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Journal articles on the topic 'Market test for discrimination'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 7 February 2022

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1

Ayres, Ian, and Joel Waldfogel. "A Market Test for Race Discrimination in Bail Setting." Stanford Law Review 46, no. 5 (1994): 987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1229062.

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2

Lang, Kevin, and Michael Manove. "Education and Labor Market Discrimination." American Economic Review 101, no. 4 (2011): 1467–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.101.4.1467.

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Using a model of statistical discrimination and educational sorting, we explain why blacks get more education than whites of similar cognitive ability, and we explore how the Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT), wages, and education are related. The model suggests that one should control for both AFQT and education when comparing the earnings of blacks and whites, in which case a substantial black-white wage differential emerges. We reject the hypothesis that differences in school quality between blacks and whites explain the wage and education differentials. Our findings support the view t

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Kerr, Craig. "A Market Test for Ethnic Discrimination in Major League Soccer." International Journal of Sport Finance 14, no. 1 (2019): 24–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.32731/ijsf.141.022019.02.

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4

Headen, Alvin E. "Price Discrimination in Physician Services Markets Based on Race: New Test of an old Implicit Hypothesis." Review of Black Political Economy 15, no. 4 (1987): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02903726.

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Prior econometric studies of physician fee determination report that fees are positively related to the proportion of the market area that is black and negatively related to the proportion of the market area that is white, but the studies provide only sketchy explanations for these results. This article presents a price discrimination model which explains the empirical results and provides the specific prediction that low income self-pay consumers in the black community constitute the group that pays higher prices for physician services. The study then replicates prior econometric results on a

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Szymanski, Stefan. "A Market Test for Discrimination in the English Professional Soccer Leagues." Journal of Political Economy 108, no. 3 (2000): 590–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/262130.

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Mongeon, Kevin. "A Market Test for Ethnic Discrimination in the National Hockey League." Journal of Sports Economics 16, no. 5 (2013): 460–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1527002513502490.

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7

Kahn, Lawrence M. "The Sports Business as a Labor Market Laboratory." Journal of Economic Perspectives 14, no. 3 (2000): 75–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.14.3.75.

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With superior data on compensation and productivity, as well as the occurrence of abrupt, dramatic market structure and player allocation rules changes, sports labor markets offer an excellent setting in which to test economic hypotheses. This paper reviews evidence from sports in four areas: employer monopsony, discrimination, the Coase Theorem, and incentive contracts, supervision and performance. There is considerable evidence of monopsony as well as for the existence of some forms of discrimination against minority athletes. Incentive contracts have strong effects on player performance and

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Kaas, Leo, and Christian Manger. "Ethnic Discrimination in Germany’s Labour Market: A Field Experiment." German Economic Review 13, no. 1 (2012): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0475.2011.00538.x.

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Abstract This paper studies ethnic discrimination in Germany’s labour market with a correspondence test. We send two similar applications to each of 528 advertisements for student internships, one with a Turkish-sounding and one with a German-sounding name. A German name raises the average probability of a callback by about 14%. Differential treatment is particularly strong and significant in smaller firms at which the applicant with the German name receives 24% more callbacks. Discrimination disappears when we restrict our sample to applications including reference letters which contain favou

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Jacquemet, Nicolas, and Constantine Yannelis. "Indiscriminate discrimination: A correspondence test for ethnic homophily in the Chicago labor market." Labour Economics 19, no. 6 (2012): 824–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2012.08.004.

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10

Kawaguchi, Daiji. "A market test for sex discrimination: Evidence from Japanese firm-level panel data." International Journal of Industrial Organization 25, no. 3 (2007): 441–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijindorg.2006.05.006.

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Meyer, Ruth, and Huw Vasey. "Immigration, Social Networks, and the Emergence of Ethnic Segmentation in a Low-Skill Labor Market." Social Science Computer Review 38, no. 4 (2018): 387–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0894439318815636.

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Postwar migration to “western” countries has gone hand in hand with the development of ethnically segmented labor markets, particularly in low-skill roles where entry requirements are minimal. While numerous theories have been forwarded as to why such situations occur, it has remained difficult to empirically test the relative impact of the many interacting processes that produce segmentation in the labor market. In this article, we investigate the processes of ethnic segmentation in low-skilled labor markets, where referral hiring is the norm, with particular reference to the role of ethnical

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Nunley, John M., Adam Pugh, Nicholas Romero, and R. Alan Seals. "Racial Discrimination in the Labor Market for Recent College Graduates: Evidence from a Field Experiment." B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 15, no. 3 (2015): 1093–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2014-0082.

