Dissertations / Theses: 'Maritime continent'

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Strachan, Jane. "Understanding and modelling the climate of the Maritime Continent." Thesis, University of Reading, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.494989.

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The Maritime Continent has been identified as a region of major climatic importance on both local and global scales. It is essential that the region is sufficiently represented in GCMs in order to correctly reproduce observed regional climatology and ultimately global circulation. However, the region represents a major modelling challenge. Systematic underestimation of precipitation over the Maritime Continent region is experienced in many atmosphere-only general circulation models (AGCMs), including the Hadley Centre Global Atmospheric Model (HadGAMl). The discrepancy in rainfall leads to errors not only in the Maritime Continent region, but to systematic errors elsewhere, both in the tropics and extra-tropics.

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Hamada, Junichi. "A Climatological Study on Rainfall Variations over the Indonesian Maritime Continent." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/149072.

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Ashfold, Matthew James. "Short-lived halocarbons in the atmosphere of the maritime continent : sources and transport." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.607852.

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Gianotti, Rebecca L. (Rebecca Louise). "Convective cloud and rainfall processes over the Maritime Continent : simulation and analysis of the diurnal cycle." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/79488.

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Thesis (Ph. D. in the Field of Hydrology)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, February 2013. "February 2013." Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. Includes bibliographical references (p. 290-307). The Maritime Continent experiences strong moist convection, which produces significant rainfall and drives large fluxes of heat and moisture to the upper troposphere. Despite the importance of these processes to global circulations, current predictions of climate change over this region are still highly uncertain, largely due to inadequate representation of the diurnally-varying processes related to convection. In this work, a coupled numerical model of the land-atmosphere system (RegCM3-IBIS) is used to investigate how more physically-realistic representations of these processes can be incorporated into large-scale climate models. In particular, this work improves simulations of convective-radiative feedbacks and the role of cumulus clouds in mediating the diurnal cycle of rainfall. Three key contributions are made to the development of RegCM3-IBIS. Two pieces of work relate directly to the formation and dissipation of convective clouds: a new representation of convective cloud cover, and a new parameterization of convective rainfall production. These formulations only contain parameters that can be directly quantified from observational data, are independent of model user choices such as domain size or resolution, and explicitly account for subgrid variability in cloud water content and nonlinearities in rainfall production. The third key piece of work introduces a new method for representation of cloud formation within the boundary layer. A comprehensive evaluation of the improved model was undertaken using a range of satellite-derived and ground-based datasets, including a new dataset from Singapore's Changi airport that documents diurnal variation of the local boundary layer height. The performance of RegCM3-IBIS with the new formulations is greatly improved across all evaluation metrics, including cloud cover, cloud liquid water, radiative fluxes and rainfall, indicating consistent improvement in physical realism throughout the simulation. This work demonstrates that: (1) moist convection strongly influences the near surface environment by mediating the incoming solar radiation and net radiation at the surface; (2) dissipation of convective cloud via rainfall plays an equally important role in the convective-radiative feedback as the formation of that cloud; and (3) over parts of the Maritime Continent, rainfall is a product of diurnally-varying convective processes that operate at small spatial scales, on the order of 1 km. by Rebecca L. Gianotti. Ph.D.in the Field of Hydrology

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Kuznetsova, Daria. "Modélisation de l'oscillation Madden-Julian lors de son passage sur l'océan Indien et le continent maritime." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30220/document.

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L'oscillation de Madden-Julian (MJO) est la composante dominante de la variabilité intrasaisonnière dans l'atmosphère tropicale, se propageant vers l'est dans la bande équatoriale. Elle se compose d'un centre convectif (phase active) accompagné de la convergence des anomalies du vent zonal de bas niveau et de la divergence de niveau supérieur, et de zones de convection faible (phases supprimées). Trois périodes de l'activité MJO sur l'océan Indien et le continent maritime ont été choisies : 6-14 avril 2009, 23-30 novembre 2011 et 9-28 février 2013. Les simulations avec et sans paramétrisation de la convection ont été réalisées pour un grand domaine avec le modèle atmosphérique Méso-NH. Il a été obtenu que les simulations avec convection paramétrée n'étaient pas capables de reproduire un signal MJO. Pour 2009 et 2011, lorsque le couplage entre la convection et la circulation de grande échelle était fort, les simulations avec convection explicite ont montré une propagation visible de la MJO, ce qui n'a pas été le cas pour 2013. Pour 2011, les processus contribuant à la suppression de la convection ont été étudiés avec une analyse isentropique pour séparer les masses d'air ascendantes ayant une température potentielle équivalente élevée des masses d'air subsidentes ayant une température potentielle équivalente faible. Trois circulations de grande échelle ont été trouvées : une circulation troposphérique, une circulation de percées nuageuses dans la couche de tropopause tropicale, et une circulation de masses d'air à faible température potentielle équivalente dans la basse troposphère. Cette dernière correspond aux intrusions d'air sec de grande échelle des zones subtropicales dans la bande équatoriale, trouvées principalement pendant la phase supprimée de la MJO sur l'océan Indien The Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) is the dominant component of the intraseasonal variability in the tropical atmosphere, propagating eastward in the equatorial band. It consists of a convective center (active phase) accompanied by the low-level zonal wind anomaly convergence and the upper-level zonal wind anomaly divergence, and zones of weak convection (suppressed phases). Three time periods of the MJO activity over the Indian Ocean and the Maritime Continent were chosen: 6-14 April 2009, 23-30 November 2011, and 9-28 February 2013. The simulations with and without convective parameterizations were performed for a large domain with the atmospheric model Méso-NH. It was obtained that the simulations with parameterized convection were not able to reproduce an MJO signal. For 2009 and 2011 when the coupling between convection and large-scale circulation was strong, the convection-permitting simulations showed a visible MJO propagation, which was not the case for 2013. For the 2011 episode, the processes contributing to the suppression of the convection were studied using an isentropic analysis to separate the ascending air masses with high equivalent potential temperature from the subsiding air masses with low equivalent potential temperature. Three large-scale circulations were found: a tropospheric circulation, an overshoot circulation within the tropical tropopause layer, and a circulation of air masses with low equivalent potential temperature in the lower troposphere. The latter corresponds to the large-scale dry air intrusions from the subtropical zones into the equatorial band, mostly found during the suppressed MJO phase over the Indian Ocean

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Peatman, Simon. "The Madden-Julian Oscillation and the diurnal cycle over the Maritime Continent : scale interactions and modelling." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2014. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/48786/.

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The Maritime Continent archipelago, situated on the equator at 95-165E, has the strongest land-based precipitation on Earth. The latent heat release associated with the rainfall affects the atmospheric circulation throughout the tropics and into the extra-tropics. The greatest source of variability in precipitation is the diurnal cycle. The archipelago is within the convective region of the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO), which provides the greatest variability on intra-seasonal time scales: large-scale (∼10^7 km^2) active and suppressed convective envelopes propagate slowly (∼5 m s^-1) eastwards between the Indian and Paciﬁc Oceans. High-resolution satellite data show that a strong diurnal cycle is triggered to the east of the advancing MJO envelope, leading the active MJO by one-eighth of an MJO cycle (∼6 days). Where the diurnal cycle is strong its modulation accounts for 81% of the variability in MJO precipitation. Over land this determines the structure of the diagnosed MJO. This is consistent with the equatorial wave dynamics in existing theories of MJO propagation. The MJO also affects the speed of gravity waves propagating offshore from the Maritime Continent islands. This is largely consistent with changes in static stability during the MJO cycle. The MJO and its interaction with the diurnal cycle are investigated in HiGEM, a high-resolution coupled model. Unlike many models, HiGEM represents the MJO well with eastward-propagating variability on intra-seasonal time scales at the correct zonal wavenumber, although the inter-tropical convergence zone's precipitation peaks strongly at the wrong time, interrupting the MJO's spatial structure. However, the modelled diurnal cycle is too weak and its phase is too early over land. The modulation of the diurnal amplitude by the MJO is also too weak and accounts for only 51% of the variability in MJO precipitation. Implications for forecasting and possible causes of the model errors are discussed, and further modelling studies are proposed.

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Kwiatkowski, Cornelia Regula Verfasser], Mahyar [Akademischer Betreuer] [Mohtadi, Dierk [Gutachter] Hebbeln, and Heiko [Gutachter] Pälike. "Mid- to late Holocene climate variability of the Maritime Continent / Cornelia Regula Kwiatkowski ; Gutachter: Dierk Hebbeln, Heiko Pälike ; Betreuer: Mahyar Mohtadi." Bremen : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1123194750/34.

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Chandrasa, Ganesha Tri. "Evaluation of Regional Climate Model Simulated Rainfall over Indonesia and its Application for Downscaling Future Climate Projections." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1523464961178694.

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Heisten, Laurent. "De aequitate in delimitatione maritima : l’équité dans la délimitation maritime : essai sur une théorisation de la jurisprudence internationale en matière de délimitation maritime équitable." Thesis, Paris 10, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA100196/document.

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Dès le premier arrêt rendu en matière de délimitation du plateau continental et de la zone économique exclusive, la jurisprudence internationale se fonde sur le concept de l’équité en vue de tracer les frontières maritimes. Elle a progressivement développé des règles gouvernant la délimitation maritime équitable et qui peuvent être classées en quatre catégories de normes, qui sont la norme fondamentale requérant la recherche d’un résultat équitable, les principes équitables, les méthodes de délimitation maritime et les circonstances pertinentes qui permettent d’adapter une ligne de délimitation provisoirement arrêtée aux circonstances de l’espèce. Ces règles devraient toutes contribuer à l’obtention d’un résultat équitable.Les règles visées ont peu à peu accédé à la normativité, ce qui permet de distinguer entre quatre degrés de normativité dans l’évolution du droit relatif à la délimitation maritime équitable. Au degré zéro de normativité, le droit était réduit à la norme fondamentale et, par la suite, les principes équitables et les méthodes de délimitation ont accédé à la normativité. Leur normativisation permet de distinguer entre les degrés premier et deuxième de normativité. Le degré supérieur de normativité serait qualifié par la normativité de tous les facteurs de délimitation, y compris les circonstances pertinentes.La détermination de ces règles se fonde sur l’idée d’équité. Comme cette équité est requise par la norme fondamentale, il faut parler d’une équité juridique. Elle est un moyen autonome qui permet de compléter le droit de la délimitation maritime. Avec le développement progressif de ce droit, l’équité juridique (aequitas iuridicia) perd en influence et est remplacée par l’équité qui est une composante des normes (aequitas elementum iuris). Cette dernière dirige l’interprétation des normes de délimitation en vue de parvenir à un résultat équitable. Une pratique jurisprudentielle abondante a contribué à cette évolution qui se caractérise par la mise à l’écart de l’équité juridique Since the first decision related to the delimitation of the continental shelf and the exclusive economic zone, the international jurisprudence is founded on the concept of equity. The international jurisprudence has progressively developed rules governing the equitable maritime delimitation, which can be classified in four categories of norms: the fundamental norm requiring the adoption of an equitable result, equitable principles, delimitation methods and relevant circumstances that contribute to adapt the provisional delimitation line on the concrete circumstances of the case. All those rules should contribute to the adoption of an equitable result.The rules mentioned above acceded progressively on normativity, which permits to distinguish four degrees of normativity in the evolution of the law applicable on equitable maritime delimitation. On degree zero of normativity, law was reduced on the fundamental norm and, thereafter, equitable principles and delimitation acceded on normativity. Their normativisation permits to distinguish between the first and the second degree of normativity. The superior degree of normativity is qualified by the normativity of all delimitation factors, even the relevant circumstances.The determination of these rules is based on the idea of equity. As the fundamental norm requires this equity, it should be called juridical equity. It is an autonomous tool, which completes the law applicable on maritime delimitation. Through the progressive development of the law, juridical equity (aequitas iuridicia) looses its influence and is replaced by equity that is a part of the norms (aequitas elementum iuris). This one guides the interpretation of the delimitation norms in order to obtain an equitable result. An abundant juridical practice has contributed to this evolution characterised by the rejection of juridical equity

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Martins, José Roberto Serra 1965. "Plataforma Continental Juridica = incorporação ao territorio nacional e ao ensino de Geociencias." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/287221.

