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Journal articles on the topic 'Maritime situation awareness'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Iphar, C., A. Napoli, and C. Ray. "DATA QUALITY ASSESSMENT FOR MARITIME SITUATION AWARENESS." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences II-3/W5 (August 20, 2015): 291–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsannals-ii-3-w5-291-2015.

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The Automatic Identification System (AIS) initially designed to ensure maritime security through continuous position reports has been progressively used for many extended objectives. In particular it supports a global monitoring of the maritime domain for various purposes like safety and security but also traffic management, logistics or protection of strategic areas, etc. In this monitoring, data errors, misuse, irregular behaviours at sea, malfeasance mechanisms and bad navigation practices have inevitably emerged either by inattentiveness or voluntary actions in order to circumvent, alter or exploit such a system in the interests of offenders. This paper introduces the AIS system and presents vulnerabilities and data quality assessment for decision making in maritime situational awareness cases. The principles of a novel methodological approach for modelling, analysing and detecting these data errors and falsification are introduced.
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van Westrenen, Fulko, and Gesa Praetorius. "Situation awareness and maritime traffic: having awareness or being in control?" Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science 15, no. 2 (June 21, 2012): 161–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1463922x.2012.698661.

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Handayani, D. O. D., W. Sediono, and A. Shah. "Prototyping of a Situation Awareness System in the Maritime Surveillance." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 53 (December 20, 2013): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/53/1/012007.

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Perera, Panagodage Marlon. "INTEGRATED MARITIME PICTURE FOR EFFECTIVE DOMAIN AWARENESS." Maritime Technology and Research 3, no. 1 (January 18, 2020): Manuscript. http://dx.doi.org/10.33175/mtr.2021.224463.

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Abstract According to the IMO (International Maritime Organization) Definition of MDA (Maritime Domain Awareness) : “Effective understanding of anything associated with the maritime domain that could impact the security, safety, economy, or environment”. As per the geography, more than half of the countries in the world map are littoral states. Hence Maritime Domain Awareness is a great concern of many states (Bateman, S. (2011). However incidents that are reporting in maritime environments are evident that, it is not safe as we thought and causes serious influences to the national security of a state. Hence maritime security is great concern of littoral and non-littoral nations and emphasis have given for effective maritime detection as it is the gateway for a maritime interdiction and apprehension. How much our maritime environment is deserted and far from human activities, each and every bit of ocean environment is monitored by many agents of different nations for different perspectives and interests. However, in contradictory exploitation sea for crimes and criminalities is increase day by day and drug trafficking, human smuggling and human trafficking are some of the top listed criminalities. Even though mankind is capable to monitor every inch of ocean mass still sea is the main supply route for bulk of drugs and narcotics and reporting illegal migration is a common topic in many news forums. The real cause of this enigmatic situation is poor commitment by the states for effective mechanism to monitor and apprehend the culprits. For that sharing of information is important but obviously individuals are greedy on information for many reasons. As a result most of the monitoring stations are getting what they are interested but not the complete picture of maritime domain. Especially developing countries must focus for integration as funds for developed systems are the main constrain for them. Hence every bit of information is really important to build a complete picture to have a better understanding of the maritime environment.in this background this paper is to discuss an effective mechanism to integrate information and to share those with national and friendly international bodies to enhance decision making ability to effective interdiction to ensure safe seas.
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Stróżyna, Milena, Jacek Małyszko, Krzysztof Węcel, Dominik Filipiak, and Witold Abramowicz. "Architecture of Maritime Awareness System Supplied with External Information." Annual of Navigation 23, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 135–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aon-2016-0009.

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Abstract In this paper, we discuss a software architecture, which has been developed for the needs of the System for Intelligent Maritime Monitoring (SIMMO). The system bases on the state-of-the-art information fusion and intelligence analysis techniques, which generates an enhanced Recognized Maritime Picture and thus supports situation analysis and decision- making. The SIMMO system aims to automatically fuse an up-to-date maritime data from Automatic Identification System (AIS) and open Internet sources. Based on collected data, data analysis is performed to detect suspicious vessels. Functionality of the system is realized in a number of different modules (web crawlers, data fusion, anomaly detection, visualization modules) that share the AIS and external data stored in the system’s database. The aim of this article is to demonstrate how external information can be leveraged in maritime awareness system and what software solutions are necessary. A working system is presented as a proof of concept.
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Sharma, Amit, Salman Nazir, and Jorgen Ernstsen. "Situation awareness information requirements for maritime navigation: A goal directed task analysis." Safety Science 120 (December 2019): 745–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2019.08.016.

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7

Hong, Teo Chee, Ho Si Yong Andrew, and Chua Wei Liang Kenny. "Assessing the Situation Awareness of Operators Using Maritime Augmented Reality System (MARS)." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 59, no. 1 (September 2015): 1722–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931215591372.

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Kim, Eun-Kyung, Nam-Kyun Im, Song-Hee Han, and Jung-Sik Jeong. "A Study on Development of Visual Navigational Aids to improve Maritime Situation Awareness." Journal of Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems 22, no. 3 (June 25, 2012): 379–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5391/jkiis.2012.22.3.379.

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Caelli, Terry, Joyanto Mukerjee, Andy McCabe, and David Kirszenblat. "The Situation Awareness Window: a Hidden Markov Model for analyzing Maritime Surveillance missions." Journal of Defense Modeling and Simulation: Applications, Methodology, Technology 18, no. 3 (January 21, 2021): 207–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1548512920984370.

