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Journal articles on the topic 'Maritime search and rescue (SAR) services'
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1
Chamier-Gliszczyński, Norbert, and Jerzy Fiuk. "Selected aspects of modelling the system on the example of search and rescue service." WUT Journal of Transportation Engineering 120 (March 1, 2018): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.4724.
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The article is an attempt to present the aspect of modelling the system on the example of air maritime rescue interpreted as SAR service (Search and Rescue). The necessity and need for the existence of the SAR service results from the International Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue signed by Poland. An important element of the structure of the SAR service are its individual elements (eg. location of air bases, etc.). The time of arrival in places far away from the currently existing SAR air service bases is so significant that it may cause the failure of the action. The question arises whether increasing the number of airbases gives a chance to reduce the system's operating costs, increase its efficiency and thereby raise the level of safety at sea and in the area of responsibility of the SAR service. For the full analysis of the functioning of the SAR service it is necessary to undertake optimization studies. Due to the complexity of the SAR service, it should be considered in systemic categories. Authors interpreting aviation SAR service in the form of a system whose mapping is the SAR system model undertakes research aimed at optimizing the operation of this service.
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Wielgosz, Miroslaw, and Marzena Malyszko. "Multi-Criteria Selection of Surface Units for SAR Operations at Sea Supported by AIS Data." Remote Sensing 13, no. 16 (August 9, 2021): 3151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13163151.
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The authors discuss currently conducted research aimed at improving the planning and performance of search and rescue (SAR) operations at sea. The focus is on the selection of surface units in areas of high traffic density. A large number of ships in the area of distress can make the process of selection of best suited vessels longer. An analysis of features which may render a vessel unsuitable for the job, depending on the area and type of operation, has been conducted. Criteria of assessment and selection of ships have been described, preceded by an expert analysis. The selection process has been made using Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA). The authors propose to apply officially available data from the Automatic Identification System (AIS)—a sensor for the ECDIS and other electronic chart systems—in the analysis of the availability of ships. Algorithms filtering available units have been built and applied in a simulation, using real AIS data, of one of the most common types of SAR operations. The method is proposed as an enhancement of decision support systems in maritime rescue services.
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Sheehan, Rebecca, Dimitrios Dalaklis, Anastasia Christodoulou, Megan Drewniak, Peter Raneri, and Angelos Dalaklis. "The Northwest Passage in the Arctic: A Brief Assessment of the Relevant Marine Transportation System and Current Availability of Search and Rescue Services." Logistics 5, no. 2 (April 19, 2021): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/logistics5020023.
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The analysis in hand provides a brief assessment of the United States’ and Canada’s marine transportation system and relevant search and rescue (SAR) support in relation to the Northwest Passage, with the purpose of examining to what extent these countries’ relevant infrastructure resources are able to meet the expected growth of shipping operations and business activities in the Arctic. Through an extensive literature review, this assessment will specifically describe the most important influences upon the maritime transportation system, with the issue of certain geographical details and the capabilities of existing ports standing out. Additionally, vessel activity trends and vessel traffic routing measure initiatives will be examined. Furthermore, the SAR infrastructure details and means to render assistance to people in distress along the Northwest Passage will be discussed. The reality remains that port characteristics are limited and vessel traffic routing measure initiatives and upgrades to SAR assets are commendable but slow-paced. It is true that both the United States and Canada are taking proper measures to build up infrastructure needs, but they both may run out of time to put adequate infrastructure in place to deal effectively with the changing environment.
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Ilcev, Dimov Stojce. "IMPLEMENTATION OF THE GLOBAL AERONAUTICAL DISTRESS AND SAFETY SYSTEM (GADSS)." Aviation 22, no. 1 (August 20, 2018): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/aviation.2018.4741.
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In this paper is introduced the first proposal for development of Global Aeronautical Distress and Safety System (GADSS) in 1999 by the author of this article. The GADSS is de facto the integration of space (radio and satellite) Communication, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS) with Tracking, Detecting and Search and Rescue (SAR) systems, which have to provide airmen with global communications and locating networks. The GPS, GLONASS and other Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) provide precise positioning data for vessels, land vehicles and aircraft, but modern CNS demands need for enhanced services and augmentation of GNSS networks. Both networks have to be integrated under an GADSS umbrella with elements capable of being operated by any individual onboard aircraft to ensure prompt distress alert for SAR procedure. The enhanced concept of GADSS is that SAR authorities ashore and ships in the immediate vicinity of the aircraft in distress have to be rapidly alerted via radio and satellite communication systems and to assist in a coordinated SAR operations with the minimum of delay. In 2016, 16 years in delay, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) has begun its process to amend international standards and recommended practices to align with GADSS concept. This paper will also introduce the necessary networks and equipment, which has to ensure harmonized and enhanced maritime and aeronautical global SAR systems.
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Sun, Yang, Jun Ling, Xinqiang Chen, Fancun Kong, Qinyou Hu, and Salvatore Antonio Biancardo. "Exploring Maritime Search and Rescue Resource Allocation via an Enhanced Particle Swarm Optimization Method." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 7 (June 30, 2022): 906. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10070906.
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Maritime search and rescue (SAR) plays a very important role in emergency waterway traffic situations, which is supposed to trigger severe personal casualties and property loss in maritime traffic accidents. The study aims to exploit an optimal allocation strategy with limited SAR resources deployed at navigation-constrained coastal islands. The study formulates the problem of SAR resource allocation in coastal areas into a non-linear optimization model. We explore the optimal solution for the SAR resource allocation problem under constraints of different ship and aircraft base station settings with the help of an enhanced particle swarm optimization (EPSO) model. Experimental results suggest that the proposed EPSO model can reasonably allocate the maritime rescue resources with a large coverage area and low time cost. The particle swarm optimization and genetic algorithm are further implemented for the purpose of model performance comparison. The research findings can help maritime traffic regulation departments to make more reasonable decisions for establishing SAR base stations.
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Zhou, Fan, Hua Chen, and Peng Zhang. "Performance Evaluation of Maritime Search and Rescue Missions Using Automatic Identification System Data." Journal of Navigation 73, no. 6 (May 19, 2020): 1237–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463320000223.
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In maritime search and rescue (SAR), commanders need to understand the task execution efficiency of each SAR unit in real time to improve the overall efficiency of SAR efforts. This study proposes a method to evaluate the progress of maritime SAR missions using automatic identification system (AIS) data. First, the positioning accuracy of the AIS data was improved according to the relationship between position, speed, and course. Second, the historical track of the SAR ship was used to generate the SAR completion area based on a line buffer algorithm. The SAR completion area and SAR mission area were then superimposed to determine the overall progress of the SAR mission. The proposed method has been deployed within the SAR software on-board Haixun01 (China's largest and most advanced large-scale cruise rescue ship) since 2017 and has played an important role in devising SAR strategies and tracking mission progress, during several SAR actions.
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Guo, Chuan Fu, Shan Bin Zhang, and Ying Shuai Jiang. "A Multiple Criteria Decision Method for Selecting Maritime Search & Rescue Scheme." Applied Mechanics and Materials 229-231 (November 2012): 2334–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.229-231.2334.
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The evaluation and selection of Search And Rescue (SAR) schemes is one of the most important decision issues for maritime SAR. Owing to vague concept frequently represented in decision data, a group fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making approach is proposed to solve the SAR scheme optimal selection problem. In the proposed method, the experts’ opinions are described by trapezoidal fuzzy numbers, and the fuzzy Delphi method is adopted to adjust each expert’s opinion to achieve the consensus condition. By using the logarithmic least square method and trapezoidal fuzzy number arithmetic operations to estimate the normalized fuzzy priority weights, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is presented and consequently the consistency check of fuzzy judgment matrix is avoided. The results of simulation show that the method is flexible and credible and provides references in intelligent SAR decision-making.
