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Makhitha, K. M. "Do small craft businesses need strategic marketing to survive?" Investment Management and Financial Innovations 13, no. 2 (July 14, 2016): 399–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.13(2-2).2016.15.
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The purpose of this paper was to determine if small craft producer businesses need strategic marketing to survive. Existing literature on strategic marketing and the craft industry in South Africa (SA) was used to answer the following question: do small craft businesses need strategic marketing to survive? Since craft producers lack access to the market, they face major challenges in marketing their products successfully. Secondary research was used to determine the need of strategic marketing by craft producers in SA. Strategic marketing is crucial since craft producers must research changes developments taking place in the market and to be able to develop an appropriate marketing strategy to sustain their businesses. This will enable craft producers to identify customers and to formulate an appropriate marketing strategy to reach their chosen target market. The research revealed it enables them to identify customers and to formulate an appropriate marketing strategy to reach their chosen target market. The study revealed that craft producers do need strategic marketing to survive in South Africa
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Mizuno, Manabu, and Takahiko Kozuka. "Co-Innovation between a Lead User and Producers:." Japan Marketing Journal 39, no. 2 (September 27, 2019): 6–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.7222/marketing.2019.034.
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Christina Sarkol, Maria, Lisa Kurniawati, and Sari Perwita. "Analisis Efisiensi Pemasaran Tempe (Studi Kasus di Sentra Produksi Tempe Sanan, Kelurahan Purwantoro, Kecamatan Blimbing, Kota Malang)." Jurnal BisTek PERTANIAN: Agribisnis dan Teknologi Hasil Pertanian 6, no. 01 (December 2, 2019): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.37832/bistek.v6i01.10.
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Tempeh industry is a typical household business that requires little investment and has few workers. Efficient marketing could optimize the income of tempeh’s producers. This research aims to understand the marketing efficiency and factors that affect the purchasing margin of tempeh in selected areas. This research will study the value of farmer’s share and the marketing margin of tempeh to evaluate the commerce efficiency. The sampels are the producers and sellers. 58 tempeh’s producers are selected by the simple random sampling method. The sellers, on the other hand, are chosen using the snowball sampling, a technique that tracks down the marketing process. The variable studied in the research are as follows: 1) producer’s tempeh’s selling cost, 2) tempeh’s selling price on commercial institution, 3) marketing cost, 4) total amount of sold products, 5) numbers of marketing institution where the product passes, 6) the marketing margin, 7) the farmer’s share, and 8) marketing efficiency. The research finds three marketing channels on the case study areas. The first channel is from the producers to tempeh. The second channel is form producers to retailers to consumers. The third channel is from producers to peddlers to consumers. By using the farmer’s share, the calculation of commerce efficiency. The leading cause is the lack of middlemen. Moreover, the double regression analysis show the retailers tempeh selling cost (X4) to be the dominant factor in the marketing margin of tempeh.
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Vergara, Oscar, Keith H. Coble, Thomas O. Knight, George F. Patrick, and Alan E. Baquet. "Cotton producers' choice of marketing techniques." Agribusiness 20, no. 4 (2004): 465–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/agr.20023.
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Ambo Upe, Jusni, and Andi Aswan. "The choice of a marketing channel to benefit corn producer’s welfare in Indonesia." Innovative Marketing 17, no. 2 (May 5, 2021): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/im.17(2).2021.05.
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This study aims to examine the marketing channel optionsavailable for corn producers in South Sulawesi, the production center in Indonesia, as well as impact of such a choice on their income level. The target group was corn producers and corn traders. The total sample comprised 150 people, consisting of 120 corn producers and 30 corn intermediary traders within South Sulawesi Province. The results showed that three marketing channels accessed by producers are zero-level, one-level, and two-level channels. The net profit margin obtained by intermediary traders per kg is different by types for each marketing channel due to different marketing activities leading to different costs spent. The most efficient marketing channel is the zero-level channel that conducts direct selling to breeders. It followed by the one-level channel (from farmers to collectors and consumers). Finally, the two-level channel (from producers to merchant traders) showed the lowest efficiency. It should be mentioned that the zero-level channel offers a slight price increase for producers compared to other channels. Its consumers only buy limited number of products so that it does not have a wide impact on producer’s welfare. The study also found high input costs spent to cultivate corn due to land rent, fertilizers, and pesticides. AcknowledgmentThe welfare of corn producers and marketing channel choice is part of an internal research grant project from Hasanuddin University. The research involves the regional government at village and sub-district level, and farmer groups in villages within the Province of South Sulawesi.
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Khairunnisa, Tsuraya, Muhammad Irfan Affandi, and Ani Suryani. "ANALISIS EFISIENSI PEMASARAN EMPING MELINJO DI KELURAHAN SUKAMAJU KECAMATAN TELUK BETUNG TIMUR KOTA BANDAR LAMPUNG." Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Agribisnis 6, no. 4 (May 8, 2019): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jiia.v6i4.341-346.
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This research aims to analyze the efficiency of marketing channels and margins of melinjo chips in Sukamaju village, Teluk Betung Timur Subdistrict, Bandar Lampung City. The research is conducted by survey method, in which location is determined purposively. Respondents of this research, producers of melinjo chips in Sukamaju village of Teluk Betung Timur, Bandar Lampung, are drawn by simple random sampling method. This research uses analysis method of marketing channel, margin producer's share analysis, and price transmission elasticity. The results of this study indicated that there were two types of marketing channels in Sukamaju village. The first channel was producer to consumer, and secondly was producer to retailer then consumer. The marketing of melinjo chips in Sukamaju village had a margin percentage and a market share of 42.00% and 58.00% on channel I; of 33.33% and 66.67% on channel II respectively. Marketing of melinjo chips had been economically efficient with competing margin percentage, but based on Price Transmission Elasticity (Et) marketing system was not efficient with Et by 1,13 (Et >1).Key words: efficiency, margin, marketing channels, melinjo chips
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Obolensky, Nikolay V., and Valery P. Agafonov. "Effective marketing strategies of local beer producers." Russian Journal of Entrepreneurship 16, no. 6 (April 10, 2015): 915. http://dx.doi.org/10.18334/rp.16.6.143.
