Academic literature on the topic 'Market integration; subprime crisis'

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Journal articles on the topic "Market integration; subprime crisis"

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Puah, Chin-Hong, Rayenda Khresna Brahmana, and Kai-Hung Wong. "Revisiting Stock Market Integration Pre-Post Subprime Mortgage Crisis: Insight From BRIC Countries." Economics and Finance in Indonesia 61, no. 2 (2015): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.7454/efi.v61i2.507.

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AbstractThis study revisits the long-run relationships and short-run dynamic causal linkages among BRIC stock market, with the particular attention to the 2008 subprime mortgage crisis. Extending related empirical studies, comparative analyses of pre-crisis, and post-crisis periods were conducted to comprehensively evaluate how stock market integration was affected by financial crises. In general, after employing cointegration test and VAR test, the results reveal the increase of stock market integration in BRICs after the subprime crisis. The evidence also found that China stock market is the most influential among the BRICs, in which China stock market has the ability to Granger cause the other three BRICs member countries. An important implication of our findings is that the degree of integration among countries tends to change over time, especially around periods marked by financial crises. AbstrakPenelitian ini mengkaji ulang hubungan jangka panjang dan hubungan kausal dinamis jangka pendek antara pasar modal negara-negara BRIC, terutama pada saat krisis subprime mortgage 2008. Pengayaan studi empiris yang terkait dan analisa perbandingan sebelum-sesudah krisis dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi secara komprehensif tentang bagaimana krisis keuangan memengaruhi integrasi pasar modal. Secara umum, setelah menggunakan uji kointegrasi dan uji VAR, hasil penelitian ini memperlihatkan peningkatan integrasi pasar modal di negara-negara BRIC setelah terjadinya krisis subprime. Penelitian ini juga membuktikan bahwa pasar modal Cina adalah pasar yang paling berpengaruh di antara negara BRIC, di mana pasar modal Cina memiliki kemampuan untuk memengaruhi secara Granger Causality tiga negara anggota BRIC lainnya. Implikasi penting dari temuan kami adalah bahwa tingkat integrasi antara negara-negara cenderung berubah dari waktu ke waktu, terutama sekitar periode yang ditandai oleh krisis keuangan.Kata kunci: Integrasi Pasar; Subprime Mortgage; Krisis Keuangan; BRICJEL classifications: F15; G15; G21; C32
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Rico Belda, Paz. "Transmisión entre mercados bursátiles y crisis financiera: El caso de España." Studies of Applied Economics 32, no. 2 (2020): 789. http://dx.doi.org/10.25115/eea.v32i2.3232.

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The paper analyses if the interrelation between Spanish stock market and stock markets of USA, UK, German and France has been affected, and how, by subprime crisis. For that, a bivariate VAR-GARCH model has been estimated, over the period January 2000 to June 2012. A measure of integration degree, as the conditional correlation coefficient, is obtained from the estimated model. Analysing this measure leads to conclude that subprime crisis had a contagion effect. Moreover, the empirical evidence allows concluding that in poscrisis period the interrelation between Spanish market and French market has increased, while the interrelation with British market has reduced. On the other hand, the interrelation of Spanish stock market with German and USA stock markets have gone back to the level before subprime crisis.
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Kusumah, Hayun, Marwan Asri, Kusdhianto Setiawan, and Bowo Setiyono. "Time-varying Integration of Stock Markets from Global and Regional Perspective in Asia-Pacific." Jurnal Keuangan dan Perbankan 25, no. 3 (2021): 466–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.26905/jkdp.v25i3.5822.

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This study investigates the time-varying integration of stock markets from a global and regional perspective, the consequences of two major global financial crises, i.e., the Asian Financial Crisis and the subprime mortgage, and the Crisis triggered by COVID-19. We contribute to the growing amount of literature on market integration, especially on the role of regional to global market integration. Although regional integration encourages an acceleration of global integration, the effect of a regional factor is not uniform among regions. It is important to understand regional to global market integration and the consequences during the crises. This study employs time-series data from economic territories based on the Morgan Stanley Capital International (MSCI) Asia-Pacific classification. It introduces an alternative measurement of time-varying integration by considering the correlation of regional and global markets using a simple international model, equivalent to the capital asset pricing model (CAPM). The result shows that the market integrations are time-varying both globally and regionally. The domestic markets are affected by the global market and its regional market, as the role of a regional market emerges during the financial crisis period. We find the different responses of stock markets during the Covid-19 period as a dominant factor to exacerbate the market return globally. In the long run, the upward trend for the regional market integration in both developed and emerging markets is inherent to the global market integration.DOI: 10.26905/jkdp.v25i3.5822
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Kusumah, Hayun, Marwan Asri, Kusdhianto Setiawan, and Bowo Setiyono. "The Relationship between Asia Pacific Markets during the Financial Crisis: VAR-Granger Causality Analysis." Journal of Indonesian Economy and Business 37, no. 2 (2022): 162–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jieb.v37i2.1474.

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Introduction/Main Objectives: This study investigates the relationships between equity markets during the Asian financial crisis and the subprime mortgage crisis in Asia-Pacific. Background Problems: The advantages of market integration are under scrutiny in the midst of global financial crises, which have many implications for international asset pricing and regulators to develop strategies to protect economies. During the crises, the equity markets responded with different patterns, and it is important to understand in more detail the market relations during each crisis, especially for the less and more integrated markets. Novelty: We provide in-depth analysis to compare the market relationships during two extremely different financial crises originating from less integrated markets (i.e., emerging ones) and more integrated markets (i.e., developed ones), based on the prices which give a direct measurement and clear interpretation. This research provides a significant contribution by showing new findings in the form of a comparison of market relations during two extremely different crises in the Asia-Pacific region. Research Methods: This study employs time-series data from economic territories based on the Morgan Stanley Capital International (MSCI) Asia-Pacific classification and the United States. We conducted analysis using the vector autoregressive, Granger causality test, and impulse response, to point out the market relationships during the crises or turmoil periods. Finding/Results: The results show that the Asian financial crisis affected the emerging markets more and this indicates the unidirectional causality relationships among them. Meanwhile, the subprime mortgage crisis affected all the markets, but more indicated the bidirectional relationships, especially the developed markets. Conclusion: Although these two financial crises were global in nature, the effects on the region were different. The origin of the shock and the level of market integration affected the market relationships differently during the crises.
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Olbryś, Joanna, and Elżbieta Majewska. "Testing Integration Effects Between the Cee and U.S. Stock Markets During the 2007–2009 Global Financial Crisis." Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia 15, no. 1 (2015): 101–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/foli-2015-0024.

