Journal articles: 'Maritime zones'

1

Gutiérrez, Víctor L. "DELIMITED MARITIME ZONES." Spanish Yearbook of International Law 21 (December 31, 2017): 289–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.17103/sybil.21.19.

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Elferink, A. G. O. "Delimitation of Maritime Zones." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 12, no. 4 (November 1, 1997): 548–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718089720491837.

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del Valle, Alejandro. "MARITIME ZONES AROUND GIBRALTAR." Spanish Yearbook of International Law 21 (December 31, 2017): 311–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17103/sybil.21.21.

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Forbes, Vivian L. "South Africa’s Maritime Zones." Maritime Studies 1995, no. 85 (November 1995): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07266472.1995.10878436.

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Agusman, Damos. "Indonesia's Perspective." Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting 112 (2018): 285–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/amp.2019.28.

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The conclusion of the Law of the Sea Convention in 1982 (Convention), highlighted by the emergence of a new maritime zone and the extension of the breadth of territorial sea from three to twelve nautical miles, has required Indonesia to adjust its maritime boundaries. As any other coastal state, Indonesia is entitled to all maritime zones as provided by the Convention and therefore needs to draw the boundaries for the respective zone in accordance with its provisions. Geographically, Indonesia is bordered by ten neighboring states where the maritime zones overlap. As prescribed by the Convention, Indonesia shall enter into negotiation with its neighbors to reach an agreement. This Article will explain how Indonesia addresses the issue.

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Bergin, A. "Australia Adopts New Maritime Zones." International Journal of Estuarine and Coastal Law 7, no. 2 (1992): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187529992x00116.

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Sen, Tansen. "The Formation of Chinese Maritime Networks to Southern Asia, 1200-1450." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 49, no. 4 (2006): 421–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852006779048372.

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AbstractThe period between the thirteenth and mid-fifteenth centuries marked a distinct and important phase in the history of India-China relations. This new phase was triggered by the formation of Chinese maritime networks to southern Asia. While the Song period witnessed the formation of private trade and shipping networks, the aggressive foreign policy of the Yuan court led to the establishment of a government maritime network. The maritime networking to southern Asia culminated in the increased numbers of Ming emissaries, including the fleets of the admiral Zheng He, who visited Indian ports in the fifteenth century and intervened in the diplomatic affairs of several strategic Indian commercial zones. La période qui s'étend du treizième jusqu'au milieu du quinzième siècles présente une phase distincte et importante des relations indo-chinoises. Cette nouvelle phase résulta de la création des réseaux maritimes chinois vers l' Asie du Sud. La période Song est marquée par la formation d'un commerce privatiséet des réseaux maritimes; or, l'agressive politique extérieure de la dynastie Yuan eut comme conséquence la création d'un réseau maritime officiel. Les voies maritimes qui s'ouvraient vers le sud d'Asie ont fait augmenter le nombre d'émissaires, dont la flotte de Zheng He;celui-ci visita les côtes indiennes au XVe siècle et intervint dans les affaires diplomatiques de plusieurs stratégiques zones commerciales des Indes.

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Rosyid, Moh. "MANAJEMEN BERBASIS POROS MARITIM KABINET KERJA PEMERINTAHAN JOKOWI- JUSUF KALLA." BISNIS : Jurnal Bisnis dan Manajemen Islam 3, no. 1 (August 16, 2016): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21043/bisnis.v3i1.1468.

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The fact shows that 70 percent wide Indonesia is the sea. In geographic regions of the Unitary State of the Republic ofmainland only around 1.9 million kilo square meters, while the sovereignty of the sea consists of 3.1 million square kilometersand sea exclusive economic zone (ZEE) 2.7 km or 70 percent ofthe area of the archipelago in the form of the sea. The numberof large and small island as much as 17.500 island. A series of the island stretches from the east to the west as far as 6,400 km and almost 2,500 km from north to south. The potential for Coordinating Minister of Maritime law enforcement authorities recently have a work program be peneguhan maritime sovereignty, resource utilization, the infrastructure development and innovation development and maritime technology. The Program stresses that the maritime must be well managed to useful to the welfare of the people. The real form of the government in the form of maritime buildingutilization of maritime zones, treat maritime area, optimize the potential of waters environment, anticipation of evil in the seaand to optimize the performance of the national marine council. Various problems in the maritime governance circumventedAnalisis Manajemen Berbasis Poros Maritim by maintaining the sovereignty of the sea, in cooperation with the state adidaya, encouraged maritime industry, and take advantage of the waters as the lifeblood of the national economy.