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Orientador: Celso Dal Re Carneiro Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T15:40:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Martins_JoseRobertoSerra_M.pdf: 2357471 bytes, checksum: 19beeda9b140e61ad2baf860519a183a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 Resumo: O objetivo da pesquisa é produzir material didático capaz de explicar a idéia de Plataforma Continental Jurídica (PCJ) em manuais escolares e atividades de educação básica. A tarefa exige análise direta (1) dos condicionantes geológicos e geomorfológicos sobre as quais estão definidos os critérios de delimitação da PCJ, e (2) do processo pelo qual um país legitima a incorporação da mesma ao respectivo território. Os documentos reunidos salientam resultados sociais, culturais, econômicos e estratégicos que podem ser obtidos pelo Brasil nesse processo, a depender do acolhimento do pleito por parte da Comissão de Limites da Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU). O texto da Convenção das Nações Unidas sobre Direito do Mar (CNUDM) garante aos Estados costeiros a expansão da Plataforma Continental, além do limite de 200 milhas marítimas - limite externo da Zona Econômica Exclusiva (ZEE). Para tanto, o Estado deve realizar levantamentos da margem continental (leito e subsolo marinhos) que comprovem a continuidade do bloco crustal para além dos limites da ZEE. Após o levantamento (LEPLAC, no Brasil), o país deve pleitear à Comissão de Limites da ONU a expansão de direitos sobre recursos minerais da área. A Dissertação contextualiza o tema, segundo ordenação temporal que vai da evolução geológica à da incorporação jurídica. O enfoque é essencialmente histórico: (1) Uma história de milhões de anos: sintetiza os processos geológicos formadores de nossa margem continental; (2) Uma história de milhares de anos: enfoca a relação da humanidade e do processo civilizatório com o mar; (3) Uma história de dezenas de anos: explica os trâmites legais para definição da Plataforma Continental Jurídica, com base em princípios geológicos, históricos e legais. O pleito brasileiro de 4.452.000 km2 amplia em 52 % a área de 8.514.876,6 km2 de terras emersas que compõem o território nacional. O material didático elaborado e testado propõe atividades capazes de desvendar, em sequência, cada aspecto citado. As metas principais são: (1) convidar o leitor a analisar uma situação-problema segundo ângulos diferentes de visão; (2) demonstrar que o processo civilizatório, decorrente de uma história das mentalidades, é parte fundamental para plena compreensão do interesse legal do Estado e (3) comprovar que esses conhecimentos são absolutamente imprescindíveis para plena formação de um cidadão brasileiro, em sintonia com os dias atuais. Abstract: The objective of this research is to produce educational materials capable of explaining the idea of the Extended Continental Shelf (ECS) in textbooks and activities for basic education. It requires direct analysis of: (1) the geological and geomorphological requirements for such definition, and (2) the process by which a given country is capable to declare its ECS. The collected documents highlight social, cultural, economic and strategic results that Brazil may obtain from this process, depending on the acceptance of a case by the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (UN-CLCS). The text of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) provides for coastal states to expand the Continental Shelf beyond the 200 nautical miles - the outer limit of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). To this end, the State should carry out surveys of the continental margin (soil, sediments and bedrock) to prove the continuity of the crustal block beyond the limits of the EEZ. After the survey (LEPLAC in Brazil), the country must plead to the UN-CLCS expansion of rights to mineral resources of the area. The dissertation contextualizes the issue, according to a temporal ordering from the geological evolution towards a legal definition. The approach is essentially historical: (1) A history of millions of years: summarizes the forming geological processes of the Brazilian continental margin, (2) A history of thousands of years: focuses on the relationship of humanity and the civilizatory process with the sea, (3) A history of decades: it explains the legal procedures for setting the Extended Continental Shelf, based on geological, historical and legal principles. The Brazilian application of 4,452,000 km2 expands 52% the area of 8,514,876.6 km2 of dry land that compose the country. The developed and tested teaching materials have proposed activities capable of revealing, in sequence, each one of these aspects. The main goals are: (1) to invite the reader to examine a concrete problem under different angles of vision, (2) to show that, due to a history of mentalities, the civilizatory process is key to a complete understanding of the legal interests of a State and (3) to demonstrate that this knowledge is indispensable to educate Brazilian citizens. Mestrado Mestre em Ensino e Historia de Ciencias da Terra

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Ruppe, Karen M. "A maritime and continental aerosol-cloud interaction study from ASTEX '92." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/23949.

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Acer, Yucel. "Settlement of the Aegean maritime disputes on the basis of international law." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.322565.

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Ahnish, Faraj Abdullah. "The international law of maritime boundaries and the practice of states in the Mediterranean sea /." Oxford : Clarendon press, 1993. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb374138245.

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Torla, Areej. "The application of Article 76 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the extended continential shelf, with special reference to Malaysia." Thesis, Brunel University, 2013. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/14240.

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The purpose of this study was to clarify the ambiguity in the law relating to the extended continental shelf in Article 76 of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Another aim was to study the application of the law in a more focused part of the world, the region of East Asia, and in particular, Malaysia. The study also sought to propose solutions to issues relating to the extended continental shelf. The history of the law relating to the continental shelf, the codification of the law, and the enforcement of the law by the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf is presented. Besides that, Article 76 was also thoroughly discussed in order to identify the problems involved. Besides that, the two biggest issues which determine the outer limits of the continental shelf are examined. These are issues relating to ridges and submarine elevations and the application of the foot of continental slope provisions. The study examined the problems involved with the legal and scientific interface found in Article 76 and addressed them by referring to the legislative history of Article 76, State practice and the practice of the Commission. The continental shelf in the East Asian region is also analysed in order to provide an overview of the continental shelf issues in the region. Special reference to Malaysia is made as a State that has made a submission on its outer limits of the continental shelf. A thorough analysis was made based on the findings made in this study. This study also explored possible solutions to the continental shelf issues discussed.

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Sene, Idrissa. "Le réglement des différends relatifs à l'appropriation des espaces et des ressources maritimes." Paris 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA010294.

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Cette présente thèse porte sur le règlement des différends relatifs à l'appropriation des espaces et des ressources maritimes. Dans ce cadre, elle pose la problématique, d'une part de l'existence de modes de règlement obligatoire de ce genre de différends et d'autre part, de la détermination du droit applicable. Les différents domaines d'études de cette thèse sont : a)- pour l'appropriation des espaces maritimes (mer territoriale, zone contiguë, zone économique exclusive, plateau continental). - les différends relatifs à la délimitation des espaces maritimes entre états limitrophes ou se faisant face. - Les différends relatifs à la fixation de limites extérieures des espaces maritimes sous juridiction nationale. B)- Pour l'appropriation des ressources maritimes. - Les différends relatifs aux ressources minérales de la zone internationale des fonds marins : - le problème de conflits de chevauchement des sites d'exploitation minières océaniques, - le problèmes des litiges relatifs à l'exploration et à l'exploitation des ressources minérales océaniques. - Les différends relatifs aux ressources biologiques marines This thesis deals with the settlement of international disputes relating to the appropriation of marin areas and resources. Thus, are treated on the one hand the problem of the existence of compulsory procedures for the settlement of this kind of disputes, and on the other hand the problem of the determination of applicalbe rule. The main scopes of this thesis are : a)- concerning the appropriation of marin areas (territorial sea, contiguous zone exclusive economique zone, continental shelf). - disputes relating to the delimitation of marin areas between to the delimitation of marin areas between states with adjacent or opposite coasts. - disputes relating to the fixation of the outer limits of marin areas under national jurisdiction. B)- concerning the appropriation of the marin resources. - disputes relating to the deep seabed hard mineral resources:. The problem of overlapping claims on minesite areas,. The problem of disputes relating to the exploration and exploitation of the deep seabed mineral resources : - disputes relatin to fishery resources

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Oh, Young Joo. "Les sûretés réelles sur le navire, l'étude comparative entre le droit continental (droit français et coréen) et la Common law (droit anglais et américain)." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01D001.

