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1
Arkhangelskaya, Lyubov Yu, and Viktor N. Salin. "Current State and Development Prospects of the Russian Factoring Market (Brief Statistical Analysis)." Statistics and Economics 18, no. 4 (August 31, 2021): 22–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2500-3925-2021-4-22-34.
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Factoring is a fairly new way for Russia to finance the accounts payable and receivable of business structures by specialized companies or credit institutions and their divisions (Factors) against the assignment of claims against one of the parties (buyer or seller) of a sale and purchase transaction of products or property to a third party (Factor) is currently developing at a high pace. On average, according to sample data for 2011 -2019 the annual growth rate of the volumes of financing of accounts payable and receivable of companies in Russia due to factoring operations increased by 20%, which in absolute terms amounted to 303.3 billion rubles, and reached by 2019 - 3.5 trillion rubles.However, there is still no established definition of this economic category in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. In the scientific and educational foreign and domestic literature there are somewhat contradictory interpretations of the classifications of the types of factoring, there is no legislatively established system of statistical indicators characterizing this segment of the financial intermediation services market. The lack of a developed regulatory framework for regulating relations in this market segment slows down its development, necessitates improving both Russian legislation and methodological support for a comprehensive statistical analysis of the state and development of this market segment. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to develop a methodology for a comprehensive statistical analysis of the market segment of financial intermediation services, to determine the prevailing sectoral, territorial and types of proportions related to the scale of business of the parties to the factoring agreement in this market segment using the statistical methodology for analyzing the series of dynamics and attributive groupings of the main indicators characterizing the state and development of the Russian factoring market. Based on the theoretical analysis, the author’s interpretation of the content of the economic category “factoring” is given, a system of indicators is proposed that characterizes factoring as a type of financial intermediation services (object of research), based on the development of the Association of factoring companies, Rosstat, expert agencies (for example, “Expert RA”); the features of the formation of statistical groupings (series: attributive, variation, dynamics) for various purposes of analyzing the market of factoring services are revealed, the author’s method of complex statistical analysis of any segment of the financial intermediation services market, which is the subject of research, is presented. The results of approbation of the methodology for a comprehensive statistical analysis of the Russian factoring market based on sample data for 2011 – 2019 are presented, conclusions are drawn about the dynamics of the main indicators of the factoring market development, structural shifts and changes in proportions in this market segment, a forecast of expected changes in the Russian factoring market for 2021 is made, incl. and influenced by the Covid-19 pandemic.The results of this study are aimed at developing a methodology for a comprehensive statistical analysis of factoring as a segment of the financial intermediation services market, including for the purposes of international comparisons of indicators of the state and development of the Factors and their clients.They can be useful to the professional community of factoring companies (Factors), business structures - consumers of factoring services, and also be used in educational activities in the preparation of financial specialists in economic universities of the country.
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Vtorygin, A. S. "Factoring as a Method of Funding Commercial Companies." Economics and Management 27, no. 2 (May 1, 2021): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.35854/1998-1627-2021-2-139-144.
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Aim. The presented study aims to examine the essence of factoring and explore potential directions for its development in the current economic environment.Tasks. The authors determine the economic substance of factoring, making allowance for the turbulence of the global market environment and the impact of new challenges for the Russian economy.Methods. This study analyzes legislative and regulatory acts as well as works of Russian and foreign scientists regarding the theoretical and practical problems of funding companies through factoring.Results. The factoring market is actively developing, particularly at the times of macroeconomic instability, which slows the turnover of funds in the economy and increases the need for funding sources among market participants. The stability of the factoring market during the COVID crisis serves to illustrate the heightened interest of business entities in factoring as a tool for solving a number of problems in corporate financial management. Some characteristic trends in the development of the Russian factoring market include its synchronization with the international market, active development of blockchain technologies, growing number of market participants and expanding range of services provided within the framework of factoring transactions.Conclusions. Having summarized the theory and practice of factoring development in Russia and abroad, the author concludes that factoring retains its potential as a tool for funding commercial organizations in the context of the development of digital technologies. The demand for factoring services among business entities will continue to grow in the post-COVID economy, which substantiates the practicability of further developing the factoring market and improving the technology behind factoring transactions.
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Haran, O. V. "INDIVIDUAL ISSUES OF LEGAL UNDERSTANDING OF FACTORING." Constitutional State, no. 44 (December 23, 2021): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2411-2054.2021.44.245082.
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The article is devoted to the disclosure of certain issues concerning the understanding of the essence of the category “factoring” as an important component of financial services through the prism of today’s challenges. It is determined that the concept of factoring (financing under the assignment of the right of monetary claim) is not enshrined in civil law. It was stressed that the economic crisis has exacerbated the problem of limiting financial resources and providing quality financial services, which leads to the search and implementation of innovative types of financial services and needs to improve the transmission mechanism of monetary policy, development of credit operations of banks and financial companies standards of the European Union, improving trade conditions in Ukraine. And here, factoring comes in handy, which is an effective tool to accelerate money circulation and increase business efficiency. However, due to the rapid development of factoring in the financial services market – regulations in this area need to be updated and there is a need to introduce new scientific recommendations for its practical application. In the article the essence of factoring is covered in the plane of theory, and also, in the plane of judicial practice. It is noted that among researchers of this issue there is no generalizing concept of this category and understanding the essence of this legal phenomenon through the prism of today’s challenges. Emphasis is placed on the existence of four main concepts of factoring, namely: the assignment of the right of claim; it is a banking operation; this is a type of financial services; this is a separate independent contract type. It is proposed to consider factoring as a complex concept. Particular attention is paid to the indication of the characteristics of financial services, which allows through their prism to highlight factoring transactions.
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Гараева, Татьяна, Tatyana Garaeva, Людмила Згонник, Lyudmila Zgonnik, Инесса Романовна Романова, and Inessa Romanovna Romanova. "EVALUATION OF FACTORING IN THE COMPANY´S ACTIVITIES IN TRANSPORT SERVICE." Services in Russia and abroad 10, no. 6 (October 3, 2016): 50–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/21208.
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The article presents an analysis of the factoring services market at the national and global levels, and identifies the main factoring market development trends. Based on the material of transport service company, limited liability company "Fairway", the authors substantiate the economic efficiency of factoring as a tool for replenishment of circulating assets of transport companies in the current economic conditions. Accumulation by factoring a number of functions is an important advantage over other forms of funding. This is especially important for small and medium-sized businesses in sphere of transport service that do not have sufficient volume of human and financial resources. Factoring allows to avoid a situation where the liability to tax on income appears before inflow of funds from the sale. Greater incentive for the factoring development for tax optimization is applying of a similar approach to the determination of the date of VAT payment. Funding within the factoring will allow Fairway to solve the problem of shortage of working capital without growth of accounts payable. Factoring has a positive effect on the financial indicators of an enterprise, such as liquidity and solvency. In general, the impact of factoring on the financial indicators of the transport service company "Fairway" is carried out by means of reduction of accounts receivable turnover period (shortening of the financial cycle), increasing the receivables turnover (number of turnovers), the reduction of the value of accounts receivable (release), more efficient use of working capital, increasing the coefficient of instant liquidity, reducing the tax base for income tax.
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Marak, Zericho R., and Dilip Ambarkhane. "Determinants of Accounts Receivables Financing: India and Other Asian Economies Perspectives." Indian Economic Journal 67, no. 1-2 (June 2019): 45–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019466220941661.
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Globally, factoring services have shown steady growth in facilitating trade finance. The need for such kind of alternative financing became more important particularly after the financial crisis of 2008. Asia witnessed a very high growth in factoring, and it has emerged as the second largest market after Europe. However, factoring in India has not shown significant growth. This study investigates the causes for under-utilisation of factoring in India. Two-step generalised method of moments (GMM) was used to find out the significant variables influencing factoring services and then a comparative analysis of Asian economies was performed based on the significant variables. The results show that manufacturing and allied activities, credit information availability, legal rights for lenders and borrowers and sound enforcement mechanism are crucial in offering conducive environment for factoring. The comparative analysis reveals that China performs well on most of the parameters, whereas India needs to improve on all the parameters, especially the enforcement mechanism. In general, all the Asian countries require improvement in many parameters.
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Piguła, Ewelina, and Marta Paduszyńska. "Factoring as a Special Means of Financing SMEs’ Activities – the Case of Enterprises in the Lodz Area." Finanse i Prawo Finansowe 2, no. 3 (September 30, 2015): 103–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2391-6478.2.3.09.
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The article considers the usefulness of factoring as a short-term instrument allowing enterprises to finance their activities. Suppliers choosing factoring can offer buyers extended debt payment periods, improve their liquidity, as well as gaining access to additional services offered by factors. This analysis focuses on the benefits, usefulness and weaknesses of factoring, including the business effects of this facility and the prospects of its development. An attempt is made to demonstrate that factoring has a great potential for growth as a source of short-term funding for small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Two methods are used to this end: a review of the pertinent Polish and foreign literature including research articles, and a questionnaire survey of 20 SMEs with relevant experience in using this facility. The analysis of the usefulness and cost-effectiveness of factoring shows that in the period 2010–2014 in which market instabilities were observed factoring was a useful and frequently employed means of short-term funding.