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Abstract The main goal of this paper is to explicitly test a research hypothesis that there was no integration effect among the U.S. and the eight Central and Eastern European (CEE) stock markets during the 2007-2009 Global Financial Crisis (GFC). As growing international integration could lead to a progressive increase in cross-market correlations, the evaluation of integration was carried out by applying equality tests of correlation matrices computed over non-overlapping subsamples: the pre-crisis and crisis periods, in the group of investigated markets. The crisis periods are formally established based on a statistical method of dividing market states into bullish and bearish markets. The sample period May 2004-April 2014 includes the 2007 U.S. subprime financial crisis. The robustness analysis of the integration tests with respect to various data frequencies is provided. The empirical results are not homogeneous and they depend both on the integration test and data frequency. Consequently, it is not possible to conclude whether integration between the investigated markets is present.
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P. Sakthivel, S. Rajaswaminathan, R. Renuka, and N. R.Vembu. "Dynamic Relationship between Crude Oil and Stock Prices in India: Before And After the Subprime Financial Crisis 2008." GIS Business 14, no. 6 (2019): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/gis.v14i6.11683.

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This paper empirically discovered the inter-linkages between stock and crude oil prices before and after the subprime financial crisis 2008 by using Johansan co-integration and Granger causality techniques to explore both long and short- run relationships. The whole data set of Nifty index, Nifty energy index, BSE Sensex, BSE energy index and oil prices are divided into two periods; before crisis (from February 15, 2005 to December31, 2007) and after crisis (from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2018) are collected and analyzed. The results discovered that there is one-way causal relationship from crude oil prices to Nifty index, Nifty energy index, BSE Sensex and BSE energy index but not other way around in both periods. However, a bidirectional causality relationship between BSE Energy index and crude oil prices during post subprime financial crisis 2008. The co-integration results suggested that the absence of long run relationship between crude oil prices and market indices of BSE Sensex, BSE energy index, Nifty index and Nifty energy index before and after subprime financial crisis 2008.
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Kchaou, Oussama, Salim Ben Sassi, and Makram Bellalah. "The Dynamics of Contagion and Behavior of the Euro Area Sovereign Bond Markets." Bankers, Markets & Investors 170, no. 3 (2022): 14–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.54695/bmi.170.6938.

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We investigate the contagion dynamics in the main Economic and Monetary Union sovereign bond markets during the subprime and euro crises. To this end, we adopt the APARCH-ADCC model and the Markov Switching Dynamic Regression model. The impact of both crises on each country in our sample is investigated using two crisis indicators: synchronization and intensity. The empirical results show that contagious episodes and their intensities vary over time and across market pairs for both crises, thus illustrating the complexity of this phenomenon. They also reveal that the market couples composed of the Economic and Monetary Union peripheral countries were immune to the contagion of the subprime crisis and that its third phase was the most violent in terms of the intensity of the transmission of shocks. Moreover, the results show that all the countries in our sample were affected by contagion from the euro crisis, at least during one of its sub-phases. Furthermore, before the first rescue plan for the Hellenic economy, our methodology detected a contagion effect stemming from Italy, Spain, and Portugal, while intuitively one could have imagined this phenomenon coming solely from the Greek sovereign market. Finally, the analysis of the synchronization and intensity variables provides evidence of a « multi-speed Economic and Monetary Union », refuting the notion of uniform integration of the euro area sovereign bond markets. We believe that it is necessary to complete the institutional architecture of the Economic and Monetary Union to make it more resilient to shocks.
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Abdul Karim, Bakri, Nor Akila Mohd. Kassim, and Mohammad Affendy Arip. "The subprime crisis and Islamic stock markets integration." International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management 3, no. 4 (2010): 363–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17538391011093298.

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Mendes, Rita I. L., Luís Gomes, and Patrícia Ramos. "Financial Contagion from the Subprime Crisis: A Copula Approach." Scientific Annals of Economics and Business 69, no. 4 (2022): 501–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.47743/saeb-2022-0031.

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The magnitude of the subprime crisis effects caused recessions in several economies, giving rise to the global financial crisis. The scale of this major shock and the different recovery profiles of European economies motivated this paper. The main objective is to look for evidence of contagion between the North American financial market (S&P500) and the financial markets of Portugal (PSI20), Spain (IBEX35), Greece (ATHEX) and Italy (FTSEMIB), in the South of Europe, and the financial markets of Sweden (OMXS30), Denmark (OMX2C0), Finland (OMXH25) and Norway (OsloOBX), in the North of Europe. Considering the period from January 1, 2003 to December 31, 2013, the ARMA-GARCH models were estimated to remove the autoregressive and conditional heteroscedastic effects from the time series of the daily returns. Then, the copula models were used to estimate the dependence relationships between the European stock indexes and the North American stock index, from the pre-crisis subperiod to the crisis subperiod. The results indicate financial contagion of the subprime crisis for all analyzed European countries. The North European markets intensified the relations of financial integration (both in negative and positive shocks) with the North American market, apart from the Danish against the Portuguese. In addition to the contribution made by the joint application of the ARMA-GARCH models, the findings are useful to identify channels of financial contagion between markets and to warn about the effects of possible new crisis, which will require different levels of adaptation by the companies’ financial managers and intervention by the authorities.
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Ammar, SAMOUT. "BEHAVIOUR OF FINANCIAL MARKETS DURING THE SUBPRIME CRISIS." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 11, no. 2 (2016): 2657–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijmit.v11i2.4857.

