
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Bonafé, Beatrice I. "Maritime Delimitation in the Indian Ocean." American Journal of International Law 111, no. 3 (July 2017): 725–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2017.86.
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On February 2, 2017, the International Court of Justice (ICJ or Court) delivered a judgment rejecting preliminary objections to its jurisdiction in Maritime Delimitation in the Indian Ocean. The underlying contentious case between Somalia and Kenya concerns the establishment of a single maritime boundary between the two states. The decision on preliminary objections provides important insights on the Court's interpretation of optional clause declarations that include a reservation for alternative methods of dispute settlement.
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Zhou, Peilin, and Byongug Jeong. "Ship Lifecycle." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 4 (April 7, 2020): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8040262.
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Saha, Kawshik, and Afsana Alam. "Planning for Blue Economy: Prospects of Maritime Spatial Planning in Bangladesh." AIUB Journal of Science and Engineering (AJSE) 17, no. 2 (July 31, 2018): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.53799/ajse.v17i2.10.
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Over the years, there has been a growing concern to adopt new strategies for sustainable marine resource management. Coastal countries are implementing new policies, methods and plans to develop long term vision and secure financial investments for their coastal and marine spaces. Recently maritime spatial planning (MSP) is gaining attention as a new approach to sustainable marine resource management by integrating economic, environmental and social concerns is same management platform. In many countries, MSP has been proved as an effective tool to implement ecosystem based approach of planning to achieve long term maritime vision. Bangladesh, with growing economic interest on coastal and marine resources, is looking to adopt best strategies for achieving blue economy goals. However, degrading ocean health due to anthropogenic pressure and impact of climate change are major challenges that need to be faced. This paper explores implication of Maritime Spatial Planning for ocean resource management to achieve blue economy goals and overcome future environmental constraints as well. The authors aim to introduce maritime spatial planning (MSP) as potential tool for sustainable marine resource management to wide range of researchers, professionals working with coastal and marine issues in Bangladesh to encourage further research and exploration.
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Đukić, Zlatko. "Some Legal Questions Concerning Loans and Legal Disputes in the Roman and Medieval Commercial Navigation." Journal of Maritime & Transportation Science 52, no. 1 (December 2016): 183–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.18048/2016.52.10.
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The paper describes basic financial elements of commercial navigation during the Roman and medieval period. These primarily include the persons who financed the voyage, as well as other partners as determined by law. The legal regulation in question concerns maritime loan, a deposit used as an instrument of security for the return of loan ever since the Ancient times by the Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans, and other maritime nations in the Eastern Mediterranean. The oldest legal regulations related to maritime loan can be found in the Roman law, the Rhodian Law on Jettison of Cargo, and the Rhodian Sea Law (Lex Rhodia). The paper analyses elements related to maritime litigation as well as other relevant issues such as maritime flags. In addition, the paper explores the extent of the influence that these regulations have had on the resolution of certain legal issues connected with maritime navigation.
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Kałkowska, Elwira. "Woman on Board — Female Perspective." Annual of Navigation 24, no. 1 (December 1, 2017): 245–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aon-2017-0018.
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AbstractThe article presents a comparison of the results of exploration that have been made at the Faculty of Navigation (FON) at the Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland with results of Universities of European countries. This comparison was made by a student of Mari-time University. The aim of the study is to show the maritime industry and society a difference in education, gaining sea practice, willingness and concerns faced by female students of the Maritime Universities. This study is based on a questionnaire, which is available in two languages — Polish and English — as well as on paper and electronic form. Survey includes 25 questions about inspiration, motivation but also the concerns related with physical and mental powerlessness. The answers are presented in the form of graphs and comments. Text of the article contains valuable information not only for future employers of young women but also for young ladies who face the choice of university.
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Fratila (Adam), Alexandra, Ioana Andrada Gavril (Moldovan), Sorin Cristian Nita, and Andrei Hrebenciuc. "The Importance of Maritime Transport for Economic Growth in the European Union: A Panel Data Analysis." Sustainability 13, no. 14 (July 16, 2021): 7961. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13147961.
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Maritime transport is one of the main activities of the blue economy, which plays an important role in the EU. In this paper, we aim to assess the impact of maritime transport, related investment, and air pollution on economic growth within 20 countries of the European Union, using eight panel data regression models from 2007 to 2018. Our results confirm that maritime transport, air pollutants (NOx and SO2) from maritime transport, and investment in maritime port infrastructure are indeed positively correlated with economic growth. In other words, an increase of 10% in these factors has generated an associated increase in economic growth rate of around 1.6%, 0.4%, 0.8%, and 0.7% respectively. Alongside the intensity of economic maritime activities, pollution is positively correlated with economic growth, and thus it is recommended that policymakers and other involved stakeholders act to diminish environmental impacts in this sector using green investment in port infrastructure and ecological ships, in accordance with the current European trends and concerns.
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WOLF, BURKHARDT. "Discurso des Scheiterns. : Das Schiffbruch-Narrativ und seine Wendepunkte." Zeitschrift für Germanistik 29, no. 3 (January 1, 2019): 481–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/92165_481.