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Pylypenko, Svitlana, Yuliia Udovenko, and Vitalii Cherneha. "LEGAL DESCRIPTION OF THE FACTORING CONTRACT IN ROMANIA." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 4, no. 5 (February 11, 2019): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2018-4-5-251-255.
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In light of the fact that capital is a major factor in production, the development of entrepreneurial activity becomes impossible without considering the financial market and the resources provided to its subjects. Regardless of the degree of development, any entrepreneurial activity is engaged in direct contact with financial markets, in particular through institutions that act as intermediaries in raising money and services. The development of a solid basis for doing business requires understanding the rules of functioning of the financial system and its mechanisms. Considering the current economic situation, as well as the procedure for granting loans by banks, which is gradually becoming more complicated, while the national and international markets require capital movement, factoring becomes the most accessible instrument and only source of financing, with which the latter increases concurrently with sales. Therefore, the aim of this article is to study the legal nature of the factoring contract in Romania: to identify its regulation object, functions, types, legal features, and other specificities to introduce the positive experience of foreign colleagues to the legislation of Ukraine. Methodology. It is proved that the current legislation concerning the issue of factoring in Ukraine should be improved because in our country the factoring market is still not very common in spite of its rapid development in the world. Moreover, there are no thorough studies on factoring in general and a factoring agreement in particular; some issues on this topic have been considered only in scientific articles. Therefore, the authors refer to the legislation of Romania to determine those features of legal regulation, which have contributed to the rapid and effective development of this institution in this country, and to make appropriate proposals for improving domestic legislation with the use of positive foreign experience. Results. The article suggests a general description of the factoring contract in Romania: the concept of this agreement is revealed; the object of its regulation, as well as implementation of the factoring contract, is determined; its functions and features are described; the parties to the agreement and their legal status are determined. The specificities that have contributed to the rapid enlargement of factoring in Romania are given particular consideration. Practical implication. The factoring agreement as an operating instrument for credit institutions is especially important due to its constant practical applicability that enables to choose the optimal commercial activity both at the national and international levels. Relevance/originality. In Ukraine, given the need for further development of entrepreneurial activity, the issue of increasing total factoring operations is important. The implementation of positive international experience on this issue in domestic legislation is essential for this stage.
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Mioducka, Mirosława, and Joanna Małecka. "The Use of Financial Products in Liquidity Risk Management by SMEs." Balkan Region Conference on Engineering and Business Education 1, no. 1 (October 1, 2019): 273–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cplbu-2020-0032.
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AbstractRisk, which is inherent to any business activity, is an issue that should be considered as early as at its conceptual stage and the very idea of its creation. The awareness of its existence and effective risk management is one of the factors which decide whether an organization will prosper or not. Control over possible risks can be exercised in several ways, one of which is outsourcing of risk to other market participants, such as financial institutions. This option is not a widespread solution in the Polish market, which may be due to low awareness among managers in the field of both risk identification and diversification. In the era of entrepreneurial economy, SMEs, which account for 99.8% of the European population and generate about 50% of GDP, having a significant impact on international trade, should become the primary addressees of training and education initiatives to inform them about risks and possibilities of their mitigation. The purpose of the article is to indicate financial services, mainly factoring, offered by money market institutions as an opportunity to improve current financial liquidity of enterprises, and to demonstrate the importance of education in adequate understanding and promotion of those solutions.
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Kalivoshko, Oleksii. "The analysis of financial companies activities as the elements of Ukraine financial and credit market infrastructure." University Economic Bulletin, no. 41 (March 30, 2019): 179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2306-546x-2019-41-179-188.
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Relevance of research topic. One of the most enigmatic and at the same time systemically important and system-building institutions of the infrastructure of the financial and credit market of Ukraine are financial companies. Formulation of the problem. Diverse issues related to the functioning of financial companies are not paid much attention by domestic scientists and officials, especially in comparison with other financial intermediaries, as well as their role and significance for the national economy. Analysis of recent research and publications. Despite the large number of publications on financial companies, most of them do not apply to the domestic financial market. Selection of unexplored parts of the general problem. Carrying out a review of the scientific national periodical press about the activities of financial companies in the infrastructure of the financial and credit market of Ukraine, we concluded that there is a lack of attention to the functioning of domestic financial companies, therefore, in the study, we will try to fill this gap at least slightly. Setting the task, the purpose of the study. Conduct an analysis and disclose the activities of financial companies as elements of the infrastructure of the financial and credit market of Ukraine. Method or methodology for conducting research. Became a systematic approach and formal logic. In order to achieve this goal, information materials, analytical and statistical data related to the activities of financial companies, scientific works of scientists were worked out. Methods of induction and deduction, generalization and comparison were used. Presentation of the main material (results of work). The analysis of the activity of financial companies as elements of the infrastructure of the financial and credit market of Ukraine. Dynamics of changes in the number of financial companies is evaluated. Dynamics of changes in volumes of their capital assets volumes by types of financial services in monetary and interest terms are analyzed. The dynamics of changes in the value and number of factoring contracts and the dynamics of the change in the distribution of factoring transactions by industry in the monetary and interest terms are also characterized. The field of application of results. The results of the research can be used to the accelerate further scientific consideration of topical issues related to the functioning of financial companies and will serve as the basis for state and legislative initiatives to increase the economic interest of business entities to revitalize financial companies. Conclusions according to the article. Financial companies are system elements of the infrastructure of the financial and credit market. In order for them to become system-based and give impetus to the effective development of the entire financial system, they need adequate regulatory and information support, on the one hand to popularize their services, and on the other hand to improve the quality of control and increase transparency of activities.
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R, Saravanaselvi, and Thiruppathy K. "Functions of the indian mutual fund industry." Journal of Management and Science 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2013): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/jms.2013.5.
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Investment is a commitment of funds in real assets or financial assets. Investment involves risk and gain. In the present dynamic global environment, e x p l o r i n g investment a v e n u e s a r e of g r e a t r e l e v a n c e .Investment skills developed over a period of time are considerably influenced by experience and spadework carried out to arrive at conclusions. The success of an investment acti vit y depends on the knowledge and ability of investors to invest, the right amount, in the right type of investment, at the right time. Real assets, being tangible material things, are less liquid than financial asset Compared to financial assets, returns on real assets are more difficult to measure accurately due to the absence of broad, ready, and active market. Financial assets available to individual investors are manifold, having different concomitant benefits to choose from. All financial investments are risky but the degree of risk and return differ from each other. An investor has to use his discretion, which is an art acquired by l earning a n d pra ct i cal experience. The knowledge of financial investment and the art of its management are the basic requirements for a successful investor Financial system comprises of financial institutions, services, markets and instruments,which are closely related and work in conjunction with each other. The litany of new financial institutions and instruments developed in recent years, with the ostensible objective of modernizing the financial sector, is impressively long; Mutual Funds, Discount and Finance House of India, Money Market Mutual Funds, Certificate of Deposit, Commercial Paper, Factoring and Treasury Bills. Financial services through the network of elements serve the needsofindividuals, institutionsand companies. It is through these elements, the functioning of the financial system is facilitated. Over the years, the financial services in India have undergone revolutionary changes and had become more sophisticated, in response to the varied needs of the economy. The process of financial sector reforms, economic liberalization and globalization of Indian Ca pi tal Market had generated and augmented the interest of the investors in equity. But, due to Inadequate knowledge of the capital market and lack of professional expertise, the common investors are still hesitant to invest their hard earned money in the corporate securities. The advent of mutual funds has helped in garnering the investible funds of this category of investors in a significant way.
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Yеssenovа, G. Zh, М. A. Imangalieva, and Zh D. Dauletkhanova. "Leasing as a source of enterprises financing In Kazakhstan: analysis and problems." Bulletin of "Turan" University, no. 4 (December 28, 2021): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.46914/1562-2959-2021-1-4-45-53.
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The article reflects the importance of leasing in the search for the most attractive sources of innovative and investment development of the economy of Kazakhstan. In conditions of limited own funds, the role of borrowed sources of financing of investment projects for achieving effective goals of enterprises increases. Such sources of financing are bank lending, leasing, factoring, and issuing promissory notes. Leasing is considered as part of a reasonable strategic financial management, the use of which allows you to update the main production assets of the enterprise, as well as provides additional opportunities to improve the effectiveness of the financial management of a commercial enterprise. Deep changes in the economic conditions of management dictate the need to find and implement methods for updating the material base and modifying fixed assets for our economy. The analysis of the main trends of development of the leasing market of Kazakhstan and its innovative development: a large number of leasing companies and the products offered on the market of leasing services allows to choose the funding strategy of the enterprise. In economically developed countries, leasing solves the problem of stimulating economic growth by accelerating the renewal of fixed capital, reducing the duration of the technological cycle.Therefore, the specifics of leasing as an instrument of economic policy aimed at accelerating the development of production potential is as follows: leasing leads to an increase in the high rate of renewal of fixed capital. The expansion of the leasing market largely depended on the active participation of the state in the development of leasing in many sectors of the economy.
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Singh, S. P. "How should Factoring Service be Launched?" Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 13, no. 3 (July 1988): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090919880304.
