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1
Liang, Samuel Xin. "The Driving Forces of Stock Returns in Hong Kong." Accounting and Finance Research 8, no. 4 (September 2, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/afr.v8n4p1.
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We comprehensively investigate what drives stock returns in Hong Kong stock market which has been consistently ranked as one of the most important markets for IPOs. We find that Hong Kong inflation rate is a systematic pricing factor across stocks after controlling for Fama-French three-factor. It is different from the U.S. market and other developed markets that the momentum, dividend yield, cash-flow yield, earnings yield, and return-reversal factors are not significant pricing factors for stock returns in Hong Kong. Our Fama-MacBeath (1973) regressions show that a stock’s value (cash-flow yield and book-to-market ratio) is the strongest predictor of stock returns in Hong Kong after controlling for market, value, and size factors and macroeconomic factors.
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SAITO, OSAMU. "Land, labour and market forces in Tokugawa Japan." Continuity and Change 24, no. 1 (April 20, 2009): 169–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416009007061.
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ABSTRACTThis article examines the markets for land and labour in traditional Japan, where peasant families accounted for 80 per cent of the population; it focuses on the extent of these markets and how they operated. The survey of evidence, both literary and statistical, indicates that, while the size of the factor markets was small and limited, lease arrangements for farmland and the markets for seasonal labour and the rural–urban transfer of manpower functioned rather well. It is therefore suggested that market forces must have played an indispensable part in the process of Tokugawa Japan's proto-industrialization and Smithian growth.
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Golomsha, Nataliia, and Olha Holomsha. "Research of competitiveness factors of Ukrainian corn in the world markets." INNOVATIVE ECONOMY, no. 3-4 (May 2020): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.37332/2309-1533.2020.3-4.7.
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Purpose. The aim of the article is to carry out factor analysis of the parameters that determine the competitiveness of Ukrainian corn in the world markets, to substantiate their impact and to formulate a set of recommendations on the use of identified trends and patterns. Methodology of research. Methodological approaches of competition theories and international trade are combined in the process of modelling the competitiveness parameters of Ukraine in the world corn market. A factor analysis technique is used to identify the parameters of Ukrainian corn's competitiveness in the world markets. A list of the most important factors is formed, the direction and strength of their influence on the level of competitiveness of domestic corn is determined by means of correlation-regression analysis Findings. The method of factor analysis to identify the parameters of competitiveness of Ukrainian corn in the world markets is substantiated. On the basis of correlation-regression analysis based on the combination of methodological principles of competition theories and international trade, the list of the most important factors is formed, the direction and strength of their influence on the level of competitiveness of domestic corn is determined. Unlike existing models and concepts, this approach takes into account the complex influence of competitive forces, market size, and trading conditions, which allows a high degree of probability to achieve competitiveness of Ukrainian grain in the world markets. It is found that market factors, including market capacity and population of the importing country, have positive influence on the competitiveness of Ukrainian corn in the world markets, and competitive forces (influence of direct competitors) and spatial factors, including remoteness of the main markets have negative influence. Proposals on the reaction of market participants to the objective conditions of foreign trade - market parameters, activity of competitors, conditions of trade have been developed. The expediency of intensifying export efforts in the markets of large capacity with positive population growth, which import corn from distant countries, building complex business relations with these countries, and their interest in importing Ukrainian corn, forming a comprehensive logistic advantage, is substantiated. Originality. The method of factor analysis of ensuring the competitiveness of Ukrainian corn has been improved, which results in an objective list of favourable and restraining factors, as well as substantiates the main reactions of market participants to their impact. Practical value. The obtained model results and factor dependencies form a strong methodological basis for modelling and forecasting the competitiveness of Ukrainian grain in the world markets, as well as for developing scenarios of domestic market actors' response to the events and forces that accompany grain exports. Key words: factor analysis, competitiveness, world corn market, correlation-regression modelling, export, grain, foreign trade.
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van der Spek, Robartus J. "Factor Markets in Hellenistic and Parthian Babylonia (331 BCE-224 CE)." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 57, no. 2 (March 29, 2014): 203–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685209-12341347.
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AbstractBecause the evidence is meagre, this article takes a qualitative rather than a quantitative approach to the markets of land, labour, and capital in Hellenistic and Parthian Babylonia. The evidence consists of administrative documents from Babylon and Uruk (Babylonian clay tablets in cuneiform script), from Dura Europos on parchment or papyrus (in Greek and Aramaic), and from Avroman in (Greek and Pahlavi). These texts suggest that the land market was restricted by the legal rights of king and temple. There is little information on wage labour. Slave labour existed, but neither its role in the economy nor the importance of the slave trade has been adequately assessed. The use of credit, interest, cheques, and other financial instruments is attested, but its significance is small, not least because of the prevalence of iconic interest rates of 20%, set by tradition rather than by market forces. As far as the evidence goes, the markets for land, labour, and capital were restricted by tradition and by the claims of king and temples on land, while the commodity markets were much more market-oriented.
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Koulafetis, Panayiota. "Alternative Estimating Methodologies of the UK Industry Cost of Equity Capital: The Impact of 2007 Financial Crisis and Market Volatility." International Journal of Economics and Finance 8, no. 1 (December 24, 2015): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v8n1p111.
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<p>We compare estimates of the UK industry cost of equity capital between the unconditional beta Arbitrage Pricing Model (APM), the conditional beta APM and the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). A statistically significant eight-factor APM leads to the best estimates of the UK industry cost of equity capital. During our full sample time period any of the APMs, unconditional APM or conditional APM, do a much better job than the CAPM.</p>However at times of extreme market volatility during the 2007 financial crisis, the conditional APM is the best model with the least errors. During a financial crisis investors and market participants’ expectations are revised. Economic forces at play include: increased market uncertainty, increased investors’ risk aversion and capital scarcity. We find that the macroeconomic factors impeded in the Conditional APM that vary over time using the latest information in the market, incorporate the economic forces at play and capture the extreme market volatility. Our findings have direct implications in the financial markets for regulators, corporate financial decision makers, corporations and governments.
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Hutchison, Norman, and Alan Disberry. "Market forces or institutional factors: what hinders housing development on brownfield land?" Journal of European Real Estate Research 8, no. 3 (November 2, 2015): 285–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jerer-07-2015-0029.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to understand the barriers to housing development on brownfield land in the UK, making clear the distinction between market and institutional factors and identify appropriate public and private sector solutions to encourage more residential development. Design/methodology/approach – In this research, the city of Nottingham in the East Midlands of England was chosen as the case study city. The research was based on secondary literature review of relevant local authority reports, Internet searches, consultancy documents and policy literature. Detailed case studies were undertaken of 30 sites in Nottingham which included a questionnaire survey of developers. Officials from Nottingham City Council assisted with the gathering of planning histories of the sites. The investigation took place in 2014. Findings – Based on the evidence from Nottingham, the most frequently occurring significant constraint was poor market conditions. At the local level, it is clear that there are options that can be promoted to help reduce the level of friction in the market, to reduce delay and cost and, thus, to encourage developers to bring forward schemes when the market allows. Securing planning permission and agreeing the terms of a S106 agreement is recognised as a major development hurdle which requires time to achieve. Practical implications – Market forces were clearly the dominant factor in hindering development on brownfield sites in Nottingham. The local authority should be more circumspect in the use of S106 agreements in market conditions where brownfield development is highly marginal. Imposing additional taxation on specific developments in weak markets discourages development and is counterproductive. Originality/value – This detailed study of 30 development sites is significant in that it provides a better understanding of the barriers to residential development on brownfield land in the UK.
