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Journal articles on the topic 'Marjolin, ulcere'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 7 February 2022

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1

Yesilada, Aysin Karasoy, Kamuran Zeynep Sevim, Deniz Özgur Sucu, et al. "Marjolin Ulcer: Clinical Experience with 34 Patients over 15 Years." Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery 17, no. 6 (2013): 404–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2310/7750.2013.13016.

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Background: Malignancies that arise from scars are referred to as Marjolin ulcers. The association between chronic ulcers and squamous cell carcinomas is well established. There are many case reports in the literature regarding Marjolin ulcer; however, randomized controlled clinical series that describe a thorough evaluation of these patients are rarely encountered. Objective: We present our clinic's 15 years of experience with 34 Marjolin ulcer patients and their treatment modalities. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 302 squamous cell carcinoma patients who were treated in the plastic surgery department between 1997 and 2011 was performed. Thirty-four (10.3%) histopathologically confirmed Marjolin ulcer patients were further analyzed. Results: Although burn scars represented 77% of the patients in the present study, unstable scars that formed following traffic accidents and fistula tracts are also among the commonly encountered etiologies. Based on our observations, squamous cell carcinoma, in addition to malignant melanoma and verrucous carcinoma, is frequently observed in cases of Marjolin ulcers. Conclusion: If the goal is to eradicate this clinical entity, all of the chronic ulcers that fail to heal require biopsies at regular intervals. Large excisional margins, lymphadenectomies in cases of palpable lymph nodes, and a well-defined oncology protocol are all essential in treating Marjolin ulcer.

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2

Abdi, Mohamed A., Michael Yan, and Timothy P. Hanna. "Systematic Review of Modern Case Series of Squamous Cell Cancer Arising in a Chronic Ulcer (Marjolin's Ulcer) of the Skin." JCO Global Oncology, no. 6 (September 2020): 809–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/go.20.00094.

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PURPOSE Marjolin's ulcer is an aggressive cutaneous malignancy that arises in chronic nonhealing wounds. A review of modern series describing Marjolin's ulcer would be helpful in defining optimal management strategies and expected outcomes. METHODS A systematic review was performed on October 18, 2018, by querying Medline and EMBASE. Key inclusion criteria were as follows: human studies, English language, published in 2000 or later, > 10 patients, and at least 80% of the patients having squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) histology. RESULTS There were 599 patients in 14 case series from 10 countries; 82% of patients were from low-income and middle-income countries, and 48% were women. Overall, 65% of the ulcers were preceded by burns. Mean latency ranged from 11 years to 41 years (median, 28 years). Lower extremities were the most common site (62%). Differentiation was reported as well differentiated (64%), moderately differentiated (27%), or poorly differentiated (9%). Almost one third of cases were clinically node positive, though only 7% of all cases (24 of 334) were confirmed to be pathologically involved. Distant metastasis rates were reported in only 7 series, with median rate of 5% (range, 0%-27%). The main treatment modality was surgical excision (71%), followed by amputation (24%), primary radiotherapy (2%), and chemotherapy (< 1%). Outcomes data varied in content and quality. Mortality rates were 12%, 24%, and 37% in the three series reporting between 2 and 3 years of follow-up. CONCLUSION Marjolin's ulcer with SCC histology is an aggressive cancer with a notable potential for lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis. Comprehensive staging is recommended, with management optimally having a multidisciplinary context. Low- and middle-income countries are overrepresented in reports of Marjolin’s ulcer, and there may be opportunities for prevention and early detection.

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3

Villalba, Willian, Juan B. Ortellado, Romina Duarte, and Miguel Campuzano. "MARJOLIN'S ULCER: A CASE REPORT." CIRUGIA PARAGUAYA 40, no. 2 (2016): 38–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18004/sopaci.noviembre.38-40.

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4

Chaturvedi, Gaurav, Ashish Kumar Gupta, Saikat Das, Amish Jayantilal Gohil, and Shashank Lamba. "Marjolin Ulcer." Annals of Plastic Surgery 83, no. 5 (2019): 518–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/sap.0000000000001995.