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Factoring is basically the purchase of book debts of client companies. Apart from financing investments in book debts, the factoring company offers individualized service packages covering credit screening, ledger keeping and collection, and provision for doubtful debts and write offs. In the context of the government policy of strengthening money and capital markets, a study group of the Reserve Bank of India is considering how to launch factoring service in India. S P Singh considers two approaches to launching factoring service. One is the conventional approach of letting banks, which are providing cash credit for book debts, promote factoring as an extension of their activities. The other the market approach of enabling independent companies compete on improving upon the current average collection period and percentage of write offs. Singh recommends the market approach to launching factoring service. Efficient factoring, requires a culture of price banking, aggressive selling and low unit cost operations�a culture unfamiliar to public sector banks and financial institutions.
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Sysoiev, Oleksii. "MARKETING SUPPORT FOR FACTORING AS AN ECONOMIC INSTITUTION." Європейський науковий журнал Економічних та Фінансових інновацій, no. 1 (October 26, 2018): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.32750/2018-0107.
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The article considers marketing support for factoring as an economic institute. The concept of marketing support for the development of the factoring institute is proposed, taken into accounts the goals of the Strategy for reforming the state regulation of non-bank financial services markets for 2015-2020. The provisions are based on the marketing strategies of the subjects of the factoring institute, previous experience of working with clients and revealing their latent needs. The subjects of factoring Institute can contribute to the goals and objectives stated in the Strategy, enabling enterprises to optimize their work with debtors and provide quality factoring services. In order to promote its services to the subjects of the factoring institute, it is necessary to apply new and progressive marketing concepts such as direct marketing, e-marketing and co-marketing. Direct marketing, as an effective way of direct advertising, can serve as a reliable means for attracting new and retaining the constant clients of factoring services, supporting the image of factoring organizations, implementing an individual approach to each client, and establishing cooperation. The new marketing tools offered to promote factoring services are common marketing tools, such as cross-marketing, dual branding and a coalitions loyalty program. The advantages of these tools are: the synergistic effect that can be obtained through the partnership of two brands, savings on advertising costs, the formation of a positive reputation through partnerships, the expansion of the client base and the target audience, exposed to marketing influence. It is shown that in the conditions of a globalization economy, a broad introduction takes on electronic factoring – “e-factoring”. E-factoring integrates all organizational structures of the factoring institute and promotes its development and operation efficiency. The development of e-factoring in Ukraine will improve the quality of factoring services and contribute to expanding the client base of banks – Factors, that, in turn, will bring additional benefits both for economic entities and for the economy of the country.
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Macchiavello, Rocco, Atonu Rabbani, and Christopher Woodruff. "The Market for Training Services: A Demand Experiment with Bangladeshi Garment Factories." American Economic Review 105, no. 5 (May 1, 2015): 300–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20151079.
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We marketed a training program for lower level managers (line supervisors) to large factories in the Bangladeshi ready-made garment industry. Take-up of the program (even for a free slot) was low, due to intense production pressures, fire-fighting and concerns over retention of trained workers. Take-up is quite insensitive to pricing. There was higher interest and demand in training modules aimed at improving production processes and quality, rather than human resources and social compliance. Since the program was priced close to a commercially viable rate, it might be possible to develop a market provided they could be proved to be effective.
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Bayrachnaya, A. A., and M. A. Bayrachnaya. "FACTORING AS THE FORM OF TRGOVLY FINANCING: ANALYSIS OF RUSSIAN AND FOREIGN EXPERIENCE." Scientific bulletin of the Southern Institute of Management, no. 1 (March 30, 2018): 4–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.31775/2305-3100-2018-1-4-7.
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The article analyzes the peculiarities of factoring application in Russia and in foreign countries. In Russia factoring only recently began to develop actively and enjoy popularity among the organizations carrying out the activity in trade. With regard to foreign experience, the use of factoring is growing rapidly in Western Europe, USA and Asia. Also in this paper the dynamics of factoring services in Russia for the period of 2010-2017 is analyzed. Studies show a decrease in factoring services, due to the fall in consumer demand, which forced companies to reduce production volumes, which led to a decrease in trade turnover. On the basis of comparative analysis of Russian and foreign experience the main problems of factoring application in trade in Russian conditions are revealed: imperfection of regulatory framework, instability of Russian economy, unfavorable financial and investment situation in the markets of financial products. Despite the problems and shortcomings of this financial instrument, it has prospects for development, which are associated with the stabilization of external economic factors, the exchange rate and increasing the resource availability of financial institutions.
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Zachosova, Nataliia, and Nataliia Babina. "DIAGNOSTICS BY FINANCIAL REGULATORS OF FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS PREPAREDNESS TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ECONOMIC SECURITY MANAGEMENT." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 4, no. 4 (September 2018): 106–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2018-4-4-106-115.
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In the conditions of the financial system destabilization in Ukraine, caused by such negative phenomenaas military actions in the East, the economic downturn, political and financial crises, population disappointment inthe institution of power and loss of the people’s confidence in power structures and so on, market mechanisms arenot able to ensure the restoration of the national financial market and to encourage its professional participantsto use mechanisms of protection their own assets and the assets of their clients from external and internal threatsactively. State interference in the functioning of financial institutions is necessary, especially for those of their types,whose bankruptcy may have fatal consequences for the welfare of the population and cause the liquidation ofeconomic entities of the domestic economy. Among them are: banks, insurance companies, credit unions, andother institutions of credit co-operation, investment companies, in particular, joint investment institutions (unit andcorporate investment funds), non-state pension funds, leasing, factoring, and other financial companies, pawns,etc. Therefore, it is expedient to consider the possibility of the influence of state regulators in financial servicesmarkets on the state of their participants’ economic security. However, the study of the realities of the financialmarket of Ukraine development has made it possible to assert that for a number of financial institutions, the conceptof economic security is something abstract, and the understanding by their top management the importanceof economic security management, taking into account the negative market trends, is completely absent.So, the purpose of this study is to diagnose the level of financial institutions preparedness for the implementationof economic security management into their common system of management. The high level of financial marketparticipants’ readiness for safe-oriented management will allow regulators to rapidly implement in their practicea list of recommendations that will minimize the threat of bankruptcy and liquidation of domestic financialinstitutions. Methodology. In the process of preparing a scientific article, a great number of literary sources wasconsidered. Some of them were developed using the method of theoretical generalization and the monographicmethod. The theoretical results presented in the research materials were obtained on the basis of the study ofworks of such scientists as Amadae S. M., Baily M. N., Elliott D. J., Ismail Z., Johnson K. N., Mirtchev A., Nelson J. A.,Raczkowski K., Schneider F., Sidek Z. M., Ula M., Whalen C. J., Wierzbicka E., Yong J. To confirm the reliability of thescientific results presented in the article, the authors used the Delphi method and expert evaluation. The list ofindicators for assessing the level of financial institutions readiness for the implementation of a mechanism formanaging economic security in the following five areas is formed. These areas are: the availability and conditionof the economic security system, the state of information and analytical support for the adoption of managementdecisions in the field of economic security, the state of intellectual and personnel management provision ofeconomic security, reserves of financial support of economic security, the level of external influence on the stateof economic security (state regulation and supervision). In May 2018, representatives of the top management ofvarious types of financial institutions, scientists, researchers, and analysts who were interested in the issues ofeconomic security management of the financial sector were interviewed. Their answers were analysed and the levelof readiness for managing the economic security of the most common types of financial institutions in the financialmarket of Ukraine was determined. Using the graphical method, the obtained scientific results are presented ina convenient and understandable form for the perception of all interested persons. Results of the survey. The necessityof carrying out diagnostics of the readiness to manage economic security at the level of state regulatory bodies andat the level of top management of financial institutions in the near future is substantiated. A large-scale analytical work was carried out on determining the parameters of financial institutions readiness for the continuous and professional economic security management, which should be carried out with the use of a systematic approach. Based on expert opinions, a preliminary assessment of the various types of financial intermediaries’ readiness to integrate security-oriented management into the financial institutions’ common management system was made. Practical implications. The proposed methodological approach for assessing the level of financial institutions readiness to manage their own economic security should be used by the state regulators of the financial market, in particular, by the National Bank of Ukraine and the National Commission, which performs state regulation in the field of financial services markets, to monitor the activities of professional financial market participants in order to conduct advisory and consultative work with their owners and managers, as well as for the development of strategic guidelines for the provision of the state financial security. It is desirable to implement into the practical activities of financial intermediaries our proposals for increasing the readiness for implementation of the economic security management mechanism in the existing systems of management. Value/originality. For the first time, a scoring methodology was prepared for assessing the level of financial institutions readiness for the implementation of economic security management as an independent direction of management, and not as one of the tasks of other types of their management activity. At the theoretical level, the substantive interpretation of the notion of the readiness of financial institutions to manage their own economic security is proposed. The reasons for the impossibility of the modern financial institutions to manage their own economic security effectively are identified, and a few suggestions to minimize their number in the near future were made.
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Freiberg, Arie. "Regulating Markets for Stolen Property." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 30, no. 3 (December 1997): 237–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000486589703000303.