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Les sûretés réelles sur le navire (qui a une valeur énorme et une fonction essentielle pour l'activité maritime) présentent une particularité par rapport à celles sur les biens meubles, en droit continental ainsi qu'en Common law. D'abord, il concerne les sûretés conventionnelles -l'hypothèque maritime (droit français et coréen), le statutory ship mortgage (droit anglais) et le preferred ship mortgage (droit américain), qui sont le résultat des efforts de chaque pays pour améliorer le financement maritime. Ensuite, il s'agit du privilège maritime/maritime lien (la sûreté légale) qui grève le navire de plein droit pour garantir certaines créances généralement relatives à son exploitation (qui diffèrent selon les pays). En effet, chaque pays a essayé de qualifier sa nature juridique particulière et sa nécessité, par exemple par la théorie du patrimoine maritime, la théorie de la personnification du navire, ou dans une relation avec l'action in rem etc. Les prérogatives des titulaires de ces sûretés ainsi que les modes, procédures et conditions de les exercer sont différentes d'un pays à l'autre. Pour les titulaires des sûretés sur le navire, la possibilité d'immobilisation de ce navire dans un port étranger (la Corée et les États-Unis, non parties à aucune Convention sur la saisie conservatoire), la possibilité d'être reconnues comme telles sûretés, et le type et nombre d'autres créances plus prioritaires (la Corée, les États-Unis et l'Angleterre, non parties à aucune Convention relative aux privilèges et hypothèques maritimes) sont des questions importantes et les réponses varient considérablement selon les pays (notamment en vertu de leur droit international privé) The security interests on the ship (which has an enormous value and an essential function for the maritime activity) present a peculiarity in comparison with those on chattels, in continental law as well as in Common law. First, it concerns the conventional security interests - the maritime hypothec (French and Korean law), the statutory ship mortgage (English law) and the preferred ship mortgage (American law), which are the result of each country's efforts to improve the maritime financing. Second, it concerns the privilege maritime/maritime lien (the legal security right) which occurs automatically on the ship for certain claims generally related to its exploitation (which differ in each country). ln fact, each country has tried to qualify its particular legal nature and its necessity, for example by the maritime patrimony theory, by the theory of the personification of the ship, or in a relation with the action in rem etc. The prerogatives of the holders of these security interests as well as the modes, procedures and conditions for exercising them are different from country to country. For the holders of security interests on the ship, the possibility of immobilization of that ship in a foreign port (Korea and the United States, not parties to any Arrest Convention), the possibility of being recognized as such security interests, and the type and number of other priority claims (Korea, the United States and England, not parties to any Convention on maritime liens and mortgages) are important issues and the responses vary considerably depending on the countries (in particular under their private international law)

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Nguyen, Hong Thao. "Le Vietnam face aux problèmes de l'extension maritime dans la Mer de Chine méridionale." Paris 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA010268.

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La ratification du 23 juin 1994 par le Vietnam de la convention des Nations Unies de 1982 sur le droit de la mer et l'entrée de cette convention depuis 16 novembre 1994 demandent un réexamen du droit vietnamien de la mer en harmonie avec les nouvelles normes maritimes internationales. Notre étude porte sur la position du Vietnam à l'égard des problèmes juridiques de chaque espace maritime : eaux intérieures, mer territoriale, zone contiguë, zone économique exclusive, plateau continental en indiquant ses points positifs et ses insuffisances comme le tracé de la ligne de base droite, le refus du passage inoffensif pour les navires de guerre dans la mer territoriale, la revendication des eaux historiques. . . Une analyse profonde des différends maritimes opposés le Vietnam aux autres pays dans la région à cause de l'extension maritime (dans le golfe du Tonkin, dans le golfe de Thaïlande, dans la mer de Chine méridionale, sur les iles Paracels et Spratleys) permet également de clarifier la position du Vietnam dans le règlement des différends maritimes en Asie du sud - est The ratification on june 23, 1994 by Vietnam of the United Nations law of the sea of 1982 and its coming into effet since november 16, 1994 requires a new consideration of the vietnamese law of the sea in such way to be in complete conformity with the new international law of the sea standards. Our study deals with vietnam's position concerning legal problems in each of the following sea areas: internal waters, territorial sea, contiguous zone, eez, continental shelf in reference to its adequate and inadequate points, such as the straight line of base layout, the refusal of innocent passage for the warships in territorial sea, historical claism. . Likewise, a thorough inquiry into different maritimes disputes between vietnam and her neighbouring countries regarding its maritime extension policy (in the Gulf of Tonkin, Gulf of Thailand, south China sea, Paracels and Spratlys islands) allows to shed a new light into vietnam's policy in coping with the southeast Asian sea disputes

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Ghérari, Habib. "Le différend tuniso-libyen relatif à la délimitation du plateau continental devant la Cour internationale de justice." Paris 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA010257.

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L'objectif de cette recherche est d'accéder à une définition claire du droit de la délimitation des frontières maritimes. Pour ce faire, l'objet de la thèse est l'étude de l'arrêt de la cour internationale de justice du 24 février 1982 prononcé dans l'affaire du plateau continental entre la Tunisie et la Libye. Cet arrêt est intéressant a plusieurs égards et, notamment, par ce que la cour était invitée à indiquer en plus du droit applicable, une méthode pratique de délimitation. Sur plusieurs points, son contenu est comparé à la jurisprudence tant antérieure que postérieure à 1982. Au total, est présenté un tableau général de la jurisprudence en matière de délimitation des frontières maritimes. L'arrêt du 24 février 1982 a été l'objet d'un recours inédit puisque c'est la première fois dans l'histoire de la cour internationale de justice et de sa devancière, la cour permanente, qu'une demande en révision est tentée, couplée avec une demande en interprétation et en rectification d'erreur matérielle. C'est l'objet du second arrêt de la cour mondiale en cette affaire prononce le 10 décembre 1985. Son examen est du plus haut intérêt à cause des considérations précédentes. En outre, il éclaire ce qu'il pouvait y avoir d'ombre dans l'arrêt initial de 1982

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Magnússon, Bjarni Mar. "Dispute settlement and the establishment of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/7809.

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One of the central purposes of the international law of the sea is to define various maritime zones, their extent and limits. One of these zones is the continental shelf. The continental shelf in modern international law has two aspects: The continental shelf within 200 nautical miles from the shore of coastal States and the continental shelf beyond that limit. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea provides that information on the limits of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles shall be submitted by the coastal State to a scientific and technical commission, namely the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf. The Commission is responsible for making recommendations to coastal States on matters related to the establishment of the outer limits of their continental shelves beyond 200 nautical miles. If the limits of the shelf established by a coastal State are on the basis of the recommendations, they are final and binding. The establishment of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles has two main features: The establishment of the boundary line between the continental shelf and the international seabed area and the establishment of the boundary between the continental shelf of adjacent or opposite coastal States. Many questions concerning the relationship between these procedures have been left unanswered as well as the relationship between the Commission and international courts and tribunals. This thesis analyses the role of coastal States, the Commission and international courts and tribunals in the establishment of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles and the interplay between them. It explores how the various sources of international law have contributed to the establishment of the current legal framework. The thesis explores the differences between the delineation and delimitation of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles. It demonstrates that the role of the Commission is to curtail extravagant claims to the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles and protect the territorial scope of the international seabed area. It also shows that the role of international courts and tribunals in this field is essentially the same as their role in other types of disputes. It explains that the establishment of the boundary line between the continental shelf and the international seabed area and the establishment of the boundary between the continental shelf of adjacent or opposite coastal States is a separate process. Furthermore, it clarifies that the three-stage boundary delimitation method is applicable beyond 200 nautical miles. It also displays that no special rule of customary international law has evolved that is solely applicable to delimitations regarding the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles. The thesis addresses the interaction of the various mechanisms within the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea concerning the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles. Its main conclusion is that despite the possibility for tension to arise the relationship between the institutions is clear and precise and they together form a coherent system where each separate institution plays its own part in a larger process.

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FERNANDES-VANDERLEI, LAZARO. "Etude geochimique des sediments marins actuels d'une cote a plateau continental etroit : exemple des alpes maritimes." Nice, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NICE4120.

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On etudie les sediments recents de l'interface dans la baie des anges, la baie de villefranche-sur-mer et dans la reserve sous-marine du larvotto au large de monaco, afin de mettre en evidence les relations existant entre les processus diagenetiques et lithologiques d'une part et les proprietes physico-chimiques des sediments d'autre part. On observe en particulier la qualite de la matiere organique presente dans l'eau et les sediments ainsi que les relations entre m. O. Ou ses produits de desintegration et les metaux-traces. On analyse les variations spatio-temporelles des teneurs en sels nutritifs et en metaux-traces, leur differenciation en fonction des conditions d'oxydo-reduction. On determine les facteurs dominants controlant les processus geochimiques

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St-Louis, Carole. "The notion of Equity in the Determination of Maritime Boundaries and its Application to the Canada-United States Boundary in the Beaufort Sea." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/31137.

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Of the maritime boundaries yet to be delimited between Canada and the United States, the Beaufort Sea might be the more pressing one, considering its strategic location in a rapidly developing Arctic region and its vast economic potential. In accordance with the Law of the Sea Convention (UNCLOS), maritime boundaries are to be delimited by agreement on the basis of international law as referred to in Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, in order to reach an equitable solution. When an agreement cannot be reached, parties can resort to third-party arbitration. While jurisprudence has determined that international law does not mandate a particular method of delimitation, it requires the consideration of equitable principles, also called special circumstances or factors. The notion of equity is therefore the foundation of boundary determination. But, what is equity and how is it applied? This thesis examines the various forms of equity, their origins in legal philosophy and domestic law and how they have been incorporated in international law. The main focus, however, is to analyse the differences between how international tribunals or courts have interpreted and applied equity in boundary determination and how States have applied it in negotiated agreements. While tribunals have tended to consider equitable principles as equivalent to geographical proportionality, States have considered those principles more in keeping with the notion of distributive justice and, more and more, are taking a globalised approach to boundary determination. On the basis of this analysis, this thesis evaluates the potential outcome of a third-party arbitration of the Beaufort Sea boundary dispute between Canada and the United States as well as the options for settlement negotiations between the Parties. In the Beaufort Sea area where hydrocarbon development is intrinsically linked not only to the development of the local population but also to the entire Arctic region, be it on issues related to the environment, navigation or security, the thesis concludes that a third-party adjudication would not serve the interests of the States. As delimiting boundaries nowadays is only one aspect of the management of oceans related issues, interests are best served when delimitation is understood as part of this global approach.

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Marroni, Etiene Villela. "Política internacional dos oceanos : caso brasileiro sobre o processo diplomático para a plataforma continental estendida." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/88350.

