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Journal articles on the topic 'Marriage Marriage Married women Equality'
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1
Kaydani, Maryam. "Raising Awareness for Gender Equality in Hindu Marriage." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 3, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v3i1.p50-54.
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The Hindu marriage has been one of the controversial issues among activities. Marriage in Hindu community is considered as holy and very significant social institution. In real, it is a commercial exchange and at large a marketplace populated by high demanding groom family. The paper aims to give a comprehensive account of problems that Hindu girls encounter during their marriage and within their marriage life. Apparently, Hindu marriage is between two families rather two people. More or less girls have no right to object. As a result girls mostly get married at earliest opportunity and they are forced into relationship as such most of marriage is based on parent’s decision rather than mutuality of sentiment or emotional attachment. Therefore, prepubescent girls are often oppressed by bridegroom and his family members. In this sort of relationship, girls are financially dependent which develop their suppression. Data for this paper has drawn from in-depth interviews conducted with 120 married women of aged 12-20 years living in two Indian states who got married since 2005. Participants were randomly selected for interview if the woman was married before the ages of 15 years. Findings underscore the need to raise awareness of the negative outcomes of child marriage and to build support among girls and their families for delaying marriage, to enforce existing laws on the minimum age at marriage and to encourage other authorities to support young women in negotiating with their parents to delay marriage and eliminate child marriage.
2
Giza, Natalia. "Getting Married in Renaissance England as Presented in the Conduct Literature for Women." Studia Historyczne 60, no. 2 (238) (December 29, 2018): 73–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/sh.60.2017.02.06.
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There were two “career paths” open to Renaissance women in England — entering a monastery or getting married. With the introduction of reformation the first option vanished. Getting married opened varying possibilities. On one hand the contemporary promotion of marriage reinforced the patriarchal system of the society (a man is its head and the woman and children are his subjects). On the other, the idea of a “companionate marriage” allowing husbands and wives a certain degree of equality was formulated for the first time also by sixteenth–century thinkers. The traces of the Renaissance debate on which form of life is more pious and pleasing to God – celibate or married – can also be found in the conduct literature for women, on top of other advice referring to marriage.
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Downing, Janelle, and Paulette Cha. "Same-Sex Marriage and Gains in Employer-Sponsored Insurance for US Adults, 2008–2017." American Journal of Public Health 110, no. 4 (April 2020): 537–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2019.305510.
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Objectives. To estimate the effects of same-sex marriage recognition on health insurance coverage. Methods. We used 2008–2017 data from the American Community Survey that represent 18 416 674 adult respondents in the United States. We estimated changes to health insurance outcomes using state–year variation in marriage equality recognition in a difference-in-differences framework. Results. Marriage equality led to a 0.61 percentage point (P = .03) increase in employer-sponsored health insurance coverage, with similar results for men and women. Conclusions. US adults gained employer-sponsored coverage as a result of marriage equality recognition over the study period, likely because of an increase in dependent coverage for newly recognized same-sex married partners.
4
Bushnell, John. "Did Serf Owners Control Serf Marriage? Orlov Serfs and Their Neighbors, 1773-1861." Slavic Review 52, no. 3 (1993): 419–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2499717.
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Historians of the Russian peasantry hold almost unanimously that serfowners routinely intervened in serf marriage: that they generally forbade serf women to leave the estate through marriage or marry at all without permission, commanded serfs to marry young, made compulsory matches when their serfs failed to marry on schedule, and otherwise prevented serfs from exercising free choice in marriage. Equally common is the assumption that the nobles’ interest in serf marriage was the multiplication of human property and the number of duespaying labor units, i.e., married couples. The one exception is Steven Hoch, who found that on the Gagarin estate of Petrovskoe, Tambov province, managers never intervened, at least in first marriages. They never had to, Hoch argues, because the heads of peasant households shared the owners’ interest in early and universal marriage. That was because estate managers allocated land, the only significant economic resource, to married couples on an egalitarian basis. Even Hoch accepts the standard view that, on other estates where different socioeconomic conditions held, estate authorities did have to intervene to ensure that serfs married early and universally.
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Batmaro, Aresta A. O., Luh Putu Ruliati, and Indra Yohanes Kiling. "Marriage Satisfaction on Young Women with Premarital Pregnancy." Journal of Health and Behavioral Science 2, no. 3 (August 9, 2020): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.35508/jhbs.v2i3.2382.
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Marriage due to premarital pregnancy become increasingly more common in Indonesia, although the behaviour is still deemed as inappropriate by the society and tend to be negatively stigmatized. This might affect the marriage satisfaction which could harm the overall quality of the marriage. The purpose of this study was to determine marital satisfaction on youth with premarital pregnancy. Participants in this study were nine young women who were married due to premarital pregnancy and residing in Kupang City. Data was collected using interviews and analysed with thematic analysis approach that revealed three main themes. The results showed that marital satisfaction varied in participants, in which six participants were more satisfied and enjoyed their current married life, while the other three participants were not satisfied due to dissatisfaction with aspects of equality of roles in household, parenting and sexual life. Implications from this results were discussed further in the article.
6
Megha. "Criminalizing Rape Within Marriage." Politikon: The IAPSS Journal of Political Science 20 (June 29, 2013): 124–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22151/politikon.20.10.
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The paper is an attempt to bring marital rape under the purview of legal discourse in India with substantive equality approach to problematize the existing defined structure of Indian Rape Law. This paper takes up the challenge to create a legal language on the issue of rape within marriage which is till now absent from the legal and social scenario. The equal treatment of women before and under the law within the context of marital rape is critical to ensuring the recognition of women as full citizens, and ensuring their freedom from violence. This paper examines the following questions: how marital rape contributes to and results from women‘s inequality; how the discriminatory roots of the historical- cultural rationales contributes to the exemption of marital rape from the Indian legal system; how the issue of marital rape has been debated in personal-political scenario from the feminist viewpoint; how equality jurisprudence can support the case for the legal treatment of marital rape claims. This paper questions the socio-legal passivity about the suppression of married women; cultivate the knowledge that helps women to generate their own thinking and to apply that in creating the new subjects, to make the women able to express their disagreements about the consent and to make them aware of their active sexuality to provide them bodily integrity. The paper is, thus, an attempt to emphasise the need to transform the prevailing masochistic heterosexual socio- legal matrix. The paper underlines the need to bring the issue of marital rape in the political sphere by bringing this to the purview of Indian law in both formal and substantive manner.
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ZAVATTARO, M., C. SUSANNE, and M. VERCAUTEREN. "INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION AND BIODEMOGRAPHICAL BEHAVIOUR: A STUDY OF ITALIANS IN BELGIUM." Journal of Biosocial Science 29, no. 3 (July 1997): 345–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932097003453.
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This paper describes the matrimonial and reproductive behaviour of Italians who migrated to Belgium after the Second World War. Migrants were either already married, or later became married, to