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Each year, in Australia, property estimated to be valued at between two and three billion dollars is stolen from homes, shops, cars, factories and warehouses. Little of this property is recovered and returned to its owners or retained by burglars and thieves for their personal use. The remainder is sold or bartered, but the nature and extent of the re-distributional system for stolen property is little understood. This article is an attempt to understand property as a market for goods and services, which, like any other market, is subject to the influences of supply and demand and government regulation. First, it aims to analyse the interactions between the parties in marketing terms by regarding the participants not as individual burglars, thieves, receivers and accessories, as but as suppliers, distributors, retailers and purchasers. Secondly, it argues that current public knowledge of markets for stolen goods and their dynamics are impoverished. Finally, it suggests that a broad range of regulatory strategies can be brought to bear on these markets in order to influence the behaviour of actors within them.
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TRUSHKINA, N. V., and N. S. RYNKEVICH. "PROPOSALS FOR THE CREATION OF THE APPROPRIATE INSTITUTIONAL CONDITIONS OF THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF LOGISTIC CLUSTERS IN THE ECONOMIC REGIONS OF UKRAINE." Economic innovations 21, no. 3(72) (September 20, 2019): 138–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2019.21.3(72).138-149.
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Topicality. One of the dynamic and rapid lines of development of modern regional ecosystems is transport logistics as an effective source of competitive advantages. This requires the use of new tools to improve the competitive ability of regions, including the cluster approach, the essence of which is the formation and development of logistic clusters by consolidating the efforts of the state, business, science, education in priority fields of economic activity. As international practice shows, the implementation of the cluster model of logistic activities will contribute to the reduction of total logistic costs by 12-35% as a result of reducing transport costs by 7-20% and the cost of handling operations by 20-30%, as well as accelerating the speed of circulation of material resources by 20-40%. Therefore, the creation of logistic clusters will create favorable conditions for the growth of the volume and quality of transport and logistics services and create a qualitatively new model of the regional economy.Aim and tasks. The aim of the article is to analyze the current state and problems of the formation of the institutional environment of functioning of logistic clusters in the economic regions of Ukraine, as well as to develop proposals for the creation of the appropriate institutional conditions for the development of logistic clusters as illustrated by the Prydniprovsky and Sloboda economic regions.Research results. It was found that the formation and effective functioning of logistic clusters in the regions of Ukraine is hampered by many key barriers that can be conditionally classified into the following groups, such as political, foreign economic, institutional, investment and financial, infrastructure, logistics. It was proved that for the effective development of logistic clusters in the economic regions of Ukraine it is reasonable to develop proposals for the creation of appropriate institutional conditions, which are to finalize the Strategies of the regional development in terms of institutional, investmen and financial, organizational and economic and information support of the functioning of logistic clusters using the cluster approach, as well as the Concepts of creating logistic clusters and Strategies for the integrated development of logistic clusters as a component of the regional transport and logistic system; implementation of the financial support mechanism, which includes exogenous and endogenous factors affecting the development of the regional transport and logistic system; the principles on which the formation of logistic clusters should be based; management functions (forecasting, planning, organization, accounting, control, analysis, regulation); a set of tools governing the organization and implementation of logistic activities, as well as the provision of transport services; financial instruments (venture investment, crowdinvesting, factoring, public-private partnership on the basis of attracting private investments, funds of credit institutions, foreign investment resources, grants of international financial organizations); means (digital, information and communication technologies, software, regulatory documents).Combination of modern cluster policy, mechanism of institutional support for the development of an integrated transport and logistic system and strategies of smart industry specializations in the context of decentralization will create the appropriate conditions for the formation of a logistic cluster as an effective form of partnership, strengthen the competitive advantages of the Prydniprovsky and Sloboda economic regions and increase the economic capacity of territorial communities.Conclusion. It was substantiated that the introduction of proposals for the creation of the appropriate institutional conditions for the formation and development of logistic clusters will contribute to a synergetic effect, the components of which are to increase the level of investment attractiveness of economic regions; increase revenues due to economic growth of territories; creation of new jobs and growth of employment; increase in the volume of cargo transportation and turnover; optimization of movement of logistic flows; cost reduction for the organization of logistic activities for the reduction of transport component in the cost of services, reduction in time to complete customs procedures for clearance of goods; provision of favourable conditions for the functioning of logistic market; creating objects of the appropriate logistic infrastructure (transport, trade, service, etc); improvement of the technology of transportation with the use of modern digital information and communication technologies.
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Rurik, Imre, and Károly Cseh. "Market oriented occupational medicine." Orvosi Hetilap 153, no. 36 (September 2012): 1433–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/oh.2012.29426.
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The history and the recent state of occupational medicine in Hungary, and its relation with governmental labor organizations are analyzed. In the past 20 years, large “socialist” factories were replaced by smaller companies employing fewer workers. They have been forced to establish contract with occupational health providers. Many of them offer primary care services, whereas family physicians having a board examination in occupational medicine are allowed to work in this field as well. The market of occupational medicine is less regulated, and ethical rules are not always considered. Undercutting prices is a common practice. The recent system could be improved by some regulations which should be respected. There is no reason to make rough changes establishing a new market for profit oriented insurance companies, and to allow employees and employers to work without specification neglecting international agreements. Occupational medicine should be supervised again by the health authorities instead of economists who have quite different, short-term priorities. Orv. Hetil., 2012, 153, 1433–1439.
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Lavrov, I. M. "Development of the House of Quality for Rail Transportation Market." World of Transport and Transportation 18, no. 2 (December 18, 2020): 136–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.30932/1992-3252-2020-18-136-157.
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The article discusses the features and application of the technology of deployment of quality functions. The objective of the article is to present an efficient methodology allowing transport companies to make management decisions in the field of improving the quality of transport services provided to cargo owners. The technique was developed based on the House of Quality model (matrix) in the framework of the Total Quality Management (TQM) concept. Using logical, graphic, factorial, comparative, balance methods and considered technology the article describes in detail the structure and the procedure for constructing the House of Quality matrix within the process of analysis of rail transportation companies and focusing on the features and criteria of customer preferences in the field of rail freight transportation. Actual examples were used to show particularities of provision of rail transportation services. The developed technique and recommendations may be useful for transport companies to proceed with multiple factor analysis if their activity in the field of quality management, to assess efficacy and identify priorities while making decisions aimed at increasing quality of transportation services.
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Chowdhury, Fahim S., and Sadril Shajahan. "Unboxing the Ready Made Garments (RMG) sector of Bangladesh." International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478) 10, no. 8 (January 1, 2022): 304–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v10i8.1531.
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The ready-made garments (RMG) sector of Bangladesh has developed immensely under the broad radar of the export market, and its size is beyond imagination. Unfortunately, there has been no study that explores the whole universe of the RMG sector of Bangladesh rather the story of the RMG sector often involves the export market only. The discussion of this paper intends to explore the methodology of unboxing the whole universe of the RMG sector of Bangladesh that includes small and medium-sized manufacturing and processing units that are often involved with subcontracting for other factories (producing for the export market as well as domestic market), are suppliers of the domestic market, are producers of accessories, and are providing backward linkages and associated services. The discussion addresses that along with export-oriented RMG factories there exists an unexplored and unboxed universe of manufacturing and processing units associated with the RMG sector of Bangladesh that contributes to investment, employment, trade, export, and the economy as a whole, all of which remains unaccounted for.
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Kuryatnikov, A. B., and L. S. Orlova. "Cloud services: incentives of users to adaptation." Strategic decisions and risk management, no. 1 (May 25, 2018): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17747/2078-8886-2018-1-50-57.
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Information technologies influence a place and competitiveness of the companies on the international scene. Сloud technologies take root practically in all branches of economy both in state and in the private sphere the advanced information technologies. The essence of cloud technologies consists in granting to end users of remote dynamic access to services, computing resources and appendices (including operating systems and infrastructure) on the Internet. The purposes of this work are: the analysis of speed of distribution of cloudy technologies in the Russian Federation and the world; definition of drivers of development and distribution barriers in the Russian market; development prospects of cloud-based technology and proposing measures s for stimulating their development . Survey of representatives of the companies participating of the market of cloud services was conducted for the analysis of the factors influencing distribution of cloud services in Russia. The factors influencing the direction development prospects of cloud-based technology are defined by the factorial analysis of answers of respondents in the SPSS program. Based on the results of the survey, the forecasted values of the development of the cloud services market were made. The infrastructure, economic, marketing factors promoting advance of cloud services in the Russian market are revealed as a result of the conducted research. The factors interfering growth of the market of cloud technologies are legal, social and economic, technological and marketing. Tools were developed for stimulation of distribution of cloud services on the basis of the received results. On the basis of the obtained results, it can be concluded that in order to preserve sustainable development, it is expedient to specialize companies for the production of one type of products or in a particular industry. Also it is recommended to develop products for public sector, providers of cloud services only started mastering this sphere. If other information technologies are usually offered to customers through IT directors, then cloud products should be promoted by addressing directly to directors of companies or other representatives distributing the budget.
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Jang, Jung Min, and Heejin Kim. "Diverging influences of usability in online authentication system: the role of culture (US vs Korea)." International Journal of Bank Marketing 40, no. 2 (January 26, 2022): 384–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijbm-01-2021-0041.