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A diversidade do uso do espaço oceânico e a antiga concepção da “doutrina da liberdade dos mares” forçou uma readequação do ordenamento político-econômico e espacial do ecossistema oceânico. Este redirecionamento, que envolveu o sistema internacional, originou uma nova geopolítica ou uma nova ordem global para o planejamento espacial oceânico, nos termos da Convenção das Nações Unidas sobre o Direito do Mar (CNUDM). Em razão de tais alterações, contextualizar-se-á a história do mar territorial brasileiro, em 1970, e suas implicações políticas nacionais e internacionais. Após, serão averiguadas as coalizões integradas pelo Brasil em uma aparente “batalha diplomática”, que se estendeu além de nove anos, envolveu mais de 130 países e originou um dos tratados mais bem sucedidos da história: a Convenção das Nações Unidas sobre o Direito do Mar. A partir de então, dentre outras conquistas, os Estados Partes garantiram o seu direito legal ao solo e subsolo marinho, mediante submissões para a plataforma continental além das 200 milhas náuticas, definidos no artigo 76 da Convenção. Tal conquista possibilitou aos países em desenvolvimento e a pequenas nações insulares acesso a valiosos recursos naturais, como o petróleo, gás e minerais. Os Estados costeiros, signatários da Convenção, passaram a ter assegurado o direito de reivindicar seu território submerso, ou a plataforma continental estendida, para até 350 milhas náuticas. Com a nova regulamentação, a análise das submissões passou a ser feita pela Comissão de Limites da Plataforma Continental (CLPC), organismo derivado da CNUDM, onde especialistas, selecionados segundo o critério de equidade geográfica, aceitam, modificam ou rejeitam as reivindicações. Demonstrar-se-á procedimentos adotados por Estados costeiros (insulares ou arquipelágicos) ao solicitar a ampliação de seus limites oceânicos, o modo dos especialistas brasileiros trabalharem a ampliação da plataforma continental estendida e de que forma foi feito o planejamento e o gerenciamento em termos políticos, através da Comissão Interministerial para os Recursos do Mar. Finalmente, averiguar-se-á se o Governo do Brasil terá condições de assumir tal responsabilidade, considerando o possível aumento de suas fronteiras e a capacidade do Estado, em termos científicos, tecnológicos e políticos, de internalizar e cumprir os preceitos da Convenção em sua política nacional para o mar. The diversity of uses of the oceanic space and the old conception of “freedom of the seas doctrine” has compelled an adaptation of the political-economic and spatial legal framework for the oceanic ecosystem. This changing of direction encompassed the international system and has given rise to a new geopolitics for the legal framework of oceanic spaces around the globe, in terms of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Because of such modifications, this study contextualizes the history of Brazilian territorial sea in 1970 and its political implications, on the national as well as on the international level. After that, it examines the alliances Brazil has formed, engaging in a so called “diplomatic battle”. This process went on for over nine years, comprised more than 130 countries and originated one of the most successful treaties in history: the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Since then, the signatory states managed to secure their legal rights over the maritime soil and subsoil by means of submissions for the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles, as defined by the Convention in its article 76. This achievement was of utmost importance because it enabled developing countries and small island states to access valuable natural resources such as oil, gas and minerals. Every coastal state who has signed the Convention acquired the right to claim its underwater territory or extended continental shelf up to 350 nautical miles from its coast. Due to the new regulations, the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) began to undertake the analysis of submissions. This Commission is a body set up by the UNCLOS, in which experts, selected according to the criterion of geographic equity will accept, modify or reject claims. Furthermore, this study aims to account for procedures taken by coastal, insular, and archipelagic states when claiming the extension of its oceanic limits, with the main focus on measures taken by Brazil. More specifically, it intends to explain how Brazilian experts have brought about the expansion of the extended continental shelf and in which way planning and management, in political terms, can be carried out through the Interministerial Commission for Maritime Resources. Ultimately, it will be examined if the Brazilian government is able to assume such responsibility in the face of the growth of its borders and the capability of the state, in scientific, technological and political terms, of incorporating and enforcing the precepts of the Convention in its national policy for the seas.

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Vieira, Lúcia Ramos. "Os portos de Portugal Continental: génese e factor de desenvolvimento dos núcleos urbanos costeiros." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/23292.

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A relação das cidades com a água estabelece-se desde o início da vida em comunidade, quando as populações partiam em busca de melhores condições para a sua fixação e consequente desenvolvimento urbano. A simultaneidade de funções, quer como meio de transporte, quer como elemento fornecedor de recursos para subsistência, aproxima continuamente da linha de costa um crescente número de indivíduos. Deste modo, os portos podem descrever-se como uma porta da Cidade, uma abertura ao mundo marítimo e, consequentemente, uma abertura às influências culturais de “outras paragens e gentes”, tal como as outras portas das cidades as aproximavam do mundo rural e com ele estabeleciam trocas que não eram meramente comerciais. O presente estudo aborda as 27 cidades litorais, descritas na obra de Adolfo Loureiro, escrita entre 1904 e 1920, e identifica as influencias que o porto teve no aparecimento da cidade e na génese da sua morfologia ou na transformação desta, ou, ainda, no aparecimento do porto cuja génese é a cidade e as suas necessidades de comunicação com o exterior. Com várias escalas de análise, estrutura-se a evolução da forma urbana face à expansão do porto e, num momento final, salienta-se o caso de Lagos pela sua singularidade na relação com o porto; ABSTRACT: Portugal’s Ports: genesis and factor for coastal urban centers development The relationship between cities and water has been established since the beginning of community life, when people went away in search of better conditions for their settlement and consequent urban development. The simultaneity of functions, either as a means of transport or as a supplier of subsistence resources continually brings an increasing number of individuals to the coastline. Thus, the seaports can be described as a city gate, an opening to the maritime world and, consequently, an opening to cultural influences of “other places and people” as the other gates of the cities brought them closer to the countryside and with him they established exchanges that were not purely commercial. This study covers the 27 coastal cities, described in the work of Adolfo Loureiro, written between 1904 and 1920, and identifies the influences that the seaports had in the appearance of the city and in the genesis of its morphology or in the transformation of it, or even in the appearence of the seaport whose genesis is the city and its communication needs with the outside. With several scales of analysis, the evolution of the urban form is structured in the face of the expansion of the seaport, and in a final moment, the case of Lagos is highlighted by its singularity in the relation with the seaport.

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Eriksson, Rehn Ida. "Mass balance and local characteristics of three glaciers in southern Norway, between 1980 and 2018 : An analysis of the mass balance and the local characteristics of Ålfotbreen, Storbreen and Gråsubreen." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för naturgeografi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-184671.

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Glaciers are known as climate indicators because of their sensitivity towards climatic perturbations and fluctuations. A majority of the world’s glaciers are currently melting as a response to climatic perturbations. Glaciers in Norway display the same pattern, and the loss of mass have accelerated during the 1990s to this day. The glaciers of interest in this paper is situated in a west to east transect with the maritime Ålfotbreen in the west, to the continental Gråsubreen in the east, with the intermediate Storbreen in between. Differences in the local climate have a significant impact on the future state of glaciers. This paper aims to compare the mass balance, mass turnover and mass balance sensitivity of the three glaciers of interest, between the years 1980 and 2018, to demonstrate the importance of the local climate and characteristics for glacial existence. Mass balance data series of each glaciers’ mass balance was analysed. In addition, development trends of the mean annual summer air temperature for respective glaciers’ region were also conducted. A literature review of relevant reports and publications will be presented and analysed to complement the result of this paper. The results of this paper indicate that the characteristics of respective glacier vary along the increasing continentality of the west to east transect, with the mass balance sensitivity decreasing from west to east. The mass turnover displayed varying patterns, between the years 1980 and 2018. ÅLF had the highest mass turnover for the period and GRÅ the smallest with STO in between. It can be concluded, based on the result of this paper, that the fate of glaciers depends on geographical location and local characteristics. The resemblance between Storbreen and Storglaciären, and the existence of Helagsglaciären who seem to survive against the odds, strengthens the importance of local characteristics.

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Benso, Gérard. "Les transports maritimes et aériens de la Corse : la continuité territoriale." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE3076/document.

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La Corse est la plus septentrionale des grandes îles de Méditerranée Occidentale, elle est la plus petite (3680 km2) et la moins peuplée.(330 000 habitants). Plus proche des côtes italiennes, elle fait néanmoins partie intégrante de la France où une forte diaspora est installée et génère des échanges serrés. Depuis l’Antiquité, la Corse a toujours eu des relations commerciales avec le continent, d’abord avec la péninsule italienne puis, depuis l’annexion de 1768, avec la France continentale. Deux révolutions technologiques favorisèrent un fort accroissement des échanges : l’arrivée des navires à vapeur en 1830 et celle de l’avion au vingtième siècle. Les évolutions se poursuivent toujours pour réduire la durée des vols et des traversées et augmenter la capacité de transport. La Collectivité Territoriale de Corse a la maîtrise des transports et conclut des délégations de service public avec les compagnies maritimes et aériennes ; tandis que l’État s’est retiré, l’Union Européenne intervient davantage pour imposer la libre concurrence. Les infrastructures ont dû s’adapter à l’évolution des flottes mais elles sont toujours déterminées par le relief cloisonné de l’île qui a l’originalité de disposer de sept ports et quatre aéroports afin de mieux desservir les territoires. Le trafic des marchandises est modeste et déséquilibré, les entrées étant très supérieures aux sorties ; celui des passagers a été décuplé en soixante ans, sa répartition est très inégale dans l’année et entre les ports et aéroports. ; la part de l’avion se rapproche de celle du bateau. Les touristes sont majoritaires chez les passagers mais sont beaucoup moins nombreux que ceux des îles concurrentes. Les tarifs ont été nettement réduits pour les résidents mais restent élevés pour les autres usagers, ce problème devra être résolu pour améliorer la continuité territoriale Corsica is the northernmost of the big western Mediterranean islands, as well as the smallest (3680 km2) and the less populated (330 000 inhabitants). Even if Corsica is nearer from Italian coasts than French ones, it takes part fully of French mainland where a significant diaspora lives and creates tight trades.Since Antiquity, Corsica had business relations with the mainland. It started with Italian peninsula, and went on with mainland France after its annexation in 1768.Two main technological revolutions promoted a huge increase in the trade relations: the emergence of steamboats in 1830 followed by the plane in the 20th century.Technological improvements are still continuing to reduce time of flights and sea crossings, increasing thus transport capacity.Territorial collectivity of Corsica is in charge of transports and delegates public services to the airlines and shipping companies. While French state progressively withdraws, European Union is more and more involved to impose free market.Even if infrastructures evolved with the fleet changings, they are still determined by the compartmentalized relief of the island which led to the construction of seven ports and four airports in order to serve better the different territories.Goods’ traffic is of modest size and unbalanced (entries rather higher than exits), whereas passengers’ one has increased tenfold in sixty years. For this last one, an inequality of distribution along the year is observed (seasonal variations), as well as between ports and airports. Progressively the plane’s part gets closer to the boat’s one. Passengers are mainly tourists that remain less numerous than those of the competing islands.Fares have been reduced significantly for Corsican residents, but still remain high for the other passengers. This problem will have to be solved to improve territorial continuity

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Gunnell, Yanni. "Géodynamique d'une moyenne montagne tropicale : la genèse des paysages dans le Ghat occidental du Deccan, sur son revers continental et son piémont maritime." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996CLF20090.