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Willett, Robert E. "Small Producers' Tips on Marketing, Technology Management." Natural Gas 8, no. 11 (August 20, 2008): 24–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gas.3410081110.
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Zarić, Vlade, Zorica Vasiljević, Nebojša Nedić, and Danijela Petković. "The marketing strategies of Serbian honey producers." Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 7, no. 2-3 (September 30, 2013): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2013/2-3/4.
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Serbian honey producers are exposed to the increased international competition of recent years. To face up to the new changes, producers are progressively using diversification strategies, such as direct sales and production diversification. The direct sales strategy allows the producers to increase the product added value, while diversification aims to offer new products to the consumers. The aim of this paper is to analyse the honey marketing strategy of Serbian honey producers. The first part of the paper analyses the structure of production costs, production performances as well as the determinants of the honey supply. In the second part of the paper, analysis is focused on the determinants of direct sales. Finally, in the third part of the paper, diversification strategies are discussed. The data for this research has been obtained on the basis of a representative sample consisting of 84 Serbian honey producers interviewed in 2011 and 2012. The results show that the Serbian honey producers operate with more or less similar production costs and with production performances that do not differ significantly. They use direct marketing for two reasons: firstly, it affords personal contact with consumers, and secondly, they aim to decrease the transaction costs, thereby keeping a higher share of the product’s final value. Offering new products to consumers is an attempt to create additional product demand.
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Shin, Bong-Sup. "The Australian Farmers' Strategies to Manage the Supply Chain." International Area Review 10, no. 2 (September 2007): 95–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/223386590701000206.
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This study aims to research the marketing strategies developed to influence the supply chain to increase the stability of returns. The research looks at examples of the various ways in which producers, producer alliances or producer co-operatives have either moved up the supply chain or used marketing strategies of adding value to their produce by means of product differentiation, marketing co-operatives, branding or niche marketing to provide added to stability to both returns and the business.
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Magfiroh, Illia Seldon, Ahmad Zainuddin, Intan Kartika Setyawati, and Rena Yunita Rahman. "RESPON HARGA PRODUSEN TERHADAP PERUBAHAN HARGA KONSUMEN BAWANG MERAH DI INDONESIA." JSEP (Journal of Social and Agricultural Economics) 10, no. 3 (April 30, 2018): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jsep.v10i3.6481.
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High price fluctuations in onions can cause prices at the consumer level to change in a relatively quick time. However, the price change is not necessarily enjoyed by most of the onion farmers. This implies a high marketing margin and low farmer prices. This study aims to analyze the integration of onion consumer market with onion producer market in Indonesia by using VECM (Vector Error Correction Model). Monthly onion price data with 48 time series period is used to analyze the onion market integration. The results show that only the consumer market that affects the market of onion producers (one way). There are short-term and long-term market integration between the consumer market and the onion producers. However, changes that occur in the consumer market are not always accepted by the onion producers of the same scale. This shows that the price information of onion in the producer's market is not always transmitted perfectly to the onion producer market.
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Fejza, Mr Sc Ejup, Dr Sc Nail Reshidi, and Dr Sc Ramiz Livoreka. "Marketing mix strategies of bread producers in Kosovo." ILIRIA International Review 3, no. 1 (June 30, 2013): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.21113/iir.v3i1.102.
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Marketing is a fundamental or core function of the business which more than any other business function deals with customers and their satisfaction. Creation and implementation of a successful marketing strategy in business is very crucial, especially when we deal with a business such is bread manufacturing. Thus, the purpose of the research was to analyze the development of marketing as an organizational function of bread manufacturers companies in Kosovo, to analyze their marketing strategies and to provide clear recommendations for companies that do not use marketing strategies.During the research I have find that bread producers do not even have established a marketing department and/or do not have employed a marketing or sales person. Only few companies, three out of fifteen, intend to establish marketing department in the future, which is a sign that bread producers still do not see marketing as core function in their activities. They do think more on production than on sales and marketing. None of the companies have promotional activities regularly and only two of them exhibits regularly on the trade fairs in Kosovo and only one company exhibited abroad.There should be continuous insistence of manufacturing companies to advance marketing department, creating a special unit of market research and behavior with consumer.The data for research were collected through questionnaire in fifteen bread manufacturing companies. Methods used for research have been descriptive, comparative, analysis, and synthesis. The research instrument was a questionnaire, the technique has been direct communication and research was conducted between months June up to September 2009.
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Crick, James M., and Dave Crick. "Coopetition and family-owned wine producers." Journal of Business Research 135 (October 2021): 319–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.06.046.
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Wojciechowski, Jan, Glenn C. W. Ames, Steven C. Turner, and Bill R. Miller. "Marketing of Cotton Fiber in the Presence of Yield and Price Risk." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 32, no. 3 (December 2000): 521–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800020617.
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AbstractAn expected-utility model and a chance-constrained linear programming model were used to analyze four marketing strategies and seven crop insurance alternatives for cotton marketing in Georgia. The results suggest that existing marketing tools and insurance alternatives can be used to reduce cotton producers' revenue risk. The optimal level of yield and price insurance coverage depends on an individual producer's risk aversion.
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Frisvold, George B., and Anand Murugesan. "Use of Weather Information for Agricultural Decision Making." Weather, Climate, and Society 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 55–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-12-00022.1.
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Abstract This study uses data from a special subsample of the National Agricultural, Food, and Public Policy Preference Survey to assess use of weather data for agricultural decision making. Responses from 284 Arizona farmers and ranchers were used to examine (i) the importance producers placed on different types of weather data for production and marketing decisions; (ii) which producer characteristics accounted for differences in the importance they placed on weather data; (iii) producer use of weather data for specific production and marketing decisions; and (iv) which factors distinguish weather data users from nonusers. A model of demand for weather information was developed and used to specify count data and discrete choice multivariate regression models. The intensity of weather data use was greater among producers with diversified agricultural production. Diversified producers were more likely to use data for timing of planting, cultivation, and harvest. Weather data use was lower among producers with greater reliance on off-farm income. Producers who rated government risk-management programs as important also found more weather data types important and used weather data for more decisions. Access to satellite TV increased data use but access to the Internet did not.