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Zhou, Xiao, Liang Cheng, Fangli Zhang, Zhaojin Yan, Xiaoguang Ruan, Kaifu Min, and Manchun Li. "Integrating Island Spatial Information and Integer Optimization for Locating Maritime Search and Rescue Bases: A Case Study in the South China Sea." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 8, no. 2 (February 15, 2019): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8020088.
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Maritime search and rescue (SAR) operations are critical for ensuring safety at sea. Islands have been considered as feasible solutions for the construction of new maritime SAR bases to improve the capacity of SAR operations in remote sea areas. This paper proposes a new framework, based on island spatial information, for determining the optimal locations for maritime SAR bases. The framework comprises four steps. First, candidate islands for the construction of maritime SAR bases are selected. Second, the potential rescue demand is estimated by employing ship location data and marine incident data. In the third step, the response time from candidate islands to any site at sea is calculated, with explicit consideration of the impact of sea conditions on the ship’s speed. Fourth, the final island locations are proposed by solving the maximal covering location problem (MCLP). The proposed framework was applied to the South China Sea. The results showed that there would be a decrease of 1.09 h in terms of the mean access time for the South China Sea if the six selected island bases were constructed, whilst the primary coverage increased from 62.63% to 80.02% when using a 6-hour threshold. This new framework is expected to contribute to improvements in safety at sea and should be applicable to any sea area where the construction of island rescue bases is being considered.
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Malyszko, Marzena. "Fuzzy Logic in Selection of Maritime Search and Rescue Units." Applied Sciences 12, no. 1 (December 21, 2021): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12010021.
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The article discusses methods of ships assessment when determining their suitability for search and rescue action (SAR) at sea. Selection of the most preferable ships is one of the action planning elements. Due to various construction and equipment the civilian ships can only perform rescue task to a certain degree. According to the Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA), many parameters and data have to be compared in order to create a ranking of vessels ordered according to the coordinator’s preferences. When data are missing, incomplete or uncertain, a similar effect can be obtained using fuzzy logic. The author discussed the nature of the criteria, evaluation methods and presented a simulation of a ship study using fuzzy logic. The author developed fuzzy rules and presented the principle of operation of the controller. The article deals with the main principles of a decision support system (DSS) for the selection of ships in SAR operations.
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Wood-Donnelly, Corine. "The Arctic Search and Rescue Agreement: Text, Framing and Logics." Yearbook of Polar Law Online 5, no. 1 (2013): 299–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116427-91000127.
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Abstract The 2011 ‘Agreement on Cooperation on Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue in the Arctic’ (henceforth SAR Agreement) is the first instrument of hard law produced by the eight states of the Arctic Council. While the agreement ostensibly addresses search and rescue related issues for the Arctic region, it is capable of being understood in a variety of legal, political and cultural contexts. Three elements are teased out in particular – the SAR Agreement as a legal policy document, as indicative of evolving Arctic international relations, and as indicative of particular geopolitical logics. As the paper concludes, however, the SAR Agreement has not been entirely free of political intrigue.
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Kurniawan, Muhammad Hasan Sidiq, and Duhania Oktasya Mahara. "Survival Analysis Based on Average Response Time of Maritime Search and Rescue (SAR) Incidents in 2019 Using Kaplan-Meier Method and Log-Rank Test." Enthusiastic : International Journal of Applied Statistics and Data Science 1, no. 01 (April 21, 2021): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.20885/enthusiastic.vol1.iss1.art2.
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Indonesia is the largest archipelagic country in the world (based on area and population), which makes it as one of countries with the most significant maritime activities. Therefore, there has been a high rate of maritime accidents in Indonesia. The National Search and Rescue Agency (BASARNAS) as a non-ministerial government agency with the primary task of Search and Rescue (SAR) operation deals with several types of accidents, including maritime accidents. Response time as the time to receive news about the accidents until the SAR unit comes to the rescue is very crucial in this matter. Average response time is stipulated based on BASARNAS’s regulations to estimate information about the survival probability of the victims. This research concerns with the survival analysis using Kaplan-Meier Method and Log-Rank Test. The researchers categorized maritime accidents into three categories: ‘Low’, ‘Medium’, and ‘High’. This classification aims to find out whether the survival function of each category has the same or different function and to investigate whether there are differences from the given responses or not. The survival analysis with Kaplan-Meier method revealed that the three categories had different survival functions. The survival analysis was followed by a Log-Rank Test. The final result shows that there is no difference in the responses given by the three categories when maritime accidents occur. Received February 10, 2021Revised March 29, 2021Accepted March 29, 2021
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O'Donnell, J. E. D., D. L. Miller, and C. C. Wackerman. "RADARSAT SAR-Derived Ocean Currents for Operational Maritime Search and Rescue Planning." Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing 26, no. 6 (December 2000): 549–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07038992.2000.10874795.
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Frey, G., and A. Winderlich. "Search and Rescue Services for Airport Disasters in Germany." Journal of the World Association for Emergency and Disaster Medicine 1, no. 2 (1985): 122–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00065195.
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The Search and Rescue Co-ordination Center Goch called me, some years ago, to the Stuttgart airport with the rescue helicopter of the Federal Armed Forces Rescue Center at Ulm. A single-engine sports plane, whose pilot was a student on his first solo flight, had tried a belly landing. Next to the runway, there were several fire-trucks, two ambulances and one emergency physician's car waiting. Our rescue helicopter stayed hovering for nearly one hour until the student pilot finally managed a belly landing. Safe on the ground, he was surrounded by firemen, paramedics and physicians, while we flew back to Ulm. We had not landed promptly I was told because of the landing taxes an army helicopter has to pay at a civilian airport! This episode prompted me to look for more information.The Federal Republic of Germany is obliged by international agreements to search for planes in distress—no matter what nationality—to save the passengers and, if possible, the equipment and to provide medical treatment for the survivors if necessary. This Search and Rescue (SAR) Service is executed according to the instructions given by the International Civil Aeronautical Organization (ICAO). In the Federal Republic, the SAR service is provided jointly by the Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of Transport. The Ministry of defense provides the means and the Rescue Co-ordination Center. The Ministry of Transport provides the alarm services through the air traffic control offices.
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Gözalan, Aylin, Ole John, Thomas Lübcke, Andreas Maier, Maximilian Reimann, Jan-Gerrit Richter, and Ivan Zverev. "Assisting Maritime Search and Rescue (SAR) Personnel with AI-Based Speech Recognition and Smart Direction Finding." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 10 (October 20, 2020): 818. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8100818.
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Communication for processing relevant information plays a paramount role in developing a comprehensive understanding of Search and Rescue (SAR) situations and conducting operations in a successful and reliable manner. Nevertheless, communication systems have not changed considerably in the context of simplifying very high frequency (VHF) maritime communication and enhancing the value of SAR practices. The Automated Transcription of Maritime VHF Radio Communication for SAR Mission Coordination (ARTUS) project approaches this problem with the development of an assistance system which employs AI-based speech recognition and smart direction finding. First, ideas and specified needs of end users for designing the user interface are presented in this paper. Further, preliminary accomplishments of domain specific language training for maritime speech recognition, and the direction-finding algorithms for localizing senders are sketched out. While the preliminary results build a solid ground, additional field experiments will be conducted in order to enhance the accuracy and reliability of speech recognition and direction finding. The identified end user requirements across different personnel groups show commonalities, but call for a differentiated approach in order to meet the challenges and peculiar needs of the various working contexts.
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Koka, Enkelejda, and Denard Veshi. "Irregular Migration by Sea: Interception and Rescue Interventions in Light of International Law and the EU Sea Borders Regulation." European Journal of Migration and Law 21, no. 1 (February 26, 2019): 26–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718166-12340041.
