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Menke, Susan Diane. "Metaphors of exchange and the Shanghai stock market." online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium access full-text, 2000. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?9971606.
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M'Closkey, Kathleen Anne Cross. "Myths, markets and metaphors, Navajo weaving as commodity and communicative form." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1996. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ39284.pdf.
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Horlacher, Stefan. "Writing as Reading the Unreadable: A Reconsideration of the Medial Construction of Marcel Proust's A la Recherche du temps perdu." Edinburgh University Press, 2002. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A37642.
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The question of how far A la Recherche du temps perdu, Proust's enormous 'metaphor of life',¹ is, in terms of its writing as well as in terms of its themes, influenced by the emergence of new media technologies in the late nineteenth century has increasingly been the focus of critical interest for the last twenty years.² There is now little doubt that besides traditional media such as painting and music, A la Recherclze foregrounds specific photographic and filmic techniques as well as, to give just one example, the telephone, which the narrator calls 'a premonition ( ... ) of an eternal separation!' {IS III, 148/R II,134).· If one can argue that emergent media as thematicized in A la Recherche are not only the product of the narrator's creation of memory but that they also have a bearing on the text, then it is nevertheless important to take note of the fact that they are in their turn already the product of another medium called writing. [Aus dem Volltext]
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Leutenmayr, Stephan Verfasser], and François [Akademischer Betreuer] [Bry. "Liquid decision making : applying the market metaphor to collective decision making / Stephan Leutenmayr. Betreuer: François Bry." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1070762938/34.
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Leutenmayr, Stephan [Verfasser], and François [Akademischer Betreuer] Bry. "Liquid decision making : applying the market metaphor to collective decision making / Stephan Leutenmayr. Betreuer: François Bry." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1070762938/34.
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Aubert, Nathalie. "Proust et ruskin : de la pratique traduisante a la theorie de la metaphore." Paris 7, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA070144.
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Cette etude vise surtout a approcher le sens de la quete proustienne de l'ecriture, dans son rapport au monde comme enigme a elucide. L'enjeu pour l'ecrivain a venir est en effet le reel. Le monde tel qu'il nous est donne, tel qu'il se derobe aussi. C'est par la traduction d'un texte etranger (deux Ŭvres de john ruskin), par cette experience de la difference jusque dans le respect de l'etrangetelangagiere que proust a pu effectuer ce retour sur lui-meme qui lui a permis ensuite de devenir ecrivain. Aussi la pratique traduisante est-elle consideree dans la meme perspective que la creation litteraire, cela d'autant plus que la metaphore, sur laquelle proust fait reposer son style, consiste precisement dans le rapprochement de "deux objets differents", comme seul moyen de restituer le sensde l'impression. La metaphore repose donc sur un rapport qui mime notre lien au reel. Ainsi, dans cette oeuvre qui est une quete de verite, la recherche d'un langage a la mesure du monde ne se transforme pas en une recherche pure, dont l'objet se deroberait incessamment. La reflexion sur le style s'enracine dans une experience du visible dont proust revele la complexite qui se traduit par un trouble que le langage cherche a circonscrire, devenant ainsi un argument esthetique en soi, et la marque de la plus haute individualite du createur.
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Håkansson, Jesper, and Rosén Anton Poikolainen. "Tinder: Från nätkontakt till närkontakt? : Hur utformningen och användandet av Tinder påverkat normer och beteenden avseende nätdejting bland unga vuxna." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för naturvetenskap, miljö och teknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-26169.
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Denna uppsats kommer att undersö̈ka hur designen och anvä̈ndandet av mobildejtingtjä̈nsten Tinder har påverkat beteenden och normer gä̈llande nä̈tdejting bland unga vuxna i Sverige. Ett huvudsyfte är att undersöka hur olika interaktionsmekanismer i Tinder påverkar synen på nätdejting och potentiella partners. Vidare undersöker vi faktorer som skiljer Tinder från övriga nätdejtingtjänster, samt vilka normer som synliggörs genom användandet av Tinder. Genom en nätbaserad enkätundersökning kunde vi samla användarupplevelser och åsikter från användare av Tinder. Baserat på materialet från enkätundersökningen utförde vi tre fokusgrupper vars syfte var att fördjupa perspektiv unga vuxna hade gällande nätdejting och Tinder. Resultatet presenteras genom att analysera data från informanterna kombinerat med teorier om användarupplevelse (User Experience), affordanser, designkvalitéer, självrepresentation, spelifiering och marknadsmetaforer. Vi kunde se åtskilliga mekanismer associerade med spelifiering i Tinder gällande design och användarbeteende. Generellt verkar också Tinderanvändare reproducera rådande könsnormer i en annars neutral och minimalistisk design. Vidare fanns marknadsmetaforer gällande nätdejting i Tinder. Tinder tycks även ha tilltalat en ny målgrupp inom nätdejting, således ansedd avslappnad och jämbördig annan social media. Kopplingen till Facebook bidrar också till en ökad tillit för självrepresantationen bland Tinderanvändare. Slutligen ser vi att den svepcentrerade “ja-eller-nej-funktionaliteten” i Tinder verkar ha skapat en standard som kommer att påverka framtida dejtingtjänster och användarupplevelser.<br>This report aims to examine how the design and usage of the mobile dating application Tinder has affected behaviors and norms regarding online dating amongst young adults in Sweden. One main purpose is to examine how different interaction mechanisms in Tinder affects the view of online dating and potential partners. Additionally factors that differentiate Tinder from other online dating services will be examined. Furthermore social norms that are made visible through the usage of Tinder will be addressed. By creating an online survey it was possible to retrieve user experiences of Tinder usage and opinions about Tinder and online dating. Based on material from the survey three focus group interviews were conducted, which gathered different perspectives young adults had regarding online dating and Tinder. The conclusion will be presented by analyzing the data from the informants combined with theories such as User Experience, affordances, design qualities, self representation, gamification and market metaphors. Several mechanism associated with gamification were found in Tinder regarding design and user behavior. The Tinder users in general also seem to reproduce current gender norms in an otherwise neutral and minimalistic design. Furthermore market metaphors were found regarding online dating in Tinder. Additionally Tinder seems to target a new group of users in online dating, accordingly considered as ”laid-back” and equal to other social media. The connection to Facebook also contributes to an increased trust towards the self representation of Tinder users. Finally the swipe centered “yes-or-no-functionality” of Tinder seems to create a standard that will affect future dating services and User Experience.