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Abstract Vom Untergang zur See zu handeln, führt in der westlichen Erzähltradition seit Homer auf kosmologische und existentielle, politische und ökonomische Belange. Will man von einem regelrechten ,,Schiffbruch-Narrativ“ sprechen, dann ist dieses nicht nur durch eine longue durée motivischer und struktureller Beständigkeit ausgezeichnet, sondern auch durch einen hohen Grad an sprachlich-formaler Selbstreflexivität und seit der Neuzeit durch die Engführung nautischer mit poetischen Innovationen. Wendepunkte markiert das Scheitern nunmehr in seefahrts- und auch literaturhistorischer Hinsicht, weshalb man, wie im Portugal der Entdeckerzeit, von einem maritimen ,,discurso“ sprechen kann.In the Western narrative tradition since Homer, relating to sea losses leads to cosmological and existential, political and economic concerns. The ,,shipwreck narrative“ is characterized by a long-lasting motivic and structural consistency. But furthermore, it exhibits a high degree of linguistic and formal self-reflexiveness, and since modern times, it brings together nautical with poetic innovations. The sinking now marks turning points in terms of maritime navigation as well as literary history, which is why, as in Portugal of the time of discovery, one can speak of a maritime ,,discurso“.
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Khan, Khalil Ur Rahman. "Piracy and Maritime Terrorism; Serious Perils to Sea Security." Global Strategic & Securities Studies Review V, no. III (September 30, 2020): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2020(v-iii).04.
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In today's global environment, security concerns are posturing grave and animated challenges towards domestic as well as global stability. Two particular issues, piracy and maritime terrorism, are one of the modern challenges having worldwide bearing on maritime trade and security. The huge and mostly uncontrolled maritime zone permits pirates and terrorists to achieve their ulterior motives. To device effective countermeasures against them, it must be defined whether or not a nexus is forming between pirates and terrorists as the matching physiognomies make it perplexing to divergent them away from each other. The research paper examines the manifestation of piracy and maritime terrorism, the existing national/ international legal framework on the matter and practices adopted worldwide to address the issue. By appraising the legal instruments, copious useful recommendations are presented to enhance their effectiveness in fighting piracy and maritime terrorism from intimidating the safety of the seafaring trade and security.
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Odom, Jonathan G. "Guerrillas in the Sea Mist." Asia-Pacific Journal of Ocean Law and Policy 3, no. 1 (June 8, 2018): 31–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24519391-00301003.
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Building upon recent scholarship about the maritime militia of the People’s Republic of China, this article analyzes a number of concerns about that militia’s status and its activities under existing regimes of international law. First, it lays the foundation of general principles of state responsibility and attribution as they pertain to the maritime militia. Thereafter, it identifies and applies three specialized bodies of international law to China’s use of its maritime militia, including the law of the sea, the use of force by states, and the law of naval warfare. Ultimately, the article concludes that there are serious potential consequences and ramifications under international law arising from China’s maritime militia. Looking ahead, the article then provides a series of recommended options that other nations should consider in addressing these legal problems.
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Barnes, Richard. "Places of Refuge for Ships. Emerging Environmental Concerns for a Maritime Custom." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 23, no. 1 (2008): 177–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/092735208x272265.
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Guo, Ran. "China’s Maritime Silk Road Initiative and the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 32, no. 3 (September 18, 2017): 510–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718085-12323033.
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Abstract China’s 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road Initiative urges the protection of underwater cultural heritage on the Maritime Silk Road, which demands China’s effort as much as that of international community. The Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage (unesco Convention) provides an international legal framework for China to protect underwater cultural heritage and facilitate cooperation with other State Parties. China’s concerns over ratifying the unesco Convention mainly relate to its jurisdiction, ownership and international obligations on the issue, which can be solved with the basic principles and a revision of Chinese laws. China’s ratification will ensure the international protection of underwater cultural heritage on the Maritime Silk Road; and more importantly, it will provide an opportunity for the joint development in the South China Sea, thus breaking the bottleneck of the Maritime Silk Road Initiative. Therefore, China should ratify the unesco Convention.
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Kraska, James. "The Law of the Sea Convention and the Northwest Passage." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 22, no. 2 (2007): 257–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180807781361467.
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AbstractConcern over the loss of sea ice has renewed discussions over the legal status of the Arctic and sub-Arctic transcontinental maritime route connecting the Atlantic and the Pacific, referred to as the "Northwest Passage." Over the last thirty years, Canada has maintained that the waters of the Passage are some combination of internal waters or territorial seas. Applying the rules of international law, as reflected in the 1982 United Nations Law of the Sea Convention, suggests that the Passage is a strait used for international navigation. Expressing concerns over maritime safety and security, recognition of northern sovereignty, and protection of the fragile Arctic environment, Canada has sought to exercise greater authority over the Passage. This article suggests that Canada can best achieve widespread global support for managing its maritime Arctic by acknowledging that the passage constitutes an international strait and then working through the International Maritime Organization to develop a comprehensive package of internationally accepted regulations.
