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1
Stationary marked point processes: An intuitive approach. New York: Chapman & Hall, 1995.
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2
Last, Günter. Marked point processes on the real line: The dynamic approach. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1995.
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3
J. A. M. van der Weide. Stochastic processes and point processes of excursions. Amsterdam: Centrum voor Wiskunde en Informatica, 1994.
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4
Markov point processes and their applications. London: Imperial College Press, 2000.
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5
K, Srinivasan S., and Vijayakumar A, eds. Point processes and product densities. New Delhi: Narosa Publ. House, 2003.
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6
Kovalev, Aleksandr, Lyubov' Orlova, Pavel Domkin, and Sergey Sokolov. Price dialectics and the concept of creating a unified system for monitoring pricing processes in the economy. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1322485.
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The monograph presents conceptual approaches and practical recommendations for the formation of a system for monitoring pricing processes in the economy. The main idea of creating such a system is to ensure the transparency of pricing processes, the exclusion of price manipulation practices, and the implementation of the principle of fair business conduct. The presented research examines the problems of setting final prices in the economy on a systematic basis: from an institutional point of view, economic practices, features of legal regulation and information support of pricing processes in the economy are described. On the example of a large amount of factual material, the inconsistency of purely market relations and the risks that arise in this case are shown, the need for monitoring pricing processes is proved.
For a wide range of readers interested in the nature of pricing processes in methodological and practical aspects.
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Minobrnauki, Rossiyskoy. Finance and Financial analysis. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1242227.
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The textbook systematizes basic knowledge in the field of finance, financial analysis and financial management, presented in their direct relationship and significance from the point of view of evaluation, diagnosis, forecasting and monitoring of the continuity of the organization's activities. It includes seven chapters grouped into three sections. The first section is devoted to the theoretical foundations of the organization's financial management, stakeholders and sources of the organization's activities. The second section discusses the basics of financial analysis, providing knowledge of the main directions, information base and methods of financial analysis, as well as allowing them to be applied reasonably, calculate and evaluate analytical indicators, determine the impact of globalization processes, various macro-and microfactors on the financial condition of the organization. The third section contains the basics of financial management, providing an understanding of the essence of the financial mechanism of the organization and algorithms for justifying decisions in the field of financial management.
It complies with the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation and provides the formation of basic competencies in the field of finance, financial management and financial analysis.
For bachelor's, specialist's and master's students studying in the field of Economics, the system of additional professional education, training centers for advanced training of auditors and other financial market specialists, as well as for individual preparation of applicants for qualification certification and passing qualification exams.
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Negri, Carolina. Tra corte, casa e monastero La vita di una donna nel Giappone del Medioevo. Venice: Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-536-0.
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In Japanese history the establishment of the ie, or family system, on which patriarchal authority was based, represents one of the most important turning points. The ie that came into being from the late eleventh century onwards, differs from the uji that had characterised previous eras, not so much on account of its patriarchal system but because it would place the married couple in prime position. The family, previously made up of a man engaging in occasional relationships with a number of women, would gradually become a more stable nucleus comprising of a husband with a wife who enjoyed a legally recognised position of privilege compared with all the other concubines. After her husband’s death, she would naturally become a sort of substitute figure, often gaining considerable authority and prestige. With the threat of the Mongolian invasions (from 1274 and 1281) and the consequent increase in limitations on women’s inheritance rights, many widows were forced to take vows as a sign of loyalty and tangible proof of their choice not to remarry if they were to secure their husband’s property. The literary production of Nun Abutsu (1225 ca.-1283 ca.) written in a period which led to the inevitable breakdown of the economic, social, and political balance of Japan, offers a realistic description of women’s ambitions, duties and concerns in an era of great transformation. In a close reading of her major works Abutsu no fumi (The letter of Abutsu, 1264 ca.), Utatane (Fitful slumbers, XIII century) and Izayoi nikki (The Diary of the sixteenth night moon, 1280 ca.), the book casts light on some important issues in Japanese women’s history: the gradual shift from uxorical to virilocal marriage, the consequences of this process for inheritance patterns, the meaning of women’s participation in the intellectual life of their time.
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Sigman, Karl. Stationary Marked Point Processes: An Intuitive Approach. Chapman & Hall, 1994.
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10
Point Process Theory and Applications: Marked Point and Piecewise Deterministic Processes. Springer, 2006.
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11
Point Process Theory and Applications: Marked Point and Piecewise Deterministic Processes (Probability and its Applications). Birkhäuser Boston, 2005.
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12
Brandt, Andreas, and Günter Last. Marked Point Processes on the Real Line: The Dynamical Approach (Probability and its Applications). Springer, 1995.
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13
van Moerbeke, Pierre. Determinantal point processes. Edited by Gernot Akemann, Jinho Baik, and Philippe Di Francesco. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198744191.013.11.
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This article presents a list of algebraic, combinatorial, and analytic mechanisms that give rise to determinantal point processes. Determinantal point processes have been used in random matrix theory (RMT) since the early 1960s. As a separate class, determinantal processes were first used to model fermions in thermal equilibrium and the term ‘fermion’ point processes were adopted. The article first provides an overview of the generalities associated with determinantal point processes before discussing loop-free Markov chains, that is, the trajectories of the Markov chain do not pass through the same point twice almost surely. It then considers the measures given by products of determinants, namely, biorthogonal ensembles. An especially important subclass of biorthogonal ensembles consists of orthogonal polynomial ensembles. The article also describes L-ensembles, a general construction of determinantal point processes via the Fock space formalism, dimer models, uniform spanning trees, Hermitian correlation kernels, and Pfaffian point processes.
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Poisson Point Processes and Their Application to Markov Processes. Springer Singapore Pte. Limited, 2016.