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Jaeck, Lois Marie. "Marcel Proust and the text as macrometaphor." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/25813.
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Marcel Proust and the Text as Macrometaphor proposes that metaphor may provide the key to understanding the structure and effect of some novels. Some literary works give rise to an inexpressible impression that transcends its component elements. This dissertation attempts to prove that such texts reflect on a macro-scale the structure of a poetic metaphor, and thus function as "macrometaphors". Because Marcel Proust established a connection in Le temps retrouvé between metaphor and a literary work, his investigation of the metaphorical process and the means by which it suggests to its reader the internal reality of things is utilized as the theoretical basis for a comparative analysis of six novels from the perspective of the metaphor-like structures that underlie their characterizations, organization, ideas, imagery, milieus, and symbols.
The Introduction discusses the validity of using Proust's A la recherche du temps perdu as an illustration of the novel as macrometaphor, and considers other theoretical studies which also suggest a possible connection between text and metaphor.
Chapter One analyzes Proust's theory of metaphor as set forth in Le temps retrouvé, elucidating first of all the meaning of the word "metaphor" as used by Proust. It then explores briefly how his usage fits into the history of the concept of metaphor from the time of Aristotle to the present day, and next explicates the steps taken by the narrator that culminate in his recognition of the metaphorical process and its relationship to art and life. Finally, it clarifies the structures and conditions that constitute metaphor as understood by Proust.
Chapter Two demonstrates how the totality of the novel A la recherche du temps perdu reflects the structure of metaphor as defined in Le temps retrouvé. The similarities shared by the structure of the text and the structure of metaphor are the grounds for viewing the text as a macrometaphor.
Chapter Three presents brief, comparative structural analyses of five other novels (Cervantes' Don Quixote, Diderot's Jacques le fataliste et son maître, Thomas Mann's Der Zauberberg, Julio Cortázar's Rayuela, and Gabriel García Márquez' Cien años de soledad) in order to demonstrate that these works reflect the structure of metaphor also.
The Conclusion presents some general ideas about the relationship of thought, discourse, metaphorical structure, literary works in general and novelistic structure in particular.<br>Arts, Faculty of<br>English, Department of<br>Graduate
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Billermann, Roderich. "Die "métaphore" Prousts Wurzeln - Theorie -Praxis /." Konstanz : Hartung-Gorre, 1996. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb38971462c.
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Yoo, Yaejin. "La Peinture ou les leçons esthétiques chez Marcel Proust = Painting or the Aesthetic Lessons in Works of Marcel Proust." Thesis, Boston College, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/2508.
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Thesis advisor: Kevin Newmark<br>This study focuses on the intricate connection between painting and writing in A la recherche du temps perdu, the one and only novel completed by Marcel Proust. Painting and writing, although different in their methods of expression, with the former consisting of visual images and the latter consisting of words, have a fundamental objective in common which is creating images in order to reveal the real essence of life. Proust develops correspondences between paintings (that he describes verbally) and writings not only to portray his novelistic characters, but also to reinforce his aesthetics of writing. This study stresses that correspondence to which Proust gives the name of metaphor. By choosing metaphor as the most important criterion in writing the novel which the Narrator decides to undertake at the very end of la Recherche, he speaks for Proust who elevates metaphor as the central rhetorical figure of his writing. Metaphor gives to the Proustian world a sense of continuity and homogeneity despite its innate fragmentary and dispersed impressions. In the Proustian novel, memories are incomplete, and loves are sporadic. Time and space are never continuous. Yet a homogenous ensemble is brought forth from this universe in fragments. It is metaphor that gives unity to those diverse elements by abolishing the borders that separate them. The principle of metaphor brings distant elements closer. Swann’s way unites with the Guermantes’, past transposes over present. By comparing painting and writing in the Proustian novel, I am able to emphasize the author’s aesthetics, at the foundation of which lies metaphor<br>Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2010<br>Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences<br>Discipline: Romance Languages and Literatures
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Crimp, Catherine Elizabeth. "Childhood as memory, myth and metaphor in the works of Marcel Proust, Samuel Beckett and Louise Bourgeois." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609083.
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Godoy, Vinícius Oliveira. "Violência e tragédia : a arte na margem do dizível." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/10564.