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Kastrisios, Christos, and Lysandros Tsoulos. "Maritime zones delimitation – Problems and solutions." Proceedings of the ICA 1 (May 16, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-proc-1-59-2018.

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The delimitation of maritime zones and boundaries foreseen by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) is a factor of economic growth, effective management of the coastal and ocean environment and the cornerstone for maritime spatial planning. Maritime zones and boundaries form the outermost limits of coastal states and their accurate delineation and cartographic portrayal is a matter of national priority. Although UNCLOS is a legal document, its implementation -at first place- is purely technical and requires -amongst others- theoretical and applied background on Geodesy, Cartography and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for those involved. This paper provides a brief historical background of the evolution of the UNCLOS, presents the various concepts of the Convention and identifies the problems inherent in the maritime delimitation process. Furthermore, it presents solutions that will facilitate the cartographer’s work in order to achieve unquestionable results. Through the paper it becomes evident that the role of the cartographer and the GIS expert is critical for the successful implementation of maritime delimitation.

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Pedersen, Torbjørn, and Tore Henriksen. "Svalbard's Maritime Zones: The End of Legal Uncertainty?" International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 24, no. 1 (2009): 141–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180808x353920.

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AbstractThis paper argues that Norway, by fixing the extension of the continental shelf around the Svalbard archipelago according to criteria set by the Law of the Sea Convention, may see an end to some of the legal controversies regarding the maritime zones around Svalbard. The process of determining the outer limits of the continental shelf area adjacent to Svalbard is adduced as supporting the view that Norway is entitled to establish maritime zones around the archipelago, including an exclusive economic zone. It does not settle whether the provisions of the Svalbard Treaty apply to such zones, but is adduced as supporting the view that Norway may exercise coastal state jurisdiction in these areas.

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KIM, Hyun Soo. "Maritime Jurisdictional Exercise in Overlapping Zones." Inha Law Review : The Institute of Legal Studies Inha University 21, no. 4 (December 31, 2018): 105–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22789/ihlr.2018.12.21.4.105.

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Snigyr, Olena. "Current Russian Pratices in Maritime Zones." Horizon Insights 2, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 35–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31175/hi.2019.04.03.

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13

Franckx, Erik. "EC maritime zones: The delimitation aspect." Ocean Development & International Law 23, no. 2-3 (April 1992): 239–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00908329209545986.

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14

Joyner, Christopher C. "Maritime zones in the Southern Ocean: problems concerning the correspondence of natural and legal maritime zones." Applied Geography 10, no. 4 (October 1990): 307–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0143-6228(90)90037-p.

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15

Putra, Qomaruddin Siroh, Khrisno Hadi Hadi, and Salahudin Salahudin. "Analysis Of Readiness For Special Economic Areas Maritime Industry Sector ( Case Study in Lamongan District)." Journal of Local Government Issues 2, no. 1 (March 31, 2019): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/logos.vol2.no1.91-114.

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Some efforts have been made to develop economic potential in the region by implementing Special Economic Zones which have been regulated in Law No. 39 of 2009 concerning Special Economic Zones. One of the regions included in the criteria in the Special Economic Zone is the Lamongan Regency, because Lamongan Regency itself has good maritime potential and is also included in the criteria for special economic zones and also Lamongan Regency itself proposed by the East Java Provincial Government after the birth of the Law. Special Economic Zone Issues for 2009. This research was conducted by using a type of qualitative descriptive research and analyzing qualitative data about the Regional Readiness of Lamongan Regency in the Framework of the Establishment of a Special Economic Sector in the Maritime Industry Sector. In this study the theory used is the theory of special economic zones, the acceleration of local economic development. The results of this study are that some aspects have been fulfilled even though some are still being sought and then completed. Some of these aspects are first, the land readiness that has been available for 500 hectares of land is in accordance with the RTRW that has been established by the Regional Government. Second is the readiness of infrastructure in this case there are several aspects, namely land transportation network, electricity network, telecommunications network, sea port, raw water source. Besides that the readiness of Human Resources (HR) has been running several programs to print competent human resources in the field of maritime industry.Keywords: Readiness, Special Economic Zones, Maritime Industry.

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16

Stoutenburg, Jenny Grote. "Implementing a New Regime of Stable Maritime Zones to Ensure the (Economic) Survival of Small Island States Threatened by Sea-Level Rise." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 26, no. 2 (2011): 263–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180811x560511.