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Ahamed Lebbe, S. M. "Interlocking Factor Market in Agrarian Economy of Sri Lanka." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 58 (September 2015): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.58.25.
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Informal credit market plays a crucial role in the rural sector in developing countries. Prices of goods and services, in general, in the competitive markets are determined by the market forces but, prices of factors of production in agrarian economy are interlinked, thus reward of land, labour and credit also are determined by the interlockers.. An interlinked transaction is one in which the parties trade in at least two markets on the condition that the terms of all trade between them are jointly determined (Bell and Srinivasan, 1989). Agriculture sector is the foremost economic activity in Sri Lanka. Nearly 70 percent of total population living in rural areas depends completely or partially on agriculture sector. The main objective of the study is to examine the incidence of different types of linkages prevalent in the developed and backward villages among paddy farming households in Sammanthurai Divisional Secretariat area of Ampara district in Sri Lanka. This study is based on primary data and the data related to the year 2011-2012 (2011 Yala and 2011-2012 Maha). According to the results 95 per cent of the households in backward villages and 65 per cent of households in developed villages are involved in interlinked credit transactions, Hence, the result exhibits that interlinked credit transaction is higher in backward villages than that of developed villages. The results further reveal that Cash-to-Labour and Kind-to-Labour transactions in developed villages are allowed free of charge. Kind-Cash and Input-to-Output transactions are completely seen in the backward villages. Input-to-Output market link which is foremost in the backward villages and it is found to be exploitative to the paddy farmers.
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Malle, Silvana. "From Market to Capitalism: the Building of Institutional Ethics." Journal of Public Policy 14, no. 1 (January 1994): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x00001227.
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ABSTRACTThis paper discusses the ethical barriers to development in economies whose institutions have not quite adjusted to the needs of capitalism. It is argued that at a given stage of market development, the market forces will either impose behaviours and moral codes which further sustain the development of capital markets or will be defeated. The defeat may lead a country back to pre-capitalist relations, behaviours and rules that will jeopardize any further development. In post-socialist economies, in particular, large sections of society are unprepared to apply the rules of advanced capitalist markets. Resistance to market becomes an obstacle to the building of institutional ethics and transparent markets. Only openness to foreign competition and foreign demand for higher ethical standards in business can help the adjustment of economic and legal institutions to the requirement of advanced markets. The Italian case offers an instructive example of contradiction between institutional backwardness and market dynamism in which the catalysing factor was foreign competition.
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Zamani, Mahmoud, Changiz Valmohammadi, and Mona Moshiri. "Market Factors, Training Programs, Strategic Management and Performance." International Journal of Strategic Information Technology and Applications 5, no. 4 (October 2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsita.2014100101.
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The main purpose of this study is to carry out an empirical research to investigate the relationship between market factors (competitive intensity and industry attractiveness), training programs development, strategic management and organizational performance of insurance companies in Iran. nda clarify the importance role of market forces as an essential factor influencing training programs development, strategic management and organizational performance in insurance companies in the context of Iran. This research is based on an empirical survey of marketing and sales experts in four private insurance companies, namely Saman, Parsian, Karafarin and Pasargad in capital city of Iran, Tehran. Questionnaire is the main data collection instrument for this research. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses as well as structure equation modeling were employed for data analysis. Statistical analyses revealed that competitive intensity, industry attractiveness, training programs development and strategic management have a positive and significant relationship with the organizational performance of the surveyed companies.
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Rasmussen, Jens Lehrmann. "Economic Inequality, Human Rights, and Labour Markets." Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights 15, no. 2 (June 1997): 143–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/092405199701500202.
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The purpose of the article is to analyse relations between human rights and economic inequality. Further, the role played by markets in these relations is examined. The importance of choice of dimension in which to measure inequality, such as consumption or hourly wages, is outlined. It is argued that the important thing in a human rights context is inequality of opportunity, not inequality of outcome. An analysis of reasons for making inequality a social concern, and of reasons for accepting inequality under certain circumstances, is attempted. By means of this, a hierarchy of reasons for inequality is suggested, where inequality is considered least morally acceptable, if it is founded on discrimination, more morally acceptable if it is founded on differences in methods of acquisition, and most acceptable if it is founded on differences in effort and talents. Important effects of factor market interactions on such types of inequality are examined. It is suggested that market forces tend to reduce discrimination. Inequality due to differences in method of acquisition is likely to be enhanced by market forces, possibly beyond the point generally acceptable by moral standards. The same is possible concerning inequality due to differences in effort and talents. Further, it is indicated that market forces cannot prevent poverty and may enhance it. If market forces are unable to generate an acceptable distribution, redistribution will be called for. It is suggested in this article that in a democracy the extent of redistribution is likely to be determined by the preferences of the median voters.
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Madar, Anca. "QUALITY INVESTMENT, A MAJOR FACTOR IN CONQUERING NEW MARKETS." SERIES V - ECONOMIC SCIENCES 14(63), no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31926/but.es.2021.14.63.1.12.
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The competition that characterizes the market economy, forces companies to use appropriate methods and techniques to maintain their position in the market, or to penetrate new ones. For this, an important investment is in the quality of the company's products, processes and staff. Applying the principles of total quality management and implementing appropriate quality strategies help companies achieve better results in their work. In this paper, the author aimed to exemplify how the implementation of a quality strategy correctly chosen and put into practice led to a considerable improvement in the results of the company studied. To accomplish the work, the author analysed the literature and documents of the company.
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Chan, S., and C. Clark. "Economic Development in Taiwan: Escaping the State—Market Dichotomy." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 12, no. 2 (June 1994): 127–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c120127.
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The case of a very successful developing country—Taiwan—is examined in order to assess the importance of market phenomena and governmental policy leadership for promoting development. In their analysis of postwar Taiwan, therefore, the authors reject the temptation to dichotomize ‘state versus market’, and instead argue strongly in favor of a ‘state and market’ approach. The ability to accommodate and manipulate economic market forces was central to Taiwan's economic miracle because the island's businesses became highly competitive on world markets and carved out a niche of comparative advantage in the global economy. Much of the credit for this, furthermore, rests with the flexible production of small private firms. However, the state also played a significant role in boosting the island's competitiveness by promoting several structural transformations of the economy, creating a good business environment for entrepreneurs, channeling foreign capital into a few vital sectors, and financing infrastructure and human capital development. A key factor in the state's positive role, in turn, appears to be regime autonomy. That is, until quite recently, the government has been rather autonomous from social forces and unconstrained by electoral politics and popular accountability.