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Pappa, Marianthi. "The Impact of Judicial Delimitation on Private Rights Existing in Contested Waters: Implications for the Somali-Kenyan Maritime Dispute." Journal of African Law 61, no. 3 (October 2017): 393–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855317000286.
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AbstractThis article raises concerns about the impact of judicial delimitation on private exploratory rights existing in contested waters. These concerns stem from the tendency of judges to disregard any non-geographic factors during the process of maritime delimitation. This practice allows for the reallocation of the private rights in question and eventually creates tension between public international law and private law. This is discussed in the context of the Somali-Kenyan maritime dispute, which is currently under judicial consideration. The article will demonstrate that, insofar as international judges apply the standard doctrines of delimitation, the prospective judgment may cause the reallocation and, ultimately, the frustration of Kenya's private exploratory contracts in the disputed area. It suggests that a unitization agreement entered after delimitation may reverse this outcome. However, inasmuch as state cooperation lacks the cloak of international custom, the interests of private actors operating in contested waters remain at stake.
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Schofield, Clive. "Climate Change and Changing Coasts." Korean Journal of International and Comparative Law 5, no. 1 (June 7, 2017): 36–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134484-12340078.
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Sea level rise has provoked widespread concerns that low-lying parts of coastal States including parts or even the entirety of small island developing States face a looming threat of erosion and inundation. Concerns over the potential impacts of sea level rise on the location of baselines along the coast and therefore on the scope of national claims to maritime jurisdiction have also been raised. The article outlines climate change impacts on the oceans before briefly reviewing projections of sea level rise. A number of the complexities and uncertainties which make prediction of the scale and speed of global sea level rise problematic are highlighted. The importance of assessing relative sea level against the contrasting responses of coasts with diverse geophysical characteristics and distinct coastal ecosystems is emphasised. Potential impacts on island coastlines in the Pacific are then considered and implications maritime claims discussed.
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Hartoyo, Popo, and Deddy Dwi Yusdiyanto. "Education for Marine Environment Concern for Muara Baru Fishermen in Accordance with the Maritime Convention [Edukasi Kepedulian Lingkungan Laut bagi Nelayan Muara Baru Sesuai dengan Konvensi Maritim]." Proceeding of Community Development 2 (February 21, 2019): 956. http://dx.doi.org/10.30874/comdev.2018.465.
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Marine pollution has been common in Indonesian waters, including one of the hot issues that just happened is the discovery of plastic waste in the bodies of dead whales stranded in Wakatobi, Sulawesi. Marine pollution, in this case, garbage, is more often due to human behavior in littering. It also includes the possibility of fishing behavior. Fishermen in their work, it often takes days to go to sea, so they bring supplies, which are not uncommon to supply food into garbage in the open ocean. And also garbage or other pollution caused by fishermen. In maritime science, there are many conventions that regulate environmental concerns when humans are in the waters. These conventions are the basis for providing education to fishermen regarding environmental concerns.
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Zhong, Hui. "Underwater cultural heritage and the disputed South China Sea." China Information 34, no. 3 (February 17, 2020): 361–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0920203x20905302.
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Due to unsolved maritime delimitations, the protection of underwater cultural heritage (hereafter underwater heritage) in the South China Sea demands coordinated action by neighbouring states. However, the suspicion that China uses underwater heritage to justify its interests has tempered the general enthusiasm of its neighbours to cooperate in the issue of heritage protection. In the face of such concerns, this article examines the role of underwater heritage in China’s South China Sea claims, and it argues that underwater heritage provides little support to underpin China’s territorial or maritime claims. In addition, China’s initiatives in maritime archaeology have long been misinterpreted. Instead of being entirely driven by its South China Sea claims, China’s approach to underwater heritage is a natural result of its general policy on cultural heritage and nation-building philosophy.
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Onuoha, Freedom C. "Piracy and Maritime Security off the Horn of Africa: Connections, Causes, and Concerns." African Security 3, no. 4 (November 29, 2010): 191–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19392206.2010.533067.
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ONUOHA, FREEDOM C. "Piracy and Maritime Security in the Gulf of Guinea: Trends, Concerns, and Propositions." Journal of the Middle East and Africa 4, no. 3 (October 2013): 267–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21520844.2013.862767.
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Zeien, Jennifer J., and J. F. Hillmann. "The Contribution of Maritime Economics to the Revitalization of the U.S. Marine Industry." Marine Technology and SNAME News 33, no. 01 (January 1, 1996): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.1996.33.1.1.
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A thorough understanding of the role of economics in the various sectors of the maritime industry is vital to success in increasingly global markets. In this paper, the authors discuss the importance of economics in the maritime industry and the consequences of ignoring the effect of economic factors. The authors explore the effect that economics has on the industry's organization, including its structure, behavior, and performance. They examine the relationship between maritime economics and transportation economics, and explore implications of modeling the demand for shipping and shipbuilding services as a derivative of the demand for international trade and commerce. In this regard, the authors present the U.S. maritime industry and chart significant milestones in its development. This factors into a discussion of the impact of the globalization of commercial shipping. The authors also consider the history of government involvement and the military role of the maritime industry. The central thesis of this discussion is that the markets for ships and shipping are becoming increasingly more competitive, and less susceptible to outside constraint. The authors then illustrate their thesis by presenting case studies capturing the two main segments of the maritime industry: international shipping and international shipbuilding. The authors prescribe the need for a market-driven industry receiving minimal intervention by government. Finally, the authors discuss the role of SNAME's Panel 0–36, "Maritime Economics," in relation to the concerns of maritime economics that embrace far-reaching issues with significant application to shipping and shipbuilding in the United States.