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AbstractSome low-lying small island states are in danger of being rendered uninhabitable or even completely submerged by climate change-induced sea-level rise. However, even before their physical destruction, the socio-economic viability of small island states might be compromised by the current design of the law of the sea which provides for ambulatory baselines and maritime limits and thus the shrinking of maritime zones with sea-level rise. This article examines the legal avenues open to small island and other interested states to permanently fix their maritime zones. Concluding that unilateral strategies are inadequate, it proposes the adoption of coordinated responses such as an Implementation Agreement on Sea-Level Rise or a UN General Assembly resolution on stable maritime zones and explores the precedential basis, scope and possible content of these collective implementation mechanisms for a new regime of stable maritime zones.

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17

Erbe, Christine, David Peel, Joshua N. Smith, and Renee P. Schoeman. "Marine Acoustic Zones of Australia." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 3 (March 19, 2021): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9030340.

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Underwater sound is modelled and mapped for purposes ranging from localised environmental impact assessments of individual offshore developments to large-scale marine spatial planning. As the area to be modelled increases, so does the computational effort. The effort is more easily handled if broken down into smaller regions that could be modelled separately and their results merged. The goal of our study was to split the Australian maritime Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) into a set of smaller acoustic zones, whereby each zone is characterised by a set of environmental parameters that vary more across than within zones. The environmental parameters chosen reflect the hydroacoustic (e.g., water column sound speed profile), geoacoustic (e.g., sound speeds and absorption coefficients for compressional and shear waves), and bathymetric (i.e., seafloor depth and slope) parameters that directly affect the way in which sound propagates. We present a multivariate Gaussian mixture model, modified to handle input vectors (sound speed profiles) of variable length, and fitted by an expectation-maximization algorithm, that clustered the environmental parameters into 20 maritime acoustic zones corresponding to 28 geographically separated locations. Mean zone parameters and shape files are available for download. The zones may be used to map, for example, underwater sound from commercial shipping within the entire Australian EEZ.

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18

Grossman, Nienke. "Territorial and Maritime Dispute." American Journal of International Law 107, no. 2 (April 2013): 396–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.5305/amerjintelaw.107.2.0396.

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On November 19, 2012, the International Court of Justice rendered its judgment in a dispute involving territorial and maritime claims raised by Nicaragua against Colombia in the Caribbean Sea. The Court considered Nicaragua’s requests for a declaration of Nicaraguan sovereignty over seven disputed maritime features and delimitation of a single maritime boundary between the continental shelves and exclusive economic zones appertaining to Nicaragua and Colombia. The Court awarded all disputed territory to Colombia and delimited the maritime boundary between the states’ continental shelves and exclusive economic zones by using a novel mix of weighted base points, geodetic lines, parallels of latitude, and enclaving.

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19

Symmons, Clive R. "The Maritime Zones Around the Falkland Islands." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 37, no. 2 (April 1988): 283–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclqaj/37.2.455-a.

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20

Trahanas, Christina. "Recent Developments in the Maritime Boundaries and Maritime Zones of the Pacific." Australian Year Book of International Law Online 31, no. 1 (2013): 41–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26660229-031-01-900000004.

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21

Oude Elferink, Alex G. "The Law and Politics of the Maritime Boundary Delimitations of the Russian Federation: Part 1." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 11, no. 4 (1996): 533–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180896x00294.

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AbstractThe maritime zones of Russian Federation overlap with those of 12 neighbouring states. The practice of the Russian Federation concerning the delimitation of the boundaries of these zones provides an interesting opportunity to analyse the role of international law in the policy of a state in this respect, especially because bilateral negotiations of the Russian Federation have raised complex issues of law and fact. The analysis suggests that international law may influence the policy of a state regarding the delimitation of its maritime zones in different, albeit limited, ways. The role of international law in bilateral negotiations supports the conclusions the case law has reached on the significance of bilateral delimitation treaties for the formation of customary international law. This first part of the article provides an outline of the contents of maritime delimitation law, and analyses general aspects of the Russian Federation's practice concerning the boundaries of its maritime zones and the delimitations with Estonia, Finland, Georgia, Japan, Lithuania, North Korea, Poland, Romania, Sweden, Turkey and Ukraine.

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Kormych, Borys, Tetiana Averochkina, and Vitalii Gaverskyi. "The Ukrainian Public Administration of Territorial Seas: A European Example." European Energy and Environmental Law Review 29, Issue 2 (May 1, 2020): 26–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr2020004.