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Choudhry, Taufiq, and Yuan Wu. "Momentum phenomenon in the Chinese Class A and B share markets." Review of Behavioral Finance 7, no. 2 (November 9, 2015): 116–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rbf-06-2014-0032.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the momentum phenomenon in two market segments of the Chinese stock market – the Class A share market and Class B share market over time period spanning from January 1996 to December 2010. Design/methodology/approach – The authors largely follow Jegadeesh and Titman (1993) paper; the authors decompose the momentum returns following the procedure first proposed by Jegadeesh and Titman (1995). In addition, a liquidity factor (Pastor and Stambaugh, 2003) and a share ownership factor (Wang and Xu, 2004) are incorporated in the procedure to gauge the contribution of liquidity and the dynamics of share ownership towards the momentum returns, respectively in the two segments of the Chinese stock market. Findings – The authors find compelling evidence showing distinctively different momentum phenomena exist in the two market segments of the Chinese stock market. Specifically, the momentum phenomenon is more pronounced in the Chinese Class A share market compared to those found in the Chinese Class B share market. Through decomposing the momentum returns, the authors find evidence showing the dismal momentum returns observed in the Class B share market can be attributed to markedly weakened contributions of the liquidity factor and the share ownership factor. Research limitations/implications – Relatively short sample time horizon compared to the most of major financial markets such as USA and UK. The number of B shares has been rather limited. Practical implications – Subsequent to the opening of the Chinese Class B share market to domestic investors in 2001 and the opening of the Chinese Class A share market to qualified foreign institutional investors (QFII) in 2003, the empirical evidence found in this study provides a crucial reference point for domestic and foreign portfolio strategists in guiding them to form suitable portfolio strategies concerning investments in a nascent financial market such as the Chinese stock market, fraught with volatility and speculative trading behaviour. Social implications – It offers a comprehensive view of the momentum phenomenon in the Chinese Class A and B share markets over the sample period from January 1996 to December 2010. Second, the reasons behind the dichotomy of the momentum returns found in the two market segments were investigated through decomposing the momentum returns based on Jegdeesh and Titman’s (1995) method while incorporating three new explanatory factors – the liquidity factor, share ownership factor and the under reaction towards firm-specific news factor. Originality/value – A couple of extant papers have visited the topic before. yet this paper offers more comprehensive view on the existence of momentum premium in both Chinese Class A and B share markets and investigates the driving forces behind the subdued momentum returns observed in the B share market.
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Suzuki, Akihito. "Smallpox and the Epidemiological Heritage of Modern Japan: Towards a Total History." Medical History 55, no. 3 (July 2011): 313–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025727300005329.
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This article examines one of the long-term structural forces that contributed to the making of public health in Modern Japan. My overall argument is that the history of public health should be conceived as a total history, encompassing not just political, administrative, and scientific factors but also natural, social, and economic factors. Elsewhere I have discussed two of these factors in some detail, both of which were long-term structural forces resulting from the interactions of different realms: 1) the effect of the topography and the pattern of the use of land; and 2) the effect of the market as a medium for people's behaviour seeking the prevention of the disease. Here I will argue that the Japanese long-term experience of diseases provided another structural force that shaped public health in Japan. The long-term cumulative factor can be called the ‘epidemiological heritage’ of Japan.
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Mizik, Tamás, Lajos Nagy, Zoltán Gabnai, and Attila Bai. "The Major Driving Forces of the EU and US Ethanol Markets with Special Attention Paid to the COVID-19 Pandemic." Energies 13, no. 21 (October 27, 2020): 5614. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13215614.
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Ethanol is a widely produced fuel, as well as a fuel additive. Its price is closely related to the price of gasoline, its major substitute. This paper focuses on the impacts of the related variables on regional ethanol prices. Additionally, the length of the price dataset made it possible to isolate the impacts of COVID-19 on the ethanol prices. Using multiple regression and Confirmatory Factor Analyses, we found no significant correlation between the European and US ethanol prices because the major influencing factors were regionally different. In the case of the European ethanol markets, the positive factors were wheat, maize, and potassium chloride prices, while the European sugar and diammonium phosphate prices were negative. In the US markets, gasoline, sugar, and most of the artificial fertilizer prices were positive, while wheat prices were negative. Based on factor analysis, artificial fertilizers and maize factors proved to be important to the European markets, while US ethanol prices were driven by the crude oil-gasoline and raw materials factors. The COVID variable showed no significant connection with the EU prices, but negatively affected the US ethanol prices. This is explained by the different market characteristics, as the US is not only the major consumer, but also the major producer of the different oil products. Therefore, COVID-19 had a double effect on their oil and ethanol markets.
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Berghorn, Wilhelm, Martin T. Schulz, Markus Vogl, and Sascha Otto. "Trend Momentum II: Driving Forces of Low Volatility and Momentum." International Journal of Financial Research 12, no. 3 (January 11, 2021): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijfr.v12n3p300.
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In discussions and critiques on the validity of the Efficient Market Hypothesis, there are two important research focuses: statistical analyses showing that the basic assumption of statistical independence in price series is violated and empirical findings that show that significant market anomalies exist. In this paper, we combine both viewpoints by analyzing two important mathematical factor anomalies: low volatility and momentum. By applying an explicit trend model, we show that both anomalies require trending. Additionally, we show that the trend model exhibits lognormal trend characteristics. Furthermore, the model allows us to describe how low volatility uses implicitly asymmetric trend characteristics while momentum directly exploits trends. Using Mandelbrot’s model of fractional Brownian Motions, we can finally link statistical analyses (measuring the Hurst exponent and persistence in returns) to the empirically observed momentum factor. Experimentally, the Hurst exponent in itself allows for a momentum strategy, and can be utilized to significantly improve low volatility strategies. In contrast to Mandelbrot’s approach, we offer a non-stationary view that allows us to describe both investment strategies using the trend model.
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Sekletsova, Ol'ga. "Competitive Status of the Enterprise as a Production Factor." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University. Series: Political, Sociological and Economic sciences 2020, no. 3 (October 16, 2020): 387–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2500-3372-2020-5-3-397-407.
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Competitiveness ensures the effectiveness of the enterprise both in the long and short term of its activity within a particular market segment. This criterion reflects the enterprise's ability to meet the needs of customers and use available resources. It reflects the conformity of products to market requirements, as well as their qualitative and quantitative characteristics. Ice cream production sector will continue to grow in the medium term, and the industry's prospects will depend on the effective marketing policy. The present research assessed the competitiveness of Kemerovo Khladokombinat LLC (a refrigeration plant) on the local market of ice cream producers. It revealed the main directions for increasing the competitiveness of this enterprise. The assessment was based on the market position of the enterprise regarding the growth in demand for this product and the market share held by the enterprise. The analysis used a Boston Consulting Group (BCG) matrix. The analysis also involved the method of expert scoring and Michael Porter’s Five Forces model. A SWOT analysis helped to assess the market position of Kemerovo Khladokombinat LLC. The competitiveness of the company in question was assessed as high, compared to other enterprises engaged in the production and marketing of ice cream on the local market. The following recommendations can help the company to cement its place: Kemerovo Khladokombinat LLC should 1) strengthen its marketing component, 2) improve work with suppliers of raw materials in order to improve product quality and reduce production costs, 3) pay attention to its financial state.
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Marshavin, Yurii. "Modernization of the state labor market policy as a factor in overcoming the socio-economic crisis in Ukraine." Social and labour relations: theory and practice 9, no. 1 (November 28, 2019): 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/slrtp.9(1).2019.04.