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5

O’Malley, John T., Candace Schoppe, Sameera Husain, and Marc E. Grossman. "Squamous Cell Carcinoma (Marjolin’s Ulcer) Arising in a Sacral Decubitus Ulcer Resulting in Humoral Hypercalcemia of Malignancy." Case Reports in Medicine 2014 (2014): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/715809.

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Long-standing burns, fissures, and ulcers that undergo malignant transformation into a variety of malignancies, including squamous cell carcinoma, is commonly referred to as a Marjolin’s ulcer. It is well recognized that squamous cell carcinomas of the lung and esophagus can cause humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy secondary to paraneoplastic secretion of parathyroid hormone-related peptide. However, it is extremely rare for a squamous cell carcinoma developing in a sacral decubitus ulcer to cause humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy. We describe the first case of a patient found to have elevated serum levels of parathyroid hormone related peptide related to his Marjolin’s ulcer. A 45-year-old African American man with T6 paraplegia and a sacral decubitus ulcer present for 20 years was admitted for hypercalcemia of unclear etiology. He was subsequently found to have elevated parathyroid hormone related peptide and an excisional biopsy from the ulcer showed invasive squamous cell carcinoma suggestive of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy. The patient ultimately succumbed to sepsis while receiving chemotherapy for his metastatic squamous cell carcinoma. Humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy is a rare and likely underrecognized complication that can occur in a Marjolin’s ulcer.

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6

Bai, Ming, Xiao Long, and Ru Zhao. "Acute Marjolin Ulcers." Annals of Plastic Surgery 73, no. 6 (2014): 723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/sap.0000000000000305.

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7

Chang, Jessica B., Theodore A. Kung, and Paul S. Cederna. "Acute Marjolin Ulcers." Annals of Plastic Surgery 73, no. 6 (2014): 723–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/sap.0000000000000323.

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8

Macedo, Francisco, Sandra Macedo, Filipa Drumond, and Miguel Pestana. "Úlcera de Marjolin." Acta Médica Portuguesa 29, no. 7-8 (2016): 492. http://dx.doi.org/10.20344/amp.6870.

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9

Ali, Hyder, Yusra Afzal, Syfyan Ahmed, Mujtuba Pervaiz, Masood Hussain Rao, and Syed Muhammad Ali. "MARJOLIN’S ULCER AND BURN SCARS." Professional Medical Journal 25, no. 06 (2018): 799–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2018.25.06.261.

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Background: Marjolin’s ulcer (MU) represents malignant degeneration thattypically ensues over a period of time in the post-burned lesions and scars or any other chronicwound. The worldwide incidence of MUs in such lesions is reported to be 0.77%-2%. Objectives:To determine the frequency of malignancy in post burn scars. Study Design: Descriptive, crosssectional. Place & Setting: Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Dow Universityof Health Sciences & Dr Ruth KM Pfau Civil Hospital Karachi. Duration: December 2014 toNovember 2017. Materials & Methods: A selection criterion was defined and via non probabilityconsecutive sampling. Sample Size: 80 patients. Results: The mean age of the patients was48.6 ± 9.2years with range (30 to 60 years). The mean duration of scars was found in ourstudy to be 20.4+5.1 years. Out of 80 patients, 33 (41%) were male and 47 (59%) were female.Malignancy was recorded in 66(82.5%) patients with post burn scar. The most common typeof malignancy was squamous cell carcinoma in 27 patients (33%). Conclusion: A high indexof suspicion is required when dealing with chronic non-healing ulcers. In our environmentearly recognition and aggressive treatment of Marjolin’s ulcers and close follow-up are vital forprevention and also to improve outcome.

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10

Tiftikcioglu, Yigit Ozer, Cuneyt Ozek, Ufuk Bilkay, Ali Uckan, and Yalcin Akin. "Marjolin Ulcers Arising on Extremities." Annals of Plastic Surgery 64, no. 3 (2010): 318–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/sap.0b013e3181a73064.