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Ike, Pius Chinwuba. "Structure, Causality and Price Transmission Tests in Marketing of Irvingia Seed (Ogbono) in Enugu State, Nigeria." Agricultura Tropica et Subtropica 47, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ats-2014-0004.
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Abstract This study examined the marketing of Irvingia seeds (ogbono) in Enugu state, Nigeria, especially as it concerns margins, structure and causality as well as price transmission tests. Primary data were collected from 180 respondents composed of 36 producers, 54 wholesalers and 90 retailers. Data were analysed with descriptive and inferential statistical tools including the Gini coefficient. Irvingia seed marketing margins were generally high, apparently due to poor socioeconomic environments of the actors. The margins were, however, on the average, lower than the producer’s share of the consumer spending. The result of the analysis also suggests a competitive market structure for Irvingia seed in the study area. Prices were determined at the production level of the chain, but producers were asymmetric in their price transmissions to the wholesale level. These observations suggest that policy intervention in the form of improving the socioeconomic environment under which marketing agents operate and facilitation of market information flow (which could reduce the asymmetric behaviour of producers) could improve Irvingia seed marketing in the study area.
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Saediman, Haji, Helviani Helviani, Laila Refiana Said, Sarinah Sarinah, Sitti Aida Adha Taridala, La Ode Alwi, and Ilma Sarimustaqiyma Rianse. "Market Structure of Sago Starch in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS 18 (April 2, 2021): 628–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23207.2021.18.62.
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Sago plant produces sago starch, which can be processed into various food and non-food uses and has high demand in the domestic and international market. However, sago starch marketing is still facing problems that make the crop has not yet optimally support the economy of sago growing and processing households and communities. The study aimed to assess the market structure of sago starch in Konawe District of Southeast Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Data collection was done in two sago growing subdistricts. Respondents consisted of 55 sago producers, four subdistrict collectors, and two large traders. Data were collected using questionnaires, observation, and in-depth interviews, and were analyzed using Concentration Ratio and descriptive statistics. Study results showed that market participants consisted of producers, collectors, large traders, and retailer. The producer or seller concentration was low, and the atomistic selling condition prevailed in the sago extraction industry. The market share of the four largest collectors was 67.25%. Product differentiation was not present or low among the sago producers. Observed barriers to entry into the sago starch production included lack of technical skills, availability of water sources, knowledge of the area, and the nature of sago extraction operation. Barriers to entry into sago marketing were moderate and included capital requirement, economies of scale, knowledge of the area, and networking with both producers and large traders. The sago starch market has deviated from the norms of competitive market structure, namely, an oligopsonistic market structure. The structural features of the industry need to be improved by establishing standard and grades to facilitate marketing and to lead to product differentiation.
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Roussy, Caroline, Aude Ridier, Karim Chaib, and Marie Boyet. "Marketing contracts and risk management for cereal producers." Agribusiness 34, no. 3 (January 19, 2018): 616–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/agr.21549.
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Shankar, S. Bhavani. "Marketing Facilitation for Improving Livelihoods of Tribal Producers." International Journal of Rural Management 10, no. 2 (October 2014): 93–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973005214546593.
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Zhou, Ziyu, and Benjamin M. Bohrer. "PSII-8 Defining pig sort loss with a simulation of various marketing options of pigs with the assumption that marketing cuts improve variation in carcass weight and leanness." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_2 (July 2019): 228–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz122.402.
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Abstract The study offers clarification on pig sort loss and associated marketing strategies using a simulated pig marketing modeling system. The objective was to investigate the economic variability associated with marketing strategies using the simulated pig marketing models. Typically, individual pigs are assessed by measuring carcass weight and predicted leanness, which is then incorporated into a two-factor grid for producer payment, providing incentives for producers who consistently produce desirable carcasses and discounts for producers who produce inconsistent or undesirable carcasses. The simulation considered six producers with the presumption that each had a maximum capacity for 4,800 grow-finish pigs, in order to imitate commercial finishing barns with 48 pens of roughly 100 pigs per pen. The simulation dataset was created using a random number generator with the inverse of the cumulative normal distribution function on Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Inc., USA) with a targeted carcass weight (102.86 kg) and average predicted lean (60%) based on industry averages and previous research studies. Under the assumption that variability in carcass weight and predicted leanness decreased with the addition of each marketing cut, the simulation incorporated a standard deviation reduction of 20% per increase of one marketing cut for both carcass weight and predicted leanness of the population of pigs marketed on a given day. Consequently, there was an increase in profitability; as well as, a decrease in pig sort loss (defined with both carcass weight and predicted leanness) with each marketing cut, but these profitability improvements diminished (as a percentage improvement) with each additional marketing cut. Finally, this simulation provides an appropriate framework and the necessary equations to allow repetition of the different parameters and marketing grid specifically related to an individual producer and processing facility. Thus, helping the industry gain a better understanding of how market cuts can decrease variation and consequently improve profitability.
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Beck, Paul, Jeff Robe, David Lalman, Dana Zook, Marty New, Earl Ward, and Brian Freking. "Needs and Challenges Cattle Producers Face in Adapting Preconditioning Programs." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_2 (May 1, 2021): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab096.008.