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A arte conheceu durante o século XX algumas mudanças cruciais que tocaram os limites do que até então era considerado como artístico. Partindo da mímesis tradicional, buscou sua negação e voltou a ela através de uma busca cada vez mais radical da própria realidade, no limite de uma ruptura com as categorias tradicionais de mímesis/representação. Examinando o trabalho de Duane Hanson, Damien Hirst, Gunther von Hagens e Rudolf Schwarzkogler, o presente trabalho procura investigar este apelo ao real, por meio da apresentação cada vez mais evidente do corpo e do uso da violência a este corpo como operação para alcançar o real. Paralela a este encontro com o real através da violência ao corpo, mostra-se através da obra de Iberê Camargo, uma segunda alternativa, que aqui é interpretada como trágica. A tragédia surge nesta dissertação como contraponto à busca de um real que, em seu excesso violento e traumático, perde as características representativas e enunciativas (em seu modo particular de enunciação, ou seja, a criação de metáforas através da representação artística) que até então haviam caracterizado a arte. Como conceito eminentemente artístico, e dentro dos limites da representação, a tragédia apresenta-se como metáfora da última fase do trabalho de Iberê Camargo, produzida a partir da década de 1980 e tendo como singularidade o retorno à representação figurativa.<br>Art has known during the 20th century some crucial changes that touched the boundaries of what until then was considered as artistic. Starting from the traditional mimesis, it sought for its denial and came back to it through a search more and more radical of the Real at the limit of a rupture with the traditional categories of mimesis/representation. The Real is defined according to Lacan, through its reading by Hal Foster in the art field. Assessing the works of Duane Hanson, Damien Hirst, Gunther von Hagens and Rudolf Schwarzkogler, the present work attempts to investigate this appeal to the real by means of the presentation more and more evident of the body as well as the use of violence against this body. As a opposite to those works which put in scene the real by means of the violence against the body, through the works of Iberê Camargo, a second alternative is provided, construed here as a tragic one. Tragedy arises in this dissertation as a counterpoint to the search of a reality, which through its violent, traumatic excess, is deprived of both its enunciative and representative features (in this particular mode of enunciation, i.e., the creation of metaphors through the artistic representation), which until then has been characterizing the art. As an eminently artistic concept, and within the boundaries of representation, the tragedy presents itself as a metaphor of the former phase of Iberê Camargo’s works, produced from the 80’s on, and having as singularity, the return to the figurative representation.
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Sahm, Estela. "Bergson e Proust: sobre a representação da passagem do tempo." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2009. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/11824.
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Previous issue date: 2009-10-21<br>The purpose of this work is to bring, face to face, some of the main theories of Bergson s philosophy and Proust s novel Remembrance of things past . Therefore, we will resort to remarks made by some of their researchers, with whom we shall establish some dialogue.
Considering that philosophy and literature are two different forms of expressing idea, this work also try to research for their sources, and for the distance that was suposelly established between them. In philosophy prevails the language of concepts, as well as in literature prevails the language of metaphor. We shall verify how different forms of expressing idea can get close and at the same time be enlightened, one by the other.
Chapter I will be dedicated to explore some of Bergson s main concepts, followed by some supporting comments of his researchers.
Chapter II analyses Proust s novel, specially considering the possible contacts with Bergson s ideas, such as memory, time, intuition, just to name some of them. Also in this case, followed by comments from some of Proust s researchers.
Finally chapter III, where we shall observe the historical reasons that brought to the distinction between writen texts of different purposes, and also where we shall find what in fact can be considered the smallest distance between the ideas of both Bergson and Proust<br>O trabalho tem por intuito fazer o confronto entre algumas teorias da filosofia de
Bergson e a obra literária de Proust Em busca do tempo perdido . Para tanto, recorre a alguns comentadores de ambas as obras, com os quais estabelece diálogos.
Por se tratar de discursos de finalidades e gêneros distintos, a saber, o filosófico e o literário, o trabalho pesquisa também as origens de cada um deles, e a suposta distância que se estabeleceu entre os mesmos. No discurso filosófico, prevalece uma linguagem conceitual, enquanto que no discurso literário prevalece a linguagem metafórica, pautada pelas imagens; teremos a oportunidade de verificar de que maneira estas diferentes formas de expressar pensamento podem se aproximar e se iluminarem mutuamente.
Assim, no capítulo I, o trabalho se detém sobre algumas idéias fundamentais do pensamento de Bergson, acompanhadas de alguns de seus comentadores; no capítulo II, analisa e comenta passagens significativas do romance proustiano, sobretudo tendo em vista a aproximação com alguns conceitos de Bergson, a saber, memória, duração e intuição; também neste caso, as observações serão acompanhadas dos comentários de alguns estudiosos da obra de Proust. E finalmente, no capítulo III, o trabalho busca aprofundar as questões relativas às separações estabelecidas historicamente entre os discursos ditos filosófico e literário, onde encontra as aproximações que julga possíveis entre as obras de Bergson e de Proust
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Segretain, Alexandre. "La connaissance poétique chez Proust : théorie et pratique de l’image dans À la recherche du temps perdu." Thesis, Paris 4, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA040014.