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15
Watanabe, Shinzo, Ichiro Shigekawa, and Kiyosi Itô. Poisson Point Processes and Their Application to Markov Processes. Springer London, Limited, 2016.
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16
Srinivasan, S. K., and A. Vijayakumar. Point Processes and Product Densities. Alpha Science International, 2003.
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17
Rieth, Eric. Mediterranean Ship Design in the Middle Ages. Edited by Ben Ford, Donny L. Hamilton, and Alexis Catsambis. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199336005.013.0018.
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‘Design’ is associated with the act of creation. The design of a ship encompasses the various ways of thinking about a ship according to its method and materials of construction, and according to the economic conditions of the period, the social context, the status of the shipbuilder, and so on. This article examines the characteristics of medieval naval architecture. The architectural approach to understand the design of the ship is marked on two principal levels: the actual structure of the hull, and the processes of building it. It explores the design methods used by the Mediterranean shipbuilders of the Middle Ages. The knowledge of design of a ship relies on collective dimension and through the restitution of the history of remains, the process of archaeological study leads to the history of the ship or the boat, to the point of its design.
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Jinzenji, Mônica Yumi. História da Educação: Políticas, instituições e instâncias educativas – Vol. 2. Brazil Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-427-2.
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This collection unites results of academic works concluded within the span of 2016 to 2020 in the field of History of Education for the Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação da Faculdade de Educação da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Comprised of two volumes, this second volume is made up of 21 chapters analyzing education from historical perspectives, and spanning from the XVIII to the XXI century. On its first part, the studies analyze educational polices relative to planning, implementation and reforms as they point out the challenges throughout the processes of schooling, discipline formation and development of educational systems on different levels of education; besides, analyzing the institutionalization of courses and teachers formation. The second part of the volume is comprised of researches debating education in a broad sense, highlighting those processes which take place in different environments of education such as associations, military corporations, the church, the press and the radio. The body of these works is marked by interdisciplinarity, which is a consequence of a dialog between a large, diverse documentation and theoretical references equally diverse.
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Young, Alasdair R. 5. The Single Market From Stagnation to Renewal? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780199689675.003.0005.
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This chapter examines the renewal of the single European market (SEM) as a major turning point in European policy-making. It presents the argument that many of the analyses that proliferated in response to the Single European Act (SEA) and the SEM overstated their novelty and understated some of the surrounding factors that helped to induce their ‘success’. The chapter first provides a historical background on how the single market was established before discussing the politics of policy-making in the SEM. It explains how new ideas about market regulation permeated the European Union policy process and facilitated legislative activism and important changes in the policy-implementing processes, culminating in the ‘1992 programme’ to make the single market a reality. Although the task of ‘completing’ the single market remains unfinished, the chapter shows that it has moved to the heart of European integration and altered the pattern of state–market relations in Europe.
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Gallagher, Aisling. Childcare Provision in Neoliberal Times. Policy Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529206494.001.0001.
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In the absence of public provision, many governments rely on the market to meet childcare demand. But who are the actors shaping this market? What work do they do to marketize care? And what does it mean for how childcare is provided? Based on an innovative theoretical framework and an in-depth study of the New Zealand childcare market, the book examines the problematic growth of private, for-profit childcare. The book begins with an outline of the working definition of state-led marketization, as one way to apprehend how states are involved in the active construction of markets to solve social problems. It focuses on the growth of private, for-profit childcare centres, and it seeks to investigate the role of the state in actively producing the conditions for neoliberal childcare markets to operate. Delving into this process, the book examines the ways in which the childcare market is being shaped by the economic and financial strategies of a range of actors, in direct response to the conditions of state-led marketization. The book reflects on childcare as a market of collective concern in the context of the current post-neoliberal moment. It seeks to address some of the perplexing tensions inherent in neoliberal childcare markets: that they are tasked with achieving considerable social and economic outcomes, yet are organized through highly inequitable market-based systems; they receive considerable public funding, yet are privately delivered. The book discusses the benefits of taking childcare markets as an object of study through the lens of Social Studies of Marketization. It investigates how neoliberal childcare markets are assembled and held together over time, in the face of considerable criticisms and problems. The book points to some of the challenges in establishing new accountability structures for childcare markets, as they become increasingly interwoven with the economic logics and practices of other kinds of market actors, far removed from the care of children. Opening the ‘black box’ of childcare markets to closer scrutiny, the book brings to light complex political, social and economic work of making childcare markets.
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de Saille, Stevienna, Fabien Medvecky, Michiel Van Oudheusden, Kevin Albertson, Effie Amanatidou, Timothy Birabi, and Mario Pansera. Responsibility Beyond Growth. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529208177.001.0001.
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Innovation is generally considered to be the antidote to economic stagnation. But while the coupling of ‘responsible' and 'innovation’ has been much discussed, that of 'responsible stagnation' has gone largely unexplored. In this book, we take this concept seriously as a means to question the political economy of science, technology and innovation, both as policy and as process, and the problems which arise from unquestioned emphasis on innovation as the means to increase GDP. The book argues that examining what 'responsible stagnation' might contribute opens new space in the growing global discussion about RI, incorporating innovation in non-market oriented processes, goods and services which have strong societal benefit but do not necessarily contribute to GDP. It examines the conundrum of diminishing productivity returns and increased environmental and social hazards associated with attempts to increase GDP, and how taking a growth-agnostic approach contributes to recalibrating innovation around responsibility as its focal point. Drawing on insights from ecological and steady state economics, Science and Technology Studies, and social innovation across the world, this interdisciplinary group of scholars questions how the growth paradigm shapes and limits the innovation space, and how decoupling innovation from growth points toward myriad possibilities for facilitating human well-being in more environmentally and socially responsible ways.
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Hanciles, Jehu J., ed. The Oxford History of Protestant Dissenting Traditions, Volume IV. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199684045.001.0001.