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Abstract We present experimental evidence from a correspondence test of racial discrimination in the labor market for recent college graduates. We find strong evidence of differential treatment by race: black applicants receive approximately 14% fewer interview requests than their otherwise identical white counterparts. The racial gap in employment opportunities is larger when comparisons are made between job seekers with credentials that proxy for expected productivity and/or match quality. Moreover, the racial discrimination detected is driven by greater discrimination in jobs that require c

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Timur, Aysegul. "Pharmaceutical Price Convergence In The EU: Preliminary Results From The Panel Data Unit Root Test." Journal of Business & Economics Research (JBER) 9, no. 10 (2011): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jber.v9i10.5955.

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This paper explores the case of market integration and price convergence in the European Union, specifically in the pharmaceutical industry. The EU has been experiencing market integration since 1992, through the removal of trade barriers, the establishment of a single market, and the reduction of exchange rate volatility. In addition, there have been several structural reforms in product markets designed to increase competition, monitor cross-country price differences and increase transparency. One anticipated effect of market integration is price convergence, because of the reduced potential

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Flage, Alexandre. "Discrimination against gays and lesbians in hiring decisions: a meta-analysis." International Journal of Manpower 41, no. 6 (2019): 671–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-08-2018-0239.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the true level of discrimination against openly gay and lesbian applicants in hiring decisions in OECD countries as well as on its determinants. Design/methodology/approach The author presents an overview of all studies conducted in order to test for discrimination against homosexual applicants in the labor market by the correspondence testing method. Moreover, the author performs a meta-analysis of correspondence tests from 18 separate studies conducted in OECD countries to test sexual orientation discrimination, containing more than 70 estimat

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Johnson, James H., Elisa Jayne Bienenstock, and Jennifer A. Stoloff. "An Empirical Test of the Cultural Capital Hypothesis." Review of Black Political Economy 23, no. 4 (1995): 7–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02689909.

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Using data from the Multi-City Survey of Urban Inequality, an exploratory, empirical analysis of the cultural capital hypothesis was conducted. The analyses indicate that, while the types of cultural influences cited by proponents of this thesis clearly have negative effects on employment when viewed in isolation from other factors, they are not significant when statistical controls for human capital variables are incorporated into the model. Our findings suggest the need to invest more resources in the public education system and in efforts to combat racial discrimination in the labor market.

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Bertogg, Ariane, Christian Imdorf, Christer Hyggen, Dimitris Parsanoglou, and Rumiana Stoilova. "Gender Discrimination in the Hiring of Skilled Professionals in Two Male-Dominated Occupational Fields: A Factorial Survey Experiment with Real-World Vacancies and Recruiters in Four European Countries." KZfSS Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie 72, S1 (2020): 261–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11577-020-00671-6.

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Abstract The present article investigates gender discrimination in recruitment for two male-dominated occupations (mechanics and IT professionals). We empirically test two different explanatory approaches to gender discrimination in hiring; namely, statistical discrimination and taste-based discrimination. Previous studies suggest that, besides job applicants’ characteristics, organisational features play a role in hiring decisions. Our article contributes to the literature on gender discrimination in the labour market by investigating its opportunity structures located at the recruiter, job a

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Schwegman, David. "Rental Market Discrimination Against Same-Sex Couples: Evidence From a Pairwise-Matched Email Correspondence Test." Housing Policy Debate 29, no. 2 (2018): 250–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2018.1512005.

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Kaestner, Robert, and Wendy Fleischer. "Income Inequality as an Indicator of Discrimination in Housing Markets." Review of Black Political Economy 21, no. 2 (1992): 55–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02701736.

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In this article we develop an alternative empirical method for identifying discrimination in the housing market, and test it using 1980 census data for the city of Philadelphia and four counties that are in close proximity to Philadelphia. A variety of models are estimated, and the results of the analysis appear to support the view that discrimination was an important factor in both the central city county of Philadelphia, and the suburban counties.

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Yinger, John. "Evidence on Discrimination in Consumer Markets." Journal of Economic Perspectives 12, no. 2 (1998): 23–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.12.2.23.