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La connaissance poétique est l’appréhension nouvelle du monde sur un mode familier. Elle apparaît à travers la subjectivation de l’objet : le sujet projette sur l’objet ce qu’il en perçoit mais aussi sa propre subjectivité ; il en forme une connaissance subjectivée. Dans la Recherche, la théorie de l’image est une théorie de la connaissance poétique du monde restituée par l’écrivain dans l’image. En mettant en relation deux objets dans l’image, Proust reproduit le rapprochement du sujet avec le monde qu’est la subjectivation. On peut ainsi distinguer les images proustiennes selon les différents « cercles familiers » qu’elles constituent. Ils expriment différentes formes de familiarité avec le monde : la parenté (pour la ressemblance), le voisinage (pour la contiguïté) et l’affinité (pour la transposition). La connaissance poétique se restitue aussi à travers l’écriture de l’image. Le style manifeste une vision plus générale du monde qui imprègne chaque subjectivation. Les images proustiennes révèlent deux esthétiques principales. L’une est baroque, fondée sur l’imagination : elle évoque l’enfance et transmet une conception de la vie joyeuse et légère. L’autre est romantique, lyrique, et montre un cœur souffrant. À travers l’image opère donc un rapprochement général (entre objet et sujet, entre les composantes de l’image, entre deux visions du monde), caractéristique de la connaissance poétique, mais aussi un rapprochement particulier entre Proust et son lecteur. L’image proustienne utilise notamment pleinement les mécanismes d’intersubjectivité de l’esprit. En rendant ainsi la connaissance poétique, l’image fait de la Recherche l’œuvre de l’intime<br>Poetic knowledge is the new grasp of the world on a familiar way. It appears through the subjectification of the object: the subject projects onto the object his perception of it and also his own subjectivity; he develops a subjectified knowledge. In the Recherche, theory of image is a theory of the poetic knowledge of the world, translated by the writer in the image. By linking two objects in the image, Proust reproduces the reconciliation of the subject with the world that is subjectification. One can distinguish the Proustian images by the various "familiar circles" they constitute, which show various forms of familiarity with the world: kinship (for resemblance), neighborhood (for adjacency), and affinity (for transposition). Poetic knowledge also appears through the writing of the image. The style shows a more general worldview that permeates every subjectification. The Proustian images reveal two main aesthetics. One is baroque, based on the imagination: it evokes childhood, and transmits a joyful and carefree view of life. The other one is romantic, lyrical, and shows a suffering heart. Through the image thus operates a general reconciliation (between object and subject, between the components of the image, between two worldviews), which is a feature of poetic knowledge, but also a special connection between Proust and his reader. Especially, the Proustian image fully uses the mechanisms of intersubjectivity of the mind. By rendering poetic knowledge, the image makes of the Recherche the work of intimacy
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Piniello, Françoise. "L’écriture de la lumière dans "A la Recherche du temps perdu" de Marcel Proust : étude stylistique." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE2155.
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La lumière représente un thème récurrent dans A la recherche du temps perdu – on note en particulier l’importance de la lanterne magique dès l’ouverture du roman ; elle sert fréquemment de métaphore à la création artistique : aussi ai-je choisi d’étudier ce motif tant du point de vue des manifestations de la lumière elle-même que de celui de sa dimension symbolique dans l’œuvre, m’appuyant sur des analyses lexicologiques et stylistiques. Je travaille dans un premier temps sur les mots de la lumière créatrice qui regroupent le substantif lumière lui-même dont je propose une analyse sémasiologique, ainsi que certains de ses parasynonymes (entre autres : soleil, lune, jour, clarté, lueur, éclairage, ombre, reflet, rayon…) par une recherche de paradigmes de substitution dans l’œuvre. Puis, dans un deuxième temps, j’observe si dans leur structure même les phrases de Proust intègrent des propriétés de la lumière (phrases trajectoires à l’instar d’un rayon lumineux ; phrases transvertébration ; phrases vitraux), puisque les notions d’optique et de fragmentation apparaissent essentielles dans la vision du monde de l’auteur. Je dégage enfin des figures (métaphore, syllepse et antanaclase dans leur rôle stylistique, ainsi que certains fonctionnements de la coordination et) que j’analyse plus spécialement dans la mesure où elles réalisent dans un cadre plus large que celui de la phrase des caractéristiques de la lumière ; on découvre alors que l’art photographique et ses techniques peuvent éclairer de façon métaphorique l’art de Proust, l’auteur de La Recherche en appelant de façon de plus en plus insistante au cours du roman à l’image du développement photographique<br>Light is a recurring theme throughout Remembrance of Things Past - the magic lantern's importance is to be noted from the novel's beginning. Light is often used as a metaphor for artistic creation. Thus, I have chosen to study this motif focusing on light-induced patterns as well as how it becomes symbolic in the context of the novel. I will use lexicological and stylistic analysis to do so.I have first worked on words connected to creative light for which I will propose a semiasiological analysis including of the substantive light itself. I have also focused on some its para synonymous terms such as sun, moon, day, brightness, glow, lighting, shade, glint, beam...by looking for paradigms used instead in the novel.Secondly, I have examined whether some of light's properties – path sentences like rays of light ; transvertebration, stained glass window sentences - are part of the structure of Proust's sentences, since focus and fragmentation structure the author' insight into his world.Finally, I have selected literary devices - metaphors, syllepses and antanaclases in their stylistic function as well as some uses of the coordination conjunction and – and analysed them in so far as they convey the characteristics of light beyond the structure of sentences. The art of photography and its techniques are then shown metaphorically shedding light and interplaying with the art of Proust, the author of Remembrance of Things Past, progressively conjuring the image of photographice development process
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O’Beirne, Catherine. "Proust et Carlyle." Thesis, Paris 4, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA040070.