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Abstract Identifying the producer’s needs and challenges is the first step to understanding what types of programs will benefit producers the greatest. In the cattle industry, participation in calf preconditioning programs have slowly increased over the last two decades as more sellers and buyers recognize the economic benefits. However, for a seller to receive maximum benefit when marketing their cattle requires planning and an understanding of the components that go into a preconditioning program. Surveys are a practical way to gain useful information to develop programming to educate on developing preconditioning protocols that best fits their operation. Following the 2019 Oklahoma Quality Beef Network (OQBN) VAC45 fall certified sales, a survey was distributed electronically and by postal mail to participating cattle producers. The survey examined a number of aspects associated with preconditioning calves, management practices, operation size, demographics, and obstacles producers face when preconditioning calves. Participation rate was approximately 56% out of the 126 OQBN producers surveyed. Of the respondents, 52% did so electronically. Program ear tags moved to online sales in 2019 and 98% of respondents found ordering online convenient. These results would indicate that the use of technology is an increasing component in the cattle industry by producers and leading the way to the development of more tech related tools. Smaller operations marketing 50 or fewer head (72%) are utilizing preconditioning programs the greatest. Still, the biggest challenge reported by producers preconditioning calves was the expense (59%) associated followed by availability of labor (22%) and facilities (13.5%). Thirty-two percent of respondents indicated 5% or less morbidity rate, and 13% of respondents experienced 10% or less mortality rate. Thirty-three percent of producers estimated 1lb. or less ADG. Developing resources concerning the costliest components of preconditioning may be most crucial and beneficial to the producer to achieve a successful program.
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GILLESPIE, JEFFREY, NARAYAN NYAUPANE, and KENNETH McMILLIN. "HOW ACCURATE ARE FARMERS IN ASSESSING THE GAINS ASSOCIATED WITH QUALITY? THE CASE OF THE MEAT GOAT INDUSTRY." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 47, no. 3 (August 2015): 411–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aae.2015.18.
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AbstractMeat goat producers were queried to determine subjective estimates of premiums they would receive for slaughter kids of various selection classes. Market-based predicted premium estimates were obtained via regression using published U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Marketing Service data. Subjective versus market-based predicted premium estimates were compared to determine producer accuracy in predicting premiums. Producers tended to overestimate quality premiums. Producers more accurate in their estimates tended to be larger-scale and older and to hold college degrees, sell more slaughter goats via auction, and manage their goats more intensively. Results contribute to the literature on producer accuracy in predicting prices.
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Siburian, Radot Vernando, Ktut Murniati, and Ani Suryani. "ANALISIS EFISIENSI PEMASARAN AGROINDUSTRI KLANTING DI KECAMATAN NEGERI KATON KABUPATEN PESAWARAN." Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Agribisnis 7, no. 1 (August 14, 2019): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jiia.v7i1.44-51.
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This research aims to know how much income of producer of klanting agroindustry, marketing channels, and the efficiency of klanting agroindustry marketing at Karang Rejo Village, Negeri Katon Subdistrict, Pesawaran Regency, and Lampung Province. The research is conducted by a survey method. The total of respondents is 32 producers and 146 merchants. The research data was collected in December 2016 until March 2017 and analyzed by descriptive qualitative and quantitative. The result showed that the amount of klanting agroindustry producers’ income was Rp2,018,932.67/month with R/C 1.38 on cash and Rp1,649,645.49 /month with R/C 1.29 on total cost. It meant that the klanting agroindustry was feasible to be run. In addition, there were four kinds of marketing channels on klanting agroindustry at Karang Rejo Village. Marketing system of klanting agroindustry was still not efficient, because the value of elasticity transmission price was less than one.Key words: agroindustry, efficiency, klanting, marketing
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Sachdeva, J. K. "Study of Consumers’ perceptions about Malls and Traditional Retail Outlets." Journal of Global Economy 4, no. 4 (December 31, 2008): 259–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1956/jge.v4i4.107.
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Cooperative marketing is not new to India. To get the economies of scale, Indian craftsmen and traders made shrenies or groups of similar products and trade during 6th and 7th centuries. This was the basis of caste system. The villages during medieval and British period grew with cooperative trade. Cooperative marketing is just an extension and application of the philosophy of cooperation in the area of agricultural marketing. It is a process of marketing through a cooperative society, formed for the producers, by the producers. It seeks to eliminate the middlemen between the producer and the consumer, thus getting the maximum price for their produce. Kirana shops are traditional retail outlets in India. However with the advent of new cooperative marketing with modern all-facility malls, there is general perception that retails consumers are getting skewed towards malls and consequently Kirana stores are experiencing tough competition to retain their customers. This paper is an attempt to know consumers’ perception of Malls and Kriana stores.
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Makhitha, KM. "Marketing Strategies Of Small Craft Producers In South Africa: Practices And Challenges." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 32, no. 3 (May 2, 2016): 663–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v32i3.9649.
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The purpose of this research paper was to investigate the practices and challenges of marketing strategies of craft producers in Gauteng, South Africa (SA). As craft producers lack access to market they are unable to market their products successfully and face major challenges in marketing their products. A survey was conducted among 244 craft producers in Gauteng, South Africa (SA) to determine the marketing strategy practices and the challenges they face when marketing their products. The findings have shown that craft producers introduce new products from time to time and constantly improve existing products. Craft producers believe that their products are unique and of higher quality. They face challenges with the lack of demand for their products and the fact that it is not easy for them to identify customers that want their products. Craft producers need to decide on who they want to target with their products, determine the needs and then formulate an appropriate marketing mix element strategy to reach the chosen target market.
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Batzios, Aristotelis, Achilleas Kontogeorgos, Fotios Chatzitheodoridis, and Panagiota Sergaki. "What Makes Producers Participate in Marketing Cooperatives? The Northern Greece Case." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 4, 2021): 1676. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13041676.
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Marketing cooperatives are gaining popularity in the supply chain management of fruits and vegetables (F&V) due to consumers’ increasing desire to purchase cooperative products as well as producers’ willingness to reinforce their bargaining power in the market. The main purpose of this empirical study is to investigate the most important factors that motivate Greek producers to participate in marketing cooperatives, as well as those motives that discourage them. The prefecture of Imathia, in the northern part of Greece, was chosen because it is characterized by a high involvement of cooperatives, wholesalers and retailers in F&V trading. A structured questionnaire was answered by 61 producers of Imathia in 2020. The results indicate that producers recognize that they ensure safer financial transactions and direct distribution of their fresh agricultural produce via marketing cooperatives. Moreover, the study showed that there is a statistically significant difference in the motives of participation in a marketing cooperative that has bargaining power and direct distribution of fresh agricultural produce between the three categories of education level. However, producers appeared to agree that (1) the great divergence in members’ reasons for participation in a marketing cooperative and (2) the inability to take collective decisions by the general assembly are the most important disincentives for participation in marketing cooperatives.