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L'étude modélise la genèse du volume montagneux du Ghat occicental au cours de l'ère tertiaire, en confrontant les processus de la géodynamique interne à ceux de l'externe. Quartification des taux de dénudation moyens s'appuie sur la méthode des traces de fission, et les conséquences bioclimatiques du soulévements flexural du Deccan, devenu barrière aux flux de la mousson, sont examinés en détail. L'impact durable de ce soulèvement sur l'organisation de la végétation, du modelé, des sols et systèmes agraires de ce milieu tropical est comparable au cas, mieux connu, de l'Afrique de l'ouest. Des enseignements épismémologiques sont ensuite dégagés au cas indien A model of the post-cretaceous rift-flank uplift of the western Ghat is proposed, based on apatite fission-track analysis and geomorphological field data. The relevance of geophysical processes to explain uplift is discussed. The bioclimatic consequences of the plateau uplift on the tropical landscape are detailed at length. Since the relief was erected across the path of the monsoon, a steep and durable environmental gradient was installed, and the pattern of soils, wash divides and vegetation appears to be strictly governed by the rainfall pattern and the denudation rate. The theoretical implications for climatic geomorphology, the soil sciences, biogeography, as well as the practical implications for soil fertility and agricultural potential, are set against other, better known examples from the tropical world, namely western Africa. Important questions are raised on the relevance of existing tropical landscape development models

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Quesada-Kimzey, Jaime F. "Tropospheric carboxylic acids in tropical rainforest environments a study of their presence in the gaseous and aqueous phases under maritime to continental transport regimes /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2003. http://ArchiMeD.uni-mainz.de/pub/2003/0029/diss.pdf.

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Paek, Chin-hyoÌ†n. "The development and application of rules for delimitation of the Continental Shelf with particular reference to the maritime boundary disputes in the East China Sea." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.306713.

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Helmi, Hala. "Maritime boundary delimitation in the Arabian/Persian Gulf : a study of Gulf State practice in the light of international law, with particular reference to the continental shelf." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2018. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/30272/.

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The Arabian/Persian Gulf ('the Gulf') is a small semi-enclosed sea surrounded by eight States, namely Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates and Oman. The Gulf has long been an area of strategic and economic importance, rich in subsea hydrocarbon resources. Following a general introduction to the international law of the sea, this study analyses two forms of Gulf State practice; firstly, national legislation to date dealing with maritime limits and delimitation and secondly, the bilateral continental shelf agreements between the Gulf States, the majority of which delimit the continental shelf boundary between them. This analysis then assesses such state practice in the light of international law, with a particular focus on continental shelf delimitation. In so doing, this study places Gulf State practice in the context of the Geneva Convention on the Continental Shelf 1958, the Geneva Convention on the Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone 1958 and the Law of the Sea Convention 1982, as well as customary international law and international case law. This study reaches a number of conclusions in respect of delimitation in the Gulf more generally, but mainly in respect of continental shelf boundary delimitation in the Gulf, and how this compares with the international law of the sea. It notes the early references in Gulf legislation to delimitation on the basis of equitable principles, which were gradually superseded by references to the equidistance line. The reliance on equidistance as a method of delimitation, albeit often heavily modified, in the bilateral maritime boundary agreements is examined. The conclusions then seek to present such features of Gulf State practice in the context of the international law of the sea, noting innovative aspects of delimitation in the Gulf, as well as the relevance of international law to a small but extremely significant region of the world.

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Schieb, Thierry. "Facies géotechniques et état de consolidation des sédiments de la pente continentale niçoise (baie des anges)." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992INPL031N.

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Ce travail constitue une approche globale des propriétés géotechniques des sédiments d'une partie de la méditerranée occidentale. Quelques aspects généraux mettent en évidence les types de sédiments rencontrés sur les marges continentales et les particularités que présente la pente continentale niçoise (baid des anges), sujet de cette étude. Liés au contexte, les sédiments, pour l'essentiel des boues marneuses, présentent une homogénéité granulométrique et des valeurs de l'indice de plasticité faibles. Les matériaux étudiés dans leur état naturel possèdent des teneurs en eau faibles et des cohésions élevées dans la tranche superficielle des sédiments carottés. Liées à l'environnement et à l'âge des dépôts, trois familles géotechniques ont pu être différenciées. L'évolution verticale des paramètres d'état marque la différence de comportement du sol selon son âge. Les sédiments récents (holocène-pléistocène) en comparaison avec ceux plus anciens du pliocène, possèdent des valeurs de cohésion plus faibles et des teneurs en eau plus élevées. L'évolution horizontale peut se traduire par une différence dans le type de sédimentation. Elle concerne les formations superficielles récentes. En allant de la cote vers le large, on relève des différences dans la valeur du gradient de la cohésion, du poids volumique et de la teneur en eau avec la profondeur d'enfouissement. L'étude des sédiments en conditions dométriques et triaxiales met en évidence une seconde variabilité verticale de cet état du sol. Le sol présente une quasi-surconsolidation dans la partie située de 0 à 1,5 mètres environ, au-dessous de l'interface eau-sédiment. A plus grande profondeur, les sédiments sont normalement consolidés à légèrement surconsolidés. Une méthode d'étude de l'état de consolidation du sédiment à grande profondeur d'enfouissement est également proposée. Fondée sur la valeur que prend le rapport de la cohésion non drainée sur la pression de préconsolidation (cu/#p), elle permet une caractérisation du sol par facies géotechnique et de connaitre l'état de consolidation des formations dans les trois premiers mètres. La sous-consolidation décelée en dessous de 3 mètres, nous contraint à émettre des réserves sur la validité de nos résultats et à formuler des hypothèses. Sans fournir de solution définitive à ce problème, nous relevons qu'un des facteurs à étudier plus en détail, serait la valeur de cu/#p

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Schrurkim, Nádia Vitória. "Da soberania e jurisdição do Brasil na zona econômica exclusiva e na plataforma continental: o caso Chevrom." Universidade Católica de Santos, 2017. http://biblioteca.unisantos.br:8181/handle/tede/4361.

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Submitted by Rosina Valeria Lanzellotti Mattiussi Teixeira (rosina.teixeira@unisantos.br) on 2018-02-09T16:20:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Nadia Vitoria Schurkim.pdf: 1334833 bytes, checksum: a149e06207c121e89e8a083ad1ee9cd9 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-09T16:20:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nadia Vitoria Schurkim.pdf: 1334833 bytes, checksum: a149e06207c121e89e8a083ad1ee9cd9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-23 The object of the present study is the Chevron case, an accident occurred in Campos dos Goytacazes, 107 km from the coast of the State of Rio de Janeiro, in the Brazilian Exclusive Economic Zone, between November 2011 and March 2012, which caused damages to the environment due to the oil exploration activity, focusing on issues relevant to the application of criminal law in maritime areas, highlighted by the denunciation of the federal public ministry and judicial decisions handed down in criminal proceedings whose application and outlines are not peaceful, which justifies the relevance of this study. Throughout this research, the maritime domain, sovereignty and jurisdiction of the Brazilian State in the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and the Continental Shelf (CS) will be analyzed. The problem is focused on the identification of the sovereignty of Brazil as a Coastal State, of the sea, sea surface and subsoil, the application of its legislative and judicial powers; in the verification if the EEZ and CS are part of the Brazilian maritime territory; in identifying the applicable legal regime in case of environmental crimes arising from the exploitation of oil in these maritime areas; extraterritoriality or territoriality of criminal law. The systematized study of the national and international legal system, through concepts of International Law, Criminal Law and Environmental Law, showed that the conflicts of interpretations observed in the case occur because the legal regime of EEZs and CS, established in UNCLOS III, when dealing with the distinction between rights of sovereignty and the jurisdiction of the coastal State does not provide clear definitions of maritime borders, providing a variety of interpretations. O objeto do presente estudo consiste na análise do Caso Chevron, acidente ocorrido no Campos dos Goytacazes, a 107 Km do litoral do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, na denominada Zona Econômica Exclusiva brasileira, entre novembro de 2011 e março de 2012, que causou danos ao meio ambiental em decorrência da atividade de exploração de petróleo, tendo como foco as questões pertinentes à aplicação da lei penal nos espaços marítimos, destacadas da denúncia do órgão ministerial federal e das decisões judiciais proferidas no processo criminal cuja aplicação e contornos não são pacíficos, o que se justifica a relevância desse estudo. Ao longo dessa pesquisa, o domínio marítimo, a soberania e a jurisdição do Estado Brasileiro na Zona Econômica Exclusiva (ZEE) e na Plataforma Continental (PC) serão objeto de análise. A problemática concentra-se na identificação da soberania do Brasil, enquanto Estado Costeiro, do mar, da superfície e do subsolo marítimos, da aplicação de seus poderes legislativos e judiciários; na verificação se a ZEE e a PC integram o território marítimo brasileiro; na identificação do regime jurídico aplicável em caso de ocorrência de crimes ambientais decorrentes da exploração de petróleo nesses espaços marítimos; na extraterritorialidade ou da territorialidade da lei penal. O estudo sistematizado do ordenamento jurídico nacional e internacional, por meio de conceitos do Direito Internacional, Direito Penal e Direito Ambiental, demonstrou que os conflitos de interpretações observados no caso ocorrem porque o regime jurídico das ZEE e PC, estabelecidos na CNUDM III, ao tratar da distinção entre direitos de soberania e jurisdição do Estado costeiro não traz definições claras sobre as fronteiras marítimas, proporcionando diversidade de interpretações.

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Mulder, Thierry. "Aspects géotechniques de la stabilité des marges continentales : application à la baie des Anges (Nice, France)." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1992. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1992_MULDER_T.pdf.

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La baie des Anges se caractérise par de fortes valeurs de gradient de pente (présence d'une marge continentale très réduite). Les sédiments sont essentiellement des silts argileux. Les fonds des canyons montrent une sédimentation plus grossière. L’homogénéité des sédiments fins permet de les considérer en un ensemble unique en ce qui concerne leurs caractéristiques en conditions drainées. En condition non-drainées, une analyse plus fine fondée sur leur état de consolidation permet de repartir les matériaux en quatre grandes familles. Cette répartition a permis d'effectuer une cartographie géotechnique. À chaque zone est associée une loi de la cohésion non-drainée cu, avec la profondeur. Le comportement du matériau sous l'effet d'un chargement cyclique (surpression interstitielle en réponse à la houle ou à une vague) ou vis-à-vis du fluage peut être exprime à l'aide d'une loi de comportement unique. Trois phases distinctes peuvent y être observées. Le devenir du matériau peut alors être prédit dés que l'on connait les conditions initiales de chargement. Le gradient de pente est le paramètre qui influence le plus le calcul de stabilité. Deux types d'instabilités ont été mises en évidence: celles de haut de plateau continental, affectant cycliquement les sédiments sous-consolidés sur une faible profondeur et ceux affectant les sédiments de flanc de crêtes. Ces derniers impliquent un fort volume de matériau et seront préférentiellement mis en mouvement par un séisme. Ils pourront alors dégénérer en courant de turbidité. L’ensemble des résultats confirme les observations qui ont pu être effectuées soit par plongée de soucoupes, soit par cartographie sonar. L’étude des hauteurs de sédiment impliquées dans des glissements fossiles peut être effectuée à partir d'un unique carottage; les résultats sont homogènes avec ceux utilisant le modèle du glissement plan. L’ensemble de l'étude montre que la baie des anges peut être considérée comme un exemple type d'étude des instabilités mécaniques en mer. Ce risque permanent de glissement de terrain devra être considéré lors des projets futurs d'aménagement de la baie

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Keniausytė, Aušra. "Lietuvos Respublikos jūros erdvių delimitavimas." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2010. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20101124_200847-12092.