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Economists have contributed to the measurement of racial and ethnic discrimination in consumption and to the identification of its causes, especially in housing markets and car sales. To test the hypothesis that discrimination exists, economists have turned to regression analysis and to audits, a matched-pair survey technique. Economists also have developed audit-based measures of the incidence and severity of discrimination. Audit studies find continuing high levels of discrimination against minorities in the marketing of available housing and in car prices. Audit studies also find that discr

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Hedemann-Robinson, Martin. "Indirect Discrimination Law in the EC; Appearance Rather than Reality?" International Journal of Discrimination and the Law 2, no. 1-2 (1996): 85–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135822919600200206.

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It would not be an overstatement to suggest that the principle of equality constitutes a cornerstone of European Community Law. The prohibition of discrimination on the basis of nationality, enshrined in Article 6 of the EC Treaty, is a theme that runs through Community Law. It has been central to the realization of SingleMarket dream, in eliminating inter-state barriers to develop greater free movement of the four key factors of production, namely goods, persons, services and capital within the Union. The European Court of Justice (ECJ) has even developed a general unwritten principle of equa

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21

Zschirnt, Eva. "Evidence of Hiring Discrimination Against the Second Generation: Results from a Correspondence Test in the Swiss Labour Market." Journal of International Migration and Integration 21, no. 2 (2019): 563–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12134-019-00664-1.

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Cibecchini, Giulia, Paola Cecere, Giorgio Tumino, et al. "A Fast, Naked-Eye Assay for Varietal Traceability in the Durum Wheat Production Chain." Foods 9, no. 11 (2020): 1691. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9111691.

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The development of a colorimetric mono-varietal discriminating assay, aimed at improving traceability and quality control checks of durum wheat products, is described. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was identified as a reliable marker for wheat varietal discrimination, and a rapid test for easy and clear identification of specific wheat varieties was developed. Notably, an approach based on the loop-mediated isothermal amplification reaction (LAMP) as an SNP discrimination tool, in combination with naked-eye visualization of the results, was designed and optimized. Our assay was proven

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Arceo-Gomez, Eva O., and Raymundo M. Campos-Vazquez. "Race and Marriage in the Labor Market: A Discrimination Correspondence Study in a Developing Country." American Economic Review 104, no. 5 (2014): 376–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.104.5.376.

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In Mexico, as in most Latin American countries with indigenous populations, it is commonly believed that European phenotypes are preferred to mestizo or indigenous phenotypes. However, it is hard to test for such racial biases in the labor market using official statistics since race can only be inferred from native language. The experiment consisted on sending fictitious curriculums responding to job advertisements with randomized information of the applicants. The resumes included photographs representing three distinct phenotypes: Caucasian, mestizo, and indigenous. We find that indigenous l

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Matar, Elie, Joseph R. Phillips, Kaylena A. Ehgoetz Martens, Glenda M. Halliday, and Simon J. G. Lewis. "Impaired Color Discrimination—A Specific Marker of Hallucinations in Lewy Body Disorders." Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology 32, no. 5 (2019): 257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0891988719845501.

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There is emerging evidence indicating that color discrimination impairments can predict the development of Lewy body dementia in patients with rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, Parkinson disease, and in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Despite this clear relationship, color vision deficits are not seen uniformly in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), suggesting a more nuanced association with the underlying neuropathology. Visual hallucinations represent a discriminating feature of DLB, and recent evidence implicates visual pathway dysfunction as a significant cont

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Bokemper, Scott E., Peter Descioli, and Reuben Kline. "Unfair Rules for Unequal Pay: Wage Discrimination and Procedural Justice." Journal of Experimental Political Science 6, no. 3 (2019): 180–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/xps.2019.11.

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AbstractDo people judge some forms of wage discrimination to be more unfair than others? We report an experiment in an online labor market in which participants were paid based on discriminatory rules. We test hypotheses about fairness based on procedural justice, divisiveness, and affective polarization between partisans. Workers transcribed text and then learned that they earned more or less money than other workers for doing the same job. We manipulated whether the unequal pay was based on their political party, eye color, or an arbitrary choice between two doors. Consistent with the divisi

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Moons, Karel G. M., Joris A. H. de Groot, Kristian Linnet, Johannes B. Reitsma, and Patrick M. M. Bossuyt. "Quantifying the Added Value of a Diagnostic Test or Marker." Clinical Chemistry 58, no. 10 (2012): 1408–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2012.182550.