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The objective of this article is to highlight the nature of the relationship between several stock markets (France, the great Britain, Germany, and United States). The behavior of those facing the subprime crisis that took place in United State markets we tried to analyze in August 2007. Empirically to make think back to these questions, we relied primarily on testing correlation. The result of this test demonstrates the significant increase in the correlation between stock markets: US, French, Germany and Britain during the period of the crisis. We interpret this increase as evidence of contagion. Secondly, it was based on the theory of co-integration. The results of the co-integration tests show the existence of three co-integration relationships between the most stock markets. The existence of co-integration relationship is evidence of contagion and integration of stock markets. Thirdly, we tried to apply the causality test between stock indices. The result of this test shows the existence of several causality between these indices confirming the importance of contagion during the crisis.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Market integration; subprime crisis"

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Suppakittiwong, Tanyatorn, and Sornsita Aimprasittichai. "A Study of a Relationship Between The U.S. Stock Market and Emerging Stock Markets in Southeast Asia." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för nationalekonomi och statistik (NS), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-46781.

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Resulting from the deregulation and prosperity of the economic and financial sectors in Asia during 1980s, a significant increase in cross-bordered financial transactions ultimately accelerated the region of Southeast Asia to be on a process of financial integration and consequently diminished opportunities for portfolio diversification. Financial Integration is a multidimensional process through which allocation of financial assets becomes lastly borderless. This purpose of this paper is to examine a progress thus far in capital market integration or preferentially, the co-movement of the equity markets between the U.S. and the Southeast Asian nations: Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines by employing the methodology of Gregory and Hansen Cointegration and Error Correction Analysis (ECM). The consequence of the U.S. market performance on each Southeast Asian national markets are extensively analyzed by decomposing monthly price-index time series into three distinct sub-periods based on an occurrence of the Subprime Mortgage Financial Crisis in 2007. The results indicate that these four emerging markets had been considerable influenced by the U.S. market performance, regardless of crisis or non-crisis periods. Nevertheless, some countries like Indonesia and the Philippines acted differently during the pre-crisis and crisis sub-periods respectively due to their domestic market infrastructure and regulation adjustment. However, these two markets had eventually turned to share an interdependent long-run relationship with the U.S. equity market since the ending of the Subprime financial downturn. Moreover, this finding suggests that ongoing capital market integration in the Southeast Asian region would mitigate portfolio diversification benefits for investors by virtue of increasing in correlation among securities and assets. Therefore, more exhaustive investigation about equity market integration is significantly beneficial in macroeconomic and financial perspective.
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JÃnior, Francisco Wagner de Queiroz Almeida. "the subprime crisis and the financial market in Brazil: a analysis from sectoral indicators of market." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2009. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=4872.

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nÃo hÃ<br>The study applies unit root and cointegration econometric techniques to investigate the Brazilian financial market behavior in the 2007-2008 biennium according to sector indicators from daily market. The analysis is divided into two periods according to the observation of Subprime Crisisâ effect on national financial market and we find that: i) for both periods the sector Pulp-Paper was cyclical and ii) in periods of high and low the market, Metallurgy and Mining, respectively, cointegrate with IBOVESPA. In addition, Dollar and SELIC confirmed its characteristics of the hedge in periods of instability and stagnation of the financial market.<br>O estudo utiliza tÃcnicas de raiz unitÃria e cointegraÃÃo para, a partir de indicadores setoriais diÃrios de mercado, analisar a evoluÃÃo do mercado financeiro no Brasil no biÃnio 2007-2008. A anÃlise à dividida em dois perÃodos de acordo com a constataÃÃo dos efeitos da Crise do Subprime no mercado financeiro nacional e constata-se: i) em ambos os perÃodos o setor Celulose Papel foi o Ãnico considerado cÃclico; ii) jà nos perÃodos de alta e baixa do mercado, Metalurgia e MineraÃÃo, respectivamente, apresentaram cointegraÃÃo com o IBOVESPA. Ademais, DÃlar e SELIC confirmaram suas caracterÃsticas de Hedge no perÃodo de instabilidade e queda na atividade no mercado financeiro.
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Marquez, Jose. "GDP growth differences and financial contagion: evidence from the 2008-2009 subprime crisis." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2013. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/875.

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Trend and panel data analyses are used to determine the role of financial variables in GDP growth differences during the last global recession. Real variables are implemented in order to absorb real shocks and give a better (less biased) estimation of the effects of those nominal (financial) shocks. Results indicate an important role of Stock Market correlations.<br>B.S.B.A.<br>Bachelors<br>Business Administration<br>Economics
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Zou, Yonghua. "The spatial distribution of subprime/higher-priced mortgages and its relationship with housing price variations within the Philadelphia metropolitan area: global model vs. local model." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2014. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/276923.

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Urban Studies<br>Ph.D.<br>Over the last decade, the United States had experienced a boom and bust in the subprime mortgage market. The ups and downs of the subprime mortgage market became a primary factor triggering the most severe global economic recession since the Great Depression. The dissertation contributes to the literature by inquiring whether the subprime lending has exacerbated social inequity between subprime neighborhoods and other neighborhoods, through analyzing the subprime mortgage market in the Philadelphia MSA from 2000 through 2010, and focusing on two research questions: (1) the spatial distribution of subprime mortgages across census tracts; (2) the relationship between subprime intensities and housing price variations across zip-code areas. As the dissertation's study area expands from an urban to a MSA, spatial heterogeneity merits attention in this relative huge area. As a result, this dissertation not only employs a global, Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) model, but also a local, Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) model to examine spatial variations across different neighborhoods. For the first research question, the dissertation finds: (1) a higher concentration of higher-priced mortgage for purchase and refinance in tracts with higher proportion of African-American and Hispanic residents, lower median household incomes, higher-unemployment rates, lower self-employment rates, and higher capitalization rates, after controlling for other variables; (2) the association between higher-priced mortgages and explanatory variables varies across census tracts. Because the dynamics of neighborhood subprime originations are heterogamous, the association between subprime mortgage origination and socioeconomic characteristics may be stronger in some neighborhoods than other neighborhoods. For the second research question, the dissertation finds: (1) subprime mortgage shares have a significant negative association with housing price appreciations during the housing boom period (2001-2006); (2) subprime mortgage shares have a significant positive association with housing price depreciations during the housing bust period (2006-2010); and (3) the association between housing price variations and explanatory variables differs across geographic submarkets within the Philadelphia region. The result confirms that areas where more residents obtained subprime mortgages have suffered more severely than other from the housing market's ups and downs over the last decade. The empirical results can draw broad policy implications. The primary implication is that it is time for the federal government to rethink its homeownership policy. Increased homeownership levels arising from the expansion of subprime mortgages are not sustainable, and subprime lending has exacerbated social inequity between subprime neighborhoods and other neighborhoods. The second implication is that the government needs to enforce the fair lending laws, because the cluster of subprime mortgage origination reflects the unequal opportunities of prime mortgage accessibility across different neighborhoods. The third implication is that the government needs to promote place-based policy making. As the GWR demonstrates, the dynamics of the mortgage market and housing market are uneven across different neighborhoods. Therefore, place-based making can increase the efficiency of public policy. These implications based on the dissertation's empirical results are helpful for designing more efficient, effective, and sustainable housing policies of the United States.<br>Temple University--Theses
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Schäfer, S. "The financial crisis’ implications for the integration of the eu mortgage markets." Thesis, Українська академія банківської справи Національного банку України, 2009. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/61572.