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The article evaluates the modern doctrine of territorial sea administration. The article views the administration of coastal state as an application and enforcement of UNCLOS based regimes of maritime zones. The article examines the legal regulation of the territorial sea. It also studies the process of overlapping and interaction between different administrative and legal regulations applicable to a given maritime zone. The features of such regulation are pointed out based upon the combination and mutual influence of international, EU and national law. Ukraine’s experience in administering the territorial sea after the illegal annexation of Crimea is studied. The pros and cons of EU concept of Maritime spatial planning with respect to the demands of protection and security are revealed in the context of hybrid conflicts. public administration, territorial sea, maritime zone, coastal state jurisdiction, marine environment, Ukraine

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23

Bangert, Kaare. "Internal waters: Customary Rules of the Extension of Internal Waters." Nordic Journal of International Law 61-62, no. 1-4 (April 16, 1992): 43–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718107-90000005.

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The importance of the customary regimes of internal waters for the delimitation of the other coastal state maritime zones is analyzed. The rules of baselines in the 1958 and 1982 Conventions on the Law of the Sea are not exhaustive. They are supplemented by the customary regimes of internal waters. These regimes contain few and very vague restrictions on coastal state sovereignty to delimit areas of adjacent sea as internal waters. No definite maximum mile limit has been agreed upon. The outer limits of the customary regimes are baselines for the other maritime zones. Consequently the coastal state can extend the 12, 24, and 200 miles zones based on these customary regimes with wide-ranging legal consequences. The practical result of constructive application of these regimes is-shown by possible extensions of the present Danish maritime zones.

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Stubbs, Matthew, and Dale Stephens. "Dredge Your Way to China?" Asia-Pacific Journal of Ocean Law and Policy 2, no. 1 (June 7, 2017): 25–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24519391-00201004.

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This article examines five of the most important legal issues arising from Chinese reclamation and construction in disputed areas of the South China Sea. First, does the construction have any impact on competing territorial claims in the South China Sea? Second, does the construction affect rights to maritime zones? This involves consideration of the differing legal significance of islands, rocks, low tide elevations and artificial islands, the relevance of land reclamation and construction in this context, and the resulting implications for maritime zones including territorial seas, eezs and safety zones. Third, are there other legal consequences arising from the Chinese activity (for example, on environmental grounds)? Fourth, does the construction bolster any potential ability of China to impose an Air Defence Identification Zone in the South China Sea? Fifth, what is the significance – legally and practically – of the award in the South China Sea Arbitration?

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Mohd Rus, Ahmad Kamal Ariffin, Zulkarnain Abdul Rahman, and Muhammad Hidayatur Rahman Mustazar. "PENGASASAN DAN PERANAN AGENSI PENGUATKUASAAN MARITIM MALAYSIA, 2004-2014." SEJARAH 30, no. 1 (June 28, 2021): 172–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/sejarah.vol30no1.9.

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This article examines the Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency (MMEA) in the context of its establishment and role to patrol and protect the Malaysian maritime zones. The discussion focuses on its establishment, its main roles, and the challenges faced. Qualitative analysis is used to study data obtained from both primary and secondary sources. Among the primary sources used include the acts related to national maritime zones, the MMEA Annual Reports, the Malaysian International Trade and Industry Reports, Malaysian Transportation Statistics, Parliamentary Hansards, and local periodicals. Based on the sources used, the study found that the lucrative importance of our national maritime zones compelled the government to create a new specific agency to patrol and protect our waters. The MMEA operations officially began on 30 November 2005. Although this agency is responsible for national security, its staff scheme is categorised as the public sector, in contrast to the schemes of service for the Marine Police and the Malaysian Royal Navy (TLDM). The largest role and challenge of the MMEA in patrolling national waters involve both supervision and coordination. Although equipped with radar surveillance system, our vast maritime zones naturally tempt activities of piracy, smuggling, encroachments by foreign fishermen, and movements by illegal immigrants. The vague legal provisions meant other enforcement agencies are seen as operating within the ambit of MMEA portfolio, causing problems of ineffectiveness and hindering the MMEA’s role of coordination.

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Symmons, Clive. "Eire: Two New Maritime Zones Claimed by Ireland." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 22, no. 1 (2007): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180807781475254.

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27

Molenaar, E. J. "Fisheries Regulation in the Maritime Zones of Svalbard." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 27, no. 1 (2012): 3–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180812x610541.

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Abstract The main focus of this article is the regulation of fishing in the maritime zones of Svalbard in light of both the Spitsbergen Treaty and the international law of the sea. It examines the legal positions of Norway, other states and the European Commission/European Union on, inter alia, the spatial scope of the Spitsbergen Treaty and complements this with analyses of relevant (sub-)regional and bilateral fisheries instruments and Norwegian legislation. These analyses illustrate, inter alia, that the practice of many states and entities involved seeks to reconcile legal positions on the spatial scope of the Spitsbergen Treaty with a raft of other interests. The conclusions also devote attention to possible pathways to resolve diverging positions, as well as to the potential for Norway to address the issue of unregulated fisheries in the context of the rapid pace of climate change in the Arctic.