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Abstract In practice, the diagnostic workup usually starts with a patient with particular symptoms or signs, who is suspected of having a particular target disease. In a sequence of steps, an array of diagnostic information is commonly documented. The diagnostic information conveyed by different results from patient history, physical examination, and subsequent testing is to varying extents overlapping and thus mutually dependent. This implies that the diagnostic potential of a test or biomarker is conditional on the information obtained from previous tests. A key question about the accuracy o

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Sahakian, Barbara, Gemma Jones, Raymond Levy, Jeffrey Gray, and David Warburton. "The Effects of Nicotine on Attention, Information Processing, and Short-Term Memory in Patients with Dementia of the Alzheimer Type." British Journal of Psychiatry 154, no. 6 (1989): 797–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.154.6.797.

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Nicotine in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) producted a significant and marked improvement in discriminative sensitivity and reaction times on a computerised test of attention and information processing. Nicotine also improved the ability of DAT patients to detect a flickering light in a critical flicker fusion test. These results suggest that nicotine may be acting on cortical mechanisms involved in visual perception and attention, and support the hypothesis that acetylcholine transmission modulates vigilance and discrimination. Nicotine may therefore be of some value in tr

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Mbaye, Souleymane, Mathieu Bunel, Yannick L'Horty, Pascale Petit, and Loïc du Parquet. "Discriminations in the market for “Lemons”: A multicriteria correspondence test in France." Economics of Transportation 24 (December 2020): 100192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecotra.2020.100192.

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Reich, Norbert. "Non-Discrimination and the Many Faces of Private Law in the Union – Some Thoughts After the “Test-Achats” Judgment." European Journal of Risk Regulation 2, no. 2 (2011): 283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x00001288.

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The case discusses the “Test-Achats” judgment of the ECJ in the overall context of the EU-non-discrimination principle in relations traditionally governed by private law and party autonomy. This principle has come from employment law and has been extended to consumption matters, at least with regard to such incriminated characteristics as gender, ethnic origin, and nationality. Even if the consequences of the ECJ judgment on the insurance market, including protection of insured persons themselves, by imposing “unisex”-tariffs from 21.12.2012 on may be viewed critically, the Court only draws th

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Brewster, Zachary W., and Jonathan R. Brauer. "Tableside Justice: Racial Differences in Retributive Reactions to Dissatisfaction." Sociology of Race and Ethnicity 3, no. 3 (2017): 383–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2332649216683966.

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Existing evidence indicates that racial discrimination is a common, if not pervasive, feature of Black Americans’ experiences in U.S. consumer markets. However, few studies have quantitatively explored specific social psychological and interactional consequences of consumer racial discrimination. In response, we draw from literatures on experiences, attributions, and reactions to racial discrimination to posit and test for Black-White differences in consumers’ behavioral responses to dissatisfactory dining experiences. Specifically, past research shows that Black Americans’ dissatisfactory exp

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Pollitz, Karen, Beth N. Peshkin, Eliza Bangit, and Kevin Lucia. "Genetic Discrimination in Health Insurance: Current Legal Protections and Industry Practices." INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing 44, no. 3 (2007): 350–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5034/inquiryjrnl_44.3.350.

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Most states have enacted genetic nondiscrimination laws in health insurance, and federal legislation is pending in Congress. Scientists worry fear of discrimination discourages some patients from participating in clinical trials and hampers important medical research. This paper describes a study of medical underwriting practices in the individual health insurance market related to genetic information. Underwriters from 23 companies participated in a survey that asked them to underwrite four pairs of hypothetical applicants for health insurance. One person in each pair had received a positive

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Vysotskaya, Volha, Máté Kun, Petronella Doszpoly, Zsuzsanna Dabasi-Halász, and Katalin Lipták. "Youth transition to the labour market during employment mobility. Employment and inequality of young people in Europe." Tér és Társadalom 31, no. 4 (2017): 105–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17649/tet.31.4.2888.