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In any modern economy, mortgage markets rank among the most important business segments for a variety of obvious economic reasons. Not only does mortgage credit for many people pave the way to their own home, which usually represents the lion’s share of an average household’s assets and implicit old-age provisioning.
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Silva, Raimunda Maria da Luz. "Volatilidade dos retornos e governan?a: um estudo de eventos da crise do subprime." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2010. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/12182.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T13:53:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RaimundaMLS_DISSERT.pdf: 638002 bytes, checksum: f4c7693a6b7a4b11a332a1d4e60703e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-09-20<br>The financial crisis that occurred between the years 2007 and 2008, known as the subprime crisis, has highlighted the governance of companies in Brazil and worldwide. To monitor the financial risk, quantitative tools of risk management were created in the 1990s, after several financial disasters. The market turmoil has also led companies to invest in the development and use of information, which are applied as tools to support process control and decision making. Numerous empirical studies on informational efficiency of the market have been made inside and outside Brazil, revealing whether the prices reflect the information available instantly. The creation of different levels of corporate governance on BOVESPA, in 2000, made the firms had greater impairment in relation to its shareholders with greater transparency in their information. The purpose of this study is to analyze how the subprime financial crisis has affected, between January 2007 and December 2009, the volatility of stock returns in the BM&BOVESPA of companies with greater liquidity at different levels of corporate governance. From studies of time series and through the studies of events, econometric tests were performed by the EVIEWS, and through the results obtained it became evident that the adoption of good practices of corporate governance affect the volatility of returns of companies<br>A crise financeira ocorrida entre os anos de 2007 e 2008, conhecida como crise do subprime, colocou em evid?ncia a governan?a das empresas no Brasil e no mundo. Para monitorar o risco financeiro, ferramentas quantitativas de gest?o de risco foram criadas na d?cada de 1990, ap?s v?rios desastres financeiros. A turbul?ncia do mercado tamb?m tem levado as empresas a investirem no desenvolvimento e utiliza??o de informa??es, que s?o aplicadas como ferramentas de apoio aos processos de controle e tomada de decis?o. In?meros estudos emp?ricos sobre efici?ncia informacional do mercado t?m sido efetuados dentro e fora do Brasil, revelando se os pre?os refletem instantaneamente as informa??es dispon?veis. A cria??o de n?veis diferenciados de governan?a corporativa na BOVESPA, em 2000, fez com que empresas tivessem maior comprometimento em rela??o aos seus acionistas, com maior n?vel de transpar?ncia em suas informa??es. A proposta desse trabalho ? analisar como a crise financeira do subprime afetou, entre janeiro de 2007 e dezembro de 2009, a volatilidade do retorno das a??es na BM&FBOVESPA de empresas com maior liquidez em diferentes n?veis de governan?a corporativa. A partir de estudos das s?ries temporais e, atrav?s de estudos de eventos, foram realizados testes econom?tricos, atrav?s do EVIEWS, e pelos resultados apresentados tornou-se evidente que a ado??o de boas pr?ticas de governan?a corporativa influenciam a volatilidade dos retornos das empresas
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Pezzuto, I. "Miraculous financial engineering or toxic finance? The genesis of the U.S. subprime mortgage loans crisis and its consequences on the global financial markets and real economy." Thesis, Ukrainian Academy of Banking of the National Bank of Ukraine, 2012. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/58998.

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In the fall of 2008, the U.S. subprime mortgage loans defaults have turned into Wall Street’s biggest crisis since the Great Depression. As hundreds of billions in mortgage-related investments went bad, banks became suspicious of one another’s potential undisclosed credit losses and preferred to reduce their exposure in the interbank markets, thus causing interbank interest rates and credit default swaps increases, a liquidity shortage problem and a worsened credit crunch condition to consumers and businesses.
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Valiante, Diego. "1. The Market for Subprime Lending: a Law and Economics Analysis of Market Failures and Policy Responses. 2. Legal and economic approach to tying and other potentially unfair and anticompetitive commercial practices: focus on financial services. 3. Shaping Reforms and Business Models for OTC Derivatives Markets: Quo Vadis?" Doctoral thesis, Luiss Guido Carli, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11385/200736.

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1. The supreme mortgages market. Main determinants of the borrower's choice to get in a subprime mortgage. The incentive structure of intermediaries: moral hazard and adverse selection. Some responses: how does the policy-maker shape the subprime market. 2. The competition policy dimension of tying and other potentially unfair commercial practices. Tackling tying and other potentially unfair commercial practices in consumer policy. Measuring the impact of tying and other potentially unfair practices in the retail financial services sector: a multi-stage test. 3. Setting the scene. Size and shape of the OTC derivatives market. Legal and economic views of growth and concentration. The nature of OTC derivatives transactions. Shedding lights on the OTC derivatives’ chain value: a costbenefit analysis. OTC derivatives markets and the financial crisis. Legislative actions in EU and US. Perspectives for over-the-counter derivatives market: four scenarios.
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Barros, Ulisses Franklin Santana. "A Crise do subprime, o efeito-contágio e os mercados imobiliários do Brasil e dos Estados Unidos." Pós-Graduação em Economia, 2012. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/4503.