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Darbe nagrinėjamas Lietuvos Respublikos jūros erdvių delimitavimas po nepriklausomybės atkūrimo. Pirmiausia pateikiamos jūros erdvių sąvokos, jų delimitavimo principai, nustatyti atitinkamose konvencijose ir Tarptautinio Teisingumo Teismo praktikoje. Po to yra analizuojamos Lietuvos derybos dėl jūros erdvių delimitavimo su kaimyninėmis valstybėmis – aptariama derybų eiga, pateikiamos pozicijos atitinkamais klausimais, jų pagrindimas, derybų rezultatai. Derybų pozicijos bei rezultatai yra vertinami pagal konvencijas, nustatančias jūros erdvių delimitavimą, ir pagal teismų praktiką. The object of this work is the analysis of maritime delimitation of the Republic of Lithuania after the independence reestablishment. Firstly it is presented maritime definitions, principles of the maritime delimitation established in the conventions and in the case of law. Latter in the work it is analyzed Lithuanian negotiations with the neighbourhood states on the maritime delimitation. It is discussed the processes of the negotiations, presented the positions on the respective questions, the substantiation of the mentioned positions, the results of the negotiations. The positions and outcomes of the negotiations are estimated according to the conventions on the maritime delimitations and according to the case of law.

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Kelner, Maëlle. "Analyse des processus de glissements gravitaires sous-marins par une approche géophysique, géotechnique et expérimentale : cas de la pente continentale de Nice." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR4113/document.

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Les glissements de terrains sous-marins, même de petite taille, représentent un risque majeur d’érosion littorale et de submersion marine lorsqu’ils sont déclenchés à proximité des côtes. Ce fut le cas à Nice (France) avec l’effondrement en mer d’une partie de la plateforme aéroportuaire, suivit d’un tsunami du fait d’un glissement sous-marin en octobre 1979. Du fait que la pente continentale niçoise soit abrupte, à proximité des côtes et soumise à une activité sismique modérée, elle constitue un véritable laboratoire naturel pour l’étude des glissements sous-marins de petite échelle. Ce travail repose sur une approche multidisciplinaire permettant une étude globale des processus de glissement dans la zone proximale. Il intègre des données issues de la géophysique marine, de la sédimentologie de la géotechnique et une phase préliminaire de modélisation numérique. Pour la première fois, la morphologie ainsi que l’architecture des dépôts du delta du Var ont été investigués à partir de données de très haute résolution. Elles ont permis d’identifier la signature de nombreux processus gravitaires de petite taille en surface (morphologie / taille / répartition spatiale) ainsi que leur imbrication en profondeur. Dans le cas du glissement de 1979, des éléments encore inconnus ont été identifiés tels que : 1) ses cicatrices Est et Ouest ; 2) des blocs et paquets glissés non évacués ; 3) la surface de glissement en profondeur ; 4) l’estimation d’un volume total déplacé différent du volume de sédiments évacués. Les carottes sédimentaires ont ensuite permis de discuter de la répartition en zone proximale des dépôts/érosion et de l’enregistrement de paléoglissement à partir de l’état de surconsolidation des dépôts. L’activité des glissements a été estimée dans le temps. Les plus grands glissements (V > 106 m3) ont des fréquences estimées ~50 ans, les glissements de taille moyenne (105 < V < 106 m3) autour de 3 à 25 ans, et les nombreux petits glissements (V < 105 m3) tous les 1-2 mois à 5 ans au cours des périodes actives des 50 dernières années. Ces glissements sont enregistrés dès la zone proximale à des fréquences de 3-7 ans au cours des périodes de plus forte activité depuis 400 ans. L’évolution de la morphologie suit des cycles successifs de déclenchement/quiescence/rechargement. À l’échelle de temps humaine deux cycles s’étendent de 1967-1999 et de 1999-2011 ; les ruptures se regroupent en cluster de 5-10 ans. À l’échelle pluriséculaire, les clusters de turbidites durent 20-40 ans et les périodes de quiescence ~100 ans. Enfin, cette étude apporte de nouvelles contraintes à propos des facteurs déclenchants ou préconditionnants agissant sur le delta du Var. L’état de stabilité de la zone semble être fortement préconditionné par la complexité de la topographie, l’état de consolidation des sédiments et l’importance des apports sédimentaires du Var. L’architecture des dépôts semble principalement contraindre la profondeur des instabilités. Parmi les forçages externes connus sur la zone, nous avons cartographié l’extension de la zone riche en gaz ainsi que des panaches de fluides dans la colonne d’eau. Notre analyse montre que l’amplitude des précipitations, des crues et du niveau de la nappe alluviale seraient trop faibles au cours des 50 dernières années pour agir en tant que facteur déclenchant de manière isolée. Afin de déstabiliser les pentes, ces forçages semblent devoir être couplés entre eux ou associés à l’action de séismes. Les analyses des bases de données en lien avec l’activité des glissements ainsi que les tests numériques permettent de suggérer que la sismicité régionale et que les séismes historiques sont soit 1) de magnitude trop faible, soit 2) à de trop grandes distances des zones de déclenchement, pour générer des PGA assez fort (0,2 g) et avoir individuellement un impact sur les pentes du Delta Small submarine landslides, when triggered near the coast represent a major coastal hazard due to erosion of the coastline and marine submersion. In October 1979, a submarine landslide generated a part of the airport platform of Nice (France) to collapse at sea and provoked a tsunami. Because the continental slope off this region is abrupt, close to the coast and subject to moderate seismic activity it is a natural laboratory to study small-scale submarine mass movements processes. This work is based on a multidisciplinary approach allowing a global study of landslide processes in the source area. It integrates data from marine geophysics, sedimentology, geotechnics and numerical modelling. For the first time morphology and architecture of the Var delta deposits are investigated using very high resolution data. It allows identification of numerous small-size gravitational processes signatures as well as their embedding at depth. In the case of the 1979 landslide previously unknown features are identified: 1) eastern and western scars, 2) in-situ blocks and lateral spreading’s traces, 3) in-depth sliding surface, 4) estimation of a total displaced volume, which is different from the evacuated sediment volume. The sedimentary cores are then used to discuss the proximal distribution of deposits, erosion and paleo-landslides records from the deposits overconsolidation. The landslide activity has been estimated over time in terms of return frequencies. The largest landslides (>106 m3) have return frequencies nearing 50 years; the medium-size landslides (105 > V > 106 m3) between 3 and 25 years; and the numerous small landslides (<105 m3) every 1-2 months to 5 years during the most active periods in the last 50 years. Landslides deposits recorded in the source area show return frequencies of 3-7 years during periods of greater activity over the last 400 years. The morphology’s evolution follows successive cycles of sliding/quiescence/reloading. In recent times, two main cycles can be observed (from 1967 to 1999 and from 1999 to 2011) during which triggering are clustered in 5-10 years. On a longer time scale, the turbidites clusters span 20-40 years and quiescence periods ~100 years. Finally, this study brings new constraints on preconditioning and triggering factors acting on the Var delta. The stability of the area seems to be strongly conditioned by the complexity of the topography, the sediments consolidation and the quantity of sediments brought by the Var river. The deposits architecture mainly constrains the depth of the instabilities. Among the external drivers known in the area the extension of the gas-rich zone as well as fluids plumes in the water column have been considered and mapped. Looking at other external drivers, the analysis shows that the magnitude of rainfall and floods, and the alluvial water level would be too low over the past 50 years to act as an isolated triggering factor. In order to destabilize slopes, these external drivers need to be tackled together or associated to earthquakes. Relationships between databases analyses, landslides activity and numerical tests suggest that regional seismicity and historical earthquakes are either too small or too distant from the source areas to generate sufficient peak ground acceleration (0.2 g) and to have an individual impact on the delta slopes

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35

Konstantinidis, Ioannis. "Le cadre institutionnel de la convention des Nations Unies sur le droit de la mer en quête de son avenir." Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01D001.

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Fruit de négociations longues et ardues, la Convention des Nations Unies sur le droit de la mer signée en 1982 est sans doute l’un des traités multilatéraux les plus réussis sur le plan international. Pierre angulaire de la Convention, l’attribution du statut de « patrimoine commun de l’humanité » aux fonds marins et leur sous-sol situés au-delà des limites de la juridiction nationale ainsi qu’à leurs ressources a constitué une innovation majeure dans le domaine du droit international. Le succès de la Convention tient notamment au fait qu’elle a établi un cadre institutionnel sans précédent chargé de la mise en œuvre de la Convention et incarné par trois institutions : l’Autorité internationale des fonds marins, la Commission des limites du plateau continental et le Tribunal international du droit de la mer. Dotées de statuts juridiques divers et de compétences différentes, ces institutions fonctionnent depuis l’entrée en vigueur de la Convention en 1994. Vingt-et-un ans après sa fondation, il convient d’examiner ce cadre institutionnel dans son ensemble et d’évaluer sa mise en œuvre pour mieux comprendre le rôle complémentaire des institutions. Cette étude porte un regard critique sur la genèse, la nature, le fonctionnement et la pratique des institutions, et s’attache à les considérer dans leur interaction et leur interdépendance. Identifier les insuffisances institutionnelles et interinstitutionnelles, ainsi que les défis auxquels les institutions sont confrontées est un préalable indispensable à la recherche de solutions efficaces et viables pour surmonter les difficultés rencontrées, à la mise en œuvre harmonieuse de la Convention et à la concrétisation du concept fondamental de patrimoine commun de l’humanité. Dans cette perspective, l’importance du Tribunal dans son rôle de garant de l’intégrité de la Convention et le pouvoir créateur du juge international face aux lacunes conventionnelles méritent une attention toute particulière The result of protracted and arduous negotiations, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Seasigned in 1982 is undoubtedly one of the most successful multilateral treaties at the international level. The principle of the common heritage of mankind, represented by the seabed, ocean floor and subsoil and their resources beyond the limits of national jurisdiction, is the cornerstone of the Convention and constituted a major innovation in international law. The success of the Convention lies, in particular, in the establishment of an unprecedented institutional framework, which is incarnated by three institutions: the International Seabed Authority, the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf and the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. These institutions of diverse legal status are vested with different functions and have been in operation since the entry into force of the Convention in 1994. Twentyone years following its establishment, it is necessary to review this institutional framework as a whole and to assess its implementation in order to better understand the complementary role of the institutions. This study critically examines the genesis, the nature, the functioning and the practice of the institutions throughtheir interaction and their interdependence. Identifying institutional and inter-institutional weaknesses, and the challenges that the institutions face is an indispensable prerequisite for ensuring effective and viablesolutions, the harmonious implementation of the Convention and for giving substance to the principle ofthe common heritage of mankind. In this context, the role of the Tribunal as the guarantor of the integrityof the Convention and the creative power of the international judge merit special attention

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36

Chen, Wei-Hsiang, and 陳維翔. "Maritime Continent Climatology─seasonal and diurnal cycles." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/34482777981422001254.