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Jagota, S. P. "Maritime Boundary and Joint Development Zones: Emerging Trends." Ocean Yearbook Online 10, no. 1 (1993): 110–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221160093x00088.

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29

Gupta, Sourabh. "Historic Fishing Rights in Foreign Exclusive Maritime Zones." Korean Journal of International and Comparative Law 7, no. 2 (October 4, 2019): 226–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134484-12340126.

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Abstract The South China Sea Arbitration is only the fourth case since the entry into force of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea to touch on the issue of historic rights – in this case, traditional fishing rights. Traditional or artisanal fishing rights are acquired rights. This article reviews the basis and characteristics of a historic rights claim and compares it with the origin and properties of an entitlement-based fishing rights claim, which the Third UN Conference on the Law of the Sea mainstreamed into the body of international maritime law. And in light of this comparison, the article evaluates the Tribunal’s Award on the geographic scope of application of historic or traditional fishing rights in the exclusive maritime zones of a coastal State.

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Kirk, Elizabeth A. "Maritime Zones and the Ecosystem Approach: A Mismatch?" Review of European Community & International Environmental Law 8, no. 1 (April 1999): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9388.00179.

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31

Isokaitė, Indrė. "Baltijos regiono valstybių jūros erdvių reglamentavimo teisiniai ypatumai." Teisė 73 (January 1, 2009): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/teise.2009.0.270.

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Šiame straipsnyje apžvelgiama Baltijos jūros valstybių jūros erdvių reglamentavimo nacionalinėje teisėje pobūdis ir teisiniai ypatumai ir šiame kontekste vertinamas jūros erdvių reglamentavimas Lietuvos teisės aktuose. The Article provides a review of the nature and legal characteristics of the regulation of maritime zones in the national law of the Baltic Sea States; in this context the legal regulation of maritime zones in Lithuanian legislation is being assessed.

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Aznar, Mariano J. "Maritime Claims and Underwater Archaeology: When History Meets Politics." Brill Research Perspectives in the Law of the Sea 4, no. 1-2 (September 15, 2021): 1–131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24519359-12340010.

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Abstract Among other circumstances relevant to maritime delimitations, some States have recently used the protection of underwater cultural heritage (UCH) as grounds for advancing jurisdictional or sovereignty claims over different maritime areas. After identifying the contours of current international law governing that heritage, this book critically addresses: first, the generally limited use of archaeological heritage in territorial claims; second, the broad acceptance by States of ‘archaeological maritime zones’ that overlap with declared contiguous zones; and, third, the (mis)use of UCH and underwater archaeology in three still disputed maritime claims, namely, Canada’s claim in Arctic waters, China’s in the South China Sea, and Russia’s in Crimea and its surrounding waters. Legal and ethical issues related to underwater archaeology are also discussed.

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Irianto, Bambang Sugeng. "GAGASAN STRATEGIS POROS MARITIM BAGI INDONESIA." Jurnal Justiciabelen 1, no. 2 (April 9, 2019): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.30587/justiciabelen.v1i2.826.

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In creating the Maritime Axis there must be a division of the maritime zone to reinforce the territorial waters of Indonesia which manifest through clear restrictions accompanied by clear and explicit rules regarding inland waters, archipelagic waters, territorial sea and additional zones. Given that Indonesia is a coastal country, Indonesia has the authority to prevent violations of customs, fiscal, immigration or sanitary legislation within its territorial sea area. This oversight can be complemented by eradication measures and the coastal state can punish violators of legislation

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Khan, Maliha Zeba, and Muhammad Faisal Sadiq. "NON-TRADITIONAL SECURITY THREATS IN MARITIME ZONES OF PAKISTAN AND LAW ENFORCEMENT BY PMSA: AN OVERVIEW." Polaris - Journal of Maritime Research 4, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.53963/pjmr.2022.005.4.