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Many questions about the behavior of the economy and some specific market emerged after the outbreak of the crisis called subprime crisis. The arrival of the crisis in other countries has increased the range of new questions to be answered by the economic theories. Some markets have excelled in this crisis, such as real estate, birthplace of the crisis in the United States. By observing the market where the crisis emerged and the crisis spreading to other countries, including Brazil, the question arises to purpose of this paper, if it happened and how it happened to contamination of the Brazilian real estate market by the U.S. financial crisis.<br>Muitas dúvidas sobre o comportamento da economia e de alguns mercados específicos surgiram após o deflagrar da crise chamada de crise do subprime. A chegada da crise em outros países aumentou o leque de perguntas novas a serem respondidas pelas teorias econômicas. Alguns mercados se destacaram nessa crise, como o imobiliário, nascedouro da crise nos Estados Unidos. Ao se observar o mercado onde a crise surgiu e o espraiamento da crise para outros países, o Brasil inclusive, surge a pergunta propósito desse trabalho, se aconteceu e como aconteceu a contaminação do mercado imobiliário brasileiro pela crise financeira americana.
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Osička, Štěpán. "Hypoteční krize v USA v první dekádě 21. století." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-10579.

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The aim of this diploma thesis is an analysis of the contemporary mortgage crisis in the USA. The thesis consists of four sections. The first part describes historical developments of the American mortgage market with the emphasis on securitization. The second chapter deals with the market failures occurring within the securitization process. The third chapter is dedicated to the primary mortgage market, in particular to the causes of the previous credit boom, "running" house prices. Moreover, this chapter analyzes the "subprime" and "Alt-A" mortgage market, their products and practices prevailing on these markets. The last chapter is devoted to the secondary mortgage markets. The aim of this chapter is to describe how "subprime" and "Alt-A" mortgage deals were structured. The case study offers an example and its results are presented.
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Books on the topic "Market integration; subprime crisis"

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Skupien, Phyllis Lipka. First focus, the subprime crisis : a Thomson West report: Perspectives and legal insights on the subprime lending crisis. Andrews Publications, a Thomson West business, 2008.

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Hu, Christina J. Credit rating agencies' role as financial market gatekeepers: Lessons from the subprime crisis. John F. Kennedy School of Government, 2008.

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New York (State). Temporary Commission of Investigation. A perfect storm: Easy money and the mortgage meltdown : the subprime mortgage crisis in New York State. Commission of Investigation of the State of New York, 2008.

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New York (State). Temporary Commission of Investigation. A perfect storm: Easy money and the mortgage meltdown : the subprime mortgage crisis in New York State. Commission of Investigation of the State of New York, 2008.

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New York (State). Temporary Commission of Investigation. A perfect storm: Easy money and the mortgage meltdown : the subprime mortgage crisis in New York State. Commission of Investigation of the State of New York, 2008.

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New York (State). Temporary Commission of Investigation. A perfect storm: Easy money and the mortgage meltdown : the subprime mortgage crisis in New York State. Commission of Investigation of the State of New York, 2008.

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Underhill, Geoffrey R. D. Financial market integration, global capital mobility and the ERM crisis 1992-5. Centre for Economic Policy Research, 1996.

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New Jersey. Legislature. General Assembly. Financial Institutions and Insurance Committee. Public hearing before Assembly Financial Institutions and Insurance Committee: Testimony on the subprime lending crisis : [April 19, 2007, Trenton, New Jersey]. New Jersey State Legislature, Assembly Financial Institutions and Insurance Committee, 2007.

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Markou, E. EU public sector television in crisis: A failed broadcasting policy or a celebration of single market competition? University of Reading, Dept. of Economics, 1996.

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Delano, Villanueva, ed. Early warning indicators, deposit insurance, and methods for resolving failed financial institutions: Selected papers of the SEACEN Workshop on a Regulator's Action Plan on Bank Failures, 9-11 March 1998, the SEACEN Centre. South East Asian Central Banks, Research and Training Centre, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Market integration; subprime crisis"

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Arestis, Philip, and Elias Karakitsos. "Subprime Mortgage Market and Current Financial Crisis." In Housing Market Challenges in Europe and the United States. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230246980_3.

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Markham, Jerry W. "The Mortgage Market." In From the Post Enron Accounting Scandals to the Subprime Crisis. Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003247166-7.

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Reiss, David J. "Rating Agencies: Facilitators of Predatory Lending in the Subprime Market." In Lessons from the Financial Crisis. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118266588.ch25.

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Bilić, Paško. "Media Pluralism and Market Competition in Croatia." In Crisis Era European Integration. Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003394013-7.

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Isaia, Eleonora, Marina Damilano, and Cristina Rovera. "Stock Market Reactions to Credit Ratings Across the Subprime Crisis." In Entrepreneurship, Business and Economics - Vol. 2. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27573-4_37.

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Yoshino, Naoyuki, and Farhad Taghizadeh-Hesary. "How Did Monetary Policy Inflate Oil Prices Following the Subprime Mortgage Crisis?" In Monetary Policy and the Oil Market. Springer Japan, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55797-5_4.

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Mobarek, Asma, and Sabur Mollah. "Market Integration and Causality in Developed and Emerging Markets during Crisis Periods." In Global Stock Market Integration. Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137367549_5.

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Welfens, Paul J. J. "The Transatlantic Banking Crisis: Lessons, EU Reforms and G20 Issues." In Financial Market Integration and Growth. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16274-9_3.

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Smith, Mark, and Paola Villa. "Labour market reforms in Europe and young people’s labour market integration in turbulent times." In Economic Policy, Crisis and Innovation. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429291142-9.

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Meier, Henri B., John E. Marthinsen, Pascal A. Gantenbein, and Samuel S. Weber. "Swiss Equity Markets." In Swiss Finance. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-23194-0_9.