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PurposeAlthough the use of online authentication systems in banking services is expanding globally, little is known about cultural differences in forming consumers' responses to these services. This paper examines how the usability of an online security service and culture impact consumers' behaviour.Design/methodology/approachThe authors conduct a 2 (usability: high vs low) × 2 (culture: US vs Korea) between-subjects, full factorial design.FindingsThe results indicate a differential influence of the usability of a security system by culture. In particular, US consumers exhibit greater behavioural intention in a high (vs low) usability condition, whereas Korean consumers showed more favourable responses in a low-usability condition. Moreover, perceived effort is confirmed as a crucial mediator that explains the psychological mechanism of the proposed effect.Practical implicationsThis research contributes to the literature on online banking where security is an important determinant of success. Especially for managers involved in international banking services, the findings of cultural differences offer insights about the importance of local understanding and differentiation of bank services for specific target markets which can enhance consumers' response towards an online security service.Originality/valueThe current study is one of a very few attempts to examine the role of usability of an online security system in forming consumers' behavioural intention. More importantly, this study integrates the concept of culture to explain how usability influences positive or negative behavioural intention in an international market.
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Samothrakis, Spyridon. "Artificial Intelligence inspired methods for the allocation of common goods and services." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (September 29, 2021): e0257399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257399.
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The debate over the optimal way of allocating societal surplus (i.e. products and services) has been raging, in one form or another, practically forever; following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the market has taken the lead vs the public sector to do this. Working within the tradition of Marx, Leontief, Beer and Cockshott, we propose what we deem an automated planning system that aims to operate on unit level (e.g., factories and citizens), rather than on aggregate demand and sectors. We explain why it is both a viable and desirable alternative to current market conditions and position our solution within current societal structures. Our experiments show that it would be trivial to plan for up to 50K industrial goods and 5K final goods in commodity hardware. Our approach bridges the gap between traditional planning methods and modern AI planning, opening up venues for further research.
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Beisekova, P. D., S. Bolatkyzy, and Zh A. Abutalipova. "Features of grain product cluster: market reorientation." Problems of AgriMarket, no. 1 (March 15, 2022): 120–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.46666/2022-1.2708-9991.14.
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Grain cluster – is an organizational form of consolidation of the efforts of stakeholders, ensuring the competitiveness of the region. The goal is to determine ways to improve the cluster organization of interaction, which is due to the fact that as part of the cluster, the consolidation of the efforts of enterprises aimed to achieve production and economic results reaches the highest level. Methods – comparative, system analysis, statistical and economic, logical generalization. Results – the most important part of economic relations of the cluster is the mechanism of distribution relations, which occurs in the process of the exchange of intermediate products, resources and services, the distribution of income from the sale of final products on foreign market. The functioning of the distribution system ensures the parity of interests of the cluster members, based on the fact that in the grain cluster, income from the sale of manufactured products is distributed along the technological chain based on prices and tariffs, through centralized funds created by the cluster members. Conclusions – grain product cluster has a clear organizational structure, the most important part of which is the mechanism of distribution relations that arises during the exchange of intermediate products, resources and services, and distribution of income. The transport and logistics infrastructure is necessary to ensure the movement of products within the cluster and beyond it with the least material costs and losses in physical terms. The core of grain cluster should be enterprises engaged in production, grain storage and processing. Another part of it is processors: flour mills, feed mills and bakeries, pasta factories. The formation of clusters must be linked to the pricing mechanism in order to ensure equal efficiency for all participants.
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Marcela Betancur, Diana, Katerine Montoya Castañeda, and Juan Fernando Tavera-Mesías. "Correlational study of the factors that influence in the recommendation and loyalty of patients of aesthetic medicine Medellín Colombia, 2014." Cuadernos de Administración 33, no. 58 (August 30, 2017): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.25100/cdea.v33i58.4527.
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Aesthetic procedures have gained high relevance within health services offer, becoming consolidated as an attractive market that requires assessment in order to improve its services and thus attracting and keeping its users. This research identified the factors that influence processes of recommendation and loyalty produced within the medic-patient relationship in aesthetic medicine, among which the quality of the relationship, trust, satisfaction and perceived value are addressed. Afterwards, a model of relationships among constructs was proposed, which is contrasted against a sample of 391 patients of Medellin’s (Colombia) metropolitan area. A confirmatory factorial analysis was carried out in order to guarantee the reliability and validity of the measurement scales, which allowed to contrast the hypotheses by means of a structural equations analysis. Once the factorial correlation is revised, proof is shown for the existence of an influence relationship of constructs such as perceived value, satisfaction and the quality of the medic-patient relationship in loyalty, and also that satisfaction and loyalty, in turn, directly influence recommendations.
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Monrad, Merete, Morten Ejrnæs, and Tine Fuglsang. "A Danish Poverty Line? Poverty Judgements by Students of Social Work, Pedagogy and Health Services." World Political Science 15, no. 2 (October 25, 2019): 127–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/wps-2019-0008.
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AbstractWhen is a family poor? We examine what factors are emphasized when people judge whether a family is poor or not. The article is based on a factorial survey with 356 respondents who study social work, nursing, nursery teaching, nutrition and health. Based on theories of poverty, we study what aspects of a family’s life situation are accentuated when people judge whether the family is poor or not. The respondents primarily emphasize income in their poverty judgements. Some deprivations also enter into the judgements, while the duration of deprivations, gender and labor market participation have no or minimal significance for the judgements.
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Liechti, Fabienne. "Connecting Employers and Workers: Can Recommendations from the Public Employment Service Act as a Substitute for Social Contacts?" Work, Employment and Society 34, no. 4 (March 27, 2019): 587–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017019836888.
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This article investigates how employers value recommendations from the public employment service (PES) compared to recommendations from a social contact for their hiring decision. The importance of social contacts in the labour market creates inequality by putting those with a weak social network at a disadvantage. It is therefore important to know if public agencies acting as labour market intermediaries (LMI) can compensate for this disadvantage. This question is investigated by means of a factorial survey experiment conducted among Swiss human resources professionals. The results demonstrate that employers value recommendations from social contacts as well as the PES. However, the latter is not able to fully substitute for the effect of social networks.
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Mitic, Branislav, Armand Faganel, and Maša Mitić. "Challenges of education in Low Income Countries (LICs)." Independent Journal of Management & Production 12, no. 7 (October 1, 2021): 1863–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.14807/ijmp.v12i7.1478.
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As globalization is increasingly affecting both Low Income Countries (LICs) and high income countries (HICs), the formation of mixed markets emphasizes the importance of private education. Functionalists, for example, highlight privately owned institutions as higher quality ones, as the competitive market forces them to innovate and follow the rapid technological improvements, to respond to customers’ demand. Higher education is becoming a necessity in LICs, as well. This is because it is much easier nowadays to “import” the workforce from another country. On the other hand, factories of transnational corporations are getting established in LICs. In this case, higher knowledge is not required, as the emphasis is placed on repetitive tasks and division of labor. The aim of this work is to provide a relevant analysis of scientific approach of various stand points in regards to different functions and applicability of knowledge, while considering the external factors, such as economic status of the country, to define the key challenges. Still, as the country progresses economically, the sector of production is likely to shift from primary (fishing, farming, agriculture) to the third one (services). As a result, LICs who aim to progress in an economical sense, must place greater emphasis on higher education, and align the educational process with the economic demand.
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Novitasari, Citra Ayu, and Panca Nugraha. "Tren Bisnis Tour Ke Tiongkok." Jurnal Pariwisata Terapan 1, no. 2 (September 28, 2017): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jpt.30152.
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In recent years, several cities in Indonesia have been rife with the business tour to China. The purpose of this business tour is to survey and analyze wholesale market and factories in China. The cheap goods from China is the main reason for the beginners and mid-sized businesman, online and offline begin to try to follow this tour. The number of enthusiasts makes more and more individual or tour agent who offer services for tour business assistance to China. This is a new opportunity for tour and travel business in Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to know the trend of tourism business or business tour in Indonesia today.
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Smyczek, Sławomir, Giuseppe Festa, Matteo Rossi, and Alberto Mazzoleni. "Contextual complexity in business relationships within the input-output model – evidence of misbehaviour in grocery stores in Poland." British Food Journal 122, no. 11 (May 6, 2020): 3601–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-12-2019-0894.
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PurposeThe emerging disintegrative processes of transitional economies are influencing companies’ business models in terms of consumer behaviour, especially food markets, which offer usual, common and traditional consumer products. Beyond investigating potential consumer misbehaviour, a further aim of this study is the building of a theoretical-descriptive model for consumer misbehaviour in food markets, which could influence the contextual complexity in business relationships, as well as the management of raw materials, services acquisition and final product sales. The research applies the “input-output” model (Ferrero, 1968) to some specific marketing theories, adopting an interdisciplinary approach for understanding the relationships between consumer behaviour and a company’s business model.Design/methodology/approachThe research is both qualitative and quantitative in nature. In the first phase, the research was conducted among representatives of grocery stores using an exploratory approach; thus, an in-depth interview method was used. In the second phase, direct research among consumers was conducted using an online survey. After the verification of correctness, validity and reliability, a final 1,200-questionnaire dataset was analysedFindingsThe most common consumer misbehaviour in food markets concerns the theft of foodstuff or the adoption of bad behaviour towards grocery stores employees. Market and store representatives have highlighted a large scale of pathological consumer misbehaviour, mostly due to psychological conditions at the individual (habits, lifestyle or personality) and collective (family or other social groups) levels. According to previous studies, consumer misbehaviour in food markets seems to be substantially affected by three factors: motivation, capacity and opportunity. These factors strongly impact the input-output model through which the company interacts with the context.Originality/valueThe three-factor model reveals advantages and applications, allowing for a simple explanation of consumer misbehaviour in food markets and stores. It can contribute to scientific theory development (especially theories related to consumer behaviour, customer relationship management, partnership marketing and supply chain management) and generate support for understanding complex relations among consumers, food producers, factories and food stores. In this direction, the management of knowledge about consumers and their behaviour is indispensable.