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La question de l’influence primordiale de Carlyle sur Proust n’a jamais été abordée de manière profonde. Cette thèse a pour objet de combler cette lacune. Nous analysons en particulier le dialogue continu que tient Proust avec Les Héros et Sartor Resartus. Nous identifions à quel point ses réflexions sur ces lectures carlyliennes - dont le sujet principal est la recherche d’une nouvelle foi ou mythe créateur pour ces temps modernes et incroyants - sont présentes dans le portrait de l’artiste, et du monde, qu’il nous offre dans À la recherche du temps perdu. Le parcours du Narrateur qui se termine avec la redécouverte de « la foi dans les lettres » se construit dans un tissage dialogique où, (souvent s’inspirant de Ruskin), Proust réécrit les événements historiques, biographiques, et éthiques qui préoccupent Carlyle dans sa recherche de la « vérité », en leur donnant une plus grande valeur esthétique. S’inspirant du coté expérimental de Sartor Resartus, ainsi que des essais carlyliens sur l’histoire et la biographie, Proust refait de manière imaginaire le parcours littéraire de Carlyle même dans la construction de son Narrateur, qui ressemble par plusieurs aspects à un Carlyle transplanté dans un pays qu’il considérait, comme l’épitomé de la décadence. Ainsi, Proust peut réhabiliter l’aspect « romancier manqué » de Carlyle, qui s’est refugié dans les vies des « grands hommes » et l’histoire des « grands événements », quand le Narrateur prend conscience de la réconciliation entre la vie et l’art. Toutefois, c’est la justesse et la profondeur des observations carlyliennes sur l’art et sur la nature de l’artiste ainsi que l’incitation donnée par la description du développement d’une conscience artistique dans Sartor Resartus avec son ambigüité, son ironie, son dédoublement de la voix narrative et son affirmation que « l’idéal » se trouve « dans le méprisable actuel » qui inspire Proust le plus dans sa présentation du « portrait de l’artiste » qu’est À la recherche du temps perdu<br>In this thesis we attempt to treat for the first time the hitherto largely overlooked question of the primary importance of Carlyle as an influence on Proust. Basing our research on the dialogical relationship which Proust has continually with Heroes and Sartor Resartus, we trace the presence of his reflections on Carlyle’s writings, which are essentially concerned with the search for a new faith or creation myth in modern secular times, in the portrait of the artist in the world which is the subject of À la recherche du temps perdu. The Proustian Narrator becomes reunited with his faith in literature which he has lost over the years and eventually reconciles life and art. His journey to this point has been largely constructed on rewritings (inspired very often by Ruskin) of Carlylean texts dealing with History, Biography, and Ethics, where Proust redresses the importance of the aesthetic element which Carlyle increasingly renounces. Taking his inspiration from the experimental nature of Sartor Resartus, and from Carlyle’s historical and biographical writings, Proust also rewrites Carlyle’s personal trajectory in his portrait of his Narrator who bears a strong resemblance to a virtual Carlyle transplanted into a country which he considered, rather playfully, as the epitome of decadence. Proust can therefore, by purely literary methods, show that a writer’s reservoir of impressions comes not from the constant pursuit of “Truth”, or by writing the lives of others, but from having lived life, familial, intimate, and indeed social life. Even if Carlyle can be considered as a failed novelist, it’s the impact of his profound and heartfelt writings on what art is and on the nature of the artist, along with his innovative Sartor Resartus with its constant ironic undertones, its doubling of the narrative voice, its affirmation of the ideal in the everyday, which most inspires the imitative and spiritual portrait of an artist which is À la recherche du temps perdu.
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Svensson, Maria Helena. "Critères de figement : L’identification des expressions figées en français contemporain." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Moderna språk, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-335.
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Although there are units larger than the word in language, linguists have not been able to agree on a definition of these units. This study examines a variety of notions, relevant in the study of ”fixed” or ”frozen” expressions in contemporary French. Criteria such as memorization, unique context, non-compositionality, marked syntax, lexical blocking and grammatical blocking are analyzed in detail. A closer look at them reveals that in fact only one of them, lexical blocking, is both necessary and sufficient in the description of a fixed expression. The other criteria are, however, also important to the notion of ”fixedness”. It may well be that the criteria that have often been proposed in linguistic literature would benefit from being organized in a family resemblance rather than being used as necessary and sufficient conditions.
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Mogaji, Emmanuel. "Emotional appeals in UK banks' print advertisement." Thesis, University of Bedfordshire, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10547/622103.