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This volume examines the globalization of Protestant ‘dissenting traditions’ in the twentieth century. During this period, Protestant Dissent achieved not only its widest geographical reach but also the greatest genealogical distance from its point of origin. This process, attended by some of the most momentous developments in human history, was marked by a multitude of pathways or starting-points, continuities and discontinuities, as well as complications and contradictions. The regional framework adopted in this compilation (coverage encompasses Africa, Asia, the Middle East, America, Europe, Latin America, and the Pacific) provides detailed snapshots of Protestant Dissent as a globalizing movement. Contributors probe the radical shifts and complex reconstruction that took place as dissenting traditions encountered diverse cultures and took root in a multitude of contexts, many of which were experiencing major historical change at the same time. This extensive overview unambiguously reveals that ‘Dissent’ was transformed as it travelled.
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Petrovici, Norbert, Codruța Mare, and Darie Moldovan. The Economy of Cluj. Cluj-Napoca and the Cluj Metropolitan Area: The development of the Local Economy in the 2008-2018 decade. Presa Universitară Clujeană, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52257/9786063710445.
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Over the last decade, globalization processes have intensified, and as such, global organizations relocated their secondary processes to new spaces specialized in operations (Peck 2018; Oshri, Kotlarsky, and Willcocks 2015). Most of the processes that are being externalized are Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) and Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO) (Oshri, Kotlarsky, and Willcocks 2015). The global outsourcing hotspots are India, China and the Philippines, that concentrate over 80% of outsourced processes. At European level, Central and Eastern Europe has capitalized most of the outsourcing in the West, particularly in regards to German capital (Marin 2018; Dustmann et al. 2014). Almost half (45.4%) of the total foreign investments of German companies is outsourced to Central and Eastern Europe. In Romania 63.7% of the German foreign investments are processes that were outsourced to our country (Marin, Schymik, and Tarasov 2018). As Peck (2018) points out, the logic behind the process is finding the cheapest labor force pools. Initially, outsourcing was focused on industrialized labor, however, now it is mostly skilled and highly skilled workforce that is being outsourced (Pavlínek 2019). Even if it is work performed by white collars, it has a high level of repetitiveness; however, in sectors such as IT there are also R&D operations (Oshri, Kotlarsky, and Willcocks 2015). Cluj is an example of a city whose local economy and workforce composition changed dramatically after the 2008-2010 financial crisis. The city is one of the Central and Eastern European hubs that benefited from the globalization of outsourcing operations. In particular, Cluj-Napoca excels in four transnational fields: Information & Communications Technology, Business Support Services, Engineering, Research & Development and Financial Services. In 2018, Cluj-Napoca was one of the most developed cities in the European Union in the GDP per capita group 19.000 – 27.000 at Purchasing Power Parity, cities that made a credible commitment at European level to promote knowledge, culture and creativity. In particular, participation in global production chains has generated the emergence of two types of internal markets: An internal market for the well-paid labor force employed in internationalized sectors that consumes a series of dedicated products and services: hospitality (restaurants, cafes, bars), food stuffs (meat products, pastries, premium alcoholic products), lifestyle services (hair salons , spas, gyms), cultural services (festivals, theatres, operas), location services (real estate services, interior design services, furniture manufacturing services). A set of markets that serve the global capital in reproducing their location (cleaning services, security, construction of type A office buildings, human resources). Both domestic and internationalized markets are responsible for the impressive development of the city between 2008 and 2018. The GDP of the Cluj Metropolitan Area and the private revenues of companies have doubled in the last decade.
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Kammerl, Rudolf, Claudia Lampert, and Jane Müller, eds. Sozialisation in einer sich wandelnden Medienumgebung. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748928621.
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As a result of mediatisation, the conditions under which children form relationships with others and position themselves within different social contexts are changing. Media developments and the increasing use of the media in families, peer groups, schools etc. are affecting the constellations of actors and communicative practices within these social contexts and are contributing to blurring the boundaries between them. The qualitative longitudinal study of children between six and twelve and their parents that is examined in this book focuses on the role of media-related negotiation processes and their relevance for social positioning over time. The book’s starting point is the family as the first and most important station in the process of socialisation. With contributions by Andreas Dertinger, Rudolf Kammerl, Claudia Lampert, Jane Müller, Paul Petschner, Katrin Potzel and Marcel Rechlitz.
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Carruthers, Gerard. Postscript. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198736233.003.0016.
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The interwar period marked a major turning point in the history of Scottish literature. The story of Scots before MacDiarmid’s recasting of it as synthetic Lallans was happily enmeshed in the experience of Britishness and of Britain’s imperial expansion overseas. As far back as the eighteenth century, Scots and English were viewed by Scots philologists as Saxon–British cognates. The emergence of an antithetical relationship of Scots and English was largely a twentieth-century phenomenon. Indeed, MacDiarmid entirely reconceptualized the relationship of Scottish literature to the post-1707 British state. A partner nation of enthusiastic imperialists was reimagined as an oppressed colony. Scottish literature, both its practitioners and its critics, embarked on a process of forgetting Scotland’s complicity in Britishness and Empire.
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Fratzscher, Marcel. The employment miracle. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676575.003.0003.
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After reaching a low point of economic dynamism and employment in 2005, a state of affairs in which it came to be regarded as the “sick man of Europe,” Germany achieved impressive, indeed apparently miraculous growth in employment. In the process German society cut unemployment in half and created almost 5 million new jobs. In this chapter’s discussion, the primary focus is on the different elements and causes that have gone into the employment miracle in Germany since the start of the twenty-first century. In addition, the chapter highlights the underlying weaknesses and problems in Germany’s labor market as the century’s second decade nears its close.