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Abstract Since 2011, due to the Syrian civil war, Libya’s institutional breakdown and Eritrea’s political unrest, record high numbers of irregular migrants have been arriving at the EU’s south-eastern external borders, publicly known as the ‘Europe’s refugee crisis’. The most pressurised borders have been those of Greece and Italy. The human smuggler’s ‘organised refugee’ strategy has identified various legal issues resulting from the application of parallel legal frameworks both at regional and at international level. The EU Member States’ policy-making response to human smuggling has created loopholes through conflicting interpretations of the international legal framework on search and rescue and the inconsistent application of human rights law. Hence, this article will argue that although the International Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue (SAR) and the EU Sea Borders Regulation purportedly adopted to set out clear rules on when to initiate search and rescue, have not addressed the issue of responsibility for and the consequences of failed rescue scenarios by inactive SAR States; thereby creating a gap in the legal framework on State responsibility for negligent or intentional failed rescues.
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Cai, Chang, Jianfeng Chen, Qingli Yan, and Fen Liu. "A Multi-Robot Coverage Path Planning Method for Maritime Search and Rescue Using Multiple AUVs." Remote Sensing 15, no. 1 (December 24, 2022): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15010093.
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In this study, we focus on the Multi-robot Coverage Path Planning (MCPP) problem for maritime Search And Rescue (SAR) missions using a multiple Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) system, with the ultimate purpose of efficiently and accurately discovering the target from sonar images taken by Side-Scan Sonar (SSS) mounted on the AUVs. Considering the specificities of real maritime SAR projects, we propose a novel MCPP method, in which the MCPP problem is transformed into two sub-problems: Area partitioning and single-AUV coverage path planning. The structure of the task area is first defined using Morse decomposition of the spike pattern. The area partitioning problem is then formulated as an AUV ordering problem, which is solved by developing a customized backtracking method to balance the workload and to avoid segmentation of the possible target area. As for the single-AUV coverage path planning problem, the SAR-A* method is adopted, which generates a path that preferentially visits the possible target areas and reduces the number of turns to guarantee the high quality of the resulting sonar images. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method can maintain the workload balance and significantly improve the efficiency and accuracy of discovering the target. Moreover, our experimental results indicate that the proposed method is practical and the mentioned specificities are useful for discovering targets.
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Guo, Yu, Yanqing Ye, Qingqing Yang, and Kewei Yang. "A Multi-Objective INLP Model of Sustainable Resource Allocation for Long-Range Maritime Search and Rescue." Sustainability 11, no. 3 (February 12, 2019): 929. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11030929.
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Maritime search and rescue (SAR) operations play a crucial role in reducing fatalities and mitigating human suffering. Compared to short-range maritime SAR, long-range maritime SAR (LRMSAR) is more challenging due to the far distance from the shore, changeful weather, and less available resources. Such an operation put high requirements on decision makers to timely assign multiple resources, such as aircraft and vessels to deal with the emergency. However, most current researches pay attention to assign only one kind of resource, while practically, multiple resources are necessary for LRMSAR. Thus, a method is proposed to provide support for decision makers to allocate multiple resources in dealing with LRMSAR problem; to ensure the sustainable use of resources. First, by analyzing the factors involved in the whole process, we formulated the problem as a multi-objective optimization problem, the objective of which was to maximize both the probability of completing the tasks and the utilities of allocated resources. Based on the theory of search, an integer nonlinear programming (INLP) model was built for different tasks. Second, in order to solve the non-deterministic polynomial-time hardness (NP-hard) model, by constructing a rule base, candidate solutions can be found to improve the calculation efficiency. Furthermore, in order to obtain the optimal scheme, the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) was applied to the candidate solution sets to approximate Pareto fronts. Finally, an emergency case of Chinese Bohai Sea was used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model. In the study, 11 resource allocation schemes were obtained to respond to the emergency, and calculation processes of schemes were further analyzed to demonstrate our model’s rationality. Results showed that the proposed models provide decision-makers with scientific decision support on different emergency tasks.
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Patterson, Anthony H., and Philip S. McCarter. "Digital Selective Calling: The Weak Link of the GMDSS." Journal of Navigation 52, no. 1 (January 1999): 28–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463398008133.
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Digital Selective Calling (DSC) is causing serious problems for Search and Rescue (SAR) providers. Administrations must seriously consider the humanitarian and legal implications of continuing the implementation of DSC. They may be in violation of the Safety of Life at Sea Convention, the International Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue, 1979, and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982, by knowingly implementing communications technology that may jeopardize lives at sea even though the primary intent of DSC is to establish a suitable distress alerting method. States may very well open themselves to legal liability if loss of life or environmental damage can be linked in any way to the known faults of DSC.
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Burciu, Zbigniew, Teresa Abramowicz-Gerigk, Wojciech Przybyl, Ireneusz Plebankiewicz, and Adam Januszko. "The Impact of the Improved Search Object Detection on the SAR Action Success Probability in Maritime Transport." Sensors 20, no. 14 (July 16, 2020): 3962. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20143962.
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This paper presents the investigations on the improvement of search object detection during search and rescue (SAR) action at sea using thermal imaging and radar sensors. The introduction of new materials in the construction of lifesaving appliances increasing their detectability has been studied for the selected example of a pneumatic life raft. The research was based on laboratory tests and open sea trials. The presented experimental investigations on the new materials that can be used for pneumatic life raft construction showed the enhancement of its thermal and radar signatures, which directly affect life raft detectability and influence reliability of SAR action and probability of success (POS). The improved detectability of a life raft related to the time to survive of a person in the water (PIW) allowed to present the modified search pattern for both PIW and life raft, significantly increasing POS.
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Kapadais, Konstantinos, Iraklis Varlamis, Christos Sardianos, and Konstantinos Tserpes. "A Framework for the Detection of Search and Rescue Patterns Using Shapelet Classification." Future Internet 11, no. 9 (September 4, 2019): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi11090192.
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The problem of unmanned supervision of maritime areas has attracted the interest of researchers for the last few years, mainly thanks to the advances in vessel monitoring that the Automatic Identification System (AIS) has brought. Several frameworks and algorithms have been proposed for the management of vessel trajectory data, which focus on data compression, data clustering, classification and visualization, offering a wide variety of solutions from vessel monitoring to automatic detection of complex events. This work builds on our previous work in the topic of automatic detection of Search and Rescue (SAR) missions, by developing and evaluating a methodology for classifying the trajectories of vessels that possibly participate in such missions. The proposed solution takes advantage of a synthetic trajectory generator and a classifier that combines a genetic algorithm (GENDIS) for the extraction of informative shapelets from training data and a transformation to the shapelets’ feature space. Using the generator and several SAR patterns that are formally described in naval operations bibliography, it generates a synthetic dataset that is used to train the classifier. Evaluation on both synthetic and real data has very promising results and helped us to identify vessel SAR maneuvers without putting any effort into manual annotation.
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Zhao, Zhi, Kefeng Ji, Xiangwei Xing, Huanxin Zou, and Shilin Zhou. "Ship Surveillance by Integration of Space-borne SAR and AIS – Review of Current Research." Journal of Navigation 67, no. 1 (October 8, 2013): 177–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463313000659.
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Ship surveillance is important for maritime security and safety. It plays important roles in many applications including ocean environment monitoring, search and rescue, anti-piracy and military reconnaissance. Among various sensors used for maritime surveillance, space-borne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is valued for its high resolution over wide swaths and all-weather working capabilities. However, the state-of-the-art algorithms for ship detection and identification do not always achieve a satisfactory performance. With the rapid development of space-borne Automatic Identification System (AIS), near real-time and global surveillance has become feasible. However, not all ships are equipped with or operate AIS. Space-borne SAR and AIS are considered to be complementary, and ship surveillance using an integrated combination has attracted much attention. In order to summarize the achievements and present references for further research, this paper attempts to explicitly review the developments in previous research as the basis of a brief introduction to space-borne SAR and AIS.