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The world has gone through major transformation since end of the Cold War, and beginning of the new millennium has witnessed massive transition within international relations and geopolitics. One of the significant transformations which has been witnessed in contemporary era is paradigm shift in the concept of security and modern warfare is from traditional to non-traditional security which has one pertinent factor of spatial dimension which can bring significant change to nature of non-traditional challenges and threat perception of states. This paper is an endeavor to evaluate the nature of non-traditional security threats in the maritime zones of Pakistan and the legal instruments enabling Pakistan for countering these security threats. Being global commons, oceans are taken as shared responsibility which is supported by the international law and there have been established different legal instruments to ensure and facilitate effective law enforcement in the maritime zones of the littoral states. Therefore, in that regard, the undertaken research aims at studying these legal instruments and to seek the role of Pakistan Maritime Security Agency (PMSA) for securing the maritime zones of Pakistan and ensuring safe navigation in its seas. This research is exploratory for which synthesis of grounded research and case study method is used by utilizing primary quantitative and qualitative data besides secondary resources. The identification of a number of non-traditional security threats in the maritime zones of Pakistan and studying the countering strategies makes this research quite relevant as there is massive reliance of the states over maritime activities, global shipping and commercial activities through Indian Ocean being primary conduit for economic and communication hub for their sustainable socioeconomic development.

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Yu, Guanding, Xin Ding, and Shengli Liu. "Joint Resource Management and Trajectory Optimization for UAV-Enabled Maritime Network." Sensors 22, no. 24 (December 13, 2022): 9763. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22249763.

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Due to the lack of places to employ communication infrastructures, there are many coverage blind zones in maritime communication networks. Benefiting from the high flexibility and maneuverability, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been proposed as a promising method to provide broadband maritime coverage for these blind zones. In this paper, a multi-UAV-enabled maritime communication model is proposed, where UAVs are deployed to provide the transmission service for maritime users. To improve the performance of the maritime communication systems, an optimization problem is formulated to maximize the minimum average throughput among all users by jointly optimizing the user association, power allocation, and UAV trajectory. To derive the solutions with a low computational complexity, we decompose this problem into three subproblems, namely user association optimization, power allocation optimization, and UAV trajectory optimization. Then, a joint iterative algorithm is developed to achieve the solutions based on the successive convex approximation and interior-point methods. Extensive simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm and demonstrate that UAVs can be used to enhance the maritime coverage.

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Ryan, Barry J. "The disciplined sea: a history of maritime security and zonation." International Affairs 95, no. 5 (September 1, 2019): 1055–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiz098.

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Abstract This article details the evolution of maritime security from the perspective of its impact on the historical architecture of sea space. It argues that, as the fundamental unit of governance, zoning provides keen insight into the mechanics of maritime security. The article observes that Britain's Hovering Acts in the late eighteenth century represent the earliest example of modern zonation at sea and that they exhibit a shift from early modern territorial claims based on imperium and dominium. The article explores the way these hovering zones shaped the rationale underlying contemporary maritime security. It finds that maritime security has effectively relegated national security to a minor spatial belt of state power, while elevating non-traditional understandings of security to the level of global existential threat. The future of maritime security is under construction. Increasingly segmented by interconnecting, overlapping, multi-functional zones that seek to regulate all free movement and usage of the sea, security developments are reorganizing the maritime sphere. Nonetheless, the article argues, despite the novelty of this development, a historical military logic persists in new formations of security-oriented practices of maritime governance.

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Somers, Eddy. "The arrest of ships in maritime zones beyond internal waters in Belgian maritime law." Marine Policy 25, no. 1 (January 2001): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0308-597x(00)00036-1.

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Mossop, Joanna. "Marine Protected Areas and Area-Based Management in New Zealand." Asia-Pacific Journal of Ocean Law and Policy 5, no. 1 (June 19, 2020): 169–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24519391-00501009.

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New Zealand’s maritime zones cover a very large area. This article explores the extent to which these maritime zones are protected through marine protected areas and area-based management. There are several different types of protection in New Zealand waters, from marine reserves that prohibit fishing to marine mammal sanctuaries and benthic protection zones. Māori play an important role in the establishment and management of many of these areas. However, in general the legislation that addresses marine protection is disjointed and there are important gaps in coverage. Attempts to reform the legislation have not yet succeeded.

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Schofield, Clive, and David Freestone. "Islands Awash Amidst Rising Seas: Sea Level Rise and Insular Status under the Law of the Sea." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 34, no. 3 (August 30, 2019): 391–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718085-13431098.

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Abstract This article considers the potential impacts of sea level rise on maritime zones with particular reference to impacts on islands. It considers the sea level rise predictions of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; it outlines the existing legal framework for coastal baselines and insular features established by the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention. It highlights the work of the International Law Association Committee on International Law and Sea Level Rise, which in its 2018 report had identified the development of a body of State practice among the States and Territories of the South Pacific regarding the maintenance of existing maritime zone claims in the face of sea level rise. That practice is considered, together with the implications of the 2016 Tribunal Award on the South China Sea case on maritime zone claims based on islands.

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tho Pesch, Sebastian. "Coastal State Jurisdiction around Installations: Safety Zones in the Law of the Sea." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 30, no. 3 (July 9, 2015): 512–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718085-12341361.