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The unprecedented turbulence and uncertainty experienced in global economic and financial markets because of the 'credit crunch' has had a damaging impact on consumer confidence. Trust and credibility have been eroded as many customers feel let down by the banks suggesting the need for banks to rebuild constructive dialogue and long-term, meaningful relationships with their customers again. Though financial service, in this case, is considered a utilitarian service, based on the fact that money is needed to support people‘s daily activities, the present state of financial service has suggested the need for banks to appeal to consumers‘ emotions with the aim of improving their reputation. Also, the competition within the industry also could suggest the need to adopt an emotionally appealing advertisement strategy as emotions are known to play an influential role in building robust brand preference. This study builds on the communication theory, meaning transfer theory and consumer involvement theory, to understand the messages the banks are sending out and to elicit consumers‘ emotional reaction. One thousand, two hundred and seventy-four UK bank advertisements in nine national newspapers were content-analysed to identify the emotional appeals presented by the banks. The perception of these appeals and their associated meanings were sought through semi-structured interviews with 33 participants in London and Luton. The results of the analysis indicated that UK Banks are utilising emotional appeal in their advertisements to reach out to the consumers to convince them to upgrade their account, to open an additional account or switch their account. The most predominantly used appeals were relief and relaxation followed by excitement and happiness or satisfaction with the bank, and finally, security and adventure. However, variations were found in different financial products that employed emotional appeals. It was found that high-involvement products such as mortgages and loans used fewer emotional appeals. Both bank groups - high street banks, including the big four (Barclays, HSBC, Lloyds and RBS) and non-high street banks, such as the new entrants, supermarket brands, and online banks were using emotional appeals. However, it is acknowledged that the communication strategies between these banks could be different as the non-high street banks are more likely to repeat and publish the same messages across many newspapers, instead of publishing different emotionally appealing advertisements. Though consumers acknowledged these emotional appeals in the advertisements, they were more concerned about their relationship with the banks as they don‘t rely on advertisements to make a financial decision. Rather, recommendations from families, friends and associates and also branch location are more important when deciding on which bank to choose. The lack of congruency between financial services and emotional appeals in advertisements is also observed as customers are more likely to be persuaded by rational appeals however this study has not completely ruled out emotional appeals in bank advertisements as the use of both types of appeals is recommended. The study provides important theoretical and managerial contributions to understanding how the consumers understand meaning-embedded advertisements produced by the banks. Managers will be able to consider the implications of advertisements in enhancing their brand equity and building relationships with customers in anticipation that, by word of the mouth and established relationship, their bank‘s reputation will be enhanced. Limitations of the study and opportunities for future research are identified.
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Chen, Zheng-xin, and 陳正鑫. "Metaphors at the Front: War Metaphors in Automobile Market and Insurance Market Settings." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/g44j62.
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碩士<br>靜宜大學<br>英國語文學系研究所<br>94<br>This study focuses on how people view commercial acts in terms of war metaphors. We examined commercial acts by adopting Lakoff and Johnson''s (1980) theory: orientational metaphors, ontological metaphors, metonymy, and image schemas. We used contemporary cognitive theories to interpret and analyze complicated business affairs. The conceptual correspondences between a source domain and a target domain were investigated and the underlying reasons for source-target pairings were also inspected.
The findings reveal that commercial acts have much in common with war. As a result, war metaphors are the most frequently used of all metaphors. In contrast, other domains such as sports, weather, or temperature have less similar characteristics to business affairs. Therefore, metaphors related to these domains are used occasionally. Besides, due to the similarities between commercial acts and war, we can extend war metaphors to interpret other business fields such as bonds, investment, or real estate. This is what Kovecses (2000) stated “universality.”
In addition, Lakoff and Johnson (1980) proposed that metaphors are based on our bodies, our interactions with our physical environment, and our interactions with other people. They are natural kinds of experience to us. War metaphors are related to our interactions with the environment and with other people. War metaphors project our concrete natural kinds of experience to abstract complex business affairs. This can also elucidate why people use metaphors to understand something complicated in terms of an easier one.
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Chao-Chun, Ko, and 柯昭君. "Conceptual Metaphors: The Target Domain of The Stock Market in Mandarin Chinese." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/99413738741263124844.
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碩士<br>國立清華大學<br>語言學研究所<br>93<br>The recent studies on metaphor ave proved it to be an important language device in our ordinary conceptual system and treat metaphors as conventionalized cognitive structure. Adopting Lakoff’ view of interpreting metaphor cognitively as a mapping relation from a source domain to a target domain. Ahrens present a processing account, the Conceptual Mapping Model, for the Contemporary Theory of Metaphor (Lakoff and Johnson 1980). The Conceptual Mapping Model point out that the conceptual correspondences between a source and target domain must be analyzed in order to determine the underlying reasons for the source-target pairings. This underlying reason is formulated in terms of a Mapping Principle.
In this paper, we propose an ontology-based and corpus-driven approach to delimit the source domains for stock market metaphor in Chinese. Using a corpora-based approach, we postulate three metaphors in the stock market based frequency: THE CONCEPTUAL MODEL STOCK MARKET IS OCEAN WATER, THE CONCEPTUAL MODEL STOCK MARKET IS PEROSN, THE CONCEPTUAL MODEL STOCK MARKET IS WAR. Our focus is on these three frequent metaphors. We proposed to delimit the source domains in three metaphors via two steps: First, we used a corpora-based analysis to find out the most prototypical mappings in a metaphor, that is we will demonstrate how the process of establishing mapping principles. Second, we used an upper ontology (SUMO) to examine whether the mapping principle is a representation of conceptual knowledge in the ontology. We verified the Mapping Principles are validated using an upper ontology (SUMO) and constrain the Mapping Principle so that there is only one main Mapping Principle per source domain. This paper goes a step further by the proposition-schema to examine the conceptualization stock market metaphor in Chinese. In each metaphor, we can identify three or four proposition-schemas for conceptual mapping. Such conceptual mapping incidentally matches syntactic manifestation in terms of the grammatical parts of speech. Such findings support the theory on metaphorical mapping (Ahrens 1999).
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"Metaphor of light as a Christian identity marker." 2011. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5894783.