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In recent years, the use of Maritime Surveillance (MS) systems has increased in both defense and civilian domains. A demanding workload is placed upon operators of these systems, including the need to perform simultaneous information fusion from a number of sources to enable rapid decision throughput based upon Situation Awareness (SA). We have developed a method to objectively encode, summarize, and analyze airborne MS crew activities to gain insights into what is attended to in the execution of surveillance requirements. We label this method the “Situation Awareness Window” (SAW), which integrates sensor and tactical information with kinematics to define key attention and decision components of the operators that emerge over the surveillance mission. The SAW is defined with respect to the objects that are surveyed, the surveillance activities, and their chronological order. A SAW Hidden Markov Model (SAW-HMM) operates upon the surveillance mission activity encoder, resulting in a probabilistic relationship between the attention switching across sensor types and surveyed objects over the entire mission. That is, to implement the SAW-HMM we encoded the selection of sensors and surveillance decisions using a novel “encoder-interface” that allows users to probe many different features, observations, and states of a given mission. Ultimately the SAW will provide automated, objective, and insightful post mission debriefing technologies for operators and mission planners to encapsulate task demands and SA features over the mission.
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Ding, Song, Duan Feng Han, Xiang Li, and Wei Deng. "Research of Human Errors in Maritime System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 543-547 (March 2014): 4194–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.543-547.4194.

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The importance of the human element in maritime safety is increasingly being recognized by the shipping and offshore communities. In this paper, the author is going to make an introduction of the application of the human factors in maritime technology in recent years, and talk about the failures of situation awareness which are exceedingly common and need to be handled.
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Ding, Song, Duan Feng Han, and Bo Shi Zhang. "Impact of Automation to Maritime Technology." Advanced Materials Research 756-759 (September 2013): 4394–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.756-759.4394.

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Due to incredibly advancing technology and reduced manning levels in the maritime industry there is now a cultural shift in the maritime industry toward increased levels of automation in tasks, particularly with regard to navigation systems. But there are two sides to the automation advances. Increasing automation causes the loss of situation awareness, which can significantly affect performance in abnormal, time-critical circumstances. This paper presents an overview of the application of automation in marine system and its impact to the systems performance.
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Øvergård, Kjell I., Linda J. Sorensen, Salman Nazir, and Tone J. Martinsen. "Critical incidents during dynamic positioning: operators’ situation awareness and decision-making in maritime operations." Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science 16, no. 4 (April 30, 2015): 366–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1463922x.2014.1001007.

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Pleskachevsky, Andrey, Sven Jacobsen, Björn Tings, and Egbert Schwarz. "Estimation of sea state from Sentinel-1 Synthetic aperture radar imagery for maritime situation awareness." International Journal of Remote Sensing 40, no. 11 (January 17, 2019): 4104–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2018.1558377.

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Norstein, Erlend, Amit Sharma, Sophie Jungefeldt, and Salman Nazir. "Distributed Situation Awareness in a Demanding Maritime Operation: A Case Study of the Subsea Segment." TransNav, the International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation 13, no. 4 (2019): 811–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.12716/1001.13.04.14.

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Wen, Yuanqiao, Yimeng Zhang, Liang Huang, Chunhui Zhou, Changshi Xiao, Fan Zhang, Xin Peng, Wenqiang Zhan, and Zhongyi Sui. "Semantic Modelling of Ship Behavior in Harbor Based on Ontology and Dynamic Bayesian Network." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 8, no. 3 (February 27, 2019): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8030107.

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Recognizing ship behavior is important for maritime situation awareness and intelligent transportation management. Some scholars extracted ship behaviors from massive trajectory data by statistical analysis. However, the meaning of the behaviors, i.e., semantic meanings of behaviors and their relationships, are not explicit. Ship behaviors are affected by navigational area and traffic rules, so their meanings can be obtained only in specific maritime situations. The work establishes the semantic model of ship behavior (SMSB) to represent and reason the meaning of the behaviors. Firstly, a semantic network is built based on maritime traffic rules and good seamanship. The corresponding detection methods are then proposed to identify basic ship behaviors in various maritime scenes, including dock, anchorage, traffic lane, and general scenes. After that, dynamic Bayesian network (DBN) is used to reason potential ship behaviors. Finally, trajectory annotation and semantic query of the model are validated in the different scenes of harbor. The basic behaviors and potential behaviors in all typical scenes of any harbor can be obtained accurately and expressed conveniently using the proposed model. The model facilitates the ships behavior research, contributing to the semantic trajectory analysis.
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16

Marques, Mario Monteiro, Victor Lobo, A. Pedro Aguiar, J. Estrela Silva, J. Borges de Sousa, Maria de Fátima Nunes, Ricardo Adriano Ribeiro, Alexandre Bernardino, Gonçalo Cruz, and Jorge Salvador Marques. "An Unmanned Aircraft System for Maritime Operations: The Automatic Detection Subsystem." Marine Technology Society Journal 55, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 38–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.55.1.4.

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AbstractThis paper addresses the development of an integrated system to support maritime situation awareness based on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), emphasizing the role of the automatic detection subsystem. One of the main topics of research in the SEAGULL project was the automatic detection of sea vessels from sensors onboard the UAV, to help human operators in the generation of situational awareness of maritime events such as (a) detection and geo-referencing of oil spills or hazardous and noxious substances, (b) tracking systems (e.g., vessels, shipwrecks, lifeboats, debris), (c) recognizing behavioral patterns (e.g., vessels rendezvous, high-speed vessels, atypical patterns of navigation), and (d) monitoring environmental parameters and indicators. We describe a system composed of optical sensors, an embedded computer, communication systems, and a vessel detection algorithm that can run in real time in the embedded UAV hardware and provide to human operators vessel detections with low latency, high precision rates (about 99%), and suitable recalls (>50%), which is comparable to other more computationally intensive state-of-the-art approaches. Field test results, including the detection of lifesavers and multiple vessels in red-green-and-blue (RGB) and thermal images, are presented and discussed.
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Andre, Anthony D., and Henry A. Cutler. "Displaying Uncertainty in Advanced Navigation Systems." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 42, no. 1 (October 1998): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129804200108.