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AbstractSince around 1990, the Swiss stock market has faced global competition, deregulation, automation, and enormous growth of structured products and exchange-traded funds. Driven by increased capital mobility, the market has become highly correlated with other well-developed stock markets, reducing diversification benefits for investors. Despite massive market capitalization growth, the stock market has returned more capital to investors than it has raised. During the same period, the number of listed foreign securities decreased. Today, Switzerland exhibits one of the world’s highest stock-market-capitalization-to-GDP ratios, which shows the importance of a well-functioning financial market for the country’s economy. Unlike the impact of the US-subprime mortgage crisis in 2008, the COVID-19 pandemic had no lasting effect on the Swiss stock market.
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Conference papers on the topic "Market integration; subprime crisis"

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Bolonio, David, Isabel Amez, Blanca Castells, David Leon, and Garcia Franco. "REDUCING CEMENT INDUSTRY EMISSIONS: SYNTHETIC GAS FROM CARBON DIOXIDE AND GREEN HYDROGEN." In 24th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 24. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024/4.1/s17.24.

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The actual climate crisis is forcing the development of new energy sources that mitigate the negative effects of the climate change. Because of that, the use of fossil fuels is expected to be significantly reduced in the coming decades. In this scenario, the production of renewable fuels that reduce the greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) is one of the main world challenges. The present study focuses on synthetic gas production using carbon dioxide from the cement industry, and green hydrogen, simulating the process using Aspen to address the technical and economic viability of the synthetic gas production. Advanced techniques such as the calcium looping and oxycombustion were used to efficiently capture CO2 and generate a renewable fuel with a reduced carbon footprint. Moreover, the integration into the existing infrastructure in Spain optimizes the operational efficiency of the project. A detailed technical-economic analysis was carried out to evaluate the feasibility and associated costs, as well as a sustainability analysis that includes all the production steps from the CO2 capture to the use of synthetic gas, with the aim of quantifying the reductions in GHG. The versatility and adaptability of this research allows adjustments according to market demand and external conditions. Because of that, this research is expected to contribute significantly to sustainable development by providing an innovative solution for carbon capture and clean energy generation.
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Tang, Junjun, Jing Wang, Cheng Huang, Guolun Wang, and Xiong Wang. "Subprime Mortgage Crisis Detection in U.S. Foreign Exchange Rate Market by Multifractal Analysis." In 2008 9th International Conference for Young Computer Scientists (ICYCS). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icycs.2008.454.

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Fu, Yiting, and Xiongwei Wang. "Tests for the Transmission Mechanism of Stock Market Volatility between China and U.S during Subprime Crisis." In 2011 International Conference on Business Computing and Global Informatization (BCGIn). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bcgin.2011.30.

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Levent, Cüneyd Ebrar. "Global Financial Crisis and Corporate Governance Lessons from the Crisis." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.01168.

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The mortgage crisis, started in 2007 in USA, turned into global financial crisis at the end of 2008. This crisis is assumed to be the largest crisis after The Great Depression occurred in 1929. Global Financial Crisis spread out from USA to developed countries and eventually other countries. Some financial institutions went bankruptcy and some of rest has been survived with governments’ financial supports. Crisis affected the real economy after financial markets, due to crisis production and employment decreased all over the countries. Excess liquidity, deterioration of the mortgage loans structure, excessive increases in house prices, securitization of subprime mortgages, lack of transparency, expansion of derivative markets, ineffectiveness of credit rating agencies and delay of regulatory agencies’ intervention are assumed as “reasonable reasons of the crisis. Before all these reasons, deregulation in financial market in USA is the main reason of this crisis. Corporate governance is against decontrol and lack of transparency which cause crisis. Corporate governance focuses on four pillars, which are fairness, transparency, accountability and responsibility. These four principles are associated with measurement and development of performance of government and companies. In this study, we looked from corporate governance window to the global financial crisis, and expressed lessons and advices to be determined. With effective corporate governance, it is expected to add value to stakeholders and being responsible to social values.
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Ng Sew Lai, Chin Wen Cheong, Nurul Afidah Mohamad Yusof, and Khor Chia Ying. "The impact of subprime mortgage crisis on the short-run and long-run volatility components of the Malaysian stock market." In 2011 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications (ISBEIA). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isbeia.2011.6088792.

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Topaloğlu, Mustafa. "An Evaluation of Turkish Mortgage System from the Perspective of Global Economic Crisis." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c02.00359.

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Turkish mortgage system was established by the law number 5582 and the title of "The Law Amending the Laws Related to Housing Finance System" in 2007. Even though the entry into force of this act expressed as "Pay the rent as the landlord-performing”, no bring up short of the interest rates of a housing loan were observed. In fact, Mortgage application could not be branch out yet. The distinguishing feature of the mortgage system, mortgage collateral pools of consumer loans with guaranteed by mortgage backed securities to be issued, sold in the capital market, also called the mortgage money is the safeguard of cheap funds. Using this fund for financing provided by banks as a result of re-housing resource for the consumer to pay the cost of housing loan interest rate is relatively go into a decline.&#x0D; Meanwhile, after the abundance of finance in the world, the so-called subprime mortgage, loans to non-qualified borrower, triggered the world economic crisis occurred. May well be, Turkey was unimpressed the crisis because of the not being set secondary mortgage market. All the public in charge of economy has introduced prevention of packages of measures.&#x0D;
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Terzić, Ivica, and Marko Milojević. "EVALUATING MEASURES OF MARKET RISK IN CIRCUMSTANCES OF GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS – EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM FIVE COUNTRIES." In CBU International Conference on Integration and Innovation in Science and Education. Central Bohemia University, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.2013.17.

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Zhabin, Evgeny A., Elena A. Chumachenko, Anastasia E. Malkhasyan, and Qi Zhendong. "Investment by Russian real sector corporations in terms of ensuring national security." In Sustainable and Innovative Development in the Global Digital Age. Dela Press Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56199/dpcsebm.hmfm3532.

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In modern economic literature, several strategies for the development of corporations are considered at the theoretical level. However, the strategy of domestic economic activity is not considered as an independent form of strategy or insufficient attention is paid to it. The purpose of the article is to identify strategies for the activities of Russian enterprises based on their annual reports and ratings of Russian analytical agencies. Research objectives are, firstly, the development of a methodology for evaluating the results of activity strategies and, secondly, the analysis of activity strategies as a result of their commodity market, resource market, technological, integration and financial investment strategies. The study conducted revealed the features of strategies of corporations in the national market. According to the results of the analysis, the use of traditional theories in the context of the current financial globalization in a country with a developing economy is ineffective for the formation of an investment strategy. Macroeconomic factors have a strong impact, which is most evident during and after the crisis. The financial crisis has a strong impact on the capital structure. The factor that determines the development of the market has a significant impact on the debt burden and plays an important role in making financial decisions after the financial crisis.
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WU, Tong, and Răzvan Cătălin DOBREA. "BUILDING SUSTAINED AND ROBUST BUSINESS PERFORMANCE: FROM SITUATION ANALYSIS, DAY-TO-DAY MANAGEMENT AND RISK PREVENTION AND CONTROL." In INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE. Editura ASE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.24818/imc/2023/04.13.