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Downie, Alan. Epilogue: The English Novel at the End of the 1820s. Edited by Alan Downie. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199566747.013.37.
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This chapter evaluates the market for the English novel at the end of the 1820s. It considers the dramatic increase in prices of novels in the later 1820s, as well as the emergence of the ‘triple-decker’ as the publishers’ preferred format for prose fiction and the single-volume arrangement as the principal format for cheap reprints. It also discusses the contribution of Sir Walter Scott to the growing market for novels and explores trends such as authors and publishers taking advantage of the commercial aspects of the novel-publishing business; the inclusion of the words ‘tale’ or ‘tales’ in many more titles than the word ‘novel’; the publication of fiction in serial form; and the appearance of new-style journals in the mould of Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine. The chapter argues that the decade of the 1820s was a turning-point in the process which it calls the making of the English novel.
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Grundmann, Stefan, and Philipp Hacker, eds. Theories of Choice. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198863175.001.0001.
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Choice is a key concept of our time. It is a foundational mechanism for every legal order in societies that are, politically, constituted as democracies and, economically, built on the market mechanism. Thus, choice can be understood as an atomic structure that grounds core societal processes. In recent years, however, the debate over the right way to theorise choice—for example, as a rational or a behavioural type of decision making—has intensified. This collection therefore provides an in-depth discussion of the promises and perils of specific types of theories of choice. It shows how the selection of a specific theory of choice can make a difference for concrete legal questions, in particularly in the regulation of the digital economy or in choosing between market, firm, or network. In its first part, the volume provides an accessible overview of the current debates about rational versus behavioural approaches to theories of choice. The remainder of the book structures the vast landscape of theories of choice along three main types: individual, collective, and organisational decision making. As theories of choice proliferate and become ever more sophisticated, however, the process of choosing an adequate theory of choice becomes increasingly intricate, too. This volume addresses this selection problem for the various legal arenas in which individual, organisational, and collective decisions matter. By drawing on economic, technological, political, and legal points of view, the volume shows which theories of choice are at the disposal of the legally relevant decision maker, and how they can be implemented for the solution of concrete legal problems.
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Woloch, Nancy. A Class by Herself: Muller v. Oregon (1908). Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691002590.003.0004.
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This chapter assesses Muller v. Oregon (1908), its significance, and the law it upheld: Oregon's ten-hour law of 1903. Convicted of violating Oregon's law of 1903 that barred the employment of women in factories and laundries for more than ten hours a day, Curt Muller—the owner of a Portland laundry—challenged the constitutionality of the law, which he claimed violated his right of freedom to contract under the due process of the Fourteenth Amendment. On February 24, 1908, the Supreme Court unanimously upheld the Oregon law. This decision marked a momentous triumph for progressive reformers and a turning point in the movement for protective laws. At the same time, by declaring woman “in a class by herself,” the Supreme Court embedded in constitutional law an axiom of female difference. The Muller decision thus pushed public policy forward toward modern labor standards and simultaneously distanced it from sexual equality.
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Charles, Parkinson. 5 Ghana. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199231935.003.0005.
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When Ghana achieved independence on 6 March 1957, it was the first British territory in sub-Saharan Africa to be granted independence under African rule. For this reason, there was intense pressure to ensure that the transfer of power took place smoothly and the government of independent Ghana had a viable constitution. But the result was a rushed and haphazard constitution-making process as the Colonial Office struggled to develop coherent policies on decolonization against the backdrop of African nationalism. Although Ghana's independence constitution did not contain a bill of rights, the question of whether to include a bill of rights received sustained consideration. Ghana marked a turning point for Colonial Office attitudes on the value and subsequent use of bills of rights in independence constitutions. Most significantly, the Colonial Office decided that the political benefits of reconciling the minority groups to independence outweighed the legal detriments of having a bill of rights in an independence constitution.
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Ford, Nancy Gentile. The Great War and America. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400659225.
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The First World War marked a key turning point in America’s involvement on the global stage. Isolationism fell, and America joined the ranks of the Great Powers. Civil-Military relations faced new challenges as a result. Ford examines the multitude of changes that stemmed from America’s first major overseas coalition war, including the new selective service process; mass mobilization of public opinion; training diverse soldiers; civil liberties, anti-war sentiment and conscientious objectors; segregation and warfare; Americans under British or French command. Post war issues of significance, such as the Red Scare and retraining during demobilization are also covered. Both the federal government and the military were expanding rapidly both in terms of size and in terms of power during this time. The new group of citizen-soldiers, diverse in terms of class, religion, ethnicity, regional identity, education, and ideology, would provide training challenges. New government-military-business relationships would experience failures and successes. Delicate relationships with allies would translate into diplomatic considerations and battlefield command concerns.
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Copley, Jack. Governing Financialization. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192897015.001.0001.
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Capitalism has become ‘financialized’. Since the 1970s, the swelling of financial markets and asset price bubbles has occurred alongside weaker underlying economic growth. Yet financialization was not a spontaneous market development—it was rather deeply political. States fuelled this process through policies of financial liberalization. Britain lies at the heart of this story. The British state’s radical financial liberalizations in the 1970s and 1980s were instrumental in creating a financialized global economic order in which the City of London emerged as a central hub. But why did the British state propel financialization? The conventional wisdom points to the lobbying power of financial elites and the strength of neoliberal ideology. However, this book offers an alternative explanation through an in-depth exploration of declassified state archives. By examining key financial liberalizations in the 1970s and 1980s—including the notorious ‘Big Bang’—this book argues that these policies were not part of an intentional scheme to create a new finance-led economic model. Instead, they were designed to address immediate governing dilemmas related to the grinding ‘stagflation’ crisis and its aftershocks. In this era, British governments found themselves trapped between global competitive pressures to enforce painful domestic adjustment and national political pressures to maintain existing living standards. Financial liberalization was pursued in a trial-and-error manner to navigate this dilemma. By unleashing financial markets, the state hoped to either postpone the worst effects of the crisis, or enact tough economic restructuring in an arm’s-length fashion. Financialization was an accidental outcome, not an intentional result.