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Zhang, Zhang, Shi, and Wei. "Depthwise Separable Convolution Neural Network for High-Speed SAR Ship Detection." Remote Sensing 11, no. 21 (October 24, 2019): 2483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11212483.
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As an active microwave imaging sensor for the high-resolution earth observation, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) has been extensively applied in military, agriculture, geology, ecology, oceanography, etc., due to its prominent advantages of all-weather and all-time working capacity. Especially, in the marine field, SAR can provide numerous high-quality services for fishery management, traffic control, sea-ice monitoring, marine environmental protection, etc. Among them, ship detection in SAR images has attracted more and more attention on account of the urgent requirements of maritime rescue and military strategy formulation. Nowadays, most researches are focusing on improving the ship detection accuracy, while the detection speed is frequently neglected, regardless of traditional feature extraction methods or modern deep learning (DL) methods. However, the high-speed SAR ship detection is of great practical value, because it can provide real-time maritime disaster rescue and emergency military planning. Therefore, in order to address this problem, we proposed a novel high-speed SAR ship detection approach by mainly using depthwise separable convolution neural network (DS-CNN). In this approach, we integrated multi-scale detection mechanism, concatenation mechanism and anchor box mechanism to establish a brand-new light-weight network architecture for the high-speed SAR ship detection. We used DS-CNN, which consists of a depthwise convolution (D-Conv2D) and a pointwise convolution (P-Conv2D), to substitute for the conventional convolution neural network (C-CNN). In this way, the number of network parameters gets obviously decreased, and the ship detection speed gets dramatically improved. We experimented on an open SAR ship detection dataset (SSDD) to validate the correctness and feasibility of the proposed method. To verify the strong migration capacity of our method, we also carried out actual ship detection on a wide-region large-size Sentinel-1 SAR image. Ultimately, under the same hardware platform with NVIDIA RTX2080Ti GPU, the experimental results indicated that the ship detection speed of our proposed method is faster than other methods, meanwhile the detection accuracy is only lightly sacrificed compared with the state-of-art object detectors. Our method has great application value in real-time maritime disaster rescue and emergency military planning.
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Rajchel, Jan. "Search and Rescue System in Poland." Journal of KONBiN 49, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 363–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jok-2019-0040.
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Abstract On 25th of January 2018 Civil and Military Aeronautical Rescue Coordination Centre (ARCC) commenced operations in Polish Air Navigation Services Agency (PANSA). PANSA increased significantly its contribution in the domain of coordination of search and rescue activities in ASAR service in the Polish area of responsibility. Up to this date all tasks of ARCC Centre were conducted mainly by Armed Forces of Republic of Poland, which performed coordination function in ASAR (Aeronautical Search and Rescue) service. The bodies responsible were Aeronautical Search And Rescue Centre located in Air Operations Centre – Air Component Headquarter in Warsaw and sub-centre in Gdynia, part of Naval Operations Centre of Naval Component Headquarter. According to international commitments resulting mainly from Convention on International Civil Aviation signed on 7th of December 1944 in Chicago and ratified by Poland together with Annex 12 “Search And Rescue”, Poland committed to establish aeronautical search and rescue service called ASAR within Polish region and to assure its operation. ASAR service is the only service in Poland for rescue purposes and is designated to search and rescue of aircraft in distress, provision of help for aircraft crews and passengers and other victims of aeronautical accidents (regardless to nationality of these aircraft and persons). ASAR service tasks include search of designated area to find location of aircraft and victims of aeronautical accidents, determination of their status and commencement of rescue actions at the location using dedicated forces and measures as well as forces and measures of another systems, mainly from State Medical Rescue, National Firefighting and Rescue System and Maritime Search and Rescue Service. ASAR service consists of: a)commanding element – Civil-Military Aeronautical Rescue and Coordination Centre, b)executive elements – Aeronautical Search and Rescue Teams (LZPR), and c)supporting elements – alerting points (air traffic services units operating in the framework of alerting service).
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Malik, Abish, Ross Maciejewski, Yun Jang, Silvia Oliveros, Yang Yang, Ben Maule, Matthew White, and David S. Ebert. "A visual analytics process for maritime response, resource allocation and risk assessment." Information Visualization 13, no. 2 (October 22, 2012): 93–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1473871612460991.
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In this paper, we present our collaborative work with the U.S. Coast Guard’s Ninth District and Atlantic Area Commands, in which we develop a visual analytics system to analyze historic response operations and assess the potential risks in the maritime environment associated with the hypothetical allocation of Coast Guard resources. The system includes linked views and interactive displays that enable the analysis of trends, patterns, and anomalies among the U.S. Coast Guard search and rescue (SAR) operations and their associated sorties. Our system allows users to determine the change in risks associated with closing certain stations in terms of response time and potential lives and property lost. It also allows users to determine which stations are best suited to assuming control of the operations previously handled by the closed station. We provide maritime risk assessment tools that allow analysts to explore Coast Guard coverage for SAR operations and identify regions of high risk. The system also enables a thorough assessment of all SAR operations conducted by each Coast Guard station in the Great Lakes region. Our system demonstrates the effectiveness of visual analytics in analyzing risk within the maritime domain and is currently being used by analysts at the Coast Guard Atlantic Area.
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Weintrit, Adam. "Initial Description of Pilotage and Tug Services in the Context of e-Navigation." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 2 (February 13, 2020): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8020116.
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The International Maritime Organization (IMO)’s Maritime Safety Committee (MSC), at its 101st session (5 to 14 June 2019), adopted Resolution MSC.467(101) on the guidance on the definition and harmonization of the format and structure of maritime services in the context of e-Navigation and agreed to consolidate the descriptions of maritime services and to consider them together with all involved international organizations and interested member states, in order to harmonize the provision and exchange of maritime information and data. In doing so, the MSC also approved the initial descriptions of maritime services in the context of e-Navigation (IMO MSC.1/Circ.1610), which had been prepared by the Sub-Committee on Navigation, Communications and Search and Rescue, at its sixth session (16 to 25 January 2019). The information contained in this paper constitutes the descriptions of two selected examples of maritime services, an initial contribution for the harmonization of the formats and structures of pilotage and tug services. The initial description of each of maritime services is expected to be next periodically updated, taking into account developments and related work on international harmonization.
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Árnadóttir, Ragna Sif, and Hjalti Már Björnsson. "Evaluation and management of wilderness injuries and acute illness in Iceland during the years 2017-2018." Læknablaðið 107, no. 11 (November 3, 2021): 515–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17992/lbl.2021.11.659.
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INTRODUCTION: In Iceland, wilderness search and rescue services are provided by volunteer members of the Icelandic association for search and rescue (ICE-SAR). The rescue teams respond to about 1200 calls every year, with a significant proportion of them involving injured and sick individuals. No previous studies have been done on the service provided by ICE-SAR teams. The aim of this study was to obtain information about the health services provided by ICE-SAR in Iceland. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data was obtained from the ICE-SAR‘s and the National emergency call service‘s (112) databases. Cases that occurred during the years 2017 and 2018 that required transfer and treatment at a health clinic or hospital were included in the study. All cases with no involvement of sick or injured and minor injuries managed on scene without tranport were excluded. Treatment on scene and during transport and preliminary diagnosis made by ICE-SAR teams was reviewed. The medical report at each treating medical facility in Iceland was reviewed for treatment provided and final diagnosis. RESULTS: A total of 189 operations with 239 individuals were included in the study. A majority of the operations were recorded in the South region of Iceland. The average age of individuals was 44,4 years, just over half of cases involving men. Accidents accounted for 86% of all cases where the most common incident was a fall resulting in lower extremity injury. Cardiac disease was the most common cause for acute medical illness. On-scene treatment and use of equipment was not recorded in over 70% of cases. CONCLUSION: The ICE-SAR teams provide health care on regular basis, most commonly after accidents involving the lower extremities. Illness treated by the ICE-SAR volunteers most commonly involves cardiac symptoms. Documentation of on-site treatment and equipment use is incomplete.