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The relevance of the research topic is determined by the need to overcome the crisis of the Ukrainian labor market based on balancing state employment policy with other areas of social and economic policy, coordinated use of its tools aimed at forming a system of modern science-intensive jobs that meet the EU latest achievements and standards, especially in information and communication as well as digital economy. The purpose is to analyze the causes of the crisis in the domestic labor market, identify its climate dependence on the main macroeconomic and other factors and develop new approaches to the content and toolset of modern state employment policy. The processes in the labor market, their trends and driving forces are the study object. The research used methodological provisions of Keynesian and other theories and concepts of employment, graphical and correlation analysis, content analysis, classification-analytical and statistical-analytical methods. It has been proved that it is necessary to develop the internal market (by raising the incomes of the population) and raise the innovation-investment framework of employment based on increasing the reliability of the banking system, participation of the population in the stock market operations, develop non-governmental pension funds, credit unions, create real barriers against the money outflow, stimulate export activity of Ukrainian producers at the expense of competitive products with high added value. The use of the directions and instruments proposed in the article to modernize the state employment policy will help to overcome the labor market crisis, increase the population well-being, economic growth, and the country’s entry into the trajectory of sustainable socioeconomic development.
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Chang, Wen-Chin. "The Trading Culture of Jade Stones Among the Yunnanese in Burma and Thailand, 1962–88." Journal of Chinese Overseas 2, no. 2 (2006): 269–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/179325406788639589.
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AbstractThis article aims to illustrate the trading culture of jade stones by examining the social life of the traded stones in their transnational movement from Burma to Thailand during the period of the Burmese socialist regime. Drawing on the work of the well-known anthropologist, Appadurai, I adopt a perspective emphasizing processes to look into the complex intersection of economic, political, and cultural factors relating to repeated transactions. These factors include the politics of organization, the politics of knowledge, personal guts, and the uncontrollable factor of luck. The research shows that market laws entwined with intricate socio-political forces of the region were the driving force in the exercise of the trade beyond national boundaries.
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Milosavljević, Marko, and Melita Poler. "Balkanization and pauperization: Analysis of media capture of public service broadcasters in the Western Balkans." Journalism 19, no. 8 (August 18, 2017): 1149–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464884917724629.
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This article provides an in-depth analysis of public service broadcasters in seven countries of the Western Balkans from the perspective of capture by political and market forces. A lack of editorial independence, reflected in politically biased, pro-government news content, is the main problem of public service broadcasting in the region. Another factor is the commercialization of programs, reflected in the neglect of public interest content in favor of entertainment formats, and the introduction of sponsored content and product placement. Financial difficulties, small fragmented markets, minor languages, weak economies, market pressures from commercial broadcasters, inefficient license fee collection, pressure and interference from political elites, as well as characteristics of local political and journalistic culture are among the reasons that public service broadcasters in these post-communist countries currently display similar characteristics.
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Uri, Noel D. "The Use of Fertilizer and its Environmental Consequences." Energy & Environment 8, no. 3 (September 1997): 191–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958305x9700800302.
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The increase in the use of fertilizer in agricultural production has been associated with a substantial increase in agricultural productivity in the United States. This increase in fertilizer use has been driven by a variety of economic forces including variations in the price of output and changing relative factor prices. Associated with the increase in the use of fertilizer have been adverse environmental consequences that are not reflected in the costs and returns of agricultural production. That is, externalities exist whose cost need to be internalized. Because the use of fertilizer has been shown to respond to market forces, it is efficient to use the market to control the use of fertilizer. This can be done through, for example, the use of a fertilizer tax.
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Daniilidis, Alexandros. "Spaces of social representation in the new urban landscape: the case of Kypseli Municipal Market, Athens, Greece." Networking Knowledge: Journal of the MeCCSA Postgraduate Network 11, no. 2 (December 11, 2018): 60–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.31165/nk.2018.112.531.
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While being an indicator of a well-regulated economy, public markets also function as spaces of socialization, cultural representation and a formative factor for community identities. In addition, a new trend in the specific field of study has emerged in the past ten years that approaches the institution of public markets as an expression of informal practices, cooperative economy and resistance to the ongoing commercialization and privatization of urban space. A case as such has been the historic municipal market of Kypseli, one of Athens’ most vibrant and densely populated districts. This paper seeks to explore the different stages of social agency and those public initiatives associated with the communal space of Kypseli Market by addressing the following question: How these forces have attempted to reintroduce the space’s character and functionality as a response to the challenges of privatization, commercialization and social exclusion of underprivileged groups of people, namely refugees, migrants and members of lower class stratification?
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Liu, Linyan, Zheng Xiang, Yuyao Liu, Florian J. Zach, and Nancy McGehee. "Factors Influencing Exhibitor Satisfaction and Loyalty: A Meta-Analysis on the Chinese Exhibition Market." Sustainability 12, no. 20 (October 12, 2020): 8390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12208390.
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With the exhibition sector becoming increasingly important for the hospitality and tourism industry, it is critical to understand what drives the success of an exhibition. Through a comprehensive literature review, we first identified two broad categories of factors, namely exhibition attributes and exhibitor perceptions, that influence exhibitor satisfaction and loyalty. Next, a meta-analysis was conducted based on 26 empirical papers studying the Chinese exhibition market to quantitatively evaluate these relationships. The results show that among the exhibition attributes, booth management, service personnel, and exhibition environment are the most important factors affecting exhibitor satisfaction, while exhibition brand is the most important factor affecting loyalty. Among exhibitor perceptions, service quality is more important for satisfaction, while perceived value is more meaningful to loyalty. This study offers insights into strategies for exhibition organizers to cultivate long-term relationships, and to better cope with the challenges of emerging forces such as the Internet.
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Hsieh, Heng-Hsing, Kathleen Hodnett, and Paul Van Rensburg. "The Influences Of Macroeconomic Forces On The Value-Momentum Spread Of Global Equities." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 11, no. 5 (July 17, 2012): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v11i5.7159.
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We extend our prior research on the determinants of the value-momentum spread of global equities to investigate the macroeconomic influences on this spread. The common arbitrage pricing theory (APT) macroeconomic forces identified by Chen, Roll and Ross (1986) are employed in a univariate test. Two significant variables extracted from the univariate test include the growth in the industrial production of advanced economies and the U.S. dollar strength relative to the currencies of developed economies. When these two variables are included in a two-factor regression, it is found that the industrial production growth is negatively correlated with the value-momentum spread, while the U.S. dollar strength is positively correlated with the value-momentum spread. Due to the fact that the value-momentum spread declines near the market peak and increases when the market crashes, the growth in industrial production could be regarded as an expansionary indicator and the U.S. dollar strength could be regarded as a contractionary indicator for future economic trends.
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Sung, Bongsuk, and Woo-Yong Song. "Are Political Factors More Relevant Than Economic Factors in Firm-Level Renewable Energy Technology Export? Evidence from Path Analysis." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 6, 2021): 8788. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13168788.
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Renewable energy technology (RET) firms are key economic entities in the export of RET-related products and components, in which RET firms’ exports are affected largely by policy and market. Nonetheless, the effects of policy and market factors on RET firm-level export have never received attention from researchers. This study aims to fill the gap by taking a political economy approach to establish a structural equation model to analyze the path of political-economic factor-firms’ market orientation-based export. This study reveals that RET firms’ market-orientation-based export enhancement depends entirely on political forces. Particularly, two government intervention instruments, environmental policy and export promotion policy, were highlighted. However, the effects of renewable energy policies on the exports of RET firms through market orientation are negative and statistically significant. This study proves that the effects of inter-firm competition and market attractiveness on RET firms’ exports through their market orientation are negative and statistically significant and insignificant, respectively. Further, this study demonstrates that RET firms’ market orientation has a significant positive effect on their export performance. We conclude that in order to improve RET-related policy effectiveness and efficiency, it will be useful to consider firms’ heterogeneity in response to external factors. Additionally, a full mediation model in the academic investigation of the effects of various external factors, including public policies and market factors, on firm-level export, and the implementation of firm-level export-induced policy, taking into account firms’ managerial interpretations to external factors, should be considered.