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Monson, Joseph, and Denise Mainville. "Commercial Berry Crop Producers' Production and Marketing Strategies in Virginia." HortTechnology 20, no. 2 (April 2010): 454–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.20.2.454.
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Producers in Virginia's agriculture sector are searching for alternatives that offer higher returns per acre than traditional commodity production. One possible alternative is the production of berries such as blueberry (Vaccinium spp.), blackberry (Rubus spp.), raspberry (Rubus spp.), and strawberry (Fragaria spp.) that offer a potentially high-value market and can be produced on smaller-scale farms that are characteristic of the state. A mail survey was used to collect data that were analyzed with cluster analysis with respect to farm characteristics, production techniques, marketing strategies, and producers' socioeconomic characteristics. Three types of producers were identified: producers in Cluster 1 are large-scale producers who market the majority of their products through wholesale and retail outlets such as supermarkets, wholesalers, and auctions; producers in Cluster 2 are small-scale, less experienced growers who mostly sell their output directly to consumers, often through farmers' markets; and producers in Cluster 3 are medium-sized, more experienced producers who are also heavily reliant on direct outlets, particularly pick-your-own operations, to sell their products. These characterizations carry implications for extension programming. For example, producers in Cluster 1 have the potential to increase their sales to market outlets, such as supermarkets, that seek larger volumes of production and that have relatively demanding entry requirements; they thus need programming to identify and respond to these needs. Producers in Cluster 2 are relatively new to production and marketing and would benefit from basic programming relating to farm-business planning, production methods, and marketing strategies. Finally, producers in Cluster 3 are distinguished by their diversity and experience in commercial production of berries and would benefit from programming that builds on their considerable experience in and outside of berry production to introduce innovative methods in production and marketing.
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Tanasiichuk, Alona, Olha Hromova, Anastasiia Abdullaieva, Yulia Holovchuk, and Kateryna Sokoliuk. "Strategy of Internationalization by Ukrainian Meat Producers’ Implementation." European Journal of Sustainable Development 9, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2020.v9n1p339.
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Scientific and methodical approaches to the definition of international markets for implementation of the strategy of internationalization by Ukrainian meat producers' have been developed, choosing strategy of internationalization by Ukrainian meat producers procedure has been determined, a system of indicators has been developed to assess the marketing appeal of new international markets for Ukrainian meat producers. According to the analysis of practical aspects results of the agrarian enterprise and its associations functioning, a scientific and methodical approach to the integrated assessment of the business environment of international markets attractiveness’ for Ukrainian meat producers by the product group "0207 Poultry Meat" was developed. The proposed approach is based on applying summing up the ranks to rank foreign markets according to the system of dynamic indicators method, which allowed determining the marketing attractiveness of the new international markets for the activity of Ukrainian meat producers in these markets. As a result of the proposed approach application, foreign markets have been identified that demonstrate favorable conditions for doing business with Ukrainian meat producers. It has been proved that the markets of Denmark and Finland have demonstrated favorable conditions for doing business with them, which testifies that internationalization of Ukrainian meat producers’ strategy should be aimed at the formation of future outlines of new markets in the direction which is beneficial to them.
Keywords: international business activities, internationalization strategies, attractiveness of international markets marketing, a system of indicators for assessing the marketing attractiveness of new international markets.
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Gill, A. B. N. "The changing demands on producers: from quantity to quality." BSAP Occasional Publication 17 (January 1993): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00001221.
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AbstractProducer marketing of extensive livestock is undergoing rapid change as the political economy adjusts to new global orders and social and commercial pressures condition the nature of the market. British producers are responding to the challenges and opportunities of the market place through a business and marketing approach which embraces farm assurance, collaborative marketing, partnership in the food chain and professional business management. The National Farmers' Union is at the centre of developments in these important areas. This strategy provides the best basis for the maintenance of a viable rural economy.
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Szymański, Grzegorz. "Marketing Activities of Local Food Producers in E-Commerce." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 21, 2021): 9406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13169406.
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The food industry is characterized by a constant increase in value. The purpose of this study is to identify the most popular marketing forms used by the analyzed enterprises, which were food producers selling online among the local community and identification of the correlation of the analyzed variables with the age of companies. The survey was carried out with the use of the CATI (Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing) method, and the research tool was a questionnaire. The Chi-square statistics was used to examine the dependencies of individual variables and V-Cramer coefficient was used to identify the strength of the correlation. The obtained results and their analysis enable to conclude that there is a strong relation between the number of encountered problems in conducting online sales and the period of the company’s existence. The relationship (with a moderate strength) between sources of marketing inspirations used in e-stores and the company’s age was also confirmed. Furthermore, it was noticed that the number of marketing tools increases with the period of the company’s existence. Sales promotion, social media marketing and website positioning were indicated among the most popular tools.
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R, Dayanandan, and Tadele Yaya Ataro. "Determinants of cassava production and its marketing channel efficiency - an assessment." Journal of Management and Science 8, no. 2 (June 30, 2018): 131–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/jms.2018.12.