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Chuang, Hui-Wen, and 莊蕙文. "Diurnal Variation of Clouds over the Maritime Continent." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/86536423922507504973.

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碩士 國立臺灣大學 大氣科學研究所 95 The high resolution (hourly, resampled to 0.50×0.50) window (11.5μm~12.5μm ) brightness temperature (Tbb) data from Japan’s Geostationary Meteorological Satellite-5 (GMS-5) during 1997－2003 were used to investigate the diurnal variation of clouds in the Maritime Continent during boreal winter. The results showed that a low value of the mean Tbb accompanied a high value of the Tbb standard deviation in the Maritime Con-tinent during boreal winter. Over large islands, the total variance of cloud fluctuation was primarily contributed from the diurnal variation with only a minor contribution from the variations with a time scale longer than one day. Over the oceans, on the other hand, the diurnal variation had an insignificant contribution to the total variance of cloud fluctuations. We can conclude that the local thermodynamic effect is the domi-nating factor causing cloud variations over island. The large scale atmospheric distur-bances have a large impact on cloud variations over oceans but not over islands. The results also showed that the diurnal variation of clouds is enhanced during the active phase periods, and the diurnal phase is only related to the local dynamic process but not related to the intensity of large-scale convection over both islands and oceans. During the active phase, the diurnal amplitude is much amplified over oceans than that over lands. The diurnal variation of clouds over the land region is mainly due to local thermo-dynamic response to the solar heating cycle. Over the oceans, three types of mecha-nisms could be separated. Over the convective ocean, it could be suggested that ther-modynamic response contributes to the maximum cloudiness in the afternoon. Over non-convective oceans, the radiation cooling could be the reason for the maximum cloudiness during night time. Over the oceans adjacent to lands, the diurnal variation of clouds is highly influenced by land effect resulting in a phase propagating to several hundred kilometers oceans from lands.

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Chuang, Hui-Wen. "Diurnal Variation of Clouds over the Maritime Continent." 2007. http://www.cetd.com.tw/ec/thesisdetail.aspx?etdun=U0001-1307200716592300.

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Chen, Chu-Chun, and 陳竹君. "The Relation between Climate and Deforestation in the Maritime Continent." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/u7k4k5.

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碩士 國立臺灣大學 大氣科學研究所 105 Deforestation in tropical regions would lead to changes in local energy and moisture budget, resulting in further impacts on regional and global climate. Previous studies have indicated that the reduction of evapotranspiration dominates the influence of tropical deforestation, which causes a warmer and drier climate locally. Most studies agree that the deforestation leads to an increase in temperature and decline in precipitation over the deforested area. However, unlike Amazon or Africa, Maritime Continent consists of islands surrounded by oceans so the drying effects found in Amazon or Africa may not be the case in Maritime Continent. Thus, our objective is to investigate the local and remote climate responses to deforestation in such unique region. We conduct deforestation experiments using NCAR Community Earth System Model (CESM) and through converting the tropical rainforest into grassland. The results show that deforestation in Maritime Continent leads to an increase in both temperature and precipitation. Moisture budget analysis indicates that the increase in precipitation is associated with the vertically integrated vertical moisture advection, especially the dynamic component (changes in convection). In addition, through moist static energy (MSE) budget analysis, we find the atmosphere among deforested areas become unstable owing to the combined effects of higher specific humidity and temperature in the mid-level. This instability will induce anomalous ascending motion, which could enhance the low-level moisture convergence, providing water vapor from the surrounding warm ocean. Besides the increased precipitation, the enhanced ascending motion over Maritime Continent may participate in the changes in Pacific Walker circulation, producing possible remote climate impacts beyond the tropics. The deforestation in Maritime Continent not only changes the vegetation types and the local climate, but also accompanies the slash-and-burn agricultural fire. Fire activity in Indonesia is strongly linked with El Niño events, whose sea surface temperature (SST) patterns can weaken the Walker circulation leading to a drought condition in the region. Here we show via case analyses and idealized climate model simulations that it is the central location of the SST anomalies associated with El Niño, rather than its intensity, that is mostly linked with the fire occurrence. During our study period of 1997-2015, Eastern Pacific (EP) El Niño events produced the largest fire events in southern Borneo (i.e., in 1997, 2006, and 2015), while Central Pacific (CP) El Niño events consistently produced minor fire events. The EP El Niño is found to be more capable than the CP El Niño of weakening the Walker circulation that acts to prolong Borneo’s drought condition from September to October. The extended dry conditions in October potentially increase the occurrence of fires during EP El Niño years. The 2015 fire event owes its occurrence to the location of the 2015 El Niño but not necessarily its “Godzilla” intensity in affecting the fire episodes over southern Borneo. Projecting the location of El Niño events might be more important than projecting their strength for fire management in southern Borneo.

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Lin, Wen-Lin, and 林文琳. "Asymmetric Responses of Precipitation over the Maritime Continent in the ENSO events." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/51573382445120069962.

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碩士 國立臺灣大學 大氣科學研究所 103 The Maritime Continent (MC) is located in the Southeast Asia and is composed of many islands and peninsulas, surrounding by warm ocean. It has one of the largest regional rainfall rates in the world, and through strong convective heating, the MC plays an important role in the Earth’s energy balance and hydrological cycle. The rainfall over the MC is also correlated with local SST and interannual variability. During El Nino, large scale downdraft anomaly imposes on the MC accompanying with decreased precipitation; in contrast, more active convection and precipitation occur in this region during La Nina. In addition to the interannual variability, the local diurnal variations in the land-sea breeze, mountain-valley winds, and cumulus merger process are the major contributions to the precipitation over the MC islands. In this study, we analyze several global precipitation data sets, demonstrating that precipitation shows an asymmetric response over the land and nearby oceans in the MC during different phases of ENSO (El Nino- Southern Oscillation). This study aims to reveal the role of the diurnal cycle in the asymmetric precipitation pattern over the MC during the ENSO events. Concerning the coarse resolution and its inability to simulate land-sea breeze in a global model, we adopt WRF-ARW (Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting Model) to setup several sensitivity experiments for a better understanding in precipitation changes in the MC region. Two simulations are conducted: one is control run and the other is water run (in order to remove diurnal-cycle changes by changing Borneo from land to ocean). The diurnal-cycle and the precipitation asymmetry between Borneo and Celebes Sea are well captured in the control run. In the water run, the diurnal-cycle disappeared and the precipitation over Borneo becomes more sensitive to large scale circulation han that in the control run. The results imply that the supplement of precipitation from diurnal cycle over Borneo is one of the major reasons that the precipitation slightly fluctuated during the ENSO events on the island.

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Wu, Cheng-Han, and 吳政翰. "Topographic Effects on the MJO in the Maritime Continent: Aspects of Dynamics, Heating Profiles, and Cloud Distribution." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/32080470581229496031.

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博士 臺灣大學 大氣科學研究所 98 This study demonstrates that during the passage of the MJO through the Maritime Continent in the boreal winter, the corresponding circulation structure, cloud systems, as well as consequential heating profiles, are redistributed via complex topographic effects from mountainous islands. The effects could be summarized as follows. 1) Overall, more spatially-elongated and higher mountainous islands exert stronger blocking effect on the incoming flow. 2) The blocking effect of the elongated and high-rising New Guinea is so strong that it causes a complete flow bifurcation from the surface to above 500-hPa. 3) The long but low island chain of Sumatra and Java not only results in the southward deflection of the incoming westerly anomaly, but also allows the westerly anomaly to flow over and creates vertical wave-like perturbation in the downstream. 4) Less spatially-extended islands such as Sulawesi and Borneo exert only a localized blocking effect, causing significant downstream wave-like perturbation in the vertical. Distinctive vorticity and convergence distributions are therefore generated in this specific domain. The existence of topography seems to create extra lifting and sinking within the large-scale circulation and thus the convective system exhibits quasi-stationary features near the major topography during the MJO passage through the Maritime Continent. Associated precipitation, turbulent and radiative flux anomalies at TOA and surface are therefore affected. It is suggested that resolving the detailed topographic effects may play a key role in simulating realistic characteristics of the MJO in the Maritime Continent, while ignoring influence from tropical topography with an aqua-planet model may not be a proper approach for our further understanding of MJO.

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hao and 陳恩浩. "Characteristics of Deep Convections and Associated Dynamic Conditions from CloudSat over the South China Sea and Maritime Continent." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/s922bf.

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碩士 國立中央大學 遙測科技碩士學位學程 107 Deep convection plays an important role in the global climate. It affects not only the balance of radiation and the hydrological cycle but also transports polluted particles, energy and moisture from the boundary layer to the upper atmosphere, which might link to the greenhouse effect. We conduct the analysis of CloudSat and ERA-Interim data from 2007 to 2016, to identify the deep convective systems (DCS) over the Maritime Continent (MC) and the South China Sea (SCS). The associated vertical structure, horizontal span, dynamic environmental factors, and spatial and temporal characteristics of deep convection were analyzed to seek the possible atmosphere dynamic controls of deep convection in the targeting regions. The results show that more isolated convective systems formed at MC (0.74% incidence) with more packed and larger particles at the upper-convective core (CTH-H_10dBZ: 3.43km). There are more organized convections formed over SCS (0.88% incidence) with more dispersed and smaller particles at the upper-convective core (CTH-H_10dBZ: 3.77km). The system horizontal span and echo height difference, rising velocity and the upper-level divergence are all positively correlated, especially, the deep convective core is highly sensitive to the ascending motion and the upper-level divergence (10-16 km). The vertical wind shear (VWS) less than 20ms-1 may increase the horizontal size of DCS, which is beneficial to the development of mesoscale systems. However, VWS over than 20ms-1 disperses the structure of the convective cloud, decreasing the occurrence frequency of the isolated system. Also, 10 km height is a critical threshold level, where the maximum vertical updraft velocity and the upper-level divergence. According to the land-sea distribution, diurnal variation and vertical dynamic structure of DCS, that there might be two different formation mechanisms for convective systems: 1) the boundary layer becomes unstable due to surface heating in the afternoon, and the isolated systems (S-type; <300km) are formed which characterized by small echo-top height difference (~3km) and strong lower-level (2-8 km) ascending motion which transports the large particles from the bottom to the upper level; 2) Boundary-layer cloud radiative cooling destabilizes the low-layer atmosphere, creating a favorable condition for shallow convection to develop to deep convection in the nighttime and over the ocean. Isolated or organized convective system （L-type; >300km） formed under this condition which characterizes with larger echo-top height differences (~4km).