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11

Prasetyo, Arif Tri, Sitti Rizaliyana, and Iswinarno Doso Saputro. "Marjolin’s Ulcer: Malignant Transformation From Burn Scar." Jurnal Rekonstruksi dan Estetik 3, no. 1 (2021): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jre.v3i1.24368.

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Background: Marjolin’s ulcer is malignant lesion from scar due to burn trauma, chronic osteomyelitis, chronic inflammation, or chronic fistulae. This type of ulcer is rare, usually progressively grow on unhealed wound, accompanied by chronic trauma especially burn scar. Marjolin’s ulcer can form different types of pathologies`. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most type of histology. Previously, there was 3 Marjolin’s ulcer reported in Indonesia.Case Presentation: Reporting 3 Marjolin’s ulcer case on Dr. Soetomo General Hospital since 2008 to 2016. Two patients have history of unhealed chronic wound and one patient has history of burn injury 27 years ago. From the histopathology examination, all the results are squamous cell carcinoma. All patient undergo wide excision surgery done by surgical oncologist. All the defect is closed by flap modality. One patient’s defect is closed by latissimus dorsi flap, the other with anterolateral thigh free flap, and the latter is closed by latissimus dorsi free flap. Remain raw surface close by split thickness skin graft.Conclusion: Marjolin’s ulcer is malignant lesion from scar due to burn trauma, chronic osteomyelitis, chronic inflammation, or chronic fistulae. Marjolin’s ulcer sometimes grow become squamous cell carcinoma although require a long time. Treatment this case is same the other malignancy. Diagnosis should be confirmed by clinical, radiological, and pathological. Staging can use the classification of UICC (Union for International Cancer Control) in accordance with the histopathological results

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12

Di Martino Ortiz, Beatriz, Rosalba Riveros, Martinez Braga Gabriela, et al. "Marjolin ulcer: a case report." Our Dermatology Online 5, no. 1 (2014): 51–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.7241/ourd.20141.12.

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13

Das, Sudip, AlokKumar Roy, and Arunasis Maiti. "Marjolin ulcer with multifocal origin." Indian Journal of Dermatology 54, no. 5 (2009): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0019-5154.45433.

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14

Pavlovic, Sasha, Elizabeth Wiley, Grace Guzman, David Morris, and Marylee Braniecki. "Marjolin ulcer: an overlooked entity." International Wound Journal 8, no. 4 (2011): 419–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-481x.2011.00811.x.

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15

Katz, Ryan D., and Nelson H. Goldberg. "Marjolin Ulcer Arising Within Hidradenitis." Annals of Plastic Surgery 62, no. 2 (2009): 173–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/sap.0b013e31817d87b3.

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16

Grewal, Navanjun S., Derrick C. Wan, Jason Roostaeian, and Salah R. Rubayi. "Marjolin Ulcer in Hidradenitis Suppurativa." Annals of Plastic Surgery 64, no. 3 (2010): 315–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/sap.0b013e3181a7302a.

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17

Khan, Kamran, Charles Schafer, and Jeyhan Wood. "Marjolin Ulcer: A Comprehensive Review." Advances in Skin & Wound Care 33, no. 12 (2020): 629–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.asw.0000720252.15291.18.

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18

Calikapan, Gaye Taylan, Mithat Akan, Mustafa Karaca, and Tayfun Aköz. "Marjolin Ulcer of the Scalp." Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 19, no. 4 (2008): 1020–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/scs.0b013e31814b2a1f.

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19

Mehrolhasani, Niloofar. "Marjolin's Ulcer." Our Dermatology Online 5, no. 4 (2014): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.7241/ourd.20144.77.

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20

Fleming, M. D., J. L. Hunt, G. F. Purdue та J. Sandstad. "Marjolinʼs Ulcer". Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation 11, № 5 (1990): 460–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004630-199009000-00016.

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21

Chong, Albert J., and Matthew B. Klein. "Marjolin's Ulcer." New England Journal of Medicine 352, no. 10 (2005): e9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmicm040020.