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Adu Boahen, Emmanuel, and Kwadwo Opoku. Gender wage gaps in Ghana: A comparison across different selection models. 10th ed. UNU-WIDER, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2021/944-0.
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The wage of an individual is observed only when he/she is employed. However, getting employment requires two decisions. First, an individual has to decide to participate in the labour market, and second, an employer must decide to hire that individual. Since female labour market participation often differs from that of men, and employers’ decisions to hire may also be influenced by gender, it is appropriate to account for this double selection process. This study uses the latest household survey in Ghana to estimate gender wage gaps by correcting for this double selection process. We find that the average total gender wage gap is positive and significant irrespective of the sample selection correction method used. Our results indicate that women on average receive lower wages than men. Irrespective of the type of selection method used, our findings suggest that almost all the wage gap is a result of differences in returns, with only a small part coming from differences in observables. We find that the gender wage gap is smaller among formal wage employees and the gap decreases as education level increases. Although our findings indicate a similar trend in the wage gap across all specifications, the magnitude of the gap is sensitive to the choice of the model. This points to the need to be cautious about the choice of sample selection correction used to analyse gender wage gaps.
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Asta, Massimo, and Pedro Ramos Pinto, eds. The Value of Work since the 18th Century. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350335615.
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Beginning in the 18th century, a turning point in labour history as work encountered an industrialising modernity, this book explores how different forms of work have been valued up to the present day. Focusing on the cultural, intellectual, social and political implications of wages, the chapters in this collection historicise the labour market, conceiving it as complex system of social relations which evolve through time and differ according to space. They show how the level of wages and other forms of remuneration reflect not only marginal productivity and scarcity but also the nature of work relations and wider political, social and economic circumstances. With examples ranging across several centuries and different parts of the globe, it shows how wages are influenced by the specific organization and processes of work, conflict and power, social status and hierarchies between workers, custom and identity, family structure and professional ethics, ideology, politics and policy. Combining quantitative and qualitative approaches The Value of Work since the 18th Century also addresses two interlinked questions; how did theoretical interpretations and techniques of wage measurement emerge and evolve, and to what extent does this matter in understanding the social and political history of work?
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Pilmis, Olivier. Escaping the Reality Test. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198820802.003.0006.
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Economic crises regularly give rise to criticisms of economists and forecasters for having failed to blow the whistle. Forecasters’ efforts to deal with ‘errors’ and events that contradict their predictions show analogies between forecasting and magic as analysed by Henri Hubert and Marcel Mauss in the early twentieth century. The way forecasters depict the process of forecast production pinpoints three different sets of explanations for errors that together seek to discard ‘reality’ (‘what actually happened’) as a relevant criterion for judging forecasts (‘what had been predicted’). Forecasters argue that the ontological indeterminacy of economies and the presence of unanticipated shocks absolve them from blame; they emphasize the value of identifying causal narratives and scenarios even when point forecasts are wrong; and they stress the importance of adhering to professional methods or rituals.
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Klehe, Ute-Christine, and Edwin van Hooft, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Job Loss and Job Search. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199764921.001.0001.
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The Oxford Handbook of Job Loss and Job Search offers a first comprehensive and timely overview of the state of the art thinking and empirical knowledge in the areas of job loss and job search. Multidisciplinary in nature, the 31 chapters in this handbook offer insights into the diverse theoretical and methodological perspectives from which job loss and job search have been studied, such as psychology, sociology, labor studies, and economics. Discussing the antecedents and consequences of job loss as well as further circumstances besides job loss that may call for an intense job search, the handbook presents in depth and up-to-date knowledge on antecedents and consequences of job loss and on methods and processes of job-search and further points readers towards stimulating directions for future research. It also addresses the unique circumstances faced by different populations during their job-search, such as entrants to the labor market, job-to-job, unemployed, and mature-aged job seekers, as well as international job-seekers or people with a career in temporary employment.
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O'Callaghan, Cian, and Cesare Di Feliciantonio, eds. The New Urban Ruins. Policy Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447356875.001.0001.
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This book provides an innovative lens to consider contemporary urban challenges, taking as its point of departure two overlapping claims. The first is that although the topics of ruins and vacant spaces have been widely discussed in the urban studies literature, their role in the production of both urban landscapes and the economic, social and cultural geographies of cities is not adequately understood. The second is that urban vacancy will play an even greater role in urban development, politics and experimentation in the future. Spaces officially designated as ‘vacant’ are the sites of contested activity, use, and representation. Centring urban vacancy as a core feature of urbanisation, the contributors develop new empirical insights that rethink ruination, urban development and political contestation over the re-use of vacant spaces in (post-)crisis cities across the globe. Chapters are organised into three thematic sections. The first section, ‘Rethinking ruination in the post-crisis context’, advances the conceptual linkages between the literatures on ruins and vacant space. The second, ‘The political economy of urban vacant spaces’, centres urban vacancy as a core feature of cities, constituting the interface between urban land markets and cultural understandings of use/exchange value. The third section, ‘Re-appropriating urban vacant spaces’, explores vacant spaces as an important point of political antagonism. Using international case studies from the Global North and Global South, the book sheds important new light on the complexity of forces and processes shaping urban vacancy and its re-use, exploring these as both lived spaces and sites of political antagonism.
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Cheng, Russell. Finite Mixture Models. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198505044.003.0017.