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Suedi, Yusra. "Man, Land and Sea: Local Populations in Territorial and Maritime Disputes before the International Court of Justice." Law & Practice of International Courts and Tribunals 20, no. 1 (March 29, 2021): 30–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718034-12341438.
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Abstract The International Court of Justice routinely resolves territorial and maritime boundary disputes between States. Such disputes often carry repercussions for the lives and livelihoods of local populations living on the territories of the State litigants. This analysis seeks to examine the extent to which State litigants’ concerns for the impact of maritime disputes or territorial disputes on their local populations are factored into the Court’s decision-making process. It also seeks to identify reasons for the Court’s approach in such disputes, and to explore the potential role of the principle of equity in such contexts.
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Myburgh, Paul. "Uniformity or Unilateralism in the Law of Carriage of Goods by Sea?" Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 31, no. 2 (May 1, 2000): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v31i2.5953.
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The ideal of international uniformity has always been regarded as particularly important to maritime law. However, over the past decade or so, the uniformity of the law of international carriage of goods by sea has increasingly been undermined by the unilateral adoption by maritime jurisdictions of "hybrid carriage regimes" which depart from the established international uniform rules.In this article Paul Myburgh argues that this trend towards adoption of divergent carriage regimes is highly problematic, not merely because of their detrimental effects on international uniformity and the coherence of maritime law and international transport law in general, but also because of more fundamental concerns about the validity of these regimes at international law, the practical conflict of laws problems that that they will generate, and their distorting effects on multimodal transport. The article concludes with some suggestions for future reform in this area.
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Craig, Robin Kundis. "Climate Change, Oceans, Public Health, and the Law." Climate Law 4, no. 1-2 (July 25, 2014): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18786561-00402007.
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The oceans are bearing the brunt of climate change, with significant direct implications for the world’s weather and climate, navigation and maritime commerce, ocean water quality, marine biodiversity, sea-level rise, and storm surge. All of these impacts, in turn, raise public health concerns, albeit in a variety of different ways.
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Smith, Jason W. "Thou Uncracked Keel: The Many Voyages of the Whaleship Charles W. Morgan and the Presence of the American Maritime Past." New England Quarterly 89, no. 3 (September 2016): 421–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tneq_a_00547.
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Mystic Seaport Museum's Charles W. Morgan is an artifact of public history and a symbol of public memory recast to negotiate contemporary concerns from war and social crises to environmentalism. The historic whaleship is a potent vessel of memory whose changing meanings speak to the presence of the maritime past.
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Khan, Asghar Ullah, Zain Ul Abiden Malik, and Hani Fatima Malik. "AN EXAMINATION ON THE BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE OF CHINA IN 21ST CENTURY." JUNE 02, no. 01 (June 30, 2021): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.53664/jsrd/02-01-2021-09-87-95.
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The current research analyzes Indian concerns about China's growing impact in the Indian Ocean region, particularly the transformation activities on the China's Maritime Silk Road and China's Silk Road Economic Belt in the 21st century. The research looks deeply at the reasons for the Indian anxiety and misunderstanding of the China Belt and Road Initiative, especially the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road. The research also claims that global support has exposed the role of China's BRI in regional socio-economic connectivity. India, however, is the largest nation in South Asia and has a positive impact on the Indian Ocean. In other South Asian countries, apart from Pakistan, it plays an important role in the economic, military and communications. The attitude of India is very crucial to the China's BRI. As China's most significant neighbor, the Century Maritime Silk Road With respect to its economy and its military size.
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Minaeva, Irina Dmitrievna. "Organization of English self-study of part-time maritime students." Development of education, no. 1 (3) (March 18, 2019): 86–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31483/r-22042.
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The paper considers the issues of part-time students’ self-study and various ways of its organization in the terms of education modernization. The discussion concerns a reasonable application of new technologies together with traditional methods of teaching part-time students a foreign language. The aim of applying new technologies is enhancing the effectiveness of education with competence approach in marine English teaching in order to develop the competence in compliance with federal educational standards of higher education (FGOS VO) and the IMO STCW Convention (1978/95).
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Vieira, Rui Castro. "An overview of the developments of the European Common Fisheries Policy regarding sustainable development and its regionalisation in Portugal and the Autonomous Regions." UNIO – EU Law Journal 5, no. 1 (June 13, 2019): 92–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.21814/unio.5.1.254.