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Few human factors studies have addressed the issue of displaying the uncertainty of information provided to users; an issue of growing importance given the current proliferation of advanced situation awareness and navigation displays used in the aviation, automotive and maritime environments. This paper first discusses the growing need to develop guidelines concerning when and how to display uncertainty, and then describes the results of two initial studies aimed at both demonstrating the general utility of displaying uncertainty, and determining the optimal ways to visually represent various levels of uncertainty. We conclude that the impact and effectiveness of future multi-sensor situation awareness displays will be dependent on the skillful presentation of data uncertainty.
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Bowo, L. P., R. E. Prilana, and M. Furusho. "Human Error Assessment of Situation Awareness in Bridge Operations: A Case Study of Indonesian Maritime Accidents." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1052, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1052/1/012012.

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19

Michailovs, Steph, Stephen Pond, Megan Schmitt, Jessica Irons, Matthew Stoker, Troy Visser, Sam Huf, and Shayne Loft. "Team Performance in a Simulated Maritime Control Room: The Effect of Information Integration and Operator Configuration." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 63, no. 1 (November 2019): 2206–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181319631322.

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How team cognition is conceptualized has evolved rapidly in the last decade with the emerging use of a systems approach, moving the focus from the cognition residing in the heads of individuals, to that distributed across the team. This is referred to as ‘distributed cognition’. Increasingly, network approaches are being explored in attempts to model team distributed cognition. The specific domain of interest in the present study is the sociotechnical system within a maritime control room. This comprises human, machine and software agents interacting to interpret sensor data in order to develop a timely and accurate picture of surrounding contacts at sea. To achieve the goal, information is shared or integrated across the maritime control room consoles. The aim of this study was to develop and apply a suite of workload, situation awareness and team performance measures, including network analysis techniques, to examine how the distributed cognition of a team might change as a function of console configuration and information integration within a control room, and how these changes, if any, impact overall team performance. Sixteen teams of six novices conducted two one-hour scenarios operating generic maritime control room positions. Each team completed a one-hour simulation in each of two console configuration layouts with the order counter-balanced (within-subject design). Half the teams conducted the two scenarios in a high integration condition, and half in a low integration condition (between-subjects). The human machine interface (HMI) designs for the high integration condition emerged from a series of task analyses and user-centered design workshops. The emergent cognitively –oriented HMI designs are based on the assumption that each console can freely share information with other consoles. To create an analogue of current, less-integrated, and more stove-piped systems, a low integration condition was created where not all information was shared across consoles, but instead was shared verbally by console operators. Contacts detected at sea were introduced into the simulation and the team’s task was to assess, report and derive a solution (location, course, and speed) for each detected contact. Individual situation awareness was measured through the Situation Present Assessment Method (SPAM) and individual workload through the Air Traffic Workload Indicator Task (ATWIT). Team interaction from the scenarios were video recorded and we applied the Event Analysis of Systemic Teamwork (EAST) approach to examine the task, social and information networks which emerged. Team performance was measured as the accuracy and timeliness of the solutions We found higher information integration lowered average team workload, and improved average team situation awareness and team performance (faster solutions and a more accurate tactical picture). We found no impact of console configuration on team performance or any other dependent measure. The EAST method uncovered patterns in the network analysis that are potentially explanatory for the team workload, situation awareness and performance findings as a function of the information integration manipulation. This experiment showed that there can be reductions in workload, and improvements to situation awareness and performance when information is shared between consoles in a considered design. This has implications for HMI design within a team setting. The set of diagnostic metrics developed were largely effective in examining teamwork and team performance. Acknowledgements. The authors would like to thank Justin Hill (Royal Australian Navy) for his subject matter expertise, Graeme Muller (elmTEK) for his software, technical and infrastructure support, David Munro-Ford (Total Technology Partners) for his simulation programming, Dr Aaron Roberts for his advice on general aspects of the experiment, and Professor Paul Salmon for his advice on EAST.
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Mousavi, M., I. Ghazi, and B. Omaraee. "Risk Assessment in the Maritime Industry." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 7, no. 1 (February 12, 2017): 1377–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.836.

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Risk assessment is a well-developed field which many operators are currently applying to improve their operations and reduce their risk exposure. This paper is intended to provide an overview of the risk assessment for mariners in the Maritime transportation. The risks addressed are primarily those affecting the safety of a vessel, facility or operation. The concept of risk is defined, and the methods available to assess the risks associated with an operation are described. Regulatory requirements that have prompted the development of modern risk assessment practices are described, and future regulatory trends are discussed. There are many different analysis techniques and models that have been developed to aid in conducting risk assessments. A key to any successful risk analysis is choosing the right method (or combination of methods) for the situation at hand. This is achieved through critical analysis of the available data concerning marine crises. This paper provides a brief introduction to some of the analysis methods available and suggests risk analysis approaches to support different types of decision making within the maritime transportation to cope with crises. Finally, as awareness of risk assessment increases, the benefits which can be realized through its application will continue to increase. Organizations in both the public and the private sector are becoming more and more familiar with the benefits associated with risk-based approaches to managing safety and consequently reducing crisis in maritime transportation.
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Zhang, Xinxin, Weijiong Chen, Yongtao Xi, Shenping Hu, and Lijun Tang. "Dynamics Simulation of the Risk Coupling Effect between Maritime Pilotage Human Factors under the HFACS Framework." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 2 (February 22, 2020): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8020144.

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Maritime pilotage is an important guarantee for the safety of water traffic in port. The pilot is affected by the complex port environment, the differences of crew and equipment of different ships, the physical and psychological pressure of the pilot himself, as well as the management factors from the pilot station and maritime safety administration. In order to avoid pilotage accidents (PAs), it is necessary to study the coupling effect of human-organizational factors (HOFs) on PAs. In this paper, from the perspective of HOF risk coupling in pilotage, the problem of HOF risk coupling in maritime pilotage is studied by using the hierarchical classification idea of the human factors analysis and classification system (HFACS) and the method of system dynamics (SD). First of all, HFACS is used to analyse the HOF risk causal elements (RCEs) in pilotage, and 70 RCEs are summed up in four layers; secondly, the SD coupling model of RCEs is constructed; finally, based on a dataset of PAs collected by the Shanghai Harbour Pilot Association, the coupling simulation of RCEs in pilotage is carried out, and the volatility is evaluated. In general, the safety situation of maritime pilotage has been improving in the Shanghai port. However, four RCEs (negligence, habit, pilotage experience, and violations) in unsafe acts and two RCEs (teamwork and personal safety awareness) in precondition for unsafe acts contribute the most to maritime PAs and need to be paid attention to.
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Grech, Michelle R., Tim Horberry, and Andrew Smith. "Human Error in Maritime Operations: Analyses of Accident Reports Using the Leximancer Tool." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 46, no. 19 (September 2002): 1718–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120204601906.