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Fitting a finite mixture model when the number of components, k, is unknown can be carried out using the maximum likelihood (ML) method though it is non-standard. Two well-known Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods are reviewed and compared with ML: the reversible jump method and one using an approximating Dirichlet process. Another Bayesian method, to be called MAPIS, is examined that first obtains point estimates for the component parameters by the maximum a posteriori method for different k and then estimates posterior distributions, including that for k, using importance sampling. MAPIS is compared with ML and the MCMC methods. The MCMC methods produce multimodal posterior parameter distributions in overfitted models. This results in the posterior distribution of k being biased towards high k. It is shown that MAPIS does not suffer from this problem. A simple numerical example is discussed.
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Callard, Agnes. Aspiration. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190639488.001.0001.
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Becoming someone is a learning process; and what we learn are the new values around which, if we succeed, our lives will come to turn. Agents transform themselves in the process of, e.g., becoming parents, embarking on careers, or acquiring a passion for music or politics. How can such activity be rational if the reason for engaging in the relevant pursuit is available only to the person one will become? How is it psychologically possible to feel the attraction of a form of concern that is not yet one’s own? How can the work done to arrive at the finish line be ascribed to one who doesn’t (really) know what she is doing or why she is doing it? These questions belong to the theory of aspiration. Aspirants are motivated by proleptic reasons, reasons they acknowledge to be defective versions of the reasons they expect to eventually grasp. The psychology of such a transformation is marked by intrinsic conflict between aspirants’ old point of view on value and the one they are trying to acquire. They cannot adjudicate this conflict by deliberating or choosing or deciding—rather, they resolve it by working to see the world in a new way. This work has a teleological structure: by modeling herself on the person she is trying to be, the aspirant brings that person into being. Because it is open to us to engage in an activity of self-creation, we are responsible for having become the kinds of people we are.
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Sudra, Paweł. Rozpraszanie i koncentracja zabudowy na przykładzie aglomeracji warszawskiej po 1989 roku = Dispersion and concentration of built-up areas on the example of the Warsaw agglomeration after 1989. Instytut Geografii i Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania im. Stanisława Leszczyckiego, Polska Akademia Nauk, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/9788361590057.
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The research problem undertaken in the study is the occurrence of dispersed and concentrated built-up (in particular residential) area patterns caused by suburbanisation processes in a large urban agglomeration, on the example of the Warsaw metropolitan area. The research concerned the period after 1989, when the political and economic transformation in Poland began. The historical and contemporary socio-economic conditions of suburbanization and urban sprawl are described, which have the features of a spontaneous, chaotic dispersion, quite different than in Western countries. It is partly to blame for faulty spatial planning. The succession of urban development into rural areas is subordinated to the factors of the construction market. In the empirical part of the analysis, topographic data on all buildings in the urban agglomeration and databases on land use derived from satellite images were used to investigate settlement changes. A multidimensional study was carried out relating to various spatial scales, types of spatial relations and territorial units. Measures of spatial concentration of point patterns as well as landscape metrics were used for this purpose. The indicators used were subject to critical methodological evaluation afterwards. The study was performed in several temporal cross-sections. The locations of new development in agricultural, forest and wasteland areas have been identified. Finally, recommendations for the implementation of appropriate spatial policy and improvement of the spatial order in the Warsaw agglomeration were formulated
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Githire, Njeri. Dis(h)coursing Hunger. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038785.003.0004.
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This chapter examines the use of the trope of hunger in Lindsey Collen's There is a Tide (1990) and Mutiny (2001) to dispel the myth of Mauritius as a model of paradise that permeates historical, travel, and literary writing. In these texts, the plight of characters debilitated by lack of nourishment, literally and metaphorically, and symbolically consumed by the ravenous, parasitic apotheoses of capitalist market relations points to cannibalism as the ultimate act of domination. Specifically, Collen draws an analogy between the historic slavery that had been the economic basis of the island as a plantation colony, and contemporary economic processes that commodify bodies in the production of consumable goods. In this general scenario of cannibalistic cravings that threaten the autonomy of physical and national bodies, the predicament of the Chagossians (or Chagos Islanders)—forcibly displaced to Mauritius after their island was expropriated and turned into a strategic lynchpin for U.S. military operations in the Middle East and the wider Indian Ocean region—evokes territorial appropriation as spatial cannibalism par excellence. The chapter also highlights the newer forms of cannibal intent that continue to define islands' contact and subsequent negotiations with consumer culture.
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Platzer, Hans-Wolfgang, Matthias Klemm, and Udo Dengel, eds. Transnationalisierung der Arbeit und der Arbeitsbeziehungen. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845294322.
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The world of work and industrial relations, which have historically mainly been defined from a national point of view, are key aspects in a complex process of political, economic and societal transnationalisation. This book presents current research findings which focus on specific problems regarding the changes to labour and industrial relations due to transnationalisation. As part of a first topic area, transnational labour markets and employment systems as well as the requirements of social and labour rights concerning transnational labour migration are examined. A second topic area is dedicated to actors, institutions and forms of regulation in the field of transnational industrial relations. In relation to the third topic area, numerous contributions discuss the impact of interculturalism, digitisation and virtuality on modern working environments, such as working in transnational teams. With contributions by Olga Angelopoulou, Heinrich Bollinger, Udo Dengel, Christine Domke, Anne Engelhardt, Daniel Ittstein, Matthias Klemm, Horst Mund, Kirsten Nazarkiewicz, Hans-Wolfgang Platzer, Ludger Pries, Hans-Joachim Reinhard, Sophie Rosenbohm, Stefan Rüb, Agnieszka Satola, Norbert Schröer, Ronald Staples, Rainer Trinkzec
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Debes, Remy, ed. Dignity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199385997.001.0001.