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The European integration is not only a continental, but also a maritime integration, with the development of a maritime market including its maritime resources like fisheries. The development of the Common Fisheries Policy, in the European Union, has been marked by a few peculiar principles and tension among Member States. These developments have also been challenged by the developments of International Law, especially the Law of the Seas Convention, as well as the increasing attention given to a sustainable development and the need for maritime environmental development. The latest years have also been marked by a need for decentralization and regionalisation of the Common Fisheries Policy. The Iberian nations, especially Portugal, are a distinctive case with the rather difficult Common Fisheries Policy Integration. In spite of that, its singularity regarding its maritime presence and autonomic decentralized model give new potential for a new management and development of a decentralized Common Fisheries Policy, as well as a new possibility for sustainable development. In this paper, we analyse the development of the European Common Fisheries Policy as well as its role and interaction with International Law and the new concerns regarding sustainability of fishing stocks and its new management approach and needs for regionalisation. We also analyse its repercussions on Portugal and the potential offered by its own maritime and territorial peculiarities with its archipelagos and their own qualities and aptitude for a sustainable integration of the Common Fisheries Policy.
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Gardella, Robert. "The Maritime History of Late Imperial China: Observations on Current Concerns and Recent Research." Late Imperial China 6, no. 2 (1985): 48–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/late.1985.0006.
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Schofield, Clive. "Arming Merchant Vessels: Enhancing or Imperilling Maritime Safety and Security?" Korean Journal of International and Comparative Law 2, no. 1 (April 24, 2014): 46–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134484-12340026.
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Abstract The substantial rise in the threat of attacks against shipping off the coast of Somalia from 2008 prompted a range of counter-piracy efforts. Among these measures the embarkation of privately contracted armed security personnel (pcasp) has been credited as having played an important role in the recent reduction in ‘pirate’ attacks. Despite considerable reluctance on the part of the shipping industry, the use of pcasp has become increasingly prevalent giving rise to practical and legal concerns over this practice. The advent of the use of pcasp is set in context, efforts towards their regulation outlined and problematic issues highlighted.
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Kurniawan, Muhammad Hasan Sidiq, and Duhania Oktasya Mahara. "Survival Analysis Based on Average Response Time of Maritime Search and Rescue (SAR) Incidents in 2019 Using Kaplan-Meier Method and Log-Rank Test." Enthusiastic : International Journal of Applied Statistics and Data Science 1, no. 01 (April 21, 2021): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.20885/enthusiastic.vol1.iss1.art2.
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Indonesia is the largest archipelagic country in the world (based on area and population), which makes it as one of countries with the most significant maritime activities. Therefore, there has been a high rate of maritime accidents in Indonesia. The National Search and Rescue Agency (BASARNAS) as a non-ministerial government agency with the primary task of Search and Rescue (SAR) operation deals with several types of accidents, including maritime accidents. Response time as the time to receive news about the accidents until the SAR unit comes to the rescue is very crucial in this matter. Average response time is stipulated based on BASARNAS’s regulations to estimate information about the survival probability of the victims. This research concerns with the survival analysis using Kaplan-Meier Method and Log-Rank Test. The researchers categorized maritime accidents into three categories: ‘Low’, ‘Medium’, and ‘High’. This classification aims to find out whether the survival function of each category has the same or different function and to investigate whether there are differences from the given responses or not. The survival analysis with Kaplan-Meier method revealed that the three categories had different survival functions. The survival analysis was followed by a Log-Rank Test. The final result shows that there is no difference in the responses given by the three categories when maritime accidents occur. Received February 10, 2021Revised March 29, 2021Accepted March 29, 2021
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Olaniyi, Eunice O., Sina Atari, and Gunnar Prause. "Maritime Energy Contracting for Clean Shipping." Transport and Telecommunication Journal 19, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ttj-2018-0004.
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Abstract To reduce the Sulphur emission from shipping and ensure clean shipping, a number of Sulphur Emission Control Areas (SECA) were enforced in special areas around the globe. From 2015, in SECA, ship owners are not allowed to use fuel with more than 0.1% Sulphur content. One of the major concerns for the SECA regulation is that maritime stakeholders have had to take into consideration the costs as well as the tolerable risks of their compliance investment options. Besides that, low freight rates have increased the competition and had caused financial pressure on ship owners so that lower capital reserves and low credibility levels limit the manoeuvring space for investment activities. The indications from BSR after 2015 showed that the low fuel price has eased the economic effects of the SECA regulation and as a result, most ship owners have delayed their investment decisions. Even though the postponement of emission abatement techniques seems to have reduced the compliance expenses for SECA, they, however, did not improve the position of shipowners relative to their competitors. Consequently, new policy instruments to stimulate innovation, to raise competitiveness and to comply with the new environmental regulations are needed. It would have been easier to hedge fuel price volatility and offer maritime logistics services for a lower price, but to be able to ensure sustainable results in long-term, maritime stakeholders must be ready to device astute strategies that can propel them to unparalleled advantage. This research first appraised the investment risks and payback period associated with the scrubber using different capital budgeting methods. It further illustrated the Maritime Energy Contracting (MEC) model as a market mechanism for the delivery of a cost-effective emission reduction using the scrubber technology as well as an instrument to realise a competitive advantage for ship operators. The results are empirically validated by case studies from BSR.