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Transition from study to work is considered as the end of youth. How do young people prepare to enter the labour market? What are the strategies young people utilise to become employed if it occurs in another country, as in the case of employment mobility? To answer these questions, the proposed article focuses on how young people move and enter the employment in other destination countries. Alongside with the literature on youth and transition we also observe that young people equally experience challenges of matching their skills in the destination countries. They relate to inequalities on t

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Jiao, Lichao, Tuo He, Eleanor E. Dormontt, Yonggang Zhang, Andrew J. Lowe, and Yafang Yin. "Applicability of chloroplast DNA barcodes for wood identification between Santalum album and its adulterants." Holzforschung 73, no. 2 (2019): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2018-0047.

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AbstractThe East Indian sandalwood,Santalum albumL., is known for its fragrant heartwood and extractive oils. The increasing demand for the valuable sandalwood products has led to illegal and excessive logging, and there are otherSantalumspecies in the commercial market as substitutes (adulterants). Improved tools for the identification ofSantalumspecies are needed to control this situation. In this study, four chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) regions were screened (matK,psbA-trnH,trnK andtrnL) on 35 vouchered specimens covering fiveSantalumspecies, i.e.Santalum acuminatum,S. album,Santalum lanceolatum

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De Weirdt, Willy. "Speech perception and frequency discrimination in good and poor readers." Applied Psycholinguistics 9, no. 2 (1988): 163–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716400006792.

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AbstractThe relation between speech perception and reading ability was investigated. Identification and discrimination tests with stimuli on a stop consonant place of articulation continuum (/PA/-/IA/) were presented to various groups of good and poor readers (normal first graders on a reading continuum in Study 1, moderately and severely dyslexic and high- and low-achieving normal children in Study 2). In both studies, reading-related perception differences were especially marked in a comparison of actual and predicted (from identification test) discrimination scores, suggesting that the poor

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Castellano, Rosalia, and Antonella Rocca. "Gender gap and labour market participation." International Journal of Manpower 35, no. 3 (2014): 345–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-07-2012-0107.

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Purpose – The measurement and comparison across countries of female conditions in labour market and gender gap in employment is a very complex task, given both its multidimensional nature and the different scenarios in terms of economic, social and cultural characteristics. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – At this aim, different information about presence and engagement of women in labour market, gender pay gap, segregation, discrimination and human capital characteristics was combined and a ranking of 26 European countries is proposed through the composite

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Hai, Do Huu, and Ngo Sy Trung. "The Factors Affect the Quality of Financial Statements Audit in Vietnam Businesses." Asian Social Science 12, no. 1 (2015): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v12n1p172.

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<p>The development of a market economy, especially the financial markets is asking for transparency and truthfulness of the financial information with high quality. The information in the financial statements will impact directly and indirectly to the rights and decisions of investors. Independent auditors play a role of evaluating truthfulness and reasonable financial information in enterprises, however there are still risks. This study focuses on analyzing the factors affecting the quality of financial statements audit in enterprises. The analytical methods used in this study are: fact

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Halici, Ali, Ramazan Aktaş, Murat Kasimoglu, and Ahu Genis Gruber. "HUMAN CAPITAL HETEROGENEITY AND ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY ABOUT INTERNATIONAL HOTEL CHAINS IN TURKEY." EMAJ: Emerging Markets Journal 2, no. 1 (2012): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/emaj.2012.16.

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Today, workforce diversity is not only a legal requirement for organizations, but it is also a must to survive in a highly competitive business environment. The prime motive for this study is to investigate the relationship between workforce diversity and perception of discrimination. The basic hypothesis of the study is that as the workforce diversity increases, the perception of discrimination decreases. In order to test the hypothesis, a survey is carried out international hotel chains in Istanbul. There are 19 international hotel chains in Turkey. In this study research is designed to unde

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Augenstein, Daniel. "Engaging the Fundamentals: On the Autonomous Substance of EU Fundamental Rights Law." German Law Journal 14, no. 10 (2013): 1917–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200002571.

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Some years back, Philip Alston argued that processes of globalization, such as the privatization of state functions and the deregulation of private power, while purportedly value-neutral, have “acquired the status of values in and of themselves.” The market is increasingly seen as “the most efficient and appropriate value-allocating mechanism.” As a consequence, human rights become subjected to a litmus test of their “market-friendliness.” As Alston puts it:In the world of globalization, a strong reaction against gender and other forms of discrimination, the suppression of trade unions, the de

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HAN, HENRY, XIAO-LI LI, SEE-KIONG NG, and ZHOU JI. "MULTI-RESOLUTION-TEST FOR CONSISTENT PHENOTYPE DISCRIMINATION AND BIOMARKER DISCOVERY IN TRANSLATIONAL BIOINFORMATICS." Journal of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology 11, no. 06 (2013): 1343010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219720013430105.