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Fu, Yan-Kai, Chia-Chiang Lee, and Weilun Huang. "Impact on the Performance of Search and Rescue Team by Cloud-Based Services: A Case Study of TransAsia Flight GE235." MATEC Web of Conferences 267 (2019): 02004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201926702004.
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The purpose of this study is to determine the significant gap between the suitable objective environmental conditions and the real performance outcomes when Taipei fire fighter officers and volunteer fire fighters handled the TransAsia GE235 incident. This study employs the “Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT)” model to investigate the search and rescue (SAR) team members’ adoption of cloud-based services to improve their SAR performance. This study uses the Partial Least Square (PLS) validation for the research hypotheses. The results show that the Taipei City Fire Department’s SAR team and the Volunteer Fire Fighter team have certain gaps in applying the cloud-based service to improve the incident SAR performance. It is revealed that resources, especially in training/education of the government official team, are significant to performance improvement. Finally, several management implications are presented to improve the SAR operation performance.
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Balcerzak, Tomasz, and Jan Rajchel. "DIGITAL CELLULAR TECHNOLOGIES AND GNSS WITH UAV IN SAR MISSIONS FOR PUBLIC PROTECTION AND DISASTER RELIEF SERVICES." Journal of Airline Operations and Aviation Management 1, no. 2 (December 27, 2022): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.56801/jaoam.v1i2.1.
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The objective of this paper is to analyze Digital Cellular Technologies (DCT) and European Global Navigation Satellite System (EGNSS)-Galileo with Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) in Search and Rescue (SAR) missions dedicated for Public Protection and Disaster Relief (PPDR) services. Using desk research methodology authors will evaluate current activities being done in SAR operations in PPDR services, such as police, firefighters, military based on the new technology solutions for SAR operations that support those forces to find trapped victims or fugitives quickly and effectively, thus, improving their time-to-reaction. In conclusion authors stated that the DCT mobile SAR system based on Galileo presents the most sophisticated technology and features that go beyond the state of the art taking into consideration operation safety, reliability and commercial costs in comparison to other systems.
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Ilcev, Dimov Stojce. "The development of maritime satellite communications since 1976." International Journal of Maritime History 31, no. 1 (February 2019): 145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871418824955.
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This research note runs on from the note published by the author in this issue of IJMH. It describes the development of Maritime Satellite Communications (MSC) systems for all type of commercial and military seagoing and inland sailing vessels since the 1970s. The main functions of MSC systems are to enhance the safety and security of seagoing vessels, mainly by alerting and Search and Rescue (SAR) operations, and to improve communication facilities between ships and shore infrastructures. The first MSC Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) system for military applications was developed in 1976 by the US and other partners, which soon became available for merchant ships. The next step was the development of an independent and international MSC system. To overcome the disadvantages associated with HF/VHF radio propagation and frequency congestions, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) in 1979 encouraged all member nations to establish Maritime Mobile Satellite Communication (MMSC) systems. At the behest of IMO and United Nations (UN) Maritime Body, and pursuant to the Convention on the International Maritime Satellite Organization, signed by 28 countries in 1976, the International Maritime Satellite (INMARSAT) Organization was founded.
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Kim, Inchul, Chongju Chae, and Soyeong Lee. "Simulation Study of the IAMSAR Standard Recovery Maneuvers for the Improvement of Serviceability." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 6 (June 18, 2020): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8060445.
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Recovery maneuvers are highly important for rescuing a person overboard at sea. This is the prime reason why the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has published the International Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue (IAMSAR) Manual III, which aims to assist vessels and aircrafts in the performance of a search, rescue, or on-scene co-ordinated efforts with aspects of search and rescue (SAR) which pertain to their own emergencies. The IAMSAR Manual III includes the Williamson turn, the Anderson turn and the Scharnov turn. Furthermore, the Lorén turn has been newly included in the 2019 edition of the Manual. Although several studies have pointed out that the Williamson turn needs to be applied in a modified form for proper application, in terms of returning ability to the original track line, it has not yet been modified in the Manual. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the serviceability of the four standard recovery maneuvers through a series of ship-handling simulations with representative types of ships. Our main results are as follows: firstly, the Anderson turn is the fastest recovery method, regardless of engine power and rudder efficiency; secondly, the actual paths of the Williamson turn are not consistent with the expected ones; and, finally, no correlations were found between the returning ability of the Williamson turn and any ship configuration or maneuvering ability factors, or their combinations. Thus, based on the experimental results, this paper proposes revising the descriptions of the standard recovery maneuvers and IMO regulations on ship maneuverability, as well as posting the actual tracks of the Williamson turn on the bridge in order to improve its serviceability.
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Grover, A., S. Kumar, and A. Kumar. "SHIP DETECTION USING SENTINEL-1 SAR DATA." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-5 (November 15, 2018): 317–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-5-317-2018.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The Earth’s surface is covered with 72% water. This fact alone emphasizes the importance of proper monitoring and regulation of maritime activities. This monitoring can be useful in an array of applications including illegal transitions, rescue operations, territory regulation among many other applications. In order to achieve the task of “Maritime Surveillance” or simply the marine object detection, we need a structured approach combined with a set of algorithms. The objective of this paper is to study an emerging open source tool- Search for Unidentified Maritime Objects (SUMO) developed for the detection of ships which work regardless of weather conditions and coverage limits. Based on the Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data, this paper aims to process the satellite-borne data provided by the Sentinel-1 satellite. Proposed by the Joint Research Centre, SUMO is a pixel-based algorithm which follows a structured approach in order to identify marine objects and remove false alarms. It is observed that many of the false alarms are caused due to the presence of land. These are reduced by using the buffered coastlines referred to as land masks. A local threshold is calculated using the background clutter for the generation of false alarm rate and the pixels above this threshold are identified and clustered to form targets. A reliability value is computed for the elimination of azimuth ambiguities. Also, various attributes of the detected targets are calculated in order to give an accurate description of ships and its characteristics. With the SAR data being freely available due to the open data policy of the EU’s Copernicus program, it has never been more viable to employ new methods for marine object detection and this paper explores this possibility by analyzing the results obtained. Specifically, the employed data consists of Sentinel-1 fine dual-pol acquisitions over the coastal regions of India.</p>
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Ahmad, Mohamed Tarmizi, Michael Lam, A. S. Mohd Harithuddin, Amzari Zhahir, and Omar Kassim Ariff. "Flight Data Monitoring/Tracker System for Search and Rescue Mission." Applied Mechanics and Materials 629 (October 2014): 350–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.629.350.
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<p>Traditionally, Kalman Filter is used for the purpose of mixing several input signals and extracting a more reliable output, which greatly benefits aircraft navigation. This paper considers a fusion of four sensor systems: Global Positioning System (GPS), accelerometer, gyroscope and magnetometer. The resultant device, known as Starfish Main Tracking Unit (MTU), is a Flight Data Monitoring (FDM) / Tracking System equipment that uses General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) / Iridium / ICS (Internet Communications Services), which provides low cost telemetry as well as multiple solutions for global flight following and flight data transfer between aircraft and ground. Users from ground are able to monitor their fleet, configure their systems and also generate various flight reports from a single web-based interface, named the Starfish Fleet Management system. This developed system complements the Black Box by downloading limited aircraft data to the ground, provides real time tracking and assist in Search and Rescue (SAR) mission.</p>
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van Berckel Smit, Jasper. "Taking Onboard the Issue of Disembarkation." European Journal of Migration and Law 22, no. 4 (December 11, 2020): 492–517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718166-12340086.