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Rosenbloom, Joshua L. "Looking for Work, Searching for Workers: U.S. Labor Markets after the Civil War." Social Science History 18, no. 3 (1994): 377–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200017077.
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Between the Civil War and World War I the American economy was reshaped by the forces of industrialization. In 1870 the United States was still a predominantly rural and agricultural society concentrated in the area east of the Mississippi River. By the early twentieth century it had become a largely urban and industrial society of continental proportions. The growth of railroads, cities, mines, and factories, along with shifts in the sectoral and geographic patterns of economic activity, required the mobilization of vast quantities of capital and labor (Perloff et al. 1965: chap. 14). The formation of efficient factor markets capable of responding to these demands was an important ingredient in the rapid economic growth of the postbellum United States. The evolution of financial market institutions in response to the demands of late-nineteenth-century industrialization has been studied in some detail (Davis 1965; Sylla 1969; James 1978; Snowden 1987, 1988), but relatively little is known about the history of labor market institutions after the Civil War.
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Wing, Clement Chow Kong. "Strategic Investment, Uncertainty And Distribution Reform In The P.R. China: Why A Gradual Reform Strategy Works." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 12, no. 3 (September 12, 2011): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v12i3.5796.
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<span>This paper attempts to provide an explanation to the success of the gradual reform strategy of China by showing that such a strategy can minimize the uncertainty created in the process of transition from a centrally-planned economy to a market economy. In a commitment versus flexibility game, low uncertainty motivates enterprises to adopt a strategy of pre-committing their investment which is crucial in sustaining a faster growth rate in the industry. In addition, Chinas successful use of market forces of competition and entry is also an important factor in the transition process.</span>
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Peredo, Ana Maria, and Murdith McLean. "Decommodification in action: Common property as countermovement." Organization 27, no. 6 (August 3, 2019): 817–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350508419867202.
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Our purpose is twofold: to contribute to the case for seeing the economy as a rich landscape of practices for producing and distributing livelihood extending beyond the capitalist market and to highlight an important element in the current dynamic of organizational change within that landscape. We focus on a particular set of practices that not only deserve attention as departures from the market model but also exemplify an important interplay in current economic life: the resistance mounted by some elements in economic activity to the hegemony of market capitalism. Our argument sheds light on a form of organizing that is based on a distinctive economic form – common property, and arises in a distinctive setting – the heightened marketization characteristic of neo-liberalism. The factor of commodification binds these two as the force that arouses the organizational reaction. We sketch the neo-liberal environment of current economic life and then outline Polanyi’s notion of ‘fictitious commodities’ in the market economy and the countermovement aimed at protecting and recovering them. We focus on two families of practice that effectively decommodify land and labour – community land trusts and worker cooperatives – and suggest that these represent a widespread interplay of forces in the countermovement. We conclude by outlining a fertile programme of research that flows from our argument.
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Alekseev, Aleksey V., and Natalia N. Kuznetsova. "Russian capital investment dynamics as an economic transformation factor." Вестник Российской академии наук 89, no. 10 (October 20, 2019): 981–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869-58738910981-992.
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By comparing Russian and American capital investment programs according to gross and per capita indexes, this article analyzes capital investments long-term dynamics in economic activities in general and manufacturing in particular. Results showed that Russian economic growths quality, determined by its 2000 capital investment structure did not correspond with the national economys long-term development aims. Moreover, investment activitys current fading appears consequent to that periods inappropriate investment politics. The existing Russian investment system aims to incorporate its economy into the global economy as a supplier of natural and, partly, agricultural resources, thus dooming manufacturing to stagnation at best. The authors reveal that activation of industrial politics, established on a fundamental power-of-the-state approach in the investment process, based on long-term strategic interests and the potential of market forces (namely, efficiency use of resources) allows launching large-scale investment projects to provide favorable conditions for creating an innovative national economy.
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Chen, Yufu, Yue Han, and Liankai Guo. "Recent development and regional disparity of the rural industries in China." International Journal of Social Economics 48, no. 5 (March 9, 2021): 759–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-07-2020-0481.
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PurposeRapid development of China's rural industry since 1980s has a massive ripple effect on rural China. However, recent rural industrial development in China has received little scholarly attention. The study aims to investigate the development process and spatial differences of China's rural industry as well as its driving forces.Design/methodology/approachThe study is based on the panel data constituting 30 provinces of China during 1984–2011. The factor analysis is used to identify the most significant factors affecting the growth of China's rural industry. The multiple regression analysis is applied to distinguish the driving forces affecting spatiotemporal variations in China's rural industry.FindingsChina's rural industry developed rapidly at an average rate of 26% per year during the period 1984–2011. The period 1990–2011 was characterized by remarkable increased spatial disparities in China's rural industrial development. Specifically, such development was markedly better in the east coast areas than in the inland areas in the west. Five driving forces of rural industrial development were recognized representing regional economic fundamentals of market, industry foundation, transportation, communication and degree of opening-up.Originality/valueThis paper explores the trajectory of the development of China's rural industry and the related regional economic factors. It suggests that the development of rural enterprises across the regions should be valued by Chinese government as a driving force for reducing regional disparities and future rural revitalization.
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Abdoh, Hussein Ali Ahmad, and Oscar Varela. "Product market competition, cash flow and corporate investments." Managerial Finance 44, no. 2 (February 12, 2018): 207–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mf-03-2017-0072.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of product market competition on capital spending (investments) financed by cash flow (CF), and the role of financial constraints (FC) on these effects. Design/methodology/approach The Herfindahl-Hirschman index of concentration measures competition. Earnings retention, working capital, the Kaplan and Zingales (1997) index and CF shortfalls measure FC. Regressions relating capital spending to competition are performed for the full sample, as well as financially constrained and unconstrained, and growth and value firms’ sub-samples. For robustness, large reductions in import tariffs are examined to exogenously measure competition, with the impact of these on capital spending tested via the difference-in-difference method. Findings The results show that competition fosters valuable investments when firms are financially unconstrained, especially for growth firms, and reduces these investments when they are financially constrained, especially for value firms. Practical implications The role of policy makers in alleviating FC should be focused toward growth firms that operate in competitive industries. As well, increasing financial pressure on value firms in competitive industries can have desirable effects, as it forces these firms to reduce investment inefficiency. Originality/value Many firm-specific and environmental factors drive the relation between competition and investment. Khanna and Tice (2000) find profitable firms increasing and highly levered firms decreasing investments in response to Wal-Mart’s entry into their markets. Jiang et al. (2015) suggest that environments with predictable growth drive a positive relation between competition and investments. This study claims that another factor that affects this relation is the firm’s level of FC.
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B, Saranya. "A study about the aspects of customer experience analysis in first cry (baby shop – a startup Company)." Journal of Management and Science 9, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/jms.2019.10.
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Startups are also the centers of innovation and are a great way to enhance employment creation in the economy. Customer experience analysis is receiving much attention in scientific and managerial community. Scholars and practitioners state that customer experience is the next area of competition. Its factor includes conviction, trust satisfaction, loyalty, goodwill, commitment,delight, experience. In the present modest world if any business organization has to endure it needs to keep a view on various forces operating in the market. More over competitors constantly try to win over others. In this scenario, every business organization needs to monitor the changes taking place in the market so that they are not caught by competitors
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Riley, J. E. "Recent trends in pig production: the importance of intake." BSAP Occasional Publication 13 (1989): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00003025.