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As human activities in the oceans increase, so does the number of maritime installations. To avoid collisions, installations are surrounded by safety zones, where the coastal State enjoys some jurisdiction. Safety zones have to be respected by all ships. However, technical advancements and economic feasibility have made it possible for installations and their surrounding safety zones to occupy large areas of sea; see, e.g., offshore wind farms, which were previously open to the international community. This article argues for a restrictive understanding of the coastal State’s jurisdiction, based on the purpose of the safety zone regime.

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Susatyo, C. Bonya A. "DILEMA PASAL 121 AYAT (3) KONVENSI HUKUM LAUT INTERNASIONAL 1982 TENTANG BEBATUAN KARANG (STUDI KAJIAN PUTUSAN SOUTH CHINA SEA ARBITRATION)." Jurnal Ilmu Hukum: ALETHEA 3, no. 1 (August 26, 2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24246/alethea.vol3.no1.p1-16.

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Tulisan ini akan membahas secara spesifik problematika dilematis yang terjadi ketika Pasal 121 ayat (3) Konvensi Hukum Laut Internasional 1982 (1982 United Nation Convention on the Law of the Sea) dihadapkan pada praktik-praktik internasional yang dilakukan oleh negara pantai atas eksistensi bebatuan karang yang terdapat di dalam zona maritim negara pantai. Dalam tulisan ini, penulis berpendapat bahwa Pasal 121 ayat (3) Konvensi Hukum Laut 1982 ternyata sangat sulit untuk dipahami dan hal tersebut mengakibatkan klaim negara pantai atas perlakuannya terhadap bebatuan karang menjadi variatif dan menimbulkan kebebasan bagi negara pantai untuk menginterpretasikan Pasal 121 ayat (3) KHL 1982 seturut dengan kepentingan geopolitik dan kebijakan strategisnya. This paper will specifically discuss the dilemma that occurs when Article 121 paragraph (3) of the 1982 International Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982 UNCLOS) is confronted with international practice of the coastal state over the existence of rocks in their maritime zones. In this paper, the author argues that Article 121 paragraph (3) UNCLOS is quite arduous to be understood, causing a varied interpretation from the coastal state regarding a claim of rocks in their respective maritime zone according to their geopolitical interest and policies strategy.

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Rasoulpour Nalkiashary, Somayeh, Afshin Jafari, and AbdolKarim Shaheydar. "Maritime Delimitation Zones in the Framework of Customary Rules." Interdisciplinary Legal Research (ILR) 1, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 33–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.29252/jilr.1.4.33.

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Galliford, Karina. "Scrutinising the Maritime Zones Around Australia’s Sub-Antarctic Islands." Asia-Pacific Journal of Ocean Law and Policy 6, no. 1 (June 24, 2021): 40–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24519391-06010003.

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Abstract In 2016, the South China Sea Arbitral Tribunal was the first tribunal or court to interpret Article 121(3) of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. The Tribunal’s interpretation raises international law questions regarding the validity of claimed exclusive economic zones (eezs) and continental shelf maritime areas around many islands including Australia’s sub-Antarctic Islands. Owing to their geographical remoteness, harsh climates, lack of resources, as well as never been ‘home’ to any group of people in a settled way, questions have been raised as to the validity of Australia’s claimed maritime zones with respect to Article 121(3) in both pre- and post-South China Sea Arbitral Award commentary. The article assesses the validity of Australia’s claim by applying the Tribunal’s interpretation of Article 121(3) to the physical and historical facts of the Islands while raising alternate interpretations offered by prior and subsequent commentary. Three examples of possible State practice are reviewed for evidence of other interpretations that may have been agreed to by parties to the Convention. The findings are that Heard and Macquarie Islands are likely classified as islands entitled to an eez and continental shelf whereas McDonald Island is more likely to be an Article 121 ‘rock’.

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Oude Elferink, A. G. "Baltic Delimitation of Maritime Zones Between Estonia and Sweden." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 14, no. 2 (May 1, 1999): 299–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718089920492401.

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Osipova, Maria. "MARITIME TRANSPORT OF SINGAPORE." Eastern Analytics, no. 3 (2020): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2227-5568-2020-03-101-108.

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The article analyzes the development of Singapore’s Maritime transport from colonial times to the present day. Special attention is paid not only to the current trends in the development of the Singapore seaport, but also to the issues of its future modernization and structural adjustment in the coming decades. Maritime transport of the island state has a strong scientific and technical potential and continues to perform intermediary functions, ensuring the operation of six free economic zones located in the seaport. Further development and modernization of the port of Singapore will take place in accordance with the latest innovative technological developments and under strict state control.