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22

Asuquo, Maurice E., Ikpeme A. Ikpeme, Godwin Ebughe, and Ekpo E. Bassey. "Marjolin's Ulcer." Advances in Skin & Wound Care 23, no. 9 (2010): 414–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.asw.0000383211.18782.2a.

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23

SARVIS, CONNIE. "Marjolinʼs ulcer". Nursing 36, № 4 (2006): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-200604000-00011.

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24

Bauer, T., T. David, F. Rimareix, and A. Lortat-Jacob. "Ulcère de Marjolin sur ostéite chronique." Revue de Chirurgie Orthopédique et Réparatrice de l'Appareil Moteur 93, no. 1 (2007): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0035-1040(07)90205-6.

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25

Kakagia, Despoina, Demetrios Tamiolakis, Alexandra Grekou, Spyros Vavetsis, Maria Lambropoulou, and Nikolaos Papadopoulos. "Intraoperative Cytological Evaluation of Marjolin Ulcers." Oncology Research and Treatment 29, no. 1-2 (2006): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000089914.

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26

Li, Dongyu, Chenghao Hu, Xing Yang, et al. "Clinical Features and Expression Patterns for Burn Patients Developed Marjolin Ulcer." Journal of Burn Care & Research 41, no. 3 (2019): 560–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jbcr/irz194.

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Abstract Marjolin’s ulcer is a type of skin cancer that generated from chronic nonhealing trauma. For years, its pathogenesis mechanisms remain unclear. Regarding this situation, the authors retrospectively analyze the patients admitted to their department from 2005 to 2019 to present several representative cases and examine the expression patterns of survivin and its role in this process. Among these patients, the latent period ranges from 2 to 25 years, with 8.43 years in average. There is no notable relationship between the latent period and age (P = .643 &gt; .05). Therefore, Marjolijn’s ulcer arises from extremities and joints more often compared with other parts (P &lt; .05). The expression ratio of survivin in Marjolin’s ulcer is significantly higher than that in skin ulcer (P &lt; 0.05). And the expression ratio of survivin in patients diagnosed with Marjolin’s ulcer is also correlated with lymphatic metastasis (P &lt; .05). Frequent follow-ups and prompt diagnosis and management are necessary as the prognosis is poor for patients with metastasis. Survivin may be a potential target for future development of target therapy in order to maximize the efficacy and improve the quality of life for patients suffering from Marjolin’s ulcer.

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27

Borges, Albert F. "MARJOLINʼS ULCER WAS NOT MARJOLINʼS". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 76, № 4 (1985): 657–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-198510000-00048.

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28

Parimalam, Kumar, M. Vinnarasan, G. Senthil, V. Arumugakani, and BM Amutha. "Marjolin′s ulcer: A rare report." Indian Dermatology Online Journal 5, no. 5 (2014): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2229-5178.144534.

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29

Satter, Elizabeth, Aleodor Andea, and John Metcalf. "Marjolin??s Ulcer in Bullous Disease." American Journal of Dermatopathology 27, no. 6 (2005): 531–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.dad.0000197728.34050.21.

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30

Asuquo, Maurice, Gabriel Ugare, Godwin Ebughe, and Paul Jibril. "Marjolin's ulcer: the importance of surgical management of chronic cutaneous ulcers." International Journal of Dermatology 46, s2 (2007): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4632.2007.03382.x.

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31

Alhysoni, Kholoud A., Sumaiyah M. Bukhari, and Mutawakel F. Hajjaj. "Acute Marjolin’s Ulcer in a Postauricular Scar after Mastoidectomy." Case Reports in Otolaryngology 2016 (2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2046954.

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Background. Marjolin’s ulcer is a rare, aggressive cutaneous malignancy that arises primarily in burn scars but can occur in other types of scars. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common variant, and while malignant degeneration usually takes a long time, it can develop acutely. Case Report. a 30-year-old man who developed Marjolin’s ulcer acutely in a right postauricular scar after mastoidectomy and the incision and drainage of a mastoid abscess. To the best of our knowledge, this report is the first to describe a Marjolin’s ulcer in a postauricular surgical scar. However, it has been reported in others areas in the head and neck. Conclusion. Marjolin’s ulcer is most commonly observed after postburn scars, but it may be observed after any type of scars, as our patient developed an SCC with a postsurgical scar. Early diagnosis is essential, and a biopsy should be performed on any nonhealing wound or chronic wound that undergoes a sudden change. Tissue samples should be taken from both the centre and the margins of the wound.