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Cassava production has got an international attention and currently different organizations and foundations are involved in research and development activities. But cassava producers in the study area are facing different challenges in production system and marketing for cassava products. Hence, the main focus of this research paper is to see the determinants of cassava production and its marketing channel efficiency in the study area. Both primary and secondary data sources were used to address the objectives and the primary data was collected from 181 sample farmers drown from three cassava producer rural villages using multi-stage sampling technique. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation were used to summarize the data. Furthermore, inferential statistics like multiple linear regression model was employed to identify the determinants of cassava production. The study results indicate that the production trend of cassava in the area has been increasing time to time. The regression analysis results also disclosed that educational level, access to agricultural input, age of the farmers, pests attack, extension visit, fertility of the soil, farm size, irrigation, experience and family size were the variables that significantly influence households cassava production. It is also found that direct sale (producers sell their cassava products to the final consumers) brings the biggest price share (35%) for the farmers and it is the best channel to increase efficiency and the wealth of farmers. The challenging factors influencing the cassava producers in the study area are shortage of farm landholding, marketing chain efficiency, soil fertility, high population pressure, and drought etc. Therefore, the researcher recommends that the government, non-government, cooperatives and agricultural research centers should support the cassava producer farmers by giving improved variety and promote the non-producer farmers to participate in cassava production and create market chain in the study area.
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Tilley, Daniel S., and Matthew C. Dickey. "Factors Influencing Adoption of Electronic Marketing for Grain Producers." North Central Journal of Agricultural Economics 9, no. 1 (January 1987): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1349339.
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Goodwin, Barry K., and Terry L. Kastens. "An Analysis of Marketing Frequency by Kansas Crop Producers." Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy 18, no. 4 (October 1996): 575–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1349591.
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Schroeder, Ted C., and Allen M. Featherstone. "Dynamic Marketing and Retention Decisions for Cow‐Calf Producers." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 72, no. 4 (November 1990): 1028–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1242634.
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Davis, Mari. "Marketing strategies and practices used by Australian database producers." Online Review 13, no. 4 (April 1989): 291–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb024313.
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Wells, Robert S. "70 Integrity Beef Alliance I. Program Overview." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_1 (July 2019): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz053.007.
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Abstract Noble Research Institute initiated a cow/calf best management practices (BMP) and marketing program in 2000. Over time, the Integrity Beef Alliance program has matured into a producer-run stand-alone Alliance that has received much favorable attention in the industry. The objectives of the program are: 1.) implement BMP’s, 2.) increase selling weights of calves, 3.) increase calf quality and uniformity, 4.) improve marketing efficiencies, 5.) utilize producer records for improvement, and 6.) educate producers to use of BMP’s. This program has developed stringent protocols that must be adhered to throughout the calf production phase. Protocols and requirements center on cow and bull genetics, herd health, preconditioning criteria, and record keeping. Producers who complete all required documentation and pay an annual membership fee are allowed to sell their calves through a value added calf sale, receive a letter of certification to provide to potential direct market buyers, or market through Superior Livestock Video utilizing the Integrity Beef Alliance logo. Through the utilization of financial and production records, members are able to benchmark themselves against other similar operations in the program and against their own performance over time to determine areas of needed improvement and areas of efficiency. Compared with the 2008 NAHMS data, producers have averaged a 28.6 kg increased weaning weight. Many producers have indicated a higher increase in weaning weight compared to their previous protocols. The program has grown from 11 producers in 2005 to 51 members in 2018.
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H. Penkova, Oksana, Andrii O. Kharenko, Valentyna A. Lementovska, Diana M. Sokovnina, and Iryna Kyryliuk. "Organization and effectiveness of marketing management of agricultural commodity producers under non-cooperative marketing: the experience of Ukraine." Problems and Perspectives in Management 16, no. 4 (October 10, 2018): 13–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.16(4).2018.02.
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Under reducing domestic demand for food in Ukraine and increasing dependence on the world food market, a significant part of quasi-price rent from its sale is assigned by intermediary exporters, thus reducing the welfare of domestic commodity producers and consumers. To mitigate this negative effect, it is necessary to have a carefully designed marketing business strategy. The purpose of this article is to summarize the practice of using the main elements of the marketing complex, analyze the effective management of marketing activities of agricultural producers in Ukraine and determine the main directions for increasing its effectiveness by establishing marketing relations for the product supply. Given the large area of Ukraine and the complexity to obtain monographic data that are not subject to monitoring by the State Statistics Service, the study was conducted using agricultural enterprises of the typical agricultural district, namely Khrystynivka district of Cherkasy region (Ukraine) as an example. It is revealed that the use of marketing tools by agricultural enterprises is limited due to the specifics of commodity products and the managers’ focus on short-term business goals. The analysis of forming and realizing the marketing complex of the district enterprises using the monographic method has shown that enterprises systematically use only elements such as commodity policy and distribution policy, while relying exclusively on retrospective marketing data. Significant increase in the return on marketing costs in the short term can only be achieved if formal or informal associations of commodity producers are formed on a functional-territorial basis. This will create a scale effect and allow each member to reduce transaction costs and get an additional premium. It is proved that while conducting administrative-territorial reform in Ukraine, it is most appropriate to form such associations within the boundaries of the united territorial communities.
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Jones, Eugene, Marvin T. Batte, and Gary D. Schnitkey. "A Socioeconomic Analysis of Marketing Information Usage Among Ohio Fruit Producers." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 22, no. 2 (December 1990): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800001851.
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Abstract Farm producers attempt to mitigate risk and uncertainty by utilizing accurate and reliable information. This research attempts to identify sources of information used by Ohio fruit producers and then determine which of these sources are best meeting their information needs. Results are based on a logit analysis of Ohio fruit producers and several factors are shown to influence producers' evaluation of the “adequacy” of their marketing information. Among these factors are age, business size, education, type of enterprise, and types of information sources. Reported findings have implications for marketing efficiency, particularly if producers' evaluation of infonnation as adequate is positively related to its efficient use.
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Artukoglu, M. M., and A. Olgun. "Cooperation tendencies and alternative milk marketing channels of dairy producers in Turkey: A case of Menemen." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 54, No. 1 (January 29, 2008): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/252-agricecon.
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The aims of this study are to determine the cooperation of milk producers and to analyze the milk marketing structure in Menemen-Izmir, West Turkey. According to the results of this study, 70% of the producers are the shareholders of the cooperatives, 49.2% of the producers are members of the National Chamber of Agriculture. In this study, 47.20% of total milk production in the farms is marketing to street sellers, 36.11% is marketing to small scale milk processing plants, 10.1% is marketing directly to consumer and 6.6% is marketing to dairy factories. Also, feed prices in the market are 5% higher than the prices of cooperatives. The main problems related to organization and marketing together are the lack of knowledge in production, low milk prices and the high cost of production.