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Lucas, Alexandre, Luca Jansen, Nikoleta Andreadou, Evangelos Kotsakis, and Marcelo Masera. "Load Flexibility Forecast for DR Using Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring in the Residential Sector." Energies 12, no. 14 (July 16, 2019): 2725. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12142725.
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Demand response services and energy communities are set to be vital in bringing citizens to the core of the energy transition. The success of load flexibility integration in the electricity market, provided by demand response services, will depend on a redesign or adaptation of the current regulatory framework, which so far only reaches large industrial electricity users. However, due to the high contribution of the residential sector to electricity consumption, there is huge potential when considering the aggregated load flexibility of this sector. Nevertheless, challenges remain in load flexibility estimation and attaining data integrity while respecting consumer privacy. This study presents a methodology to estimate such flexibility by integrating a non-intrusive load monitoring approach to load disaggregation algorithms in order to train a machine-learning model. We then apply a categorization of loads and develop flexibility criteria, targeting each load flexibility amplitude with a corresponding time. Two datasets, Residential Energy Disaggregation Dataset (REDD) and Refit, are used to simulate the flexibility for a specific household, applying it to a grid balancing event request. Two algorithms are used for load disaggregation, Combinatorial Optimization, and a Factorial Hidden Markov model, and the U.K. demand response Short Term Operating Reserve (STOR) program is used for market integration. Results show a maximum flexibility power of 200–245 W and 180–500 W for the REDD and Refit datasets, respectively. The accuracy metrics of the flexibility models are presented, and results are discussed considering market barriers.
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Corlin, Tinna Elfstrand, and Ali Kazemi. "The older person as a client, customer or service user?" Working with Older People 24, no. 1 (October 23, 2019): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wwop-07-2019-0017.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to describe three different approaches to work in elderly care (i.e. professional, market-oriented and person-centred) and examine whether these theoretically derived approaches can be confirmed empirically. Additional aims were to examine the endorsement of these approaches and whether there were differences in the endorsement of these approaches in nursing home vs home care and municipality vs privately run care units. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected using a cross-sectional survey study of frontline care staff (n=1,342). Exploratory factor analysis was used to investigate the empirical validity of the proposed approaches to work in elderly care. A series of paired and independent samples t-tests were conducted to analyse mean differences between the proposed approaches to work. Findings A principal axis factoring analysis yielded three theoretically meaningful factors as proposed. These results indicated that the respondents were able to differentiate between three distinct but related approaches to work with older persons. The results also showed that the professional care approach was the highest endorsed and the market-oriented the lowest endorsed approach. No notable differences in approaches to work were observed in nursing home vs home care and municipality vs privately run care units. Originality/value This is the first study to examine multiple approaches to work in elderly care as previous research studies mainly have investigated the person-centred care approach. Current findings indicate that these approaches to work often coexist in various combinations and that the care staff adopts all these approaches but to varying degrees. The approaches differ in several important respects (e.g. legitimacy and view of the older person) and most likely affect the way care staff treats the older person and how the older person perceives their relationship with the care staff. Knowledge about these differences facilitates management of the care staff’s work situation and helps to improve the quality of care.
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Nefedova, K. A., and D. O. Maslakova. "An analysis of competition in the banking sector of the City of Vladimir." Regional Economics: Theory and Practice 18, no. 4 (April 15, 2020): 610–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/re.18.4.610.
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Subject. This article deals with the issues related to the major competitive differentiators of banks, as well as the competitiveness assessment. Objectives. The article aims to develop indicators to assess the competitiveness of banking institutions, conduct a consumer assessment of the attractiveness of the bank, as well as identify leading institutions in the banking services market of the City of Vladimir. Methods. For the study, we used the methods of comparative analysis, and factorial and rating evaluation procedures. Results. The article presents certain methods for assessing the competitiveness in the banking sector. It identifies possible ways to improve the competitiveness of the banks assessed. Conclusions. Comprehensive assessment methods, including methods related to the study and analysis of competitiveness, should be used when forming new areas of development of banking institutions. This will help create an optimal portfolio of services provided and provide higher customer satisfaction. Implementing a timely assessment of the bank's competitiveness should be the basis for its further development and growth.
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Santos, Glicia Vieira dos, Angela Maria Carneiro Araújo, and Leda Maria Caira Gitahy. "Trabalho, tecnologia e inovação na indústria de processo contínuo: as transformações na indústria brasileira de celulose de mercado." Revista de Administração da UFSM 9, no. 3 (October 2, 2016): 425–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/198346597585.
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The article aims to analyze the effects of globalization and productive restructuring to the organization of production, workers and trade unions of the Brazilian pulp and paper. This is an industry internationalized, whose trade relations is made between countries. The methodological procedures included: literature research, field research, documents research, analysis of statistics on the labor market, visits to companies and unions, and interviews. The central argument is that the changes associated with globalization have a major bounce inside the factories, changing the balance of power between the various actors involved in the production. Worker participation is an important asset for the companies surveyed. The restructuring that occurs in this industry (from the second half of the 90s) is ‘systemic’, crosses the boundaries of firms, reverberating throughout the production chain: restructuring of supply chains internationally, redefinition of managerial strategies of companies, changes in relationships with local communities, changes in relationships with firms that comprise the supply chain of products and services and the reformulation of trade union strategies. Management decisions ‘techniques’ that hide a dimension ‘policy’ changed the power relations between chiefs, engineers and workers of the factory floor. Technological advances and changes in the plan of work organization and human resource policies are understood here as integrated measures that complement each other to influence participation and productivity growth in a context marked by increasing competitiveness and competition.
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Lizak, Piotr. "Działalność japońskich koncernów motoryzacyjnych na terenie Unii Europejskiej jako wyraz atrakcyjności układów regionalnych." Przedsiębiorczość - Edukacja 6 (January 1, 2010): 66–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20833296.6.5.
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Automobile industry is one of the key factors contributing to the global economy as it has an impact on both the economic situation in other sectors of economy which produce for the demands of the automotive market and also on other business areas such as services and trade. The subject of this article is to analyse the evolution of the Japanese car industry as an important element of the global economy. The activities and dynamics of Japanese automotive companies are presented as well as their impact on the current shape of the European car industry. When starting the production of cars, especially in the early stages of the automative industry development, the Japanese largely exploited modern technology acquired through the purchase of licenses in Western Europe and the USA. As a result of strenghtening global process of concentration of capital, new corporations are formed in the Japanese automotive market. These corporations are characterised by constantly increasing economic potential. In the next part of the article it has been noted that global corporations, including automobile corporations, seek new effective locations for their factories but also various regions create different conditions to attract new investments to their territory. The article then goes on to present the spatial structure of production of Japanese automotive companies in the world according to different continents in years 1985–2008 and then examines the dynamic changes in the scale of production for individual continents. The next part of the article concetrates on the spatial structure of passenger cars and components factories, as well as on research and development centers belonging to Japanese automotive companies located in the European Union. The analysis of the structure and size of employment in factories based in the European Union has also been made.
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Llanos Reynoso, Luis Felipe, Alfonso Brown del Rivero, and Hugo Javier Fuentes Castro. "The Institutional Framework as a competitiveness factor in Latin America." Latin American Journal of Trade Policy 3, no. 6 (April 30, 2020): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5354/0719-9368.2020.57166.
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This document objective is to analyze the performance of selected Latin American countries in relation to their institutional framework, that is to say their legal systems, rules, norms and other regulatory provisions. These elements define, to large extent, the functioning and performance of markets linked to good and services, labor and financial systems. Specifically, by means of a factorial analysis along with a clustering process, the most significant explanatory variables on the trend and behavior of six out of 12 pillars for competitiveness as stated by the World Economic Forum have been identified and, likewise, the countries have been classified into a homogenous regional subgroups according to their performance.
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Mbao, Melvin L. M. "The Investment Act, 1986 of Zambia." Journal of African Law 30, no. 2 (1986): 197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855300006574.