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While high-throughput technologies are expected to play a critical role in clinical translational research for complex disease diagnosis, the ability to accurately and consistently discriminate disease phenotypes by determining the gene and protein expression patterns as signatures of different clinical conditions remains a challenge in translational bioinformatics. In this study, we propose a novel feature selection algorithm: Multi-Resolution-Test (MRT-test) that can produce significantly accurate and consistent phenotype discrimination across a series of omics data. Our algorithm can captur

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Frodermann, Corinna, and Dana Müller. "Establishment Closures in Germany: The Motherhood Penalty at Job Search Durations." European Sociological Review 35, no. 6 (2019): 845–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcz043.

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Abstract This study contributes to the research on motherhood penalties by investigating based on German longitudinal register data whether mothers take longer to search for a job than childless women. We develop a unique research design to test the theory of statistical discrimination as well as the theory of status-based discrimination. We use establishment closures as a starting point that creates equal conditions for all previously employed women. Following a subsequent coarsened exact matching approach, we investigate the job search length of almost 3,000 comparable full-time working chil

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Jacobs, Gerald H., John A. Fenwick, and Gary A. Williams. "Cone-based vision of rats for ultraviolet and visible lights." Journal of Experimental Biology 204, no. 14 (2001): 2439–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.204.14.2439.

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SUMMARY Rats (Rattus norvegicus) have two classes of cone, one containing an ultraviolet (UV)-sensitive photopigment and the other housing a pigment maximally sensitive in the middle (M) wavelengths of the visible spectrum. The manner in which signals from these two cone types contribute to rat vision was investigated through recordings of a gross electrical potential (the electroretinogram, ERG) and behavioral discrimination tests. Spectral sensitivity functions obtained from both types of measurement indicate clear contributions from each of the cone classes, but there is a marked enhancemen

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Rogers, R. D., T. C. Andrews, P. M. Grasby, D. J. Brooks, and T. W. Robbins. "Contrasting Cortical and Subcortical Activations Produced by Attentional-Set Shifting and Reversal Learning in Humans." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 12, no. 1 (2000): 142–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892900561931.

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Much evidence suggests that lesions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) produce marked impairments in the ability of subjects to shift cognitive set, as exemplified by performance of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). However, studies with humans and experimental primates have suggested that damage to different regions of PFC induce dissociable impairments in two forms of shift learning implicit in the WCST (that is, extradimensional (ED) shift learning and reversal shift learning), with similar deficits also being apparent after damage to basal ganglia structures, especially the caudate nucle

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Suryawati, Baiq Nurul, Laila Wardani, Muttaqillah Muttaqillah, and Iwan Kusmayadi. "OPTIMIZING PORTFOLIO RETURN WITH NAÏVE DIVERSIFICATION-BASED MODELLING." JMM UNRAM - MASTER OF MANAGEMENT JOURNAL 10, no. 1 (2021): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jmm.v10i1.646.

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This study aims at applying naïve diversification-based modeling in formation of optimal portfolios and to test the superiority of these portfolios against its sectoral indexes. The population of this study are all companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange which are grouped into 10 sectors, namely: Agriculture; Basic Industry; Consumer; Finance; Infrastructure; Manufacture; Mining; Miscelanous Industry; Property; and Trade. The sample of this company is Top 10 Constituents in each company sector listed in the fact sheet per sector, published by the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The analytic

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Bsteh, Gabriel, Harald Hegen, Felix Ladstätter, et al. "Change of olfactory function as a marker of inflammatory activity and disability progression in MS." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 25, no. 2 (2017): 267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458517745724.

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Background: Impaired olfactory threshold has been reported in early inflammatory phases of MS, while impaired odor identification was associated with more widespread disability. Objective: To prospectively assess the development of olfactory function and its correlation with relapse and disability progression. Methods: In this prospective, 3-year longitudinal study on 151 MS patients and 30 healthy controls, three different qualities of olfactory function (threshold, discrimination, and identification) were quantified using the Sniffin’ Sticks test. The influence of relapses and disability on

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Härkönen, Juho. "Labour force dynamics and the obesity gap in female unemployment in Finland." Finnish Journal of Social Research 1 (December 15, 2008): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.51815/fjsr.110676.