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This paper focuses on the problem of lack of Situation Awareness (SA) by mariners. An analysis of a large number of accident reports was conducted in order to determine the extent to which SA is a relevant issue in merchant shipping operations. For the first time use was made of the Leximancer tool due to its ability to rapidly analyse large amounts of textual information. One major function of this research was to examine the accuracy and usefulness of such a data analysis tool by comparing the results of this computer analysis with that of a ‘manual’ analysis (performed by two raters). Our results underline the importance of SA in decision-making processes in the maritime domain: a large number of investigated maritime accidents were partly due to loss of SA. Also, the results of the Leximancer tool were found to be comparable to the manual analysis, thus suggesting further use of such a system for accident report analysis in other transportation domains.
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Grant, Alan, Paul Williams, Nick Ward, and Sally Basker. "GPS Jamming and the Impact on Maritime Navigation." Journal of Navigation 62, no. 2 (March 12, 2009): 173–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463308005213.

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Versions of this paper were first presented at the Royal Institute of Navigation GNSS Vulnerabilities and Solutions Conference held at Baska, Croatia in September 2008 and the Royal Institute of Navigation NAV 08 Conference held at Church House, Westminster, London in October 2008.The US Global Positioning System (GPS) is currently the primary source of Position, Navigation and Timing (PNT) information in maritime applications, whether stand-alone or augmented with additional systems. This situation will continue in the future with GPS, possibly together with other Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) e.g. Galileo, being the core PNT technology for e-Navigation – the future digital maritime architecture. GPS signals, measured at the surface on the Earth, are very weak. As such, the system is vulnerable to unintentional interference and jamming, resulting in possible denial of service over large geographical areas. The result of such interference could be the complete failure of the mariner's GPS receiver or, possibly worse, the presentation to the mariner of hazardously misleading information (HMI) for navigation and situational awareness, depending on how the GPS receiver reacts to the jamming incident. Recognising this, the General Lighthouse Authorities of the United Kingdom and Ireland (GLA), in collaboration with the UK Ministry of Defence (MOD) Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (DSTL), have conducted a series of sea-trials with the aim of identifying the full effects of GPS jamming on safe navigation at sea.This paper presents the key findings of these trials and provides important information on the effect of GPS denial. The GLA are playing a pivotal role in the establishment of eLoran as an independent source of PNT, taking advantage of eLoran's complementary nature, having dissimilar failure modes to GPS and the future GNSS. This paper provides information on the performance of an eLoran receiver in an area of GPS service denial. The paper presents the rationale for the work, details the system architecture employed, the data gathering efforts and finally the data analysis procedures, results and conclusions.
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Sundri, Mirela-Iuliana, and Feiza Memet. "TOOLS TO ENGAGE YOUTH IN ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: CONSTANTA MARITIME UNIVERSITY APPROACH." Journal of marine Technology and Environment 1, no. 2021 (2021): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.53464/jmte.01.2021.05.

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Environmental sustainability must be considered as the main target of humanity. To achieve this goal, the activities of many people must change into pro-environmental behaviour. This is often difficult because it involves high costs, giving up some daily habits and getting out of an artificial comfort. In this sense, education has an essential role to play. Young people are the target group for which appropriate methods must be found to help raise awareness of environmental issues and their involvement in solving them. In the current situation, under the restrictions caused by the Covid-19 pandemic, practical applications with large groups of students and observation of the wild environment is difficult to achieve. In November 2020, the Department of Mechanical and Environmental Sciences within the Maritime University of Constanta organized online the activity “S.O.S. Nature” where different environmental processes have been highlighted through simulation programs. The event aimed to increase the awareness of young people about environmental pollution and its consequences, as well as stimulating transversal skills by high school students participating. The interest given by the large participation in this event and the knowledge gained in this activity underlined the importance of modelling and simulation as useful tools through whose comprehensive approach young people can understand complex environmental issues.
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Heikkilä, Martti. "Ship—Shore and Ship—Ship Data Transfer." Journal of Navigation 49, no. 3 (September 1996): 309–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463300013540.

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During recent years there has been significant development in several technologies which can contribute to the efficiency and safety of maritime traffic. The most important of these are accurate positioning systems (DGPS), digital data transmission/transponder technology, electronic chart systems (ECDIS), control of ships using electronic passage plans, and ship path prediction. With a widespread implementation of these new techniques, combined with advanced ship-shore and ship-ship data transfer, significant improvements can be achieved in traffic situation awareness both in a VTS and onboard. This paper describes the research carried out at VTT on VTS development, and especially gives an outline of new VTS functions using ship—shore and ship—ship data transfer.
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Yoshida, Masanori, Etsuro Shimizu, Masashi Sugomori, and Ayako Umeda. "Regulatory Requirements on the Competence of Remote Operator in Maritime Autonomous Surface Ship: Situation Awareness, Ship Sense and Goal-Based Gap Analysis." Applied Sciences 10, no. 23 (December 7, 2020): 8751. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10238751.