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Chou, Chin-Chieh, and 周晉傑. "The interaction between diurnal cycle precipitation and MJO over the Maritime Continent in a multi-scale global climate model." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/9s6tn9.

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陳碧玲. "Continental States and Maritime States: The World Outside China in Traditional Encyclopedias (Lei-su)." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/38104196838649731407.

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碩士 國立臺灣海洋大學 海洋文化研究所 100 China developed outward development is long-standing, regardless of being in politics, economy or culture, has a close relationship with many nations. However , following the establishment and maintenance with foreign relationship, it’s more important that understand various countries' geography knowledge. In this paper, it wants to know the understanding situation of various countries' geography knowledge since ancient times, especially the foreign geography knowledge in classic Lei-shu. Lei-shu have a quality of reference book, it classifies various knowledge for ministers or scholars when they need, so the content of classic Lei-shu could represent the common sense of ministers and scholars generally at that time. This paper focus on seven classic Lei-shu that establish special department with outside countries in "Si Ku Quan Shu", because seven classic Lei-shu are from the Northern Song Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, their Time, content, character and arrangement make the records of outside countries have difference. At first, it will describe the origin and character in Lei-shu, and take a quantification analysis of outside countries in seven Lei-shu, it will look forward to understand the quantity change of outside countries from the Northern Song Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty. Second, it focuses the time of seven Lei-shu to part four time, and defines the foreign definition clearly, describe the countries simply, explain the understanding for overseas countries, discuss those nations that don’t exist. Finally, it will take a summary to the geography knowledge in seven Lei-shu, hope to understand the knowledge construction for the outside geography knowledge in classic Lei-shu.

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Gouveia, José António Velho. "Riscos Antrópicos na Zona Costeira de Portugal Continental: As Capacidades de Antecipação (Prevenção) e de Resposta." Doctoral thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/95207.

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Tese no âmbito do Doutoramento em Geografia, ramo Geografia Física, apresentada ao Departamento de Geografia e Turismo da Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Coimbra As zonas costeiras apresentam-se cada vez mais como um território atrativo para as populações de todo o mundo, assumindo uma importância estratégica para os Estados ribeirinhos em termos económicos, sociais, ambientais, culturais e de lazer. A taxa de ocupação humana deste território tem vindo a aumentar significativamente apresentando novos desafios de ordenamento e gestão territorial, nomeadamente no que respeita à segurança dos cidadãos. Hoje, desenvolvem-se aqui muitas atividades de cariz profissional, social, cultural, lúdico, recreativo, económico e ambiental que são de grande relevância a nível local, nacional e mundial. Por outro lado, este território é também um dos mais ameaçados pela sua vulnerabilidade em relação à ocorrência de fenómenos excecionais com origem no mar ou em terra. Este facto tem suscitado preocupações acrescidas para quem tem a seu cargo a responsabilidade de garantir a segurança dos cidadãos nesta faixa de território. Por sua vez, sucedem-se, também com maior frequência, acidentes de diversas tipologias, que são muitas vezes fatais. Há várias entidades que, de acordo com as suas competências, recolhem informação sobre diferentes ocorrências que têm lugar neste território. A Direção-Geral da Autoridade Marítima (DGAM) é uma delas e possui dados sobre todo o tipo de ocorrências que é carregada através de informação recolhida no terreno pelos seus órgão e serviços locais - as capitanias dos portos e os comandos locais da Polícia Marítima. De 1997 a 2018, existem na DGAM quase 17 000 registos de ocorrências com pessoas no Domínio Público Marítimo em todo o território costeiro nacional, dos quais resultou a perda de 2 400 vidas humanas, numa média de 109 por ano. Neste trabalho são analisados estes dados assim como outra informação disponível na Internet ou em instituições oficiais, como a Agência Portuguesa do Ambiente, I.P. e a Autoridade Nacional de Emergência e Proteção Civil, com o objetivo de estudar as diferentes tipologias das manifestações de risco neste espaço que corresponde a uma estreita faixa de território costeiro, analisando-se, ainda, entre outros aspetos considerados relevantes, as causas das ocorrências assim como as suas consequências para os cidadãos. Para isso, são identificados os diferentes tipos de riscos a que este espaço territorial está sujeito e a forma como poderão afetar os que dele fazem uso. Do trabalho realizado, pode concluir-se que existe, de facto, um risco elevado de ocorrerem acidentes neste espaço com consequências para o ser humano. O maior risco está associado à prática balnear, mas também a quedas de arribas e de outros locais de menor altitude, a saltos, à prática de diversos desportos e a outras atividades levadas a efeito sem que sejam observados alguns cuidados elementares de segurança, o que leva a concluir que existe um grande trabalho de sensibilização e informação a fazer por parte das entidades com responsabilidades em razão da matéria e do território. Coastal zones are increasingly presenting themselves as an attractive territory for populations around the world, assuming strategic importance for coastal states in economic, social, environmental, cultural and leisure terms. The human occupation rate of this territory has been increasing significantly, presenting new territorial planning and management challenges, namely with regard to citizens' safety and security. Today, many professional, social, cultural, playful, recreational, economic and environmental activities are developed here that are of great relevance at local, national and global levels. This territory is also one of the most threatened by its vulnerability in relation to the occurrence of exceptional phenomena with origin at sea or on land. This fact brings increasing concerns for those entities responsible for ensuring the safety of citizens as users of it. On the other hand, different sort of accidents occur in coastal zones and some of them are often fatal. There are several entities that, according to their competences and responsibilities, have to collect information on different occurrences that take place in this territory. The Maritime Authority Directorate-General (DGAM) is one of them and has a database filled up with all types of occurrences happened in the National Maritime Authority´s space of jurisdiction. This information is collected by “Capitanias dos Portos” and Maritime Police Local Commands. From 1997 to 2018, it was possible to consider almost 17 000 records of occurrences registered in that database. Within this period of time 2 400 people died (109 per year in average). The aim of this work is to analyse this data as well as other information available on the Internet or in official institutions, such as the Portuguese Environment Agency and the National Authority for Emergency and Civil Protection in order to study the different types of risk that can be found in this space for people. Among other aspects considered relevant, we will focus in the causes and consequences of the occurrences. From the work done, it can be concluded that there is indeed a high risk of accidents occurring in this space with consequences for people who uses it. The greatest risk is associated with bathing, but also falls from cliffs, jumping, the practice of various sports and other activities carried out without observing some elementary safety precautions, which leads to the conclusion that there is a great deal of awareness-raising and information work to be done by entities with responsibilities over this territory.

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Lourenço, Ana Sofia dos Santos. "Estratégias Marítimas do século XXI: o caso de Portugal. (O Alargamento da Plataforma Continental e as implicações para a Segurança)." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/80302.

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Em 1982, em Montego Bay, celebrou-se a 3ª Conferência das Nações Unidas sobre Direito do Mar da qual surgiu a Convenção das Nações Unidas do Direito do Mar, que Portugal ratificou em 1997. Este documento que regula os espaços marítimos contém um Artigo que permite aos Estados-Costeiros estenderem as suas Plataformas Continentais e assim obterem direitos de soberania sobre uma área superior. O mar é um activo estratégico para Portugal nos dias que correm. Para aumentar o valor de tal activo estratégico Portugal submeteu em Maio de 2009 uma Proposta de Extensão da sua Plataforma Continental à Comissão de Limites da Plataforma Continental. Esta proposta, caso aceite pela Comissão, poderá trazer novas oportunidades para Portugal, mas também novos desafios à Segurança. Num sistema internacional cada vez mais globalizado e paradoxalmente fragmentado, também as ameaças de Segurança se alteram e com o possível aumento da área de soberania portuguesa também as ameaças aumentam. Este dissertação de Mestrado analisa o ambiente de segurança internacional e as suas diversas ameaças, algumas que cresceram devido ao ambiente globalizado do sistema internacional. Fará, igualmente, uma análise às vertentes teóricas da Segurança Marítima, e às ameaças ao seu ambiente, desde as alterações climáticas, à pirataria e ao tráfico. Portugal está numa posição estratégica quanto ao Mar. Apesar do distanciamento dos centros de poder e dos grandes mercados Europeus, Portugal é a porta de entrada do Mar na Europa, e essa porta de entrada pode sair valorizada com o aprovação da sua submissão à Comissão de Limites. Através de entrevistas semi-estruturadas realizadas a especialistas e de análise da literatura existente sobre o tema, esta dissertação tenta aferir algumas das implicações para a Segurança de Portugal com a extensão da Plataforma Continental, e se Portugal estará preparado para a mesma. In 1982, at Mondego Bay, was held the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea was adopted, which Portugal ratified in 1997. This document that regulates the maritime spaces has an Article that allows the States to extend their Continental Shelves and thus obtain rights of sovereignty over a superior area. Nowadays, the Sea is a strategic asset for Portugal. To increase its value, Portugal has summited a Proposal, in May 2009, to extend its Continental Shelf to Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf. This Proposal, if accepted, could bring new opportunities to Portugal but also new Security challenges. In an increasingly globalized and paradoxically fragmented international system, security threats are also changing and, with the possible increase in the area of Portuguese sovereignty, threats are also increasing. This dissertation analyses the international security environment and its various threats, some have grown due to the globalized world environment. This Study will also do an analysis to the theoretical aspects of Maritime Security and the threats to that environment, from climate changes, piracy to illegal trade. Portugal is in strategic over the Sea. Despite the distance to power centres and the biggest European markets, Portugal is the front door of the Sea to the Europe, and that can be valued with the approval of its submission to the Commission on the Limits. Through semi-structured interviews with specialists and analysis of existing literature on the subject, this dissertation tries to assess some of the Security implications with the extension of the Continental Shelf, and whether Portugal will be prepared for it.

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Quesada-Kimzey, Jaime F. [Verfasser]. "Tropospheric carboxylic acids in tropical rainforest environments : a study of their presence in the gaseous and aqueous phases under maritime to continental transport regimes / von Jaime F. Quesada-Kimzey." 2003. http://d-nb.info/967586267/34.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Maritime continent'

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