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Twenty years ago Zambia was riding a wave of seemingly unstoppable prosperity. Income per capita was the highest amongst sub-Saharan African countries. The high copper prices on which Zambia's wealth was based enabled the government to pursue ambitious social welfare programmes. However since the second half of 1974 the bottom has fallen out of the copper market as a result of recession in most of the copper-consuming countries and technical advances in industry which have reduced the need for copper. In the decade since then Zambia's economy has deteriorated progressively as can be gleaned from these statistics: GDP per capita in constant (1970) prices declined by about 25 per cent, between 1974 and 1983; per capita incomes fell by 44 per cent, during 1974—85 period; the level of real imports in 1984 was only 40 per cent, of the average level in the early 1970s; scarcity of foreign exchange has reduced capacity utilisation to low levels (in the last quarter of 1985 it was estimated that the industrial sector was operating only at about 30 per cent, of capacity and in some individual companies the situation was so serious that some once-thriving factories had had to close down for lack of essential spares and raw materials) and the investment rate fell from 41 per cent, in 1975 to about 12 per cent, in 1984. The expenditure in the public sector for operation and maintenance is underfunded, resulting in marked deterioriation of standards in public services, especially health and education.
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Хаванова, Наталья, Natalya Khavanova, Елена Бокарева, and Elena Bokareva. "ANALYSIS OF THE RUSSIAN AND GLOBAL E-COMMERCE MARKET: TRENDS AND CHALLENGES." Services in Russia and abroad 11, no. 3 (July 5, 2017): 136–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22412/1995-042x-11-3-12.
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Informatization of the society and its constituent parts from individuals to organizations and states leads to an accelerated decision-making process, and, consequently, to the accelerated process of movement of goods and services, which are mostly realized via the Internet. There is no doubt that electronic commerce will become one of the dominant types of trade and one of the promising components of the "new economy" in the foreseeable future.
The popularity of electronic commerce is growing rapidly under the influence of various factors and the modern world cannot be imagined without online stores, all kinds of mobile applications that help to make purchases on all levels.
It goes without saying that e-commerce (online trade) will develop most rapidly in the most technologically advanced countries, such as the states of Europe, North America, Japan and China, having their own characteristics depending on national, demographic and other factors.
The Russian state has taken a course to modernize the country and is experiencing growth of information technology, and, consequently, of electronic commerce over the past 15 years. However, this occurs mainly in the European part of the country. But the rise of industry in the East (the construction of new roads, ports, factories, agro-industrial and military-industrial complexes) creates a favorable environment for business in general and for electronic commerce in particular. The investment attractiveness of the Far East also plays an important role. The changing way of life of the population and technological breakthrough create a new information and technological nation-wide economic environment, developing in close connection with the world economic development trends, experiencing their influence, and in turn influencing them.
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Fatty, Lamin K. M., Prof Idu Ogbe Ode, and Igbana Ajir. "THE AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICES MODE OF OPERATION IN HORTICULTURAL SCHEMES IN WEST COAST REGION IN KOMBO CENTRAL AND NORTH OF THE GAMBIA." International Journal of Advanced Economics 3, no. 2 (June 6, 2021): 40–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.51594/ijae.v3i2.230.
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The study assesses agricultural extension services mode of operation in horticultural farms for smallholder farmers in Kombo Central and North, West Coast Region of The Gambia. The instruments designed to gather the primary data include; structured interview and focus group discussions (FGD) supported by secondary data using official documents and key informant interview for verification. The target population consisted of 398 respondents, 10 extension officers and three extension agent heads. The data was quantitatively analyzed using percentages, frequency distribution tables, t-test, chi-squared test correlation and factorial analysis. Qualitative data from the in-depth interviews were also analyzed and presented appropriately. It was found that the variables on the influence of extension services (availability of AES, extension visit, farm size, marital status, experience in farming, education, farm group, transportation, post-harvest technology training and distance to market) are significantly associated with the horticultural smallholder farmers post-harvest losses. It means that there is a significant relationship between extension availability and post-harvest handling at p < 0.05 level of significance. The research comes out with the following recommendations; the need for continued research, development and investment programmes in extension, effective and efficient communication to the farmers, availability of horticultural production, government policy aimed at training and developing farmer capacity in appropriate monitoring systems of extension services, road improvement in the study areas and creating better improvement conditions for the extension agents. The study proves the need to improve the living conditions of services for extension services and availability of extension officers at a regular base with appropriate knowledge and skills.
Keywords: Agricultural Extension Services, mode of Operation in horticultural Schemes, West Coast Region, Kombo Central, North, The Gambia.
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Vladimirovna Pavlova, Elena, Anna Aleksandrovna Silayeva, Oksana Nikolaevna Borisova, Irina Gennadiyevna Doronkina, and Antonina Pavlovna Sokolova. "Analysis of the World and Russian E-Commerce Market: Development Trends and Challenges." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.38 (December 3, 2018): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.38.24588.
Full textAbstract:
The informational support of the society and its constituent parts from individuals to organizations and states leads to speeding up the decision-making process, and, consequently, to speeding up the process of movement of goods and services which are now being carried out via the Internet. There is no doubt that electronic commerce (e-commerce) will become one of the dominant types of trade and one of the promising components of the "new economy" in the foreseeable future.The popularity of e-commerce is growing rapidly under the influence of various factors and now we cannot imagine the modern world without online stores and all kinds of mobile applications that help to make purchases at all levels.It goes without saying that e-commerce (online trade) will develop most rapidly in the most technologically advanced countries, such as the states of Europe, North America, Japan and China, having their own characteristics depending on national, demographic and other factors. The Russian government that tried to modernize the country has been shown a high rate of development of information technology and e-commerce over the past 15 years, but just in the European part of the country to a greater extent; it is related to the demographic state of the country. But the expansion of industry in the East (construction of new roads, ports, factories, agro-industrial and military-industrial complexes) creates a favorable environment for business in general and for e-commerce, in particular. The investment attractiveness of the Far East region also plays an important role. The changing way of life of the population and the technological breakthrough create new information and technological nation-wide economic environment that develops in close connection with the world economic development trends experiencing their influence, and in turn influencing them.
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Danquah, Francis K. "Reports on Philippine Industrial Crops in World War II from Japan’s English Language Press." Agricultural History 79, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 74–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00021482-79.1.74.
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Abstract Japan’s occupation of Southeast Asia placed enormous stocks of the region’s industrial crops under Japanese control. English language Japanese newspaper reports from the Philippines suggest that the invaders grossly under-utilized this vast storehouse of agricultural wealth. Washington’s pre-war oil embargo severely crippled military and civilian transport services throughout the war, and Japan’s conversion of cane sugar into fuel alcohol and butane for aviation fuel failed to generate successful outcomes. Also, as the Pacific War eliminated cotton imports from the United States, India, and Egypt, placing numerous Japanese textile factories in jeopardy, Tokyo attempted to replace Philippine cane sugar plantings that previously served US markets with raising raw cotton for Japanese textile interests. In the Philippines, however, multifarious bottlenecks crippled all of Tokyo’s wartime farm projects. Though the Japanese occupation was short-lived, it demonstrated Tokyo’s intention to adjust the Philippine economy into a dependent relationship with Japanese industries.
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Joshi, SK, S. Shrestha, and S. Vaidya. "Occupational Safety and Health Studies in Nepal." International Journal of Occupational Safety and Health 1, no. 1 (August 1, 2011): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijosh.v1i1.4725.
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Occupational safety and health are key issues today, with growing industrialization and labor market. To introduce and maintain a high standard of safety and health at workplace, it is essential to have an overall picture of the present workplace scenario, different hazards and probable health effects. This is a review of all previously published articles on occupational safety and health in Nepal. Key words such as Nepal, Occupation, Safety, and Health were used to search for relevant articles in PUBMED and Google Scholar. A total of 15 research articles were found, which dealt with different forms of work, like agriculture, health services, child labor, small scale household industries, brick kilns, and textile factories. The overall status of occupational safety and health does not look satisfactory. Standard work situations and criteria have to be set up and regular monitoring should be done to ensure the maintenance of quality at work. Key Words: environment; exposure; hazards; labor; work place DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijosh.v1i1.4725 International Journal of Occupational Safety and Health, Vol 1 (2011) 19-26
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Obolenskiy, V. "Foreign Trade of Russia: Barometer Foretells Storm." World Economy and International Relations 60, no. 2 (2016): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2016-60-2-15-25.
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The development of Russian foreign trade during the previous five years is analyzed. It is stated that, in terms of value, exports of services and imports of goods and services steadily grew during the first four years of the period under review. Exports of goods also rose during three years, but in 2014 both exports and imports again fell in comparison with the previous year as was the case five years ago. The composition of the Russian exports and imports of goods did not change radically during the previous years. The main items of export are, as always, mineral products, metals and fertilizers. Import is prevailed by foodstuffs, chemicals and heavy engineering equipment. The current situation is featured by the reduction of world oil prices, slump of the domestic economy and war of sanctions with the Western countries. All this substantially impairs the conditions of Russia’s foreign trade activities and inhibits its development in the upcoming years. In the author’s view, the implementation of measures worked out by the government – correction of tariff liabilities before the WTO, redirecting of trade streams from the European to the Asian markets, import substitution and export support – will unlikely improve the situation. Revision of the liabilities before the WTO in the conditions of the decrease of the internal demand and serious devaluation of Ruble is considered as inappropriate and counterproductive. “Asiatic turn” is only capable to compensate to a certain respect the loss of supplies of some food products from Europe, but cannot fully offset the loss of potentialities of the acquisition of modern technologies and equipment from the developed countries. It is doubtful that it will be possible to dramatically cut the import dependence. It is necessary to replace many kinds of foreign goods, but it is impossible to implement a frontal substitution of import in all directions. Excessive stress on the import substitution might lead to the emergence of shortages and poorer availability of some goods at the internal market and, at the worst, to self-isolation and economic autarky. The attempts to build up an effective system of export support might be successful only in the conditions of the establishment of the large-scale production of goods and services which would be comparable with the foreign analogues in respect to the criteria of price and quality. Taking this into consideration the technological renovation of production processes, first of all in the manufacturing industry, and on this basis rising up of the competitiveness of plants and factories are the most important prerequisites for encouraging export activities and formation of the new export specialization of the country.