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Maritime Autonomous Surface Ship (MASS) has been developed recently, and demonstration projects have been carried out internationally. Considering the full autonomous level is unlikely to be addressed shortly, remote control centre and Remote Operator (RO) will play a vital role in the MASS system. Although competence of watchkeeping at the ship’s bridge is inevitable for RO to avoid ship accidents caused by human errors, international requirements have not been introduced yet. This paper presents a way to develop the regulatory framework on the competence of RO based on the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW) by exploring the concept of Situation Awareness (SA). Goal-Based Gap Analysis (GBGA) is constructed based on the human-behaviour model and the required information for SA. A case study through the mini focus group discussion with interviews by a total of three (3) veteran instructors of training ships is conducted utilising the information including the results of previous demonstration projects on the remote control. The results show the relationship between required information and ship sense, shortage of these factors when RO is operating, additional competence and possible regulatory requirements for RO. The findings support the usefulness of GBGA and pave the way to develop a regulatory framework for RO further.
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Hieu, Dang Quang, and Nguyen Xuan Truong. "Data Processing Method in Medium Range Coastal Radar Complex." Journal of the Russian Universities. Radioelectronics, no. 3 (July 19, 2018): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32603/1993-8985-2018-21-3-35-41.

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The article presents the basic principles of design and development of integrated middle range Coastal Surveillance System (CSS) used for water surface lookout. It provides solutions for such missions as command and control of maritime forces, border monitoring and control, prevention of illegal activities such as piracy, smuggling, illegal immigration, illegal fishing, supporting search and rescue (SAR) operations, and creates a common situation awareness picture of the Naval Theatre. The system structure diagram is designed to solve computational overload problem when processing large volume of data received from radar stations. The measurement-level fusion algorithm is developed based on the JPDA framework, in which radar data received from a single or group of radars and AIS data is aggregated in a processing center. The servers and workstations make use of local area network (LAN), using standard Gigabit Ethernet technologies for local network communications. Acquisition, analysis, storage and distribution of target data is executed in servers, then the data is sent to automated operator stations (console), where functional operations for managing, identifying and displaying of target on digital situational map are performed.
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Saeed, Farhan, Alan Bury, Stephen Bonsall, and Ramin Riahi. "The application of AHP in the development of a taxonomy of merchant marine deck officers’ non-technical skills (NTS)." Logistics & Sustainable Transport 10, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 55–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jlst-2019-0005.

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Abstract The importance of NTS has been realised in many safety critical industries. Recently the maritime domain has also embraced the idea and implemented an NTS training course for both merchant marine deck and engineering officers. NTS encompass both interpersonal and cognitive skills such as situational awareness, teamwork, decision making, leadership, managerial skills, communication and language skills. Well-developed NTS training allow ship’s officers to recognise quickly when a problem is developing and manage the situation safely and efficiently with the available team members. As a result, the evaluation and grading of deck officers’ NTS is necessary to assure safety at sea, reduce the effects of human error on-board ships, and allow ship board operations to be performed safely. This paper identifies the skills necessary for deck officers to effectively perform their duties on the bridge of a ship. To achieve this, initially, a taxonomy of deck officers’ NTS is developed through a review of relevant literature and the conducting of semi-structured interviews with experienced seafarers. Subsequently, NTS weighting data is collected from experienced seafarers to allow the weight of each element of the taxonomy to be established by the use of the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP).
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Chen, Huei-Yen, and Catherine M. Burns. "Work Domain Analysis for the Interface Design of a Sonobuoy System." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 51, no. 4 (October 2007): 283–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120705100429.

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Modern sonar systems have greatly improved their sensor technology and processing techniques, but little effort has been put into display design for sonar data. The enormous amount of acoustic data presented by the traditional frequency versus time display can be overwhelming for a sonar operator to monitor and analyze. In addition to their normal sonar tasks, sonobuoy system operators manage the deployment of sonobuoys and ensure proper functioning of deployed sonobuoys. This paper describes a work domain analysis carried out as part of an interface design project targeting the sonobuoy system on board a maritime patrol aircraft. The domain of sonobuoy management and the domain of tactical situation awareness were modeled separately to address the two different aspects of the operator's work. Information requirements were drawn from the two models. Some of these requirements have significant implications for new design ideas that were previously overlooked in displays for sonobuoy systems.
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Fowdur, Jaya Shradha, Marcus Baum, and Frank Heymann. "Real-World Marine Radar Datasets for Evaluating Target Tracking Methods." Sensors 21, no. 14 (July 6, 2021): 4641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21144641.

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As autonomous navigation is being implemented in several areas including the maritime domain, the need for robust tracking is becoming more important for traffic situation awareness, assessment and monitoring. We present an online repository comprising three designated marine radar datasets from real-world measurement campaigns to be employed for target detection and tracking research purposes. The datasets have their respective reference positions on the basis of the Automatic Identification System (AIS). Together with the methods used for target detection and clustering, a novel baseline algorithm for an extended centroid-based multiple target tracking is introduced and explained. We compare the performance of our algorithm to its standard version on the datasets using the AIS references. The results obtained and some initial dataset specific analysis are presented. The datasets, under the German Aerospace Centre (DLR)’s terms and agreements, can be procured from the company website’s URL provided in the article.
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Indra Priyatna and Antoine Gatinaud. "The Role of Vessel Traffic Services in Traffic Separation Scheme." PROSIDING POLITEKNIK ILMU PELAYARAN MAKASSAR 1, no. 4 (October 8, 2020): 10–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.48192/prc.v1i4.317.

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The transportation of goods, passenger and livestock by sea is growing rapidly and rise a need for safety, security and environment protection. Now Indonesia is in the process of implementing E-Navigation. But since E-Navigation is complex and need a lot of system interoperability, then Indonesia may start the implementation by introducing VTS (Vessel Traffic Services) as a system designed to achieve the highest level of safety at sea, increase fleet efficiency and simplify everyday tasks both ashore and on board and therefore the operations are processed seamlessly, the compliance is guaranteed and the workload and costs are optimized. The VTS is not only for vessel traffic management but it also for harbour cluster and integrating communication system among stake holders on ships and on shore. But VTS plays a very important role in maintaining safety of navigation and efficiency as well as environment protection in traffic separation schemes. Nowadays, the next generation of VTS so-called smart VTS is capable to monitor (collect and process the data, create common operational picture, distribute data to clients), alerting (analyse traffic, detect dangerous traffic situations, and increase situation awareness), and respond (active decision support services and ensure ship to shore communications). The respond, however, is similar with the smart marine technology that may reduce human error significantly. Indonesia hopefully will implement the 16 kinds of MS (maritime services) portfolio with smart VTS especially in maintaining safety, security, efficiency and environment protection in traffic separation schemes.
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Hidayat, Sarif, Antonius P. Rumengan, Suria Darwisito, Medy Ompi, Winda M. Mingkid, Billy Th Wagey, and Carolus P. Paruntu. "STUDI PERUMUSAN STRATEGI PENGELOLAAN EKOWISATA BAHARI KOTA MANADO DI ERA REVOLUSI INDUSTRI 4.0 BERDASARKAN ANALISIS SWOT." JURNAL PESISIR DAN LAUT TROPIS 7, no. 3 (July 23, 2019): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.35800/jplt.7.3.2019.24421.