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In this paper we analyse the obesity gap in female unemployment in Finland. A growing body of research has documented that women suffer from obesity penalties in the labour market, whereas men do not. In this paper, we focus on the link between obesity and female unemployment. Since the obesity gap in unemployment may be due to both worker and employer behaviour, our approach provides an interesting test case for analysing various hypotheses put forward to explain the obesity gap in labour market rewards. With data from the Finnish component of the European Community Household Panel, we start

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Bugarel, Marie, Lothar Beutin, Flemming Scheutz, Estelle Loukiadis, and Patrick Fach. "Identification of Genetic Markers for Differentiation of Shiga Toxin-Producing, Enteropathogenic, and Avirulent Strains ofEscherichia coliO26." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, no. 7 (2011): 2275–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02832-10.

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ABSTRACTShiga toxin-producingEscherichia coli(STEC) O26 is one of the top five enterohemorrhagicE. coli(EHEC) O groups most often associated with hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) worldwide. STEC O26 is considered to have evolved from enteropathogenic (EPEC) O26 strains through the acquisition of Shiga toxin (Stx)-encoding genes. Our PCR data identified several STEC-like strains expressing all features of STEC except Stx production and carrying remnants of Stx phages that were probably derivatives of EHEC O26. EHEC and EPEC O26 strains phenotypically resemble O26 EHEC-lik

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Pandey, Richa, and V. Mary Jessica. "Measuring behavioural biases affecting real estate investment decisions in India: using IRT." International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 11, no. 4 (2018): 648–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-12-2017-0103.

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Purpose This study aims to investigate the behavioural biases influencing the real estate market investing decisions of normal non-professional investors in India. Design/methodology/approach As the study involves the behavioural data with polytomous response format, psychometric test- graded response model (IRT approach) was used for the study with the help of STATA 14. Multi-stage stratified sampling was used to collect a sample of 560 respondents. The study used a 14-item scale representing behavioural biases derived from two broad behavioural theories, i.e. heuristics and prospect theories

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Mann, Stefan, and Daniel Erdin. "Grades or labels? Beef prices and quality." International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management 33, no. 9 (2016): 1406–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijqrm-03-2015-0042.

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Purpose The difference between quality grades and quality labels is that the latter are awarded on the basis of production processes, whilst the former are conferred on the strength of the actual production results. In the course of a de-ideologisation of society, it might be assumed that the price differences between quality grades would grow larger and larger, while those between quality labels would tend to shrink. The purpose of this paper is to develop and test this hypothesis. Design/methodology/approach Regressions for the calf market on the one hand and for 4,180 cattle-market data set

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Sadiq, M. S., I. P. Singh, and M. M. Ahmad. "INCOME DISCRIMINATION-A MANIFESTATION OF INTERNATIONAL FUND FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT (IFAD) RICE PROGRAMME IN NIGERIA’S NIGER STATE: INVISIBLE OR INVINCIBLE." Pakistan Journal of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering and Veterinary Sciences 37, no. 1 (2021): 56–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.47432/2021.37.1.8.

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The present study evaluated the income inequalities between IFAD and non-IFAD rice farmers in Nigeria’s Niger state. Undated data of 2018 cropping season elicited through structured questionnaire coupled with interview schedules from a total of 296 rice farmers (111 IFAD rice farmers and 185 non-IFAD rice farmers) through a multi-stage sampling technique. Tools viz. descriptive statistics, censored regression, Chow F-test statistics, Average treatment effect (ATE) and Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition model were used for data analysis. The findings showed that the programme had effect on the farmer

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Lindert, Peter H. "The unequal lag in Latin American schooling since 1900: follow the money." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 28, no. 2 (2010): 375–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610910000066.

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AbstractFocusing on education–income anomalies, in which a richer country delivers less education than a poorer country, seems a promising way to harvest a part of the rich history that does not lend itself to econometrics. To test the chain of alleged causation from unequal power and wealth to poor schooling, one must follow the public money, or lack of it, in as many contexts as the data will allow. Public funding for mass schooling is the hitherto untested middle link in the chain. The key to Latin America’s poor schooling was the failure to supply tax money, not gender discrimination or an

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