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Lee, Ka Keung Caramon.<br>"December 2010."<br>Thesis (M.Div.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 78-89).<br>Abstracts in English and Chinese.<br>Chapter Chapter 1: --- Identity and Metaphors --- p.2<br>Chapter 1.1) --- Introduction --- p.2<br>Chapter 1.2) --- Aspects of Identity --- p.3<br>Chapter 1.3) --- Construction of Social Identity as Revealed on Texts --- p.6<br>Chapter 1.4) --- Functions of Metaphors --- p.10<br>Chapter 1.5) --- Light as an Ancient Metaphor --- p.13<br>Chapter 1.6) --- Outline of the Thesis --- p.14<br>Chapter Chapter 2: --- The Metaphor of Light in the Gospel of John --- p.18<br>Chapter 2.1) --- Introduction --- p.18<br>Chapter 2.2) --- Johannine Symbolism --- p.19<br>Chapter 2.3) --- Old Testament Sources of the Johannine Light --- p.19<br>Chapter 2.4) --- Anti-Language in the Gospel of John --- p.21<br>Chapter 2.5) --- Exegesis of Johannine Light Passages --- p.22<br>Chapter 2.6) --- Self-understanding of the Johannine Community and Unity of the Enemy --- p.29<br>Chapter 2.7) --- Parting of the Ways? --- p.31<br>Chapter Chapter 3: --- Metaphor of Light in the Writings of Pseudo-Dionysius --- p.33<br>Chapter 3.1) --- Introduction --- p.33<br>Chapter 3.2) --- Historical Context --- p.34<br>Chapter 3.3) --- Opponents of Pseudo-Dionysius --- p.36<br>Chapter 3.4) --- Light and Darkness . --- p.38<br>Chapter 3.5) --- Unknowability of God --- p.40<br>Chapter 3.6) --- The Dionysian Hierarchies --- p.42<br>Chapter 3.7) --- The Celestial (Angelic) Hierarchy --- p.43<br>Chapter 3.8) --- The Ecclesiastical Hierarchy --- p.44<br>Chapter 3.9) --- The Relationship between the Two Hierarchies --- p.45<br>Chapter Chapter 4: --- The Metaphor of Light in the Writings of Symeon the New Theologian --- p.49<br>Chapter 4.1) --- Introduction : --- p.49<br>Chapter 4.2) --- Introducing Symeon the New Theologian --- p.49<br>Chapter 4.3) --- Conflicts Faced by Symeon --- p.53<br>Chapter 4.4) --- Key Theological Elements of Symeon --- p.56<br>Chapter 4.5) --- Establishment of Christian Identity as an Individual --- p.59<br>Chapter 4.6) --- Establishment of Christian Identity as a Community --- p.66<br>Chapter Chapter 5: --- Conclusion --- p.71<br>Chapter 5.1) --- "Relationship Between John, Pseudo-Dionysius, and Symeon the New Theologian" --- p.72<br>Chapter 5.2) --- Major Findings --- p.74<br>Chapter 5.3) --- Future Works --- p.76<br>Bibliography --- p.78
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M'Closkey, Kathy. "Myths, markets and metaphors Navajo weaving as commodity and communicative form /." 1996. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:NQ39284.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--York University, 1996. Graduate Programme in Social Anthropology.<br>Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 332-352). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004 & res_dat=xri:pqdiss & rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation & rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:NQ39284.
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Schulz, Heather Marie. "The prop metaphor : how consumers and socially-visible brands connect." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2011-05-3555.
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Post-purchase consumer behavior is an area of consumer research that is underdeveloped. One new phenomenon that can be used to study post-purchase consumer behavior is the individual behavior related to “socially-visible brands.” A socially-visible brand (SVB) is a brand located on or near a person’s physical body while they are out in the public atmosphere. Understanding consumers’ use of their socially-visible brands sheds light onto this form of post-purchase behavior. From a theoretical standpoint, impression management theory from the field of social psychology and consumer culture theory from the field of consumer research were juxtaposed and applied to the topic of socially-visible brands. An organizing framework is presented which adapts the dramaturgical concepts from impression management theory to the field of consumer behavior. Two studies are then presented which look at consumer behavior through this organizing framework. Study one delves into the consumer culture surrounding consumer behavior associated with socially-visible brands. Study two shows how market segmentation factors predict consumer behaviors associated with socially-visible brands. The overall argument being made here that socially-visible brands are a “prop” or tool consumers use during their presentation of self to others.<br>text
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Gendron-Pontbriand, Eve-Marie. "Modes de conceptualisation métaphoriques et théorie de l’évolution : analyse textuelle et traduction." Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/10747.
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Éminent naturaliste du XIXe siècle, Charles Darwin publie en 1859 ce qui s'avérera être
l’un des textes fondateurs des sciences de la vie : On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life (ou OS). Ce volumineux ouvrage pose les assises conceptuelles de la théorie darwinienne de l'évolution. Cette dernière suscite encore de nos jours la controverse : certains la nient (créationnisme, dessein intelligent, etc.) alors que d'autres la poussent à l'extrême (eugénisme, darwinisme social, etc.). Vu la grande portée de l'OS, le problème de sa traduction en français se présente de lui-même. Ce champ d'étude reste pourtant largement inexploré. Nous avons donc choisi, dans le présent travail, d’étudier les traductions françaises de l’OS. Notre étude s’inscrivant dans un axe de recherche qui
s’intéresse aux modes de conceptualisation métaphorique en usage dans les domaines
biomédicaux, ainsi qu’aux problèmes de traduction qu’ils soulèvent, nous avons choisi de nous concentrer plus particulièrement sur les modes de conceptualisation métaphorique présents dans le texte de l'OS, et sur la manière dont ils ont été traduits en français.