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The objective of this research was to formulate a strategy for managing maritime ecotourism in the era of industrial revolution 4.0 in the city of Manado. The study was conducted at the coastal areas of the mainland of Manado City and Bunaken Island for 3 months, February - May 2019. The research method was a survey with descriptive analysis and SWOT. The results of the study obtained 4 strategy formulations (key success factors) in the context of managing maritime ecotourism in the industrial revolution era 4.0 in the city of Manado, namely: 1) Increasing law enforcement in the field of marine ecotourism, waste management on land and sea, 2) Awareness of the community environmental hygiene both on land and sea, 3) Empowering biodiversity resources of coral reefs, seagrass beds and mangroves in the park for developing marine maritime ecotourism through digital applications, and 4) managing and developing resorts, coastal culinary attractions, points of diving spots, and tourism ports. The results of the SWOT curve show the condition of marine ecotourism in the city of Manado in quadrant 2, namely a situation where the threat to the development of marine ecotourism is more dominant than opportunity, but there are strengths of tourism organizations that can be relied on. Stakeholders are expected to be able to improve performance so that quadrant 2 conditions change to quadrant 1, which is to support an aggressive strategy: a very good situation because of the power that is used to seize profitable opportunities. In the era of industrial revolution 4.0, every stakeholder in the maritime ecotourism industry in the city of Manado was supposed to change the management system towards digital-based by making applicationsKeywords: Bunaken island, revolution industry 4.0, Manado city, marine ecotourism, strategyTujuan penelitian adalah untuk merumuskan strategi pengelolaan ekowisata bahari di era revolusi industri 4.0 di Kota Manado. Penelitian dilakukan di wilayah pesisir daratan Kota Manado dan Pulau Bunaken selama 3 bulan, Februari - Mei 2019. Metode penelitian adalah survei dengan analisis deskriptif dan SWOT. Hasil penelitian diperoleh 4 rumusan strategi (faktor-faktor kunci keberhasilan) dalam rangka pengelolaan ekowisata bahari era revolusi industri 4.0 di Kota Manado, yaitu: 1) Meningkatkan penegakan hukum di bidang ekowisata bahari, pengelolaan sampah di darat maupun laut, 2) Menyadarkan masyarakat tentang kebersihan lingkungan baik di daratan maupun lautan, 3) Memberdayakan sumber daya keanekaragaman hayati terumbu karang, padang lamun dan mangrove di kawasan TNB untuk pengembangan ekowisata bahari melalui aplikasi digital, dan 4) Mengelola dan mengembangkan resort, tempat-tempat wisata kuliner pantai, titik-titik penyelaman, dan pelabuhan pariwisata. Hasil kurva SWOT memperlihatkan kondisi ekowisata bahari Kota Manado berada dalam kuadran 2, yaitu situasi dimana ancaman terhadap pengembangan ekowisata bahari lebih dominan dibandingkan peluang, namun ada kekuatan organisasi kepariwisataan yang dapat diandalkan. Pemangku kepentingan diharapkan dapat meningkatkan kinerja agar kondisi kuadran 2 berubah menjadi kuadran 1, yaitu mendukung strategi agresif: situasi yang sangat baik karena adanya kekuatan yang dimanfaatkan untuk meraih peluang yang menguntungkan. Dalam era revolusi industri 4.0, maka setiap pemangku kepentingan industri ekowisata bahari di Kota Manado sudah seharusnya merubah sistem pengelolaan yang ada ke arah berbasis digital dengan cara membuat aplikasi pengelolaan ekowisata bahari.Kata Kunci: Ekowisata bahari, revolusi industri 4.0, Kota Manado, Pulau Bunaken, strategi
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Schwarz, E., D. Krause, M. Berg, H. Daedelow, and H. Maass. "Near Real Time Applications for Maritime Situational Awareness." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-7/W3 (April 30, 2015): 999–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-7-w3-999-2015.

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Applications to derive maritime value added products like oil spill and ship detection based on remote sensing SAR image data are being developed and integrated at the Ground Station Neustrelitz, part of the German Remote Sensing Data Center. Products of meteo-marine parameters like wind and wave will complement the product portfolio. Research and development aim at the implementation of highly automated services for operational use. SAR images are being used because of the possibility to provide maritime products with high spatial resolution over wide swaths and under all weather conditions. In combination with other information like Automatic Identification System (AIS) data fusion products are available to support the Maritime Situational Awareness.
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Jaram, Hrvoje, Pero Vidan, Srđan Vukša, and Ivan Pavić. "Situational Awareness – Key Safety Factor For The Officer Of The Watch." Pedagogika-Pedagogy 93, no. 7s (August 31, 2021): 225–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.53656/ped21-7s.20situ.