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In the face of an ever-changing global business environment, traditional crisis management strategies are no longer sufficient to guarantee the development of sustainable and stable business performance. This study examines the synergies between situation analysis, day-to-day management and risk prevention and control, and assesses their combined impact on corporate performance by analysing Deutsche Börse Group's operating data from 2008 to 2022. The study finds that through the combination of situation analysis and daily management, the enterprise can more accurately capture market movements and effectively adjust management strategies to optimise resource allocation and enhance decision-making quality. Meanwhile, the integration of risk prevention and control strategies into daily management not only enhances the firm's ability to cope with external uncertainties, but also significantly improves operational agility and robustness. The trinity management framework proposed in this paper not only helps enterprises to transcend the limitations of traditional crisis management, but also provides new perspectives and strategies for maintaining competitiveness in a changing market.
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Barakat, Mahmoud, Ahmed Ali, Islam Abdelbary, and Mai Haroun. "The impact of supply chain integration on operational performance through resilience under COVID-19 pandemic." In The 8th International Conference on Advanced Materials and Systems. INCDTP - Leather and Footwear Research Institute (ICPI), Bucharest, Romania, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24264/icams-2020.iii.2.

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COVID-19 has now unleashed a global supply chain crisis across a huge number of organizations, stemming from a lack of understanding and flexibility of the multiple layers of their global supply chains. In addition to the lack of efficient management through unpredicted events and occasions. Drawing on extended resources based view and resilience theory, this paper attempts to shed the light on the mediating role of resilience between supply chain integration and organizational performance represented in quality, cost and delivery performance during the COVID-19 pandemic. 224 questionnaires were collected and analyzed through process macro technique proposed by Andrew Hayes to test the mediating role of resilience. The results indicated that resilience can significantly mediate the relationship between supply chain integration and quality, cost and delivery performance. Therefore, this paper contributes to both extended resources based view and resilience theory. As it empathize on how organizations can acquire a unique bundle of resources through integration, which will allow them to maintain a desirable level of performance during market disruption through building resilience. The results will practically guide organizations to invest in building resilience in order to be able to cope with unexpected events that disrupts the business environment such as COVID19.
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Reports on the topic "Market integration; subprime crisis"

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Cassola, Nuno, Ali Hortacsu, and Jakub Kastl. The 2007 Subprime Market Crisis Through the Lens of European Central Bank Auctions for Short-Term Funds. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w15158.

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Alviarez, Vanessa. Global and Regional Value Chains in Latin America in Times of Pandemic. Inter-American Development Bank, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004524.

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Global value chains (GVCs) provide countries with opportunities to diversify trade, and boost productivity and growth by specializing in one stage of the production process. However, for the most part, Latin America and the Caribbean participation in GVCs remains low (18 percent) compared to Asia (28 percent) and Europe (34 percent). The COVID-19 pandemic, plus concerns regarding protectionism and the more frequent occurrence of natural disasters, have provided incentives for countries and companies to reassess their positions in global value chains. This crisis has taken a huge toll on trade, but it could also be an opportunity to boost regional integration and value chains within the region. Despite the crisis, some firms have performed well, even in those sectors where global demand has fallen, while others have lost market share. This paper analyzes the performance of individual firms, drawing on the study of rich micro data, to understand their different capacity of trade creation and destruction over the crisis. Results suggest five firm characteristics play a key role in explaining export performance during the pandemic: i) firm size, ii) diversification of export markets, iii) importer status of the firm, iv) distance from foreign suppliers, and v) performance of the firms suppliers and customers. The results are then used to outline policies fostering firms participation in global value chains.
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Kuwayama, Mikio. Search for a New Partnership in Trade and Investment between Latin America and Asia-Pacific. Inter-American Development Bank, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010390.

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Although interregional cooperation in trade and investment between Latin America and Asia-Pacific has been on the agendas of countries in both regions for some time, initiatives have been few, with meager results. The lack of tangible results is related to the economic asymmetries between the two regions and a purely inter-industrial nature of bi-regional trade. The incipient drive in bi-regional trade up to the Asian crisis was triggered by the economic boom of East Asia on the one hand, and growth recovery, economic reforms and integration, on the other. Now, coupled with the slowdown of the US economy and the standstill of Japanese economy, the sustained impulse of these factors is uncertain. The present economic relations between the two regions do not reflect the potential for interregional trade and investment that exists in an increasingly globalized world. The current low level of economic interaction, especially in the aftermath of the economic crises experienced in each region in recent years, calls for joint actions in the economic sphere. Given the embryonic stage and limited country coverage of ongoing consultations on bilateral free trade agreements, the recently created Forum for East-Asia Latin America Cooperation (FEALAC) should address the issues of market access and bi-regional economic integration, and promote concrete integration initiatives.
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Balteanu, Irina, Katja Schmidt, and Francesca Viani. Sourcing all the eggs from one basket: trade dependencies and import prices. Banco de España, 2025. https://doi.org/10.53479/38920.