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Mehmood, Zaeem Hassan, and Ramla Khan. "Assessing Indian Ocean Economics: Perspective from Pakistan." Andalas Journal of International Studies (AJIS) 10, no. 1 (June 28, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/ajis.10.1.1-15.2021.
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The Indian Ocean offers the “global commons” the sea lanes of communication that connects the East with the West. These SLOCs nurtures the global economic world by providing for a classical instance of ‘multilateral maritime matrix,’ whereby merchant ships are manufactured in one country, maintained and owned by another, underwritten by third, registered in fourth and crewed by subjects of another. In this regard, the strategic and commercial concerns of nation-states extends from its immediate maritime borders to the protection of chokepoints where merchandise is most vulnerable to array of contemporary security threats. The third largest ocean, since the cessation of bipolar hostilities after the end of the Cold War, has been integrated to global market economics to a critical extent whereby any interruptions to the established trade networks is likely to have a ‘shockwave effect’. The Indian Ocean is presaged to continue as a ‘central shipment pathway’ for regional and inter-continental trade in wide scope of commercial commodity items. The patterns observed in the region consists of up gradation of existing port infrastructure and developing export markets and resources based on blue economy would strengthen maritime ties. These transformations have the potential to permit the Indian Ocean to be the “strategic heart of the maritime world”.
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Appleby, John C., and Mary O'Dowd. "The Irish admiralty: its organisation and development, c. 1570-1640." Irish Historical Studies 24, no. 95 (May 1985): 299–326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021121400034234.
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There were two main concerns of Tudor and Stuart governments in relation to the sea surrounding the coast of Ireland. First, and most important, there was the need to defend it from hostile ships belonging to England's enemies. This involved the security of England as much as Ireland and, throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, was usually controlled by the admiralty establishment in London. The setting out and supervision of ships to defend the Irish and English coasts was rarely delegated to an Irish authority. The second concern was the administration of the law maritime in Ireland. The law maritime included within its jurisdiction all crimes committed at sea or on the coast such as the seizure and robbing of ships by pirates and other sea-rovers, as well as cases involving death aboard ship, seamen's wages, salvage, wreck, damage by collision at sea, and other disputes involving the sea or the men who earned their living from it. In the medieval period such matters were often dealt with in the courts of chancery and exchequer, but in the later middle ages a separate admiralty court emerged in England where the civil maritime law was practised. The existence of the court, however, remained shadowy until it was enlarged and established on a permanent basis in the 1530s. At the same time, procedure in the court was simplified by the passing of an act which allowed for the prosecution of crimes at sea by special commissions according to common law.
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Parker, Richard D., and Zagros Madjd-Sadjadi. "Emerging legal concerns in the Arctic: sovereignty, navigation and land claim disputes." Polar Record 46, no. 4 (December 9, 2009): 336–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247409990386.
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ABSTRACTWith global warming, the clearance of the Northwest Passage and the rising demands for new energy resources, the sovereignty of Canadian and other national land claims in the Arctic north is coming into question by those wishing to control access to this region. The present paper examines issues involving emerging landmasses, maritime rights, strategic control and navigation, perhaps the most important variable, and the consequences in terms of commercial economies and geopolitical impacts. We consider many variables such as the 1982 Falkland Islands war as a demonstrative example that may have translatable impact in future years. Our purpose in this paper is to raise awareness of impending geopolitical activities that are inevitable during the 21st century as the Arctic pack ice retreats.
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Santos, Alberto. "Quelques éléments sur les implications de la stratégie maritime américaine en Europe." Études internationales 18, no. 4 (April 12, 2005): 761–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/702251ar.
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It is generally accepted that maritime strategy, which has never ceased to be one of the main concerns of the American strategists since 1898, has contributed significantly to the changes which have occurred in strategic thought since 1981, and that it has an influence on the evolution of the Atlantic Alliance. In this study, an attempt is made to full the gaps in the thoughts on US maritime strategy by focussing on an analysis of the debate as revived by the 1982 war in the Malvinas although such debate was current under the Carter administration; a debate which has attracted very little attention, if any, from those who have been studying the question of expenditures in Europe. It opposes two of the main schools of thought in strategy, namely the maritimist and the coalitionist.
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Nguyen, Luc Tien. "Japan and the solution for the issues of East sea dispute - its expected roles and implementing ability." Science and Technology Development Journal 17, no. 1 (March 31, 2014): 78–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v17i1.1249.
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Recently, China has shown her strong expansionism in East Sea while The US also expresses her determination of implementing the “coming back to Asia” policy. In that context, Japan openly expresses the concerns and actively establishes its role in solving the issues of East Sea. The recent move of Japan is not a single move but in a series of strategic policies of Japan in order to ensure maritime security of Japan as well as restrain the expansionism of China. ASEAN countries such as Vietnam and the Philippines give a cheerful reception toward this move of Japan and hope that Japan can play an active role and more effective in resolving the issue of East Sea dispute. This paper will clarify the following issues: 1. The concern of Japan toward the East Sea Dispute and the move of Japan in the issue. 2. Expectation of ASEAN countries and the world about the role of Japan in resolving the East Sea dispute. 3. From Japan’s perspective of its maritime policy and international relationship strategy, particularly the relationship with the US, China, and ASEAN, the paper will examine whether Japan can meet the expectations of ASEAN countries and the world in resolving the issue of East Sea Dispute.