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One of the main causes of many maritime accidents are errors caused by the human element. Analysis of many maritime accidents at sea shows that situational awareness is one of the most important safety factors. The purpose and objective of this paper is to define the concept, importance and application of situational awareness throughout history until today. It also aims to highlight the high level of situational awareness as an important safety factor possessed by the Officer of the Watch and the overall importance of the same in the maritime domain. It is important to define the role of International Maritime Organization and the World Health Organization in relation to seafarer regulations and situational awareness. To identify the prevalence of low situational awareness as a root cause of accidents through the analysis of statistical data. To demonstrate the consequences of low situational awareness among ship’s crew through examples of tragic maritime accidents, along with identifying human and organizational factors that significantly reduce situational awareness. By defining the role and application of maritime training and modern technological solutions in the efforts to prevent maritime accidents and improve the situational awareness of ship officers. The questionnaire was conducted with the aim of collecting data on the importance of situational awareness from the experienced mariners as a target group. The questionnaire also aimed to obtain more detailed information about the effectiveness offered by modern technological solutions to improve situational awareness. Based on the collected information, arguments and assertions about situational awareness as an important safety factor for the Officer of the Watch, safety recommendations are presented.
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Chen, Chun-Hsien, Li Pheng Khoo, Yih Tng Chong, and Xiao Feng Yin. "Knowledge discovery using genetic algorithm for maritime situational awareness." Expert Systems with Applications 41, no. 6 (May 2014): 2742–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2013.09.042.

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Sidibé, Abdoulaye, and Gao Shu. "Study of Automatic Anomalous Behaviour Detection Techniques for Maritime Vessels." Journal of Navigation 70, no. 4 (March 8, 2017): 847–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463317000066.

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The maritime domain is the most utilised environment for bulk transportation, making maritime safety and security an important concern. A major aspect of maritime safety and security is maritime situational awareness. To achieve effective maritime situational awareness, recently many efforts have been made in automatic anomalous maritime vessel movement behaviour detection based on movement data provided by the Automatic Identification System (AIS). In this paper we present a review of state-of-the-art automatic anomalous maritime vessel behaviour detection techniques based on AIS movement data. First, we categorise some approaches proposed in the period 2011 to 2016 to automatically detect anomalous maritime vessel behaviour into distinct categories including statistical, machine learning and data mining, and provide an overview of them. Then we discuss some issues related to the proposed approaches and identify the trend in automatic detection of anomalous maritime vessel behaviour.
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Gaglione, Domenico, Giovanni Soldi, Florian Meyer, Franz Hlawatsch, Paolo Braca, Alfonso Farina, and Moe Z. Win. "Bayesian information fusion and multitarget tracking for maritime situational awareness." IET Radar, Sonar & Navigation 14, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 1845–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-rsn.2019.0508.

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Hagaseth, M., and S. P. Berge. "Standardized navigational data for situational awareness during simultaneous maritime operations." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 929 (November 27, 2020): 012026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/929/1/012026.

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39

Krause, Detmar, Egbert Schwarz, Sergey Voinov, Heiko Damerow, and Daniel Tomecki. "Sentinel-1 near real-time application for maritime situational awareness." CEAS Space Journal 11, no. 1 (June 13, 2018): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12567-018-0210-z.

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40

Rüssmeier, Nick, Axel Hahn, Daniela Nicklas, and Oliver Zielinski. "A research port test bed based on distributed optical sensors and sensor fusion framework for ad hoc situational awareness." Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems 6, no. 1 (January 26, 2017): 37–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/jsss-6-37-2017.

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Abstract. Maritime study sites utilized as a physical experimental test bed for sensor data fusion, communication technology and data stream analysis tools can provide substantial frameworks for design and development of e-navigation technologies. Increasing safety by observation and monitoring of the maritime environment by new technologies meets forward-looking needs to facilitate situational awareness. Further, such test beds offer a solid basis for standardizing new technologies to advance growth by reducing time to market of up-to-date industrial products and technologies. Especially optical sensor technologies are well suited to provide a situational and marine environmental assessment of waterways for (i) online detection of relevant situations, (ii) collection of data for further analysis and (iii) reuse of data, e.g. for training or testing of assistant systems. The test bed set-up has to consider maintainability, flexibility and extensibility for efficient test set-ups. This means that new use cases and applications within the test bed infrastructure, here presented by a research port, can be easily developed and extended by installing new sensors, actuators and software components. Furthermore, the system supports reliable remote communication between onshore and offshore participants. A series of in situ experiments at the research port of Bremerhaven and in other maritime environments were performed, representing applications and scenarios to demonstrate the capability for the proposed system framework and design.
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Zhen, Rong, Yongxing Jin, Qinyou Hu, Zheping Shao, and Nikitas Nikitakos. "Maritime Anomaly Detection within Coastal Waters Based on Vessel Trajectory Clustering and Naïve Bayes Classifier." Journal of Navigation 70, no. 3 (January 16, 2017): 648–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463316000850.

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Maritime anomaly detection is a key technique in intelligent vessel traffic surveillance systems and implementation of maritime situational awareness. In this paper, we propose a method which combines vessel trajectory clustering and Naïve Bayes classifier to detect anomalous vessel behaviour in the maritime surveillance system. A similarity measurement between vessel trajectories is designed based on the spatial and directional characteristics of Automatic Identification System (AIS) data, then the method of hierarchical and k-medoids clustering are applied to model and learn the typical vessel sailing pattern within harbour waters. The Naïve Bayes classifier of vessel behaviour is built to classify and detect anomalous vessel behaviour. The proposed method has been tested and validated on the vessel trajectories from AIS data within the waters of Xiamen Bay and Chengsanjiao, China. The results indicate that the proposed method is effective and helpful, thus enhancing maritime situational awareness in coastal waters.
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Qiao, Dalei, Guangzhong Liu, Taizhi Lv, Wei Li, and Juan Zhang. "Marine Vision-Based Situational Awareness Using Discriminative Deep Learning: A Survey." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 4 (April 8, 2021): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9040397.