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Mancini, Marina. "The Agreement between Greece and Italy on the Delimitation of their Respective Maritime Zones: An Italian Perspective." Italian Yearbook of International Law Online 30, no. 1 (November 10, 2021): 283–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116133-03001016.

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In 2020 Greece and Italy concluded a maritime delimitation agreement, extending the already-established boundary line between their respective continental shelf areas to the other maritime areas to which they are entitled under international law. The Greek authorities hailed the agreement as a great success, stressing that it fully reflects their position vis-à-vis maritime delimitation in the Mediterranean and it meets their national interests in the Ionian Sea. This article critically analyzes the agreement, in the light of various recent events, and it finds that it serves Italian interests too. In particular, the 2020 Italo-Greek agreement furthers Italy’s growing interest in delimiting the maritime zones to which it is entitled under international law, so as to prevent its rights and jurisdiction over them being impaired by the proclamation of overlapping zones by its neighbours. It also sets the stage for future proclamation by Italy of an EEZ covering the waters adjacent to its territorial sea in the Ionian Sea.

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Debelić, Borna. "Maritime Common Good and Coastal Zone Management." Pomorstvo 32, no. 1 (June 20, 2018): 151–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31217/p.32.1.19.

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This paper aims to develop the concept and the definition of the maritime common good, its sub components and sub layers and to classify and analytically systematize it in the framework of modern theories addressing economic goods. Possible theoretical advancements and extensions in classification criteria are provided. International formal institutional framework is presented and elaborated. The accent is given to the development of theoretical concept and classification of economic goods as well as development of the Institutional Analysis and Development framework – IAD framework that is used to provide analytical understanding of the maritime good classification as well as allocation problems arising. This is performed in the light of ICZM protocol addressing coastal zones as of special concern particularly considering the intensive interrelations between humans and coastal zones. According to the developed classification criteria and analysis performed, the maritime good, as a complex good, can be classified dominantly as common good with limited renewability. The importance of further advancements of maritime common good governing mechanisms based on stakeholders’ inclusion into decision making process is emphasized in order to strengthen the potential of the mechanisms itself and the information background necessary for a successful management of the complex maritime common good.

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Hendra Purwaka, Tommy. "PENELITIAN ILMIAH BATAS WILAYAH LAUT INDONESIA BERDASARKAN KONVENSI HUKUM LAUT PBB TAHUN 1982." Masalah-Masalah Hukum 44, no. 3 (July 23, 2015): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/mmh.44.3.2015.387-392.

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According to UNCLOS of 1982, Indonesia has sovereignty over internal waters, archipelagic waters, and twelve nautical miles territorial sea. It has also sovereign rights over 200 nautical miles exclusive economic zones (EEZ) and continental shelves. It has not yet determined contiguous zones beyond its territorial sea. In this respect, it has duty to delimit and map maritime boundaries of its waters based on the best scientific data produced by marine scientific research. Marine scientific research, therefore, plays a very important role in the delimitation of maritime boundaries of Indonesian waters.

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Labrecque, Georges. "La frontière maritime du Québec dans le golfe du Saint-Laurent." Cahiers de géographie du Québec 37, no. 101 (April 12, 2005): 183–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/022342ar.

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Les compétences territoriales d'un Québec souverain s'étendraient, dans le golfe du Saint-Laurent, à des espaces maritimes — mer territoriale, zone contiguë, zone économique exclusive et plateau continental — dont les largeurs seraient mesurées à partir de lignes de base droites ou dites normales. Des zones de chevauchement seraient alors créées, soumises à la délimitation d'une frontière selon les règles du droit international. À la lumière des solutions retenues dans la jurisprudence et la pratique des Etats, et compte tenu des types de facteurs pertinents, diverses méthodes de délimitation sont proposées.

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Polivach, Alexander P. "Methodology of the National Maritime Potential Quantitative Assessment." Obshchestvennye nauki i sovremennost, no. 6 (December 2021): 135–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086904990017874-3.

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This article analyses methodological issues which emerge in case someone attempts to make a comparative quantitative analysis of the overall maritime potential possessed by various countries. The author suggests possible solutions for those problems and also proposes a system, which can help to make an assessment of countries’ capabilities to have control of the sea, to exercise jurisdiction over the sea zones and to use the sea for a variety of their purposes. This system forms the index of maritime power of a nation, which is an overall quantitative expression of these capabilities. The overall index is based on four sub-indexes: maritime resources, maritime instruments, navy, maritime activities.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Maritime zones'

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