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32

Hassan, S. A., T. R. Cheatle, and J. A. Fox. "Marjolin's Ulcer: A Report of Three Cases and Review of the Literature." Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease 8, no. 1 (1993): 34–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026835559300800110.

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Objective: To report three cases of Marjolin's ulcer and review the literature on the subject. Design: Case report. Setting: Edgware General Hospital, Edgware, Middlesex. Patients: Three patients presenting with Marjolin's ulcer. Interventions: Amputation (2 cases) and excision with skin grafting (1 case). Main outcome measures: Disease control. Results: Satisfactory control of disease in all three.

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33

Chang, Jessica B., Theodore A. Kung, and Paul S. Cederna. "Acute Marjolin’s Ulcers." Annals of Plastic Surgery 72, no. 5 (2014): 515–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/sap.0000000000000134.

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34

Dörr, Lucke-Paulig, Vollmer, and Lobmann. "Malignant Transformation in Diabetic Foot Ulcers—Case Reports and Review of the Literature." Geriatrics 4, no. 4 (2019): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics4040062.

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An imbalance of regeneration and destruction of the extracellular matrix due to a plethora of chemo- and cytokines, elevated matrix metalloproteinases, bacterial contamination and repetitive painless tissue damage can lead the chronicity of a wound, especially in diabetic foot ulcers (DFU). Along general lines, wound healing and cancer development are similar. Therefore chronic wounds prepare a breeding ground for cancer development. Several characteristics such as increase in size, verrucous everted margins and contact bleeding are suspicious for malignant growth in a chronic wound. While previously the term Marjolin’s ulcer was attributed to a malignant tumor in (burn) scars, it is nowadays used for every malignant tumor in chronic wounds. Furthermore, chronic ulcers in diabetic feet are susceptible for malignant transformation. We describe two cases of squamous cell carcinoma in patients with DFU—a 71 year-old woman and a 67 year old man. Both received total tumor excision and split-skin grafts with good short-time results.

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35

Sharma, Amit, Robert A. Schwartz, and Kenneth G. Swan. "Marjolin's warty ulcer." Journal of Surgical Oncology 103, no. 2 (2010): 193–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jso.21783.

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36

Henderson, Brandon S., Katalin Z. Kovacs, and Lynne J. Goebel. "Acute Marjolin Ulcer From A Dog Bite." Marshall Journal of Medicine 6, no. 4 (2020): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.33470/2379-9536.1289.

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37

Satter, Elizabeth K., James W. Schaffer, Aleodor Andea, and John S. Metcalf. "Scar Carcinoma (Marjolin Ulcer) and Bullous Disease." Pathology Case Reviews 10, no. 6 (2005): 287–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.pcr.0000185518.24928.0f.

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38

Fishman, Jefrey R. A., and Michael G. Parker. "Malignancy and Chronic Wounds: Marjolin??s Ulcer." Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation 12, no. 3 (1991): 218–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004630-199105000-00004.

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39

Kózka, Mariusz, Magdalena Spałkowska, Robert Balawender, Janusz Sroga, and Jerzy Dobosz. "Squamous cell carcinoma arising in a burn scar – a case report of Marjolin’s ulcer." Leczenie Ran 10, no. 3 (2013): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15374/lr2013012.

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40

Ahmad, Jowairiyya, Jowairiyya Ahmad, Nahun Galeas, and Oscar Alvarez. "Marjolin Ulcers: Transformation of Chronic Venous Ulcers to Squamous Cell Carcinoma." Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 15, no. 3 (2014): B7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2013.12.022.

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41

Vulovic, Dejan, Vesna Stankovic, Tatjana Sarenac-Vulovic, et al. "Giant exophytic Marjolin's ulcer of the lower leg after the gunshot wound: Case report." Vojnosanitetski pregled, no. 00 (2021): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp201110011v.