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The primary task of marine surveillance is to construct a perfect marine situational awareness (MSA) system that serves to safeguard national maritime rights and interests and to maintain blue homeland security. Progress in maritime wireless communication, developments in artificial intelligence, and automation of marine turbines together imply that intelligent shipping is inevitable in future global shipping. Computer vision-based situational awareness provides visual semantic information to human beings that approximates eyesight, which makes it likely to be widely used in the field of intelligent marine transportation. We describe how we combined the visual perception tasks required for marine surveillance with those required for intelligent ship navigation to form a marine computer vision-based situational awareness complex and investigated the key technologies they have in common. Deep learning was a prerequisite activity. We summarize the progress made in four aspects of current research: full scene parsing of an image, target vessel re-identification, target vessel tracking, and multimodal data fusion with data from visual sensors. The paper gives a summary of research to date to provide background for this work and presents brief analyses of existing problems, outlines some state-of-the-art approaches, reviews available mainstream datasets, and indicates the likely direction of future research and development. As far as we know, this paper is the first review of research into the use of deep learning in situational awareness of the ocean surface. It provides a firm foundation for further investigation by researchers in related fields.
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Tam, Kimberly, and Kevin D. Jones. "Situational Awareness: Examining Factors that Affect Cyber-Risks in the Maritime Sector." International Journal on Cyber Situational Awareness 4, no. 1 (December 2, 2019): 40–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.22619/ijcsa.2019.100125.

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Papi, Francesco, Dario Tarchi, Michele Vespe, Franco Oliveri, Francesco Borghese, Giuseppe Aulicino, and Antonio Vollero. "Radiolocation and tracking of automatic identification system signals for maritime situational awareness." IET Radar, Sonar & Navigation 9, no. 5 (June 2015): 568–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-rsn.2014.0292.

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Sanfilippo, Filippo. "A multi-sensor fusion framework for improving situational awareness in demanding maritime training." Reliability Engineering & System Safety 161 (May 2017): 12–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2016.12.015.

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Snidaro, Lauro, Ingrid Visentini, and Karna Bryan. "Fusing uncertain knowledge and evidence for maritime situational awareness via Markov Logic Networks." Information Fusion 21 (January 2015): 159–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2013.03.004.

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Mahdi, Syed Sarosh, Maurizio Mancini, Fabio Sibilio, and Francesco Amenta. "Research Questionnaire on Perception of Seafarers about Oral Hygiene and Oral Dietary Habits." World Journal of Dentistry 6, no. 1 (2015): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10015-1303.

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ABSTRACT Objectives Dental problems are among the main concerns of seafarers and a relevant cause of medical consultations aboard international vessels. Seafarers may neglect their oral hygiene during long voyages and are known for their excessive intake of beverages or unhealthy food which contains copious amounts of fermentable carbohydrates and sugars, which are prime risk factors of dental caries. Majority of studies done on oral health status of seafarers are dated. This paper presents a questionnaire developed by Centro Internazionale Radio Medico (CIRM), the Italian Telemedical Maritime Assistance Service (TMAS) to investigate the oral hygiene condition of seafarers and to assess their awareness and sensitivity on this pertinent health problem. Methodology A questionnaire including 26 questions covering general information about the subject, including denture status, smoking, drinking and eating habits, general appearance of gingiva, oral muscosa and lips was developed. The research questionnaire was created to assess the oral health situation of Seafarers on board various ships around the world. The questionnaire was forwarded to different ships using the platform of Centro Internationzionale Radio Medico in Rome. Twenty-six questions on various oral hygiene indicators were part of the questionnaire. Captains of the ship were requested to summarize the results on a summary sheet provided by CIRM. CIRM started out sending questionnaire at the end of June 6 and the project concluded in October. Results In the 3 months of the survey, CIRM assisted 1,198 ships. All these ships were requested to take part in the research survey. CIRM received positive response from 65 vessels. The rate of return was 5.4%. Two thousand and sixty seamen filled the questionnaire. No difficulty was reported by ship's captains in summarizing the results of the survey. Conclusion The findings of the research will be presented in an original research article after completion of data analysis. Captains of the ships who took part in the project were awarded certificates of appreciation for their effort. The results of the project will be useful in future policy initiatives regarding oral healthcare of seafarers. How to cite this article Mahdi SS, Mancini M, Sibilio F, Amenta F. Research Questionnaire on Perception of Seafarers about Oral Hygiene and Oral Dietary Habits. World J Dent 2015;6(1):1-4.
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Isenor, Anthony W., Marie-Odette St-Hilaire, Sean Webb, and Michel Mayrand. "MSARI: A Database for Large Volume Storage and Utilisation of Maritime Data." Journal of Navigation 70, no. 2 (August 31, 2016): 276–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463316000540.

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The volume of maritime vessel data, such as available from the Automatic Identification System (AIS), places considerable burden on systems designed and developed to manage data pertaining to maritime traffic. A properly designed and implemented data management infrastructure can provide benefits to the maritime domain awareness research community by supporting data volumes, diverse user needs, and product management. Such an infrastructure has been constructed on a modest budget by utilising open-source technologies. This paper describes the Maritime Situational Awareness Research Infrastructure (MSARI), and the design of the underlying database to meet data volume and user analysis needs. The resulting infrastructure currently handles input rates of approximately two billion vessel reports per month. This work is of potential benefit to those in the navigational community interested in the long-term storage and usage of global vessel data such as that available from AIS.
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Ibrahim, O. S. "To patrol is to control: Ensuring situational awareness in Africa's maritime exclusive economic zones." African Security Review 18, no. 3 (September 2009): 124–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10246029.2009.9627549.

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Molis, Arūnas, Claudia Palazzo, and Kaja Ainsalu. "Mitigating Risks of Hybrid War: Search for an Effective Energy Strategyin The Baltic States." Journal on Baltic Security 4, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jobs-2018-0009.

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AbstractMeanwhile, energy security is threatened in new domains – maritime and cyber. In the maritime domain, military operations target construction works of the new objects as well as operating interconnectors, cables, LNG terminals, and other strategic assets. Regular situational awareness in the Baltic Sea region is lacking, as is sufficient naval and civilian maritime cooperation. In the cyber realm attacks become more frequent and more complex, critical infrastructure being the main target. As cyber security expertise and exercise are lacking and integration into European natural gas and electricity systems is not completed, blackout scenario in the Baltic States remains possible.
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