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The concept of dignity typically brings to mind an idea of moral status that supposedly belongs to all humans equally, and which serves as the basis of human rights. But this moralized meaning of dignity is historically very young. Until the mid-nineteenth century, dignity suggested an idea about merit: it connoted elevated social rank, of the sort that marked nobility or ecclesiastic preferment. What explains this radical change in meaning? And before this change, did anything like the moralized concept of dignity exist, that is, before it was named by the term “dignity”? If so, exactly how old is the moralized concept of dignity? In this volume, leading scholars across a range of disciplines attempt to answer these questions by clarifying the presently murky history of “dignity,” from classical Greek thought through the Middle Ages and Enlightenment to the present day. In the process, four platitudes about the history of human dignity are undermined: (1) the Roman notion of dignitas is not the ancient starting point of our modern moralized notion; (2) neither the medieval Christian doctrine of imago Dei nor the renaissance speech of Pico della Mirandola, Oration on the Dignity of Man, was a genuine locus classicus of dignity discussion; (3) Immanuel Kant is not the early modern proprietor of the concept; (4) the universalization of the concept of dignity in the postmodern world (ca. 1800–present) is not the result of its constitutional indoctrination by the “wise forefathers” of liberal states like America or France.
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Nikiforov, Konstantin V., Anna K. Aleksandrova, Ella G. Zadorozhnyuk, and Aleksandr S. Stykalin, eds. Transformational Revolutions in the Countries of Central And South-Eastern Europe on their Thirtieth Anniversary. 1989–2019. Institute of Slavic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences; Nestor-Istoriia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2712-8342.2021.2.
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This collective monograph validates the relevance of the complex concept of “Transformational Revolutions” introduced here for the first time in academic circulation, which essentially expands the perspective of revolutionary origins and outcomes in Central and South-Eastern Europe. The authors analyze the prerequisites, course, and results of transformational revolutions in the countries of the region during the thirty-year period of their modern history. The studies describe the features of post-socialist modernization and the domestic and foreign political crises inherent in each country, the pros and cons of their involvement in the processes of European integration, and the benefits of joining NATO. The previously used term, “Velvet” revolution, does not cover the entire set of fundamental transformations in these countries in domestic and foreign policy. The researchers underline the specifics of a democratic political structure combined with a market economy for the countries in the region, with particular emphasis on ideological and political confrontation between the forces of the left and right in the framework of a multiparty system, and characterize the mechanism of changes in power during elections. They portray the correlation of euro-optimism and euro-scepticism in different countries, and their opposition to the dictates of Brussels. The authors emphasize that not only the Soviet perestroika, but also the various versions of revolution in the countries of the region led to the reformatting of the European and even global civilizational space. They reveal that many events of 30 years ago still determine the course of current events in the countries of the region and these countries may have incomplete transformation processes. The authors for the first time conduct a comparative analysis of the inclusion of the former GDR as part of a single German state in the EU and the divergent processes in the former socialist federations of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia. They pay special attention to the relationship between European, regional, and national components in the course of the revolutions and also the resulting conflicts. The authors also examine the specifics of the entry of Central European countries and later the Balkan subregions into NATO and the EU, and the role played by religious-cultural factors in individual countries. This monograph examines the lessons of Greece's recovery from the financial and economic crisis, as well as on Turkey's special Balkan interest in a larger Euro-Asian context. These revolutions are investigated from a comparative historical point of view with the reasons, processes, and results of the deep changes in the countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe during their 30-year modern history analyzed. In addition, their experiences of post-socialist modernization, which includes their search and elaboration of optimal models for interaction among themselves as well as with the countries of the East, particularly Russia, and West, is described, and hindering factors are identified.
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Wuth, Jasmin. Nachhaltiges Bauen in der Praxis : Bewertung des Zertifizierungsprozesses der ökologischen Qualität nach DGNB System. Technische Universität Dresden, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.408.
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Linking theory and practice, university research and the real economy, is a pillar of social development. With the financial support of the FOSTER program of the TU Dresden, I succeeded in this desired connection, even before the first dust on my thesis has settled down. With the support of the professorship for business administration, especially sustainability management and corporate environmental economics, I was able to transfer my diploma thesis from theory to practice, from the university to a renowned specialist journal. In my thesis, I dealt with the obstacles in the certification process of the German Sustainable Building Council (DGNB e.V.). The DGNB system in new buildings aims to ensure a holistic assessment of a building in terms of sustainable construction. I have examined which obstacles, from the point of view of the DGNB auditors, can arise in the course of the certification process when assessing ecological quality. Expert interviews with three auditors formed the basis for a structured questionnaire that was sent to all registered DGNB auditors. While the interviews served the explorative identification and systematisation of disruptive factors, the questionnaire empirically examined the extent to which these affect the course of certification over time and the achievement of the highest possible score. The interface cooperation and a late integration date of the DGNB concept in the planning of new buildings emerge as the most decisive obstacles. The analysis lays the foundation for overcoming any obstacles and can consequently make a contribution to optimizing the certification process. This can support building certification as a strategic instrument for sustainable building in establishing itself in the construction industry and increasing its market penetration. At the same time, this serves the overriding goal of promoting sustainable building methods and the construction industry. Further results will be published in an article in the specialist journal 'Bauingenieur' in 2021. So, in close coordination with the professorship and the FOSTER funding, I managed to keep my research in a drawer and to publish my results instead.
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Duda-Mikulin, Eva A. EU Migrant Workers, Brexit and Precarity. Policy Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447351627.001.0001.