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KULIKOV, I. M., and I. A. MINAKOV. "Commercial Activity of Agricultural Producers." Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 9, no. 3 (June 15, 2020): 913. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505/jarle.v11.3(49).26.
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The article considers the existing sales system of agricultural products, which does not allow bringing the manufactured products to the consumer promptly and without losses, as well as reveals the features of agricultural production that affect commercial activity, such as dependence of production output on natural and climatic conditions, guaranteed demand, the uneven supply of products to the market, perishable and poorly transportable products, and the concentration of demand in large cities. It is established that the main suppliers of many types of products to the domestic market are agricultural organizations. This is explained by their large production output and a high level of product marketability. The main channel for selling agricultural products is processing enterprises and wholesale trade. It accounts for 77.0% (by wool) to 98.0% (by sugar beet). The sale prices of products vary by distribution channels; this stipulates the different levels of sales profitability. Export is one of the product sales channels; however, it leads to a reduction in the supply of products in the domestic market. The article substantiates the areas for improvement of commercial activity, which include the use of marketing, increasing the competitiveness of products based on improving their quality, creating consumer marketing cooperatives and agro-industrial establishments that combine production, storage, processing, and sale into a single process, participating in fairs, state and regional tenders, using Internet resources, organizing a system of wholesale food markets and logistics centers.
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Banterle, A., A. Cavaliere, and S. Stranieri. "European traditional food producers and marketing capabilities: An application of the marketing management process." Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 3, no. 5-6 (December 30, 2009): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2009/5-6/7.
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The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the marketing management capabilities of SMEs producing traditional food products, in order to analyse the market orientation of SMEs in the food industry. Following the theoretical approach of Market Orientation, our analysis is based on an assessment of the marketing management process. The methodology refers to a survey developed through a questionnaire published on the web, and a sample of 371 firms based in Belgium, Italy, Spain, the Czech Republic and Hungary was used in the analysis. Cluster analysis was applied to find the different levels of market orientation of the firms. The results revealed a certain lack of appropriate skills in marketing management in the firms of the sample, confirming the evidence found in economic literature concerning SMEs. Nevertheless, cluster analysis outlined a group of firms with good marketing capabilities and market oriented, and these represent a great part of the sample (40%). With regard to the stages of the marketing management process, the most problematic are those of planning and implementation, and control and evaluation, highlighting the difficulties SMEs encounter in carrying out coordinated marketing; which appears to be generally characterised by poor organisational capacity.
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Brown, A., G. F. Ortmann, and M. A. G. Darroch. "Factors affecting the use of price risk management tools by large commercial maize producers in South Africa." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 3, no. 1 (March 31, 2000): 75–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v3i1.2600.
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Ordinary Least Squares regression was used to examine what characteristics affect the use of maize price risk management tools by a sample of large commercial South African maize producers in 1998. The use of maize storage facilities, off-farm employment, formal crop insurance, length of formal education of operators and the proportion of farm turnover from maize, all positively influence producers' use of these tools. Crop insurance thus appeared to be a complementary method of risk management. In contrast to previous United States studies, operators' self-rated score of marketing management ability was negatively related to the use of price risk management tools. Maize marketing seminars and other sources of information on managing price risk would reduce adoption costs and encourage broader producer participation
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PhD, Okwuchukwu Marcus, Anyasor,. "Marketing Mix Strategies of Soft Drink Producers in Anambra State, Nigeria." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-1 (December 31, 2017): 1053–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd7195.
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Mircea, Fuciu. "New Marketing Tendencies in the Romanian Wine Industry." Studies in Business and Economics 15, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sbe-2020-0004.
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AbstractIn the last decade or so, the Romanian wine industry has changed and developed greatly, by the increase of wine producers, especially the niche producers, alongside the traditional, big, producers. The paper aims to understand the new tendencies in the field of marketing, that occur on the wine industry of Romania, as well as the changes that take place in the minds and lives of the consumers in the context of the online world, combined with new trends and technologies that can be used by the consumers. Secondly, the paper represents a secondary data analysis of the International and Romanian Wine Industry, in terms of production and consumption, we also presented a short profile of the Romanian wine consumer, as a result of a survey developed by wine industry organisation. The paper shows some new trends of the wine industry, underlined by the specialists, as well as technologies and methods of marketing interaction with the consumers used by the Romanian producers of this product.
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Mabuza, Lawrence Majola, Gerald Ortmann, and Edilegnaw Wale. "Effects of transaction costs on mushroom producers’ choice of marketing channels: implications for agricultural market access in Swaziland." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 17, no. 2 (March 6, 2014): 207–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v17i2.494.
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Mushrooms are highly perishable agricultural commodities, and as such their marketing is invariably associated with high transaction costs. Despite the mushroom enterprise gaining popularity in a number of sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries, where production is dominated by rural-based small-scale farmers, no research has been done to study the nature and complexity of transaction costs encountered by these producers in attempting to participate in mainstream supply chains. This study uses cross-section data obtained in 2011/2012 from mushroom producers in Swaziland to study the effects of transaction costs on producers’ choice of marketing channels and the quantity of mushrooms supplied. Having used Cragg’s model for analysis, the results indicate that producers’ decisions of where to sell their mushrooms are significantly affected by household labour endowment, production capacity, access to cooling facilities and market information, and producers’ bargaining position. Meanwhile, the quantities of mushrooms sold are significantly influenced by the difficulty in accessing reliable transport and producers’ level of uncertainty in meeting buyers’ quality requirements. The study concludes by highlighting potential interventions that could minimise marketing and transaction costs and further improve the general agricultural marketing environment in Swaziland.