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Abstract Disembarkation of rescued refugees is increasingly denied by Mediterranean States, as disembarkation triggers obligations of refugee reception in the absence of a distribution mechanism. This article assesses the international law of the sea to answer the question why a distributive mechanism is needed to provide for a predictable solution for disembarkation of rescued refugees in the Mediterranean. It concludes that, due to States’ shared obligation to allow disembarkation of seaborne refugees and uncertainties over ill-defined essential concepts and responsibilities, States enjoy much discretion to securitize maritime migration. It frustrates search and rescue (SAR). A successful way to reestablish the integrity and effectiveness of the SAR regime is to create an effective and foreseeable relocation mechanism. Finally, this article’s critical analysis of the Malta declaration—which failed to resolve the stalemate in the central Mediterranean—provides for valuable lessons towards a new system of responsibility-sharing in Europe.
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Bankes, Nigel. "Arctic Ocean Management and Indigenous Peoples: Recent Legal Developments." Yearbook of Polar Law Online 11, no. 1 (April 3, 2020): 81–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116427_011010007.
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This article examines recent legal developments in the management of human activities in Arctic marine areas and considers the extent to which these developments acknowledge or recognize the rights, roles and interests of Arctic Indigenous peoples. These developments include the negotiation of three treaties under the auspices of the Arctic Council: the Agreement on Cooperation on Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue in the Arctic, (Arctic SAR Agreement), the Agreement on Cooperation on Marine Oil Spill Preparedness and Response in the Arctic (Arctic MOSPA), and the Agreement on Enhancing International Arctic Scientific Cooperation (Arctic Science Agreement), the adoption of the Polar Code by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), and, most recently, the signature of the Agreement to Prevent Unregulated High Seas Fisheries in the Central Arctic Ocean (the CAOF Agreement). It also examines more recent practice under the Agreement on the Conservation of Polar Bears (ACPB).
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Liskiewicz, W. J. "An Evaluation of the Royal Air Force Helicopter Search and Rescue Services in Britain with Reference to Royal Air Force Valley 1980–1989." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 85, no. 12 (December 1992): 727–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014107689208501206.
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The Royal Air Force (RAF) operates a helicopter Search and Rescue (SAR) service in the United Kingdom and territorial waters; it also provides a similar service in several locations abroad. A 10-year retrospective study of the SAR helicopter service operating from the RAF base at Valley on the island of Anglesey in North Wales is presented, with national SAR statistics over a similar period provided for comparison. Analysis of records kept by SAR aircrew at RAF Valley shows that their assistance had been requested on 1490 occasions during the 10-year period studied; most of these requests were the result of incidents involving holidaymakers, particularly in the mountains or along the coast. The results illustrate the versatility and life-saving potential of a highly-skilled and motivated service able to work in adverse weather and dangerous locations. In the light of current debate, the value of aeromedical evacuation of seriously ill patients using helicopters is discussed.
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Córdova, Pablo, and Raúl P. Flores. "Hydrodynamic and Particle Drift Modeling as a Support System for Maritime Search and Rescue (SAR) Emergencies: Application to the C-212 Aircraft Accident on 2 September, 2011, in the Juan Fernández Archipelago, Chile." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 11 (November 3, 2022): 1649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10111649.
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Search and rescue (SAR) refers to every operation aiming to find someone presumed lost, sick, or injured in remote or hard-to-access areas. This study presents the design of an operational system that supports maritime SAR emergencies by combining information from global hydrodynamic models (GHM) and a local hydrodynamic model (LHM) implemented in FVCOM. The output of these hydrodynamic models is used as input in a multiple particle drift estimator (MPDE) to estimate the trajectories of the floating elements derived from accidents in the ocean. The MPDE also includes trajectory estimates using the empirical LEEWAY formulation. The modeling system is validated with data collected during a SAR emergency that occurred on 2 September 2011, where a C-212 aircraft from the Chilean Air Force destined to the Juan Fernández Archipelago crashed in the ocean between the islands of Santa Clara and Robinson Crusoe. Trajectories were assessed in terms of the commonly used NCLS (normalized cumulative Lagrangian separation) performance indicator and a modified version, NCLSmod, which considers both the movement and orientation of the trajectories. The LHM was executed in three scenarios: forced only with tide, forced with tide and wind combined, and forced only with wind. The performance of the different models varied in response to the ocean–atmosphere conditions and their local variations at the time of the accident. In times of calm wind, models with tidal influence performed better, while wind-forced models performed better when winds were greater than 7 km h−1. The use of FVCOM (LHM) solved the coastal circulation and accounted for bathymetric effects in the Juan Fernández Archipelago area. This resulted in an improved variability and distribution of the modeled trajectories compared to the observed drifter trajectories. This work is the first study related to cases of maritime SAR emergencies in Chile, and provides a fast tool to estimate search areas based on an ensemble of particle drift and trajectory forecasts using multiple publicly available data sources.
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Lygouras, Eleftherios, Nicholas Santavas, Anastasios Taitzoglou, Konstantinos Tarchanidis, Athanasios Mitropoulos, and Antonios Gasteratos. "Unsupervised Human Detection with an Embedded Vision System on a Fully Autonomous UAV for Search and Rescue Operations." Sensors 19, no. 16 (August 14, 2019): 3542. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19163542.
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Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) play a primary role in a plethora of technical and scientific fields owing to their wide range of applications. In particular, the provision of emergency services during the occurrence of a crisis event is a vital application domain where such aerial robots can contribute, sending out valuable assistance to both distressed humans and rescue teams. Bearing in mind that time constraints constitute a crucial parameter in search and rescue (SAR) missions, the punctual and precise detection of humans in peril is of paramount importance. The paper in hand deals with real-time human detection onboard a fully autonomous rescue UAV. Using deep learning techniques, the implemented embedded system was capable of detecting open water swimmers. This allowed the UAV to provide assistance accurately in a fully unsupervised manner, thus enhancing first responder operational capabilities. The novelty of the proposed system is the combination of global navigation satellite system (GNSS) techniques and computer vision algorithms for both precise human detection and rescue apparatus release. Details about hardware configuration as well as the system’s performance evaluation are fully discussed.
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Magnussen, PhD, Leif Inge, Eric Carlstrøm, PhD, Ann-Kristin Berge, MSc, Frode Wegger, MSc, and Jarle Løwe Sørensen, DBA. "Help we are sinking! Stories from Norwegian dispatch centers on decision-making in unfamiliar and ambiguous situations." Journal of Emergency Management 16, no. 4 (July 1, 2018): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jem.2018.0373.
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The aim of this exploratory case study was to examine whether sensemaking processes may influence decision-making of emergency call center dispatchers when dealing with maritime crises. This article focuses on sensemaking and decision-making in an emergency services context using Norwegian operators as a case and reports on data collected from five focus-group interviews with emergency dispatchers at five different locations. Each focus group consisted of three dispatchers, representing the three main Norwegian emergency response dispatch centers: police, fire and rescue, and the Emergency Medical Communication Centre (AMK). The study’s purpose was to see whether choices made when responding to maritime crisis calls are influenced by sensemaking processes, and whether these processes may have influenced the dispatcher’s choice of which search and rescue resources to contact. The study found that the sensemaking processes that occurred prior to the decision-making might have been influenced by the dispatcher’s past experiences, in particular, experiences from land-based operations. The findings also suggested that the emergency dispatchers made decisions based on intuitive sensemaking, as they were perceived pressed on time and experienced maritime crisis in a more transboundary nature than everyday land-based emergencies. The effects of sensemaking processes and intuitive decision-making shown in this study are of possible relevance to emergency services educators and managers outside a Norwegian framework.