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In June 2016, after 43 years as part of the European community, the UK people decided to leave. In March 2017, the UK Prime Minister officially started the process of Brexit – the UK’s withdrawal from the EU. While Brexit was decided by a relatively small margin of people, one issue was key in the debates preceding the EU referendum. This was migration. People have been migrating since the beginning of time but today the issue of migration has been elevated to a key national concern. It is now one of the most contentious and divisive matters in the UK. This book investigates EU women migrants’ perspectives on the Brexit vote in the UK. It presents accounts from EU nationals and considers the wider implications in relation to precarity and the British paid labour market. This book offers important insights into the world of the UK paid labour but from the point of view of EU migrants and more specifically Polish women whose livelihoods have been disrupted by the Brexit vote and the decision that the UK should leave the EU whilst any solid guarantees with regards to migrants’ rights are yet to come from the UK government. Through analysis of new data generated in qualitative interviews, this book makes an original and grounded contribution to understanding the significance and impacts of the result of the Brexit referendum on migrant workers from the EU resident in the UK.
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Makatjane, Katleho, and Roscoe van Wyk. Identifying structural changes in the exchange rates of South Africa as a regime-switching process. UNU-WIDER, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2020/919-8.
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Exchange rate volatility is said to exemplify the economic health of a country. Exchange rate break points (known as structural breaks) have a momentous impact on the macroeconomy of a country. Nonetheless, this country study makes use of both unsupervised and supervised machine learning algorithms to classify structural changes as regime shifts in real exchange rates in South Africa. Weekly data for the period January 2003–June 2020 are used. To these data we apply both non-linear principal component analysis and Markov-switching generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity. The former approach is used to reduce the dimensionality of the data using an orthogonal linear transformation by preserving the statistical variance of the data, with the proviso that a new trait is non-linearly independent, and it identifies the number of regime switches that are to be used in the Markov-switching model. The latter is used to partition the variance in each regime by allowing an estimation of multiple break transitions. The transition breakpoints estimates derived from this machine learning approach produce results that are comparable to other methods on similar system sizes. Application of these methods shows that the machine learning approach can also be employed to identify structural changes as a regime-switching process. During times of financial crisis, the growing concern over exchange rate volatility, including its adverse effects on employment and growth, broadens the debates on exchange rate policies. Our results should help the South African monetary policy committee to anticipate when exchange rates will pick up and be prepared for the effects of periods of high exchange rates.
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Germann, Julian. Unwitting Architect. Stanford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.11126/stanford/9781503609846.001.0001.
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The global rise of neoliberalism since the 1970s is widely seen as a dynamic originating in the United States and the United Kingdom, and only belatedly and partially repeated by Germany. From this Anglocentric perspective, Germany's emergence at the forefront of neoliberal reforms in the eurozone is perplexing, and tends to be attributed to the same forces conventionally associated with the Anglo-American pioneers. This book challenges this ruling narrative. It recasts the genesis of neoliberalism as a process driven by a plenitude of actors, ideas, and interests. And it lays bare the pragmatic reasoning and counterintuitive choices of German crisis managers obscured by this master story. This book argues that German officials did not intentionally set out to promote neoliberal change. Instead they were more intent on preserving Germany's export markets and competitiveness in order to stabilize the domestic compact between capital and labor. Nevertheless, the series of measures German policy elites took to manage the end of golden-age capitalism promoted neoliberal transformation in crucial respects: it destabilized the Bretton Woods system; it undermined socialist and social democratic responses to the crisis in Europe; it frustrated an internationally coordinated Keynesian reflation of the world economy; and ultimately it helped push the US into the Volcker interest-rate shock that inaugurated the attack on welfare and labor under Reagan and Thatcher. From this vantage point, the book illuminates the very different rationale behind the painful reforms German state managers have demanded of their indebted eurozone partners.
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Thomas, Martin. Europe, the War, and the Colonial World. Edited by Nicholas Doumanis. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199695669.013.32.
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The fact that we know the end points of formal colonial rule may lead us to forget that, for those involved, the process appeared less determined and more contingent. It is deceptively easy to trip over the supposed ‘milestone’ of the Second World War, ascribing undue influence to a failing capacity or will to rule among the colonial powers themselves. Such generalizations leave no room for agency among colonized peoples themselves and dismiss both rulers and ruled as essentially homogenous, almost preprogrammed to behave stereotypically as reactionaries or revolutionaries. Recognizing these interpretive problems, political analysts of European decolonization are now more divided over the extent to which the Second World War prefigured the end of European colonial rule. Much of the evidence for a strong causal link is powerful. By 1950 the geopolitical maps of eastern, southern, and western Asia were markedly less colonial. The justificatory language for empire was also different, evidence of the turn towards a technocratic administrative style that would soon become the norm in much of the global South. If basic political rights were frequently denied within dependent territories, a stronger accent on improved living standards gave imperial powers something with which to muffle the rising chorus of transnational criticism against colonial abuses. For all that, the concept of the Second World War as a watershed in the end of empires should not be accepted uncritically. This chapter explores the reasons why.
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Siracusa, Joseph M., and David G. Coleman. Depression to Cold War. Praeger, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400639258.
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Organized around the office of the president, this study focuses on American behavior at home and abroad from the Great Depression to the onset of the end of the Cold War, two key points during which America sought a re-definition of its proper relationship to the world. Domestically, American society continued the process of industrialization and urbanization that had begun in the 19th century. Urban growth accompanied industrialism, and more and more Americans lived in cities. Because of industrial growth and the consequent interest in foreign markets, the United States became a major world power. American actions as a nation, whether as positive attempts to mold events abroad or as negative efforts to enjoy material abundance in relative political isolation, could not help but affect the course of world history. Under President Hoover, the federal government was still a comparatively small enterprise; challenges of the next six decades would transform it almost beyond belief, touching in one way or another almost every facet of American life. Before the New Deal, few Americans expected the government to do anything for them. By the end of the Second World War and in the aftermath of the Great Depression, however, Americans had turned to Washington for help. Even the popular Reagan presidency of the 1980s, the most conservative since Hoover, would fail to undo the basic New Deal commitment to assist struggling Americans. There would be no turning back the clock, at home or abroad.