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Moore, Jonathan Allen. "Selling empire: a historical perspective on selling foreign products in domestic markets." Journal of Historical Research in Marketing 8, no. 2 (May 16, 2016): 263–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhrm-07-2015-0023.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore how the Empire Marketing Board used enhanced marketing tools and approaches to reduce British consumer bias against foreign products. The paper asks: “How have marketers historically increased foreign exports to domestic markets?” Design/methodology/approach The paper comprises an historical account of the Empire Marketing Board during the 1920s and 1930s. Applying a qualitative approach, it relies on archival materials gathered by the author in the United Kingdom – including official and personal papers; newspaper and poster advertisements of the Board; and existing scholarship for its information. Findings The Board used three strategies in its advertisements: collaboration, showing how domestic and overseas markets were linked in mutually beneficial ways; globalization, emphasizing the expansive “home” market and the benefits of removing borders; and producer profiles, narrating the producers of imperial products to create the desire to benefit producers. Practical implications The strategies of the Board are not dissimilar to fair trade campaigns used by the private sector today, notably in coffee. Looking forward, these approaches could be valid ways for companies today to reduce consumer bias against foreign goods, and this paper hopes to be a stepping-stone for future research. Originality/value Analyzing under-used archival sources, the paper illuminates the complex processes and ideologies embedded within the Board’s campaigns. The Empire Marketing Board played an important role in the interwar British consumer conceptualization of the relationship between Britain and her Empire, construction of a global British “home” market and the familiarization of imperial producers.
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Denisenko, Julia, Valery Lisitsin, and Anna Fedosenko. "Challenges and prospects of “green” marketing use by the Russian agricultural producers." E3S Web of Conferences 273 (2021): 08031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127308031.
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The key aspects and specificity of “green” marketing in comparison with the traditional marketing concept along with the areas of environmental activity of agricultural organizations and farms are discussed in the article. The results of the study conducted with the participation of marketing departments’ representatives of agricultural organizations of the Southern Federal District are presented in the paper. The research made it possible to identify the main challenges for organic agriculture development and use of “green” marketing tools in the activities of agricultural enterprises. Based on the discussion of the study results as well as on the analysis of scientific literature on the development of “green” marketing and organic agriculture, the directions of Russian agricultural organizations’ activity are suggested, which can contribute to the use of “green” marketing tools and improvement of business environmental friendliness, taking into account current global trends of sustainable development and corporate social responsibility.
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Zanette, Maria Carolina, Eliane Pereira Zamith Brito, Isleide Arruda Fontenelle, and Marina de Camargo Heck. "Eating one’s own otherness: When producers commercialize their ethnicities." Journal of Business Research 129 (May 2021): 134–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.02.057.
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Bhandari, Hemlal, Thaneshwar Bhandari, Krishna Prasad Timsina, and Hari Krishna Panta. "Supply chain efficiency of Tomato in Kathmandu valley." Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/janr.v4i1.33232.
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Past studies kept attention on the supply side or value chain aspects of tomato but not kept attention to the supply chain efficiency. To measure supply-side efficiencies in tomato sub-sector, this survey research organized an interview schedule with the randomly selected eighty households in Kirtipur, Chandragiri, Changunarayan, and Godawori municipalities of Kathmandu valley during April to June 2018 with semi structured questionnaire. Study estimated NRs 8,26,144/ha as net profit of tomato grown under tunnel was nearly 44% higher compared to open field condition. Further five types of marketing channels prevailed for tomato market were; channel first (producer-retailer-consumer), channel second (producer-wholesaler-retailer-consumer), channel third (produce-cooperative-retailer-consumer), channel fourth (producer-collector-wholesaler-retailer-consumer) and channel fifth (producer-wholesaler-processor-wholesaler-retailer-consumer) but most dominant was the fourth one since 45% of the fresh tomato supplied through it especially to save time and avoid all possible drudgery in the market. The marketing margin per kilogram of tomato was the lowest (NRs.16.55) in the third channel and the highest (NRs. 39.2) in the fifth channel while the highest market efficiency was 1.27 for the third channel. The producer’s share was highest for the third channel (66.33%) and lowest for fifth channel (39.88%). followed by 1st channel (63.72%) and lowest in 5th channel (39.88%). In order to promote a coordinated and most efficient supply chain, the study suggested the most dominant, low marketing margin and highly efficient supply channel for tomato so that tomato producers would get a high share. Rather than a private one, either group marketing or cooperatives are suggested to involve in fresh tomato marketing.
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Fejza, Ejup, and Halil Bajrami. "Market analyses of marketing strategies of industrial producers and processors in Kosovo." International Journal of Finance & Banking Studies (2147-4486) 8, no. 4 (January 28, 2020): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijfbs.v8i4.624.
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Marketing can be considered as the connection between consumers and the management in attempt to create profit for the company. The main purpose of the research is to analyze the marketing strategies of industrial producers and processors in Kosovo and to find out which are the best marketing strategies that will lead these companies toward the growth of their market share and profit. During the research the paper finds that most of the producers we have analyzed have of proper marketing strategies used toward the company growth, including entering new markets and/or developing new products. Companies, part of this research, think more about productivity than sales and marketing and they still didn’t make the distinction between marketing and sales. We find that the behavior of most companies is geared towards productivity and not so much towards marketing and marketing strategies. Of course productivity is important, but marketing strategies can help in increasing the market share and growth, which could directly result to additional productivity needs. We also find out that there seems to be little courage in entering and exploring new markets; investing in offering new products to the market; or improving the design and quality of the products; and/or adding value to the existing products. Their growth strategies in terms of the above are still undeveloped. Therefore, there should be continuous insistence of manufacturing companies to advance marketing department, creating a special unit of market research that will help them to develop new markets and new products and make their company profitable by taking a larger market share and benefiting from diversification and proliferation. The data for research was collected through a questionnaire in 30 food producer and processor companies in Kosovo. Firstly, data has been gathered and processed through Microsoft Excel and the same data then were processed through SPSS 2.0 cross tabulation with the aim of comparing company strategies used and for testing of hypothesis.