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Introduction. Marjolin's ulcer is a skin malignancy that occurs on a scar or chronic wound. It most commonly occurs on a burn scar. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common type of tumor, in more than 90% of cases. The rate of this rare malignant transformation is 1-2%. Marjolin's ulcer is more aggressive than other skin cancers. Wide excision is the treatment of choice. Recurrences are common. The aim of this article is to present a large exophytic carcinoma of the lower leg as a rare form of this tumor according to the size and type. The result of the radical surgery with reconstruction is also presented. Case report. Male patient, aged 52 years was presented by large exophitic tumor on the left lower leg. Tumor was located at the site of the previous gunshot injury. Latent period was 22 years. Tumor size was 14x12cm. Wide excision was performed (2-cm surgical margin) including the deep fascia and the defect was closed by split thickness skin graft from the opposite thigh. Histology showed well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. There were no regional or distant metastases. One year after surgery there was no recurrence of the tumor. Conclusion. Early diagnosis of Marjolin's ulcer and wide excision are mandatory. Surgical margins for excision should be 2 cm and excision should include deep fascia. Multiple and repeated biopsies of the chronic wounds are advised. There is no consensus on staging of the Marjolin's ulcer and lymph node dissection.

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42

Oruç, Melike, Yüksel Kankaya, Nezih Sungur, et al. "Clinicopathological evaluation of Marjolin ulcers over two decades." Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences 33, no. 7 (2017): 327–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.kjms.2017.04.008.

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43

Pavlovic, Sasha, Daniel Surowiec, and Marylee Braniecki. "Marjolin’s Ulcer of the Hallux." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 103, no. 3 (2013): 250–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/1030250.

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We report the case of a 51-year-old woman with malignant degeneration of a right hallux nail bed ulcer of 20 years’ duration. Histologic examination confirmed the diagnostic features of Marjolin’s ulcer, a well-defined but uncommon malignant ulcer that occurs in chronic wounds and cutaneous scars. In this report, we describe the clinical and histopathologic features and the differential diagnosis of this unusual lesion. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 103(3): 250–253, 2013)

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44

Hall, Andrew B., Kelly E. Buehler, and Marie Philipneri. "Hypercalcemia Complicating Marjolin’s Ulcer." Military Medicine 174, no. 3 (2009): 308–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.7205/milmed-d-00-9208.

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45

Buckley, Orla, Emily Ward, Peter L. Munk, and William C. Torreggiani. "MRI of Marjolin's Ulcer." American Journal of Roentgenology 189, no. 3 (2007): W171. http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.07.2341.

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46

Chiang, Kuo-Hsien, Andy Shau-Bin Chou, Yung-Hsiang Hsu, et al. "Marjolin's Ulcer: MR Appearance." American Journal of Roentgenology 186, no. 3 (2006): 819–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.04.1921.

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47

Uysal, Afşin, Uğur Koçer, Nezih Sungur, et al. "Marjolin's ulcer on frostbite." Burns 31, no. 6 (2005): 792–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2005.01.023.

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48

Misa, Radisavljevic, Milenkovic Zoran, Stefanovic Ivan, and Radisavljevic Mirjana. "Advanced Marjolin Ulcer of the Scalp With Skull." Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 26, no. 1 (2015): 329–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/scs.0000000000001371.

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49

SAKELLARIOU, AIKATERINI C., PANAGIS N. GEORGIOU, MARIOS G. LYKISSAS, GEORGIA E. LIAPI-AVGERI, ELENI D. PAPAKONSTANTINOU, and EYSTRATIOS R. KOMNINAKIS. "A Rare Case of a Giant Marjolin Ulcer." Dermatologic Surgery 36, no. 2 (2010): 223–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4725.2009.01392.x.

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50

Tutela, Rocco R., Mark Granick та Joseph Benevenia. "Marjolinʼs Ulcer Arising in a Pressure Ulcer". Advances in Skin & Wound Care 17, № 9 (2004): 462–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00129334-200411000-00010.

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