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Przedrzymirska, Joanna, Jacek Zaucha, Helena Calado, Ivana Lukic, Martina Bocci, Emiliano Ramieri, Mario Cana Varona, et al. "Multi-Use of the Sea as a Sustainable Development Instrument in Five EU Sea Basins." Sustainability 13, no. 15 (July 21, 2021): 8159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158159.
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This paper examines the concept of maritime multi-use as a territorial/SPATIAL governance instrument for the enhancement of sustainable development in five EU sea basins. Multi-use (MU) is expected to enhance the productivity of blue economy sectors, as well as deliver additional socio-economic benefits related to the environmental and social dimensions of sustainable development. The paper provides a definition of maritime multi-use and identifies the multi-uses with the highest potential in EU sea basins. In each sea basin, multi-use plays a different role as concerns sustainable development. For the Eastern Baltic Sea, the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea, the MU focus should remain on the environmental pillar of sustainable development. In the North Sea, North Atlantic and Western Baltic Sea, addressing social sustainability seems a key precondition for success of MU in enhancement of sustainable spatial development at sea. Moreover, it has been suggested to introduce MU key global strategies such as SDGs or Macroregional strategies and action plans and to supplement maritime spatial planning with sectoral incentives and educational efforts as key vehicles supporting MU. The paper concludes by identifying aspects which, in order to inform maritime spatial planning and maritime governance regarding a more conscious application of the aforementioned concept, require further investigation. Key tasks are related to: more profound evaluation of performance of policies supporting MUs, researching the impact of MU on societal goals and on the MU costs and benefits, including external ones, and finally identifying the impact of MU on the development of various sectors and regions on land.
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Stephens, Tim, and Donald R. Rothwell. "The LOSC Framework for Maritime Jurisdiction and Enforcement 30 Years On." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 27, no. 4 (2012): 701–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718085-12341250.
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Abstract Rules of jurisdiction and immunity are central to public international law, and equally vital to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC). The LOSC established an extensive framework to regulate legislative and enforcement jurisdiction over ocean space; one that has proven to be remarkably durable, despite lingering uncertainties in the compromise reached between coastal and maritime states. State practice diverging from the LOSC’s jurisdictional scheme has been isolated and infrequent, and the scheme has been strengthened and elaborated by regional and global treaties addressing contemporary oceans governance challenges, especially in the arenas of pollution control and fisheries management. As the LOSC turns thirty, a key challenge will be keeping in check the designs of coastal states over adjacent maritime space as they look seawards to address pressing concerns of resource, food, energy and environmental security.
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Kierklo, Karolina. "Variability of Air Masses Over Podlasie (Ne Poland) in the Years 2001–2010." Bulletin of Geography. Physical Geography Series 5, no. 1 (December 28, 2012): 97–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10250-012-0006-5.
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Abstract This paper concerns the frequency and duration of air masses over Podlasie (NE Poland) in the years 2001-2010. The synoptic maps in the Daily Meteorological Bulletin of the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management (IMGW 2001-2010) were the basis for the designation of six air masses observed over the area of Podlasie every day for 12.00 UTC. They were: arctic air (A), continental polar air (cP) partly transformed from old arctic air (oA), maritime polar air (mP), maritime warm polar air (mwP), old maritime polar air (omP), tropical air (T). The analysis shows that the most frequent air mass in the whole period was cP partly transformed from oA (approx. 33%) followed by omP (approx. 24%) and mP (19%). Tropical air occurred over Podlasie with the lowest frequency, with a value of only 3.6%. The frequencies of their occurrence varied from year to year. Less than 12% of cases (approx. 210) occurred for 4-20 days. The minimum values occurred for periods of more than 9 days (cP and omP masses, only). Slightly higher values occurred in the case of 7- to 9-day periods (6-14 cases 1.5%).
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Lim, Tai Wei. "The Cheng Ho (Zheng He) Cultural Museum in Malacca (Melaka)." Asian Journal of Comparative Politics 3, no. 3 (December 7, 2017): 232–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2057891117746768.
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The Zheng He Museum is an important depository of material artefacts related to Zheng He’s seven voyages through the maritime world. This writing intends to highlight three contemporary narratives related to his legacies: (1) the idea of Zheng He as a symbol of the ‘art of collaboration’; (2) the narrative that associates Zheng He with peaceful tributary relations; and (3) the concept of Malacca as an emporium of trade that prospered under official trade and diplomatic exchanges with Ming dynasty China. All three narratives highlight the idea of the Maritime Silk Road as a metaphor for exchanges, trade, politics, culture and the ‘Asian’ way of mediating differences between nations. The narratives conform to the idea of the Silk Road Ethos by exceptionalizing intercultural respect and non-hegemonic Pan-Asianism. Arising from these narratives and related to the material artefacts presented in the Malacca Zheng He Museum, the important legacies of Zheng He’s maritime voyages related to contemporary concerns in East Asia are in the realm of conflict resolution, capacity-building and free trade, although, for objectivity, this writing will also selectively discuss contested elements and alternative interpretations of the symbolism of Zheng He’s voyages.