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Ilcev, Dimov Stojce. "Introduction to polar earth orbits (PEO) in the function of the satellite distress and safety systems (SDSS)." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 19, no. 1 (July 1, 2020): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v19.i1.pp285-292.
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<p align="LEFT">In this paper is described introduction of Polar Earth Orbits (PEO) in the function of the Satellite Distress and Safety Systems (SDSS) for all mobile applications. The results of a technical and economic study regarding the extension of the Inmarsat Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) satellite system to cover polar region are reviewed. In addition, also are examined the technical and practical aspects of providing an operational polar Mobile Satellite Service (MSS) for the provision of combined distress and safety communication solutions in conjunction with a commercial and defense communication systems for maritime, land and aeronautical applications. This study is considered several PEO satellite models and their probable costs for Search and Rescue (SAR) and determination MSS solutions. The practical usage of Low PEO constellation is realized by Cospas-Sarsat international project for SDSS.</p>
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Morowsky, Katarina, and Kenneth H. Funk. "Understanding Differences in Helicopter Mission Sets Prior to Human Error Analysis." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 60, no. 1 (September 2016): 1439–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601330.
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Helicopters are essential for completion of many critical missions that are impossible for fixed-wing aircraft since they can operate around rough terrain and require minimal ground infrastructure. Like many complex environments, human error is thought to be a contributing factor for roughly eighty percent of helicopter accidents. While the aviation industry favors umbrella strategies within the United States Federal Aviation Regulations, this approach may be less than optimal for rotor-wing operations given the diversity of tasks within different mission sets. To understand the differences in tasks across mission sets, interviews were conducted with pilots to create Hierarchical Task Analysis (HTA) models of tasks required to successfully complete Helicopter Air Ambulance (HAA) and Maritime Search and Rescue (SAR) missions. The HTA models were compared to identify differences in tasks across missions. The tasks identified within the HTA models will be combined with findings from subsequent accident report analysis studies to develop mitigation strategies specific to helicopter missions.
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Waje-Andreassen, Anne, Øyvind Østerås, and Guttorm Brattebø. "A prospective observational study of why people are medically evacuated from offshore installations in the North Sea." BMJ Open 10, no. 7 (July 2020): e037558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037558.
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ObjectivesFew studies have described evacuations due to medical emergencies from the offshore installations in the North Sea, though efficient medical service is essential for the industrial activities in this area. The major oil- and gas-producing companies’ search and rescue (SAR) service is responsible for medical evacuations. Using a prospective approach, we describe the characteristics of patients evacuated by SAR.Design and settingA prospective observational study of the offshore primary care provided by SAR in the North Sea.MethodsPatients were identified by linking flight information from air transport services in 2015/2016 and the company’s medical record system. Standardised forms filled out by SAR nurses during the evacuation were also analysed. In-hospital information was obtained retrospectively from Haukeland University Hospital’s information system.ResultsA total of 381 persons (88% men) were evacuated during the study period. Twenty-seven per cent of missions were due to chest pain and 18% due to trauma. The mean age was 46.0 years. Severity scores were higher for cases due to medical conditions compared with trauma, but the scores were relatively low compared with onshore emergency missions. The busiest months were May, July and December. Weekends were the busiest days.ConclusionThree times as many evacuations from offshore installations are performed due to acute illness than trauma, and cardiac problems are the most common. Although most patients are not severely physiologically deranged, the study documents a need for competent SAR services 24 hours a day year-round. Training and certification should be tailored for the SAR service, as the offshore health service structure and geography differs from the structure onshore.
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Bartolucci, Andrea, Darren Walter, and Tony Redmond. "Comparative Review on the Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Relief Teams’ Deployment to Sudden-Onset Disasters." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 34, no. 04 (July 12, 2019): 415–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x19004540.
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AbstractWhen a disaster exceeds the capacity of the affected country to cope with its own resources, the provision of external rescue and health services is required, and the deployment of relief units requested. Recently, the cost of international relief and the belief that such deployment is cost-effective has been questioned by the international community; unfortunately, there is still little informed debate and few detailed data are available. This paper presents the results of a comparative review on the cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) of search and rescue (SAR) and Emergency Medical Team (EMT) deployment. The aim of this work is to provide an overview of the topic, highlight the criteria used to assess the effectiveness, and identify gaps in existing literature. The results show that both deployments are highly expensive, and their success is strongly related to the time they need to be operational; SAR deployments are characterized by limited outcomes in terms of lives saved, and EMTs by insufficient data and lack of detailed assessment. This research highlights that the criteria used to assess the effectiveness need to be explored further, considering different purposes, lengths of stay, and different activities performed, especially for any comparison. This study concludes that data reporting should be mandatory for humanitarian response agencies.
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Berkson, Jonathan M., Arthur A. Allen, Donald L. Murphy, and Kenneth J. Boda. "Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS®) Supports Marine Operations: A Look from the U.S. Coast Guard." Marine Technology Society Journal 44, no. 6 (November 1, 2010): 156–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.44.6.22.
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AbstractThe U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) is primarily a user of ocean observations but is also a provider of observations—especially in high-latitude regions. USCG has a long history of making ocean observations for mission activities and in support of other federal agencies. USCG uses the Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS®) to understand maritime conditions while conducting the Coast Guard’s roles of Maritime Safety, Maritime Security, and Maritime Stewardship. IOOS data are critical in planning search and rescue operations, ensuring safe navigation at high latitudes, responding to oil and hazardous spills, providing vessel traffic services, and maintaining maritime domain awareness (MDA). The International Ice Patrol makes and uses ocean observations to estimate drift and deterioration of icebergs. The North American Ice Service products are needed in polar and domestic ice operations. The National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration and the USCG are developing a way to disseminate the Physical Oceanographic Real-Time System data via the USCG Automatic Identification System. The Coast Guard provides personnel and vessel support for the National Data Buoy Center observational program, a component of the IOOS. Many key oceanographic, biologic, and geologic discoveries in the Arctic and Antarctic have been made from Coast Guard cutters. As oceanographic data acquisition moves from vessel observations to satellite remote sensing and unmanned in situ data acquisition systems, the USCG will continue to support this effort.
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Hieu, Dang Quang, and Nguyen Xuan Truong. "Data Processing Method in Medium Range Coastal Radar Complex." Journal of the Russian Universities. Radioelectronics, no. 3 (July 19, 2018): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32603/1993-8985-2018-21-3-35-41.
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The article presents the basic principles of design and development of integrated middle range Coastal Surveillance System (CSS) used for water surface lookout. It provides solutions for such missions as command and control of maritime forces, border monitoring and control, prevention of illegal activities such as piracy, smuggling, illegal immigration, illegal fishing, supporting search and rescue (SAR) operations, and creates a common situation awareness picture of the Naval Theatre. The system structure diagram is designed to solve computational overload problem when processing large volume of data received from radar stations. The measurement-level fusion algorithm is developed based on the JPDA framework, in which radar data received from a single or group of radars and AIS data is aggregated in a processing center. The servers and workstations make use of local area network (LAN), using standard Gigabit Ethernet technologies for local network communications. Acquisition, analysis, storage and distribution of target data is executed in servers, then the data is sent to automated operator stations (console), where functional operations for managing, identifying and displaying of target on digital situational map are performed.
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Ilčev, Dimov Stojče. "New Aspects of Progress in the Modernization of the Maritime Radio Direction Finders (RDF)." Transactions on Maritime Science 10, no. 1 (April 20, 2021): 68–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.7225/toms.v10.n01.005.