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Lara, José Edson, Ronaldo Lamounier Locatelli, Wanderley Ramalho, and Samantha Alice de Freitas Silva. "Institutional Image and the Role of The Managers of a major Brazilian Financial Institution: Analysis of Perceptions of High Income Customers." Revista Brasileira de Marketing 16, no. 4 (September 13, 2017): 426–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5585/remark.v16i4.3666.
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The economic system has undergone profound transformations due to recurrent technological advances that have repercussions on the organizations. Additionally, there is a demand coming from an affluent social class that, demands a customized service. It is therefore important to develop a corporate strategy that includes differentiated products and services and a focus on the agility and reliability of the business, in accordance to the market. This paper analyses the dynamic of the high income customers perceptions regarding to the services provided by an Brazilian financial institution taking into account its institutional image and the role played by its managers. The selected model is based on a mixing of three constructs, namely the customers evaluation of institutional operating characteristics, the quality of interaction between customers and managers and the propensity to indicated new customers to the bank. The study approach is quantitative by means of a survey followed by a factorial analysis for the selection of the indicators of each of the aforementioned constructs. A multiple regression model was then estimated, having the institutional image and managers performance as predictors, using the OLS method and the ordinal logistic function. The results showed that the customers satisfaction and its propensity to indicate new customers to the bank is properly explained by two predictors as suggested by the model. Furthermore, it was identified a greater influence of the construct which depicts the managers performance. Such conclusions contain fundamental elements for the design of corporate strategies.
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Victor, Okpodu, Oladunni Olufemi, Nnamdi Chukwuemeka Ehirim, and Awoyemi Samson. "Assessment of Smallholder Farmers’ Perception on Extension Training Programs for Entrepreneurial Skills Development in Cross Rivers State." Archives of Business Research 8, no. 8 (August 22, 2020): 176–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/abr.88.8398.
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The study of smallholder farmers’ perception on extension training delivery for entrepreneurship skills in cross rivers state was done to assess their perceived factors of entrepreneurial development in the study area and to examine the relationship between extension training delivery on entrepreneurship skills and the effectiveness in linking farmers to the market. Data were collected using a two stage random sampling of 114 small holder farmers registered with Agricultural Development Programme of the state and later analyzed using descriptive statistics; Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient; and Factorial Analysis. Result reveal that the farmers are mostly male (63.2%) with a mean age of 46year. The Pearson Product Moment (PPM) Correlation Coefficient showed no significant relationship between some selected socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents and the perceived effectiveness of extension service delivery on entrepreneurship training. Meanwhile, marital status, years of formal education and farming experience were all significant at 95% level in terms of effective contribution of extension services to farmers’ entrepreneurial skills. Again, it was shown in the factor analysis that three significant variable as contributing significantly to the predictive ability of the model. These are training improving marketing skill (0.037), communication skill of the agent in training (0.025) and farm and home visit of extension agent (0.018). Based on the findings, the study recommended that extension services is an important source of socioeconomic change in promoting entrepreneurship skills need of the farmers in the study area.
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Wang, Yan Ling. "International Logistics Risk Management." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 3112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.3112.
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Logistics supply chain system management is the integration of key business processes from end user through original logistics suppliers that provides products, services, and information that add value for customers and other stakeholders. Logistics supply chain is a network of suppliers, factories, warehouses, distribution centers and retailers where the raw materials are acquired, manufactured to products, which then are delivered to consumers. Fierce competition in global markets and the heightened expectations of consumers have forced business enterprises to invest in and focus attention on, the relationships with their customers and suppliers. Interest in supply chain management has also been growing in the industry both in developed and developing countries. Along with the occurrence of several catastrophic events in supply chains, risk management become more and more important. However, participants in the supply chain are separate and independent economic entities, and only consider their own benefits. The international logistics risk management problems are studied in this paper.
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Golovach, Nataliya. "The potential of cultural services in modern conditions of Ukrainian society development." Almanac "Culture and Contemporaneity", no. 1 (August 31, 2021): 210–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.32461/2226-0285.1.2021.238624.
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The purpose of the article is to study the potential of cultural services in the new socio-economic conditions and in the context of the decentralization reform of Ukrainian society. The methodology is to apply such methods as comparative analysis and synthesis to characterize cultural services both in Ukraine and abroad; philosophical and logical to reveal the modern potential of cultural services in the new socio-economic conditions. The scientific novelty of the work is that the problems of innovative development of Ukraine, in particular in terms of technological systems, were analyzed and the role of culture, creative industries and cultural services in the development of modern society was clarified. Conclusions. At the present stage, the problems of innovative development of Ukraine are actualized precisely by technological methods. In turn, in the era of globalization, culture is becoming a «lifeline» that can bring society out of economic and social stagnation, and creative industries contribute to the creation of new innovative markets. Today, the development of creative industries is an important task for many countries, and creativity is a key point for a society based on knowledge and an efficient economy, as it significantly contributes to the development of various spheres of life and the country as a whole. In Ukraine, decentralization reform opens up great prospects for development for communities, as most small towns have significant tourist, recreational, cultural, historical and natural potential, and therefore there is a need to develop their own development strategy in the new socio-economic conditions. Meanwhile, the decentralization reform has contributed to the revitalization of primary cultural (club) infrastructure, including cultural hubs, which contributes to the creation of high-quality cultural goods and services to meet the cultural needs of the community. Ukraine also already has interesting examples of transforming former factories into creative hubs, including «Art Factory Platform», «UNIT.City», «Art Factory Mechanics», «Lem Station» and «!FESTrepublic» etc. However, in Ukrainian society the issue of discussing and approving a «minimum cultural basket» remains unresolved, which will contribute to the formation of single information and cultural space and provide guarantees for the population in obtaining cultural services and equal access to them.
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Yang, Wan, and Anna S. Mattila. "Do affluent customers care when luxury brands go mass?" International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 26, no. 4 (May 6, 2014): 526–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-03-2013-0124.
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Purpose – This paper aims to examine the joint effects of product type (hospitality services vs goods) and consumers’ need for status (low/Patricians vs high/Parvenus) on consumers’ attitude change toward their favorite luxury brands. As an ever increasing number of customers can now afford luxury products, it is important to understand how affluent consumers react to the less affluent mimicking behaviors. Design/methodology/approach – In all, 265 luxury consumers with annual household income of more than $100,000 and experiences of luxury consumption in the past three months were recruited. A 2 (product type) × 2 (need for status) factorial design was used to test the hypotheses. Findings – This study demonstrates that when faced with mimicking behaviors by less affluent consumers, Parvenus exhibit more negative attitude toward their favorite luxury goods brands than luxury hospitality brands. Conversely, Patricians exhibit similar levels of attitude change across the two types of luxury brands. Practical implications – The findings suggest that luxury hospitality companies may find it easier to expand to less affluent markets than their luxury goods counterparts, in particular when the majority of target consumers are Parvenus. Originality/value – To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to examine consumers’ reactions to mimicking behaviors by the less affluent in the context of luxury hospitality services, and it adds to the knowledge on the joint effects of product type and status seeking on luxury consumption.
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Ekawati, Ratna, Yandra Arkeman, Suprihatin Suprihatin, and Titi Candra Sunarti. "Analysis and Design of Distribution Systems Information Flow in the Sugar Supply Chain in Indonesia." International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Technologies and Applications 2, no. 1 (February 26, 2021): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/mechta.2021.002.01.7.
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Today's modern supply chain represents a complex and real-time, organization, resource, activity, information, and data source that is involved in the distribution of products and services ranging from upstream to downstream of the supply chain. In the past 4.0 supply chain technology was not just a linear business function, but as the center of the main process of ecosystems that are in a blind spot chained by value. With information as a foundation in the decision-making process so that information can create integrated and efficiently coordinated supply chains. So that it can show continuity from planning to production, inventory, quality, and price control in each chain. An inefficient distribution that results in mistrust among stakeholders, because it has an impact on the decline and loss of value chain in quality and quantity. Integrity problems from the data collected were found in this study. These findings include the identification of various stakeholders, including farmers, importers to customers, and regulators, as well as their needs, which will be described through the use case, and BPMN. The results obtained are that the main actors (stakeholders) of the system are divided into farmers, importers, processing factories, headquarters, hauling services, and markets (customers) in the distribution of product information flow systems. Suggests tracking and tracing based on real-time data flow of product information coming from each actor in the sugar supply chain that is equipped with an accurate data distribution information support system.