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Zhao, Xiaoyuan, Haiwen Yuan, and Qing Yu. "Autonomous Vessels in the Yangtze River: A Study on the Maritime Accidents Using Data-Driven Bayesian Networks." Sustainability 13, no. 17 (September 6, 2021): 9985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13179985.
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The prototypes of autonomous vessels are expected to come into service within the coming years, but safety concerns remain due to complex traffic and natural conditions (e.g., Yangtze River). However, the response of autonomous vessels to potential accidents is still uncertain. The accident prevention for autonomous vessels is unconvincing due to the lack of objective studies on the causation analysis for maritime accidents. This paper constitutes an attempt to cover the aforementioned gap by studying the potential causations for maritime accidents in the Yangtze River by using a Bayesian-based network training approach. More than two hundred accidents reported between 2013 and 2019 in the Yangtze River are collected. As a result, a Bayesian network (BN) is successfully established to describe the causations among different risk influencing factors. By analysing the BN, this study reveals that the occurrence of maritime accidents (e.g., collision, grounding) can be expected to reduce with the development of autonomous vessels as the crews are removed. However, the extent of the consequences from some accidents (e.g., fire, critical weathers) could be more serious than conventional ones. Therefore, more attention and thoughts are needed to ensure the safe navigation of autonomous vessels in the Yangtze River.
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AunAli, Alifiya, and Sajjad Khrbey. "Dhows in Doldrums: a Spotlight on an Informal Segment of Pakistan’s Maritime Economy." Polaris – Journal of Maritime Research 2, no. 1 (December 20, 2020): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.53963/pjmr.2020.001.2.
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This paper elaborates upon the challenges faced by Dhow making industry in Pakistan, where dhows have always served as the traditional means of cargo transportation. Dhows have also been useful in trade especially with secondary ports and war -torn countries of the Middle East and Africa. The decreasing trend in trade through dhows is affecting not only the maritime economy but also may lead to the extinction of traditional and customary knowledge of dhow making industry. Pakistan needs to ensure that policy gaps are filled to address the concerns of all stakeholders and steps may be taken to identify it as a formal industry in the maritime economy. Moreover, training and capacity building programs will also play an eminent role in generating relevant workforce for boosting the growth of the boat making industry. Active efforts are needed for Public Private Partnership and incentivizing dhow trade also with the assurance of the availability of required raw materials that would help in the revival of the industry. The utilization of modern technology, adequate facilities such as revision of port charges and availability of basic infrastructure are recommended to excel the growth of this vital segment of maritime economy.
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Huang, Hong, Hua Feng Yu, and Guang Ming Liu. "Ballast Waters Treatment Using UV/(H2O2+O3) Advanced Oxidation Process with Heterosigma akashiwo, Pyramimimonas sp., and Escherichia coli as Indicator Microorganism." Advanced Materials Research 663 (February 2013): 946–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.663.946.
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Introducing invasive species through ballast water is a specific pollution problem and has recently identified as one of the main concerns of Maritime Organizations. UV/(H2O2/O3) advanced oxidation process is a technological alternative to prevent this maritime pollution. In this present study, inactivation efficiency of the UV/(H2O2/O3) processes for ballast water treatment using Heterosigma akashiwo, Pyramimimonas sp. and Escherichia coli as indicator microorganisms was investigated. Compared with individual or combined two units processes using UV, H2O2 and O3, the UV/(H2O2+O3) process yield the highest levels of inactivation due to synergistic effects. In order to study the dynamic inactivation efficiency of equipment for stimulated ballast water treatment, the effects tests of the hydraulic residence time were conducted. The results indicated that the shorter hydraulic residence time had better inactivation efficiency. These findings have implications for the ballast water treatment.
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Schofield, Clive, and Richard Schofield. "Testing the Waters: Charting The Evolution of Claims to and From Low-Tide Elevations and Artificial Islands under the Law of the Sea." Asia-Pacific Journal of Ocean Law and Policy 1, no. 1 (June 3, 2016): 37–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24519391-00101004.
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Low-tide elevations and artificial islands have received less attention than islands ‘proper’. The article examines the evolution of the law of the sea applicable to such features, providing a contextual background for controversial contemporary state practice relating to their treatment. It includes a detailed case study of how the policies of one major maritime power, the United Kingdom, were formulated, adapted and refined in the face of fast-changing international legal norms and pressing regional concerns. In particular Britain’s consideration of the entitlement of artificial islands in the Persian Gulf during the early 1950s and the question of whether low-tide elevations could be occupied a few years later in the Caribbean region are examined. Subsequent clarifications of relevant positions in international law concerning sovereignty claims to and maritime claims from low-tide elevations and artificial islands are discussed.