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This paper as an author contribution introduces the implementation of the new aspects in the modernization of the ships Radio Direction Finders (RDF) and their modern principles and applications for shipborne and coastal navigation surveillance systems. The origin RDF receivers with the antenna installed onboard ships or aircraft were designed to identify radio sources that provide bearing the Direction Finding (DF) signals. The radio DF system or sometimes simply known as the DF technique is de facto a basic principle of measuring the direction of signals for determination of the ship's position. The position of a particular ship in coastal navigation can be obtained by two or more measurements of certain radio sources received from different unspecified locations of transmitters on the coast. In the past, the RDF devices were widely used as a radio navigation system for aircraft, vehicles, and ships in particular. However, the newly developed RDF devices can be used today as an alternative to the Radio – Automatic Identification System (R-AIS), Satellite – Automatic Identification System (S-AIS), Long Range Identification and Tracking (LRIT), radars, GNSS receivers, and another current tracking and positioning systems of ships. The development of a modern shipborne RDF for new positioning and surveillance applications, such as Search and Rescue (SAR), Man over board (MOB), ships navigation and collision avoidance, offshore applications, detection of research buoys and for costal vessels traffic control and management is described in this paper.
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Heiselberg, Henning. "Ship-Iceberg Classification in SAR and Multispectral Satellite Images with Neural Networks." Remote Sensing 12, no. 15 (July 22, 2020): 2353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12152353.
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Classification of ships and icebergs in the Arctic in satellite images is an important problem. We study how to train deep neural networks for improving the discrimination of ships and icebergs in multispectral satellite images. We also analyze synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) images for comparison. The annotated datasets of ships and icebergs are collected from multispectral Sentinel-2 data and taken from the C-CORE dataset of Sentinel-1 SAR images. Convolutional Neural Networks with a range of hyperparameters are tested and optimized. Classification accuracies are considerably better for deep neural networks than for support vector machines. Deeper neural nets improve the accuracy per epoch but at the cost of longer processing time. Extending the datasets with semi-supervised data from Greenland improves the accuracy considerably whereas data augmentation by rotating and flipping the images has little effect. The resulting classification accuracies for ships and icebergs are 86% for the SAR data and 96% for the MSI data due to the better resolution and more multispectral bands. The size and quality of the datasets are essential for training the deep neural networks, and methods to improve them are discussed. The reduced false alarm rates and exploitation of multisensory data are important for Arctic search and rescue services.
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Shkrebtiienko, Anna. "Historical preconditions for the emergence of INMARSAT." Law Review of Kyiv University of Law, no. 1 (May 5, 2021): 341–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.36695/2219-5521.1.2021.68.
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The article is devoted to the study of the historical and legal preconditions for the emergence of the International Organizationof Maritime Satellite Communications (INMARSAT), the periodization of the development of the international organizationINMARSAT, provides a brief description of the historical stages of development of INMARSAT.It is determined that the activities of INMARSAT are based on the principles of non-discrimination, compliance with generallyaccepted principles and norms of international law, quality service to regions of the world where there is a need for sea, air and storageareas, use of outer space, application of all forms of international cooperation to ensure peace and security of navigation.Specific historical conditions and causal links have been identified, in the presence of which the international community hasestablished an international organization to improve the peace and maritime safety, as the process of its creation reflects society’s desireto improve safety, search and rescue at sea and the policies of states at various levels stages of historical development to strengthenmaritime safety and find optimal forms of its implementation at the international level.The article also analyzes the processes that took place at the stage of privatization and commercialization of INMARSAT, identifiesthe main features of this period, examines the turning point for the development of many countries that were at the stage of privatizationof the telecommunications segment.In addition, INMARSAT is currently an important global provider of satellite services, although after the restructuring ofINMARSAT, the process of liberalization and privatization of global and regional satellite services is developing rapidly. Moreover,improving and increasing the size of the market can contribute to the use of more efficient services, which allows the use of modernand innovative satellites, ensuring safety and peace at sea. Despite all the peculiarities of historical development, today INMARSATremains the only provider of quality satellite services as an important element of maritime safety.
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Bjerkvig, Christopher Kalhagen, Geir Strandenes, Tor Hervig, Geir Arne Sunde, and Torunn Oveland Apelseth. "Prehospital Whole Blood Transfusion Programs in Norway." Transfusion Medicine and Hemotherapy 48, no. 6 (2021): 324–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000519676.
Full textAbstract:
<b><i>Background:</i></b> Prehospital management of severe hemorrhage has evolved significantly in Norwegian medical emergency services in the last 10 years. Treatment algorithms for severe bleeding were previously focused on restoration of the blood volume by administration of crystalloids and colloids, but now the national trauma system guidelines recommend early balanced transfusion therapy according to remote damage control resuscitation principles. <b><i>Materials and Methods:</i></b> This survey describes the implementation, utilization, and experience of the use of low titer group O whole blood (LTOWB) and blood components in air ambulance services in Norway. Medical directors from all air ambulance bases in Norway as well as the blood banks that support LTOWB were invited to participate. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Medical directors from all 13 helicopter emergency medical services (HEMS) bases, the 7 search and rescue (SAR) helicopter bases, and the 4 blood banks that support HEMS with LTOWB responded to the survey. All HEMS and SAR helicopter services carry LTOWB or blood components. Four of 20 (20%) HEMS bases have implemented LTOWB. A majority of services (18/20, 90%) have a preference for LTOWB, primarily because LTOWB enables early balanced transfusion and has logistical benefits in time-critical emergencies and during prolonged evacuations. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> HEMS services and blood banks report favorable experiences in the implementation and utilization of LTOWB. Prehospital balanced blood transfusion using whole blood is feasible in Norway.
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Alsamhi, Saeed Hamood, Faris A. Almalki, Hatem AL-Dois, Alexey V. Shvetsov, Mohammad Samar Ansari, Ammar Hawbani, Sachin Kumar Gupta, and Brian Lee. "Multi-Drone Edge Intelligence and SAR Smart Wearable Devices for Emergency Communication." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2021 (November 3, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6710074.
Full textAbstract:
Disasters, either manmade or natural, call for rapid and timely actions. Due to disaster, all of the communication infrastructures are destroyed, and there is no way for connection between people in disaster and others outside the disaster range. Drone technology is the critical technology for delivering communication services and guiding people and monitoring the unwanted effects of a disaster. The collaboration of advanced technologies can reduce life losses, save people’s lives, and manage the disaster crisis. The network performance of collaboration between the Internet of Things (IoT) and drone edge intelligence can help gather and process data, extend the wireless coverage area, deliver medical emergencies, provide real-time information about the emergency, and gather data from areas that are impossible for humans to reach. In this paper, we focus on the network performance for efficient collaboration of drone edge intelligence and smart wearable devices for disaster management. We focus mainly on network connectivity parameters for improving real-time data sharing between the drone edge intelligence and smart wearable devices. The relevant parameters that are considered in this study include delay, throughput, and the load from drone edge intelligence. It is further shown that network performance can have significant improvement when the abovementioned parameters are correctly optimised, and the improved performance can significantly improve the guiding/coordinating of search and rescue (SAR) teams effectively and efficiently.
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McKnight, G., M. Palmer, and M. Khan. "The use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for CASEVAC in the future urban and littoral environments." Journal of The Royal Naval Medical Service 105, no. 1 (2019): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jrnms-105-29.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe recent development of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and their potential use for casualty evacuation (CASEVAC) has exciting implications for the United Kingdom Defence Medical Services (DMS). When compared to existing technology, the unique attributes of small size, increased manoeuvrability and lack of a human pilot would be extremely useful in congested and hazardous settings. There are ethical and practical considerations to be taken into account, but harnessing the full potential of this technology may improve the chances of survival from some battlefield injuries.UAVs could be of most benefit in a congested and complex battlespace, allowing evacuation of casualties from high risk environments. In addition to CASEVAC, a UAV could be used for critical care transfers, Search and Rescue (SAR) and Humanitarian And Disaster Relief (HADR) operations. Given the vast array of potential applications and a lower risk profile compared with current CASEVAC platforms, the DMS should actively monitor the development of UAV technology and plan ahead for integration within current doctrine.