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AbstractThe UK pig industry has shown an ability to respond quickly to changing market requirements and improving efficiency of pig meat production. Rapid genetic improvement in breeding stock, particularly in carcass quality and growth traits, together with the adoption of new production strategies, have been the main factors. These changes have had major implications for the way pigs are fed at all stages of the production cycles. Market forces have resulted in a pig population with reduced fat reserves and low appetite. Food intake is a limiting factor at several stages of the production cycle including post weaning, in the case of early-weaned piglets, and the management of young lactating sows. Knowledge of the daily nutrient requirements of the individual animal far exceeds the ability to ensure that those requirements are satisfied by feeding systems in commercial use. Manipulation of food intake to achieve optimum profit is the weakest link in the UK producers' knowledge.
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Aftab, Muhammad, Rubi Ahmad, and Izlin Ismail. "Dynamics between currency and equity in Chinese markets." Chinese Management Studies 9, no. 3 (August 3, 2015): 333–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cms-07-2014-0120.
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Purpose – This study aims to examine the dynamics between exchange rate and equities contextualizing the current liberal currency regime in China. This investigation also extends the analysis to explore the potential important factors influencing the interactions between these two markets. After exchange rate reforms, currency issue has emerged as a new dimension in portfolio decisions and diversification strategies in Chinese equity markets. Design/methodology/approach – This research uses the dynamic conditional correlation generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity model proposed by Engle (2002) to explore the dynamic interactions between the currency and stock markets. Further, the paper uses regression analysis to explore the explanatory channels of the correlation. The sample comprises 1,265 listed companies over the period 2005-2012 with daily, weekly and monthly observations. To make analysis robust, the study also considers different exchange rates and equities belonging to different industries. Findings – The findings suggest that exchange rate and stock price are related negatively. This conduit increases during the financial crisis period. This association is more prominent at monthly frequency than that of daily and weekly frequencies, which may refer to the noise factor in the high-frequency data. For a portfolio diversification point of view, currency may be considered an alternative diversifier against equity in China. The results also suggest a weak influence of market forces on the association between the currency and stock markets. Originality/value – Much of the related past research is based on co-integration approaches and limited to the relationship between currency and equity markets without exploring the determining channels of this important connection. This study uses a more suitable approach to examine the topic and also investigates the determinants. Besides, previous studies take index data which may be poor to depict the overall market outlook. This paper proceeds with firm-level data which are more appropriate to expose the overall market outlook and investor behavior. This research also draws valuable implications.
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Lewis, Blaine. "Absenteeism Management." Journal of Ship Production 12, no. 03 (August 1, 1996): 194–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jsp.1996.12.3.194.
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The 1995 Ship Production Symposium theme of "Competitiveness" is very timely. Competitive forces for new shipbuilding work are fierce. Any factor affecting competitive advantage which is not pursued and wrestled into submission may be the one that causes a company to be defeated in the battle for survival. The factor which this paper will focus on is Absenteeism Management. The severity of the absenteeism problem for business in general is growing. In a tight market such as shipbuilding, absenteeism can be the difference that results in a company being unable to compete. Those who do not know the degree to which absenteeism affects business should pay close attention.
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Chartier, Roger. "The TLCC - CCL Merger and Union Policy and Impact on Wages." Relations industrielles 12, no. 1-2 (February 17, 2014): 62–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1022581ar.
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Summary In this article, the Author addresses himself to answering tentatively the following questions. What is the situation regarding the evolution of the wage structure, or relative wage rates, and the general level of money or real wages? To what extent can unionism be insolated as a causal factor in such movements, apart from traditional "market forces" or government action? In what ways, if at all, is the TLCC-CCL merger likely to bring about changes in the present wage situation?
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Kola, Jukka, and Sanna Sihvola. "Leisure and farmers’ welfare in changing conditions." Agricultural and Food Science 3, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72683.
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This paper examines the background for leisure-labour decisions in agriculture and evaluates welfare effects of a shift in farmers’ relief services from a state-led subsidised system to a market mechanism. Leisure provided by relief services in agriculture contributes to well-being, but the leisure-labour choice also influences the revenue. Besides conventional economic and demographic factors, we emphasize the importance of special biological bindings and continuity, as well as risk and uncertainty affecting farmers’ time allocation in agricultural production. We consider structural development as an aggregate factor to explain the demand for farmers’ relief services. In Finland the organisation of the services is more centralized than in the other Nordic countries or the European Union. If government subsidies for relief services were removed and a market mechanism with free price formation adopted, direct government savings would be more than enough to compensate for substantial losses to farmers. Moreover, market forces could produce economic efficiency and local flexibility of a higher degree. State subsidization may still be needed to some extent in changing conditions in order to enable the relief services to develop and serve as a support system of a social, de-coupled, and less distorting nature.
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Suhendra, Indra. "PENGARUH FAKTOR FUNDAMENTAL, FAKTOR RESIKO, DAN EKSPEKTASI NILAI TUKAR TERHADAP NILAI TUKAR RUPIAH (TERHADAP DOLLAR) PASCA PENERAPAN SISTEM KURS MENGAMBANG BEBAS PADA TANGGAL 14 AGUSTUS 1997 (PERIODE SEPTEMBER 1997 S.D. DESEMBER 2001)." Buletin Ekonomi Moneter dan Perbankan 6, no. 1 (June 17, 2004): 34–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21098/bemp.v6i1.322.
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In a free floating rate system, the exchange rate is determined directly by market forces, and is liable to fluctuate continually, to follow changing market condition. This system assumes the absence of any systematic government intervention in the foreign exchange market, so exchange rate will move freely in response to market force. It mean that exchange rate is determined by fundamentals, risk, and exchange rate (Rp/US$) expectation factor.The purpose of this research is to identify the problems of the correlation of fundamental factor (like is differences of interest rate, relative prices rate, Real GDP, money supply, net foreign assets, foreign direct investment, foreign indirect investment, external debt growth, payment of private external debt, export, and import), risk factor (country risk index), and expectation of exchange rate (Rp/US$) against rupiah’s exchange rate after applying the freely floating exchange rate system in august 14, 1997. This research use time series for 52 months, which is period September 1997 until December 2001.This study use two kinds of model, that is; (a) cointegration equation model, and (b) dynamic model; Error Correction Model (ECM). The estimated completed by the test of classic assumptions, and validation test of ECM.Based cointegration analysis and Error Correction Model (ECM) against research model, have the result that for 52 months (1997:9-2001:12), that differences of interest rate, relative prices rate, net foreign assets, foreign direct investment, foreign indirect investment, external debt growth, payment of private external debt, export, country risk index, and expectation of exchange rate (Rp/US$) have correlation against rupiah’s exchange rate in short and long terms, except Real GDP, money supply, and import only have correlation against rupiah’s exchange rate in long term.Determination for research model, with cointegration equation model is bigger then ECM method. This give the indication that in long term variation of hypothesis independent variable more able explained than variation of dependent variable (rupiah’s exchange rate) compare with in short term.Keyword : Exchange Rate, Fundamentals, Risk, and Exchange Rate Expectation Factor
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Cao, Hongjun, and Zewen Chen. "The driving effect of internal and external environment on green innovation strategy-The moderating role of top management’s environmental awareness." Nankai Business Review International 10, no. 3 (August 5, 2019): 342–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/nbri-05-2018-0028.