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Highly concentrated imports can be a source of vulnerability in an environment characterized by geopolitical tensions. In light of this concern, some recently adopted policies aim to dilute advanced economies’ import concentration for key products. Likewise, a tendency towards supplier diversification has been observed in firm surveys. In this paper, we study how countries’ import concentration in a few external providers affects import prices. Import concentration decreased in OECD countries in the last two decades, especially up to the global financial crisis, in the hyper-globalization period. For EU countries, integration in the single market was crucial to foster diversification also beyond the hyper-globalization years. Yet, for a number of strategic goods, imports tend to be more concentrated in geopolitically distant providers. Panel regression analysis based on granular trade data at the country-product level shows that high import concentration is associated with higher import prices, which supports the view that strongly concentrated markets correspond to low levels of competition. This effect tends to be more pronounced when a supplier country’s perceived market power is strong, i.e. for goods whose production is highly concentrated at the global level or for those that a country cannot (fully) produce by itself. The positive relationship between import concentration and import prices is less pronounced in high-technology industries, consistent with the notion that in these sectors a high concentration is also related to the presence of cost-efficiency effects owing to economies of scale. Exclusive trade relations, i.e. those in which the importer sources a product from one provider only, are associated with lower import prices and could therefore be costlier to break.
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Szałańska, Justyna, Justyna Gać, Ewa Jastrzębska, et al. Country report: Poland. Welcoming spaces in relation to social wellbeing, economic viability and political stability in shrinking regions. Welcoming Spaces Consortium, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/welcoming_spaces_2022.

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This report aims to present findings of the research conducted in Poland within the Work Package 1 of the Welcoming Spaces project, namely “Welcoming spaces” in relation to economic viability, social wellbeing and political stability in shrinking regions. The main aim of the mentioned research was to examine how welcoming initiatives are organised and implemented in the selected shrinking localities in Poland. In particular, the creation of welcoming initiatives concerning social wellbeing, economic viability and political stability was assessed. To accomplish this objective, five localities were selected purposefully, namely Łomża (city with powiat status) and Zambrów (urban commune) in Podlaskie Voivodeship and Łuków (town), Wohyń (rural commune) and Zalesie (rural commune) in Lubelskie Voivodeship. Within these localities, 23 welcoming initiatives were identified, out of which 12 were chosen for in-depth research. The field research was conducted in all five localities between March and December 2021. During this period, the SGH Warsaw School of Economics team conducted 43 interviews with institutional stakeholders (representatives of local governments, schools, non-governmental organisations – NGOs, religious organisations and private companies) and individuals (both migrant newcomers and native residents). In addition, local government representatives were surveyed to compare their policies, measures and stances toward migrant inhabitants and local development. The research was also complemented with the literature review, policy documents analysis, and local media outlets discourse analysis. Until February 2022 and the outbreak of war in Ukraine, welcoming spaces in Poland were scarce and spatially limited to the big cities like Warsaw, Cracow, Wrocław, Gdańsk, Lublin or Białystok, governed by liberal mayors and city councils open to accept migrants and treat them as a valuable human asset of the city community. However, in smaller cities, towns and rural areas, especially in shrinking regions, welcoming spaces have been highly conditioned by welcoming initiatives carried out mainly by civil society organisations (CSOs). It is very likely that the war in Ukraine will completely change the situation we write about in this country report. However, this crisis and its consequences were not the subjects of our desk research and fieldwork in Poland, which ended in December 2021. As of late July 2022, the number of border crossings from Ukraine to Poland is almost 5 million and the number of forced migrants registered for temporary protection or similar national protection scheme concern 1.3 million people (UNHCR 2022). However, the number of those who have decided to stay in Poland is estimated at around 1.5 million (Duszczyk and Kaczmarczyk 2022). Such a large influx of forced migrants from Ukraine within five months already affects the demographic situation in the country and access to public services, mainly in large and medium-size cities1 . Depending on the development of events in Ukraine and the number of migrants who will decide to stay in Poland in the following months, the functioning of the domestic labour market, education, health service, and social assistance may significantly change. The following months may also bring new changes in the law relating to foreigners, aimed at their easier integration in the country. Access to housing in cities is already a considerable challenge, which may result in measures to encourage foreigners to settle in smaller towns and rural areas. Given these dynamic changes in the migration situation of the country, as well as in the area of admission and integration activities, Poland seems to be slowly becoming one great welcoming space. It is worth mentioning that the main institutional actors in this area have been NGOs and local governments since the beginning of the humanitarian crisis in Ukraine. An important supporting and coordinating role has also been played by international organisations such as the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), which launched its inter-agency Regional Refugee Response Plan (RRRP) in early spring to address the most urgent needs of the population of forced migrants and their host countries in this part of Europe (UNHCR 2022a; UNHCR 2022b; UNHCR 2022c). Based on the number of newly emerged welcoming initiatives and the pace of this emergence, they will soon become an everyday reality for every municipality in Poland. Therefore, it is difficult to find more up-todate circumstances for the “Welcoming Spaces” project objective, which is “to rethink ways forward in creating inclusive space in such a way that it will contribute firstly to the successful integration of migrants in demographically and economically shrinking areas and simultaneously to the revitalization of these places”. Furthermore, the initiatives we selected as case studies for our research should be widely promoted and treated as a model of migrants’ inclusion into the new communities. On the other hand, we need to emphasize here that the empirical material was collected between March and December 2021, before the outbreak of war in Ukraine. As such, it does not reflect the new reality in Poland
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MERCOSUR Report No. 13 (2007-2008). Inter-American Development Bank, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008637.

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In spite of the international context affected by the financial and credit crisis triggered in the US mortgage market, integration of the Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR) has continued to move forward, mainly in the internal agenda, where member countries reached certain agreements. In the period covered in this report (June 2007 to June 2008), trade volumes grew in an expanding context for the bloc¿s economies. On the external front, the negotiating dynamic has seen less tangible results. The worsening of the international financial crisis in the last quarter of 2008 creates an adverse context for the bloc¿s economies in the coming year. This scenario contemplates a downturn in world growth and a contraction of the main consumer markets, such as the United States, the European Union, and Japan. Below are the main conclusions of this 2007-2008 MERCOSUR Report.
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MERCOSUR Report No. 15 (2009-2010). Inter-American Development Bank, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008839.

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This report reviews and analyzes key aspects of the bloc's integration process in relation to both the internal and external agendas in the period from July 2009 to June 2010. The opening two chapters respectively analyze the macroeconomic outlook of the economies of the Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR) and their trade flows. The MERCOSUR countries' trade flows were not immune to the effects of the recessive state of the international financial crisis, which broke out in September 2008, and registered severe falls in 2009. The main sectoral issues involving MERCOSUR countries were in the area of trade relations between Brazil and Argentina, specifically the disputes affecting the bloc's smaller partners.
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