Pour mener à bien ce projet, nous avons élaboré une méthodologie à partir de celle déjà
utilisée avec succès dans des études antérieures menées au sein du même axe de recherche que le nôtre. En plus de l’annotation et l’interrogation informatisée de notre corpus, cette méthodologie consiste en la mise en relation, au plan informatique, de plusieurs traductions d’un même texte. De par sa complexité technique, son élaboration constitue l’un des objectifs majeurs de notre étude. Les résultats obtenus nous ont permis de confirmer deux de nos trois hypothèses : 1) la totalité des modes de conceptualisation identifiés dans notre corpus anglais se retrouvent également dans chacune des traductions, et 2) aucun mode de conceptualisation métaphorique ne peut être dégagé des traductions françaises qui n’est pas déjà présent dans l’original anglais. En plus de nous permettre de comparer chaque traduction à l’original anglais, ces résultats nous ont
également permis de comparer entre elles les différentes traductions françaises de l’OS. Ce mémoire de maîtrise comporte six chapitres, qui correspondent tour à tour à : notre cadre théorique, l'état de la question, nos hypothèses et nos objectifs, notre méthodologie, nos résultats et la discussion de ces résultats.<br>In 1859, prominent British naturalist Charles Darwin published On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life (OS). In this book, Darwin introduces his theory of evolution. Since its inception, however, the Darwinian theory of evolution has been shrouded in controversy, rejected outright by some (proponents of creationism, intelligent design, etc.) or highjacked by others (proponents of eugenics, social Darwinism, etc.). Yet the profound impact of the theory extends well beyond the English-speaking world. Despite this, the French translations of this important book have rarely been studied. Therefore, in the current study, we have chosen to fill this gap and study the French translations of the OS. Our study is conducted within a framework that is mainly concerned with conceptual metaphors in biomedical discourse, as well as the problems they cause in the process of translation. We have thus chosen to focus on the identification of conceptual metaphors in the OS, and the ways in which they were translated into French.
For this project, we developed a methodology involving the electronic annotation and interrogation of our corpus, namely the OS and its French translation. It also involves the creation of electronic links between a translation and its source text. This methodology is based on a previous one, already used successfully in other studies. Due to its complexity, its development constitutes one of the major objectives of our study. The results thus obtained have made it possible to confirm two of our three hypotheses: 1) all conceptual metaphors identified in the original English text of the OS can be found in each of the French translations, and 2) no conceptual metaphor can be found in any of the French translations that is not already present in the original English text. The results obtained allowed us to compare each translation to the original text, but also to compare the translation amongst themselves. This Master’s thesis includes six chapters, which correspond in turn to our: theoretical framework, literature review, hypotheses and objectives, methodology, results, and discussion.
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Чиглинцева, Е. С., та E. S. Chiglintseva. "Английские слова AS и LIKE как грамматические инструменты логической операции сравнения : магистерская диссертация". Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10995/43992.
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The master’s thesis is devoted to the comparison operators as and like, comparison being their first and basic meaning. Over the course of time they have undergone various metaphorical transfers, which have led to their polysemy. According to the authors of dictionaries and English grammars, the word as can function as a conjunction (denoting comparison, time, cause, condition, concession, manner, purpose), preposition, adverb, pronoun. As regards the word like, it can function as a conjunction, preposition, particle, adverb (discourse marker). The author attempts to present the diachronic sense development of the two lexemes with the help of etymological dictionaries and books on the history of English. The word as is described as a precedent linguistic unit, which involves the transfer of meaning from basic comparison to new situations. The thesis examines the pragmatic and socio-linguistic aspects of the development of the word like, as they are presented in the works of Russian and foreign linguists. The peculiarities of grammaticalization and subjectification of the English word like, owing to which it has acquired the function of a discourse marker, are also described. The following pragmatic functions are identified: metalinguistic, emphatic, hesitational, quotative, examplificatory, approximative. The thesis also presents a comparative analysis of the usage of the words as and like in fiction and scientific prose (with reference to the British novel Bridget Jones’s Diary by Helen Fielding and the journal Nature).<br>Магистерская диссертация посвящена исследованию английских служебных слов as и like как инструментов логической операции сравнения. Сравнение является их понятийной основой, из которой развились другие значения, в частности, на основе метафорического переноса. Обе единицы обладают широкой семантикой и выполняют множество функций. Согласно авторам словарей и английских грамматик, слово as может функционировать как союз (сравнения, времени, причины, условия, уступки, образа действия, цели), предлог, наречие, местоимение. Слово like может выполнять функции союза, предлога, частицы, наречия (дискурсивного маркера). Предпринята попытка выстроить порядок развития значений двух единиц с привлечением данных этимологических словарей и работ по истории английского языка. В диссертации доказывается статус слова as как прецедентной грамматической единицы, в которой реализуется грамматическая метафора и происходит перенос базового значения сравнения на новые ситуации. Рассматриваются прагматические и социолингвистические аспекты развития слова like, как они представлены в работах отечественных и зарубежных лингвистов. Особое внимание уделяется особенностям грамматикализации и субъектификации данной единицы, вследствие которых она приобрела функции дискурсивного маркера. Отмечаются такие прагматические функции like, как металингвистическая, эмфатическая, функция заполнения хезитационной паузы, функция введения в предложение прямой речи, примера, примерного количества. Кроме того, проводится сопоставительный анализ функционирования слов as и like в английской художественной и научной прозе (на материале романа Хелен Филдинг «Bridget Jones’s Diary» и научно-популярного журнала «Nature»).