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Purpose Green innovation strategy is not only a new idea to achieve green development but also the inevitable choice for enterprises to upgrade. At present, the research on the driving forces of green innovation strategy mainly focus on direct impact of single factor, lacking the overall consideration of internal and external environment. At the same time, research on the contingency effect of top management’s environmental awareness is scarce. This paper aims to explore how external environment pressures (policy pressures and market pressures) and internal environment driving force (innovation resources and innovation capability) make enterprises to choose green innovation strategy with moderating effect of top management’s environmental awareness. Design/methodology/approach Based on the sample of 216 enterprises, this paper explores the relationship between policy pressure, market pressure, innovation resources, innovation capability and the green innovation strategy with moderating effect of top management’s environmental awareness from inside and outside driving angle. Findings The results of the hierarchical regression model show, first, the driving effect of factors in the external environment. The coercive policy has an inverted U-shaped impact on the green innovation strategy. The incentive policy and the market pressure both have a significant positive impact on the green innovation strategy. Second, the driving effect of factors in the internal environment. The innovation capability has a significant positive impact on the green innovation strategy. The innovation resources have no significant impact on the green innovation strategy. Third, the moderating effect of top management’s environmental awareness. The relationship between the green innovation strategy and the coercive policy is stronger when the top management’s environmental awareness higher. The relationship between the green innovation strategy and the market pressure is stronger when the top management’s environmental awareness higher. The relationship between the green innovation strategy and the innovation resources is stronger when the top management’s environmental awareness higher. Otherwise, the relationship between the green innovation strategy and the innovation capability is weaker when the top management’s environmental awareness higher. And there is no significant change about the relationship between the green innovation strategy and the incentive policy when the top management’s environmental awareness higher. Originality/value First, the authors have promoted the integrated research on the drivers of the enterprise’s green innovation strategy. From the perspective of internal and external environment driving forces, this paper analyzes the key factors influencing the decision-making of the green innovation strategy. Second, the study has contributed to the strategic choice theory. This paper studies the driving mechanism of the green innovation strategy from a new perspective of the strategic choice theory.
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Maksymyuk, Maksym. "METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF TRAVEL & TOURISM COMPANIES' STRATEGIC ANALYSIS." Scientific Journal of Polonia University 29, no. 4 (June 18, 2018): 101–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.23856/2914.
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Article deals with methodological aspects of travel & tourism companies' strategic analysis. Two stages of the strategic analysis are described. In the external analysis it is recommended to use Porter's five forces analysis, Strategic group mapping, Critical success factor. List of external public sources is recommended for strategic analysis of macro environment of Travel & Tourism companies. Following internal analysis components are recommended: analysis of resources and competencies, value chain analysis, comparative analysis through financial analysis and benchmarking, analysis of products and their positions in the market.
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Ivancevich, Susan H., and Asghar Zardkoohi. "An Exploratory Analysis of the 1989 Accounting Firm Megamergers." Accounting Horizons 14, no. 4 (December 1, 2000): 389–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/acch.2000.14.4.389.
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The 1989 “megamergers” (creating Ernst & Young and Deloitte & Touche), as well as recent merger activity within the accounting profession, have attracted widespread attention from regulators. Given the magnitude of such mergers, and the regulatory interest generated by them, it becomes increasingly important to understand the impact that such mergers have within the public accounting market. This study is a descriptive exploratory investigation into the effects of the 1989 mergers. Data for the firms involved in the mergers were compared to data for competitor firms not involved in the mergers (direct rivals) to help to control for the effect of market forces. The post-merger period was characterized by a slight decline in market share for the merged firms compared to their direct rivals, a decline in audit price for both groups, and a decrease in factor costs for the merged firms relative to their direct rivals. The results of data analysis are consistent with the premise that 1989 megamergers predominantly resulted in increased efficiencies within the audit market that were then passed through to end-users in the form of lower prices. Further study is needed to determine whether these efficiencies within the audit market were offset by market power influences in nonaudit services.
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Ahmed, Raisuddin. "652 Beyond Subsistence: The Prospects and Problems of Horticultural Products in Agricultural Diversification of Developing Countries." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 510C—510. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.510c.
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Transformation of developing, subsistence economies into commercial and industrialized societies accompanies a declining share of agriculture in the gross domestic product (GDP). However, the shares of high-value products like horticultural, livestock and fish products increase with the decline of low-value products like cereals. This process of transformation is generally endogenous to various forces of supply and demand and, therefore, its pace can be influenced by policies. The forces in the demand side include income and income parameters of domestic consumers, and the ability to exploit foreign demand through exports of horticultural products. On the supply side, a large number of factors constrain the production of horticultural products. Agro-ecological constraints are country-specific. Technological backwardness, lack of quality control and standardization, weak marketing infrastructure including risk insurance, comparative advantages and institutional weakness in linking with world markets and exploiting economies of scale are some of the fundamental problems confronted by most developing countries. Export of horticultural products from developing countries is perhaps the most crucial factor that can impact the process of transformation mentioned above. Macro-economic policies that maintain a stable incentive structure for exports are important. But policies that respond to the constraints in the channel linking farmers in developing countries to supermarkets in the developed world are perhaps more important. Developing countries currently share only about 27% of world trade in horticultural products. More than 80% of this trade is, however, shared by only 31 developing countries. Barriers to entry into the developed market by new exporters of horticultural products are enormous. Whether the emerging forces of globalization under the auspices of WTO would make the entry problem more difficult or easier for vast majority of the developing countries is an open, but critical, question.
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Weisberg, Jacob (Yaacov), and Noah M. Meltz. "Education and Unemployment in Israel, 1976-1994: Reducing the Anomaly." Articles 54, no. 4 (April 12, 2005): 673–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/051268ar.
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In industrialized economics, unemployment rates are inversely related to education levels. Data from 1963 to 1994 show that Israël is an anomaly exhibiting an inverted U-shaped relationship. Workers with 9-12 years of schooling consistently experienced a higher level of unemployment than the schooling groups with less and more education. Multivariate regression analysis of data for Israël during the 1976-1994 period indicates that this inverted U-shaped relationship is moderating. The national unemployment rate and a time trend variable had positive and significant effects tending to strengthen the inverted U-shaped relationship. However, an increase in the unemployment rate within the 0-8 education group relative to the 9-12 group and a decline in the labour force participation rate of the 0-8 group overrode these factors, resulting in a flattening of the inverse relationship. The major factor responsible for the anomaly in the education-unemployment relationship in Israël appears to be government policies intended to protect low-educated immigrants with large familles. A reduction in government support over recent years seems to have increased the exposure of the least educated to labour market forces.
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Guo, Beibei, and Jinchuan Ke. "The Impacts of High-speed Rail on Sustainable Economic Development: Evidence from the Central Part of China." Sustainability 12, no. 6 (March 19, 2020): 2410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12062410.
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To give full play to the role of high-speed rail (HSR) in promoting sustainable economic development, the models that can calculate and describe the impacts of HSR on the sustainable economy are required. However, little attention has been paid so far to building such models. To address this, the paper puts forward the definition of sustainable economic development, especially that of China. Based on the definition, the paper proposes the indicators of sustainable economic development for China from industry and labor force perspectives. Compared with the previous literature, these indicators take into account the behavior of enterprises and labor forces as individuals rather than as groups, which is more explanatory. HSR, as the main factor to improve the level of transportation technology and accessibility, is incorporated into the analytical framework. Then, we build decision-making behavior models of single enterprise and labor force under market equilibrium to get the relationship between HSR and indicators. Compared with the previous literature, the methods within the paper not only fully consider the interests of enterprises and labor forces, but also considers the interaction between industries and the trade of commodities in different cities/regions. The evidence from the central part of China shows that the model can effectively reveal the relationship between HSR and indicators. The paper gives new perspectives to study the relationship between HSR and sustainable economic development. Based on the findings herein, we offer recommendations for how HSR can promote sustainable economic development effectively.
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Ratnasih, Cicih, and Zulher Zulher. "The driving factors of real estate stock prices in Indonesia Stock Exchange." Accounting 7, no. 7 (2021): 1575–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.ac.2021.5.013.
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In this study, the factors to be researched are internal factors related to financial ratios such as market ratios namely Price Earnings Ratio, Leverage Ratio namely Debt to Equity Ratio, and Profitability Ratio namely Return on Assets (ROA) as variables that affect Stock Prices in real estate companies in Indonesia Stock Exchange. The data used are secondary data from time series that have been transformed from the Indonesia stock exchange. The method used is multiple regression with OLS, to find how much the influence of independent variables have as driving forces on stock prices. The results obtained from this study are price earnings ratio, debt to equity ratio, ROA simultaneously affect the stock prices of Real Estate companies in the Indonesian stock exchange. Meanwhile, partially, the three variables deserve to be the driving factor for share prices in real estate companies at the Indonesia Stock Exchange.
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Maman, Daniel. "The Emergence of Business Groups: Israel and South Korea Compared." Organization Studies 23, no. 5 (September 2002): 737–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0170840602235003.
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This paper examines the emergence of business groups in Israel and South Korea. The paper questions how, in very different institutional contexts, similar economic organizations emerged. In contrast to the political, cultural and market perspectives, the comparative institutional analysis adopted in this research suggests that one factor alone could not explain the emergence of business groups. In Israel and South Korea, business groups emerged during the 1960s and 1970s, and there are common factors underlying their formation: state-society relations, the roles and beliefs of the elites, and the relative absence of multinational corporations in the economy. To a large extent, the chaebol are the result of an intended creation of the South Korean state, whereas the Israeli business groups are the outcome of state policies in the economic realm. In both countries, the state elite held a developmental ideology, did not rely on market forces for economic development, and had a desire for greater economic and military self-sufficiency. In addition, both states were recipients of large grants and loans from other countries, which made them less dependent on direct foreign investments. As a result, the emerging groups were protected from the intense competition of multinational corporations.
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XU, Deyou. "Analysis of Current Interregional Industry Transfer and Its Features in China Based on Three Dimensions." Chinese Journal of Urban and Environmental Studies 04, no. 03 (September 2016): 1650021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2345748116500214.
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Imbalanced spatial development of China's economy leads to the transfer of industries between different regions. Such interregional transfer of industries not only reflects the dynamic changes of factor endowments between regions, but also is an important way to promote the development of underdeveloped regions. After the global financial crisis in 2008, along with the deterioration in external demand and expansion of domestic market, as well as driven by market forces and regional policies, China's interregional industry transfer presents new features and trends. Based on the reflections on relevant literature and cases, the author discusses China's industry transfer from three perspectives: why, where, and how to transfer industries, referring to three aspects: the impetus and resistance, scope and direction, as well as patterns and policies of industry transfer, so as to make a comprehensive and in-depth elaboration of the status quo, features and causes of interregional industry transfer in China.
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Mondal, Abu Sayeed. "Online Information Search Behavior of Business School Aspirants." International Journal of Asian Business and Information Management 8, no. 4 (October 2017): 41–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijabim.2017100104.
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In last two decades there are several forces that have impacted business education system. It prompts the business schools across the globe to have market oriented approach either to survive or to excel. In this changing scenario the students' roles in the system bear similarity to that of consumers in traditional business context. Accordingly, the researchers and practitioners have adapted the various marketing constructs – consumer behavior, service quality etc- to study the problems and prospects of this industry. The present study is an all round attempt to arrest the prospective business school students' information search behavior which precedes actual decision making stage. Factor analysis reveals that seven factors- intellectual resource, state of Infrastructure, scope of placement, accreditation and collaboration, ranking status, cost of the program, and admission procedure- are usually searched online by the aspirants at pre-admission stage.
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Schrire, Robert A. "Globalisation: The political dynamics." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 4, no. 3 (September 30, 2001): 445–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v4i3.2656.
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Globalisation is a multidimensional phenomenon and should be conceptualised as a process rather than an outcome. Economic, political, cultural and societal elements are involved in the complex set of interactions we can-define as globalisation. However, a key factor, which is frequently ignored is the importance of politics in shaping and guiding this process. For example economic liberalisation and deregulation, the form which economic globalisation has thus far taken, did not emerge from impersonal market and technological forces. Governments, especially those of the United States and Great Britain, followed explicit policies of currency controls relaxation, the reduction in trade barriers, and the retreat in the role of the state in the economy generally. Despite the power of the economic forces thus released, politics remains a key potential player and globalisation is not necessarily irreversible. Given the indeterminacy of the outcomes of globalisation, four alternative theories of the future are presented and analysed.
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Arta, Musaraj. "Albania, the human factor and sustainable development: a lesson from the present." Academicus International Scientific Journal 4 (April 2011): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.7336/academicus.2012.04.02.
Full textAbstract:
Albania as all Balkan countries in general, in the past 20 years faced with deep and continuous socio-economic change which resulted not simply in a totally newly shaped economy, but also in new and unexperienced paths of human resources developments. This referring to the qualitative, quantitative and diversification terms, brings the age of new professions and connections between the academic development and advancement and the adaption with the real necessities of the labor market. Adding to this complex and mobile situation the effect on their economy of the last financial crisis, the turbulence level is expected to be increased . Practitioners and researchers must understand connections and make up different scenarios which will face with a very unpredictable environment. Not surprisingly, Albania as some other southwestern European countries, due to the low level of integration into the international financial market, their mainly domestic market for goods and services produced by them, did not suffer the same consequences as other neighboring countries. But even the effect of downsizing their economies will affect Albanian economy too, because the payment balance and foreign trade balance as well as due to the widening of globalization in its domestic economy, which Albania cannot afford to avoid any longer. At the same time, the country must take in consideration the economic structure change and its adoption with the EU countries economic structure. These two main challenges can be afforded with substantial foreign investments and the most attractive resource has proved to be the human one. Sustainable development of human resources for a national sustainable development, requires making pro-active decision regarding their development and planning. The welfare of countries more and more is not being measured by the GDP pro capita, instead it is being used the term” life quality” which calls for decision making process aiming to increase and not simply exploit, which pro-actively develops qualitative human resources . This because a major factor for development is direct foreign investment. This drives Albania as well as other Balkan countries shift from naturally gifted with human resources due to the high nativity toward having attractive human resources in terms of quality and diversity related to actual and future trends of economy structuring and development. The paper deals with issues related to economic and human development by comparing two major factors in the case of Albania: the quality of human resources, role of foreign investments in the Albanian economic development and effects of human resources have on them and the careful planning of human resources development driven by actual and future trends of economic development. At the same time, the paper analyses the necessity to link the didactic offer of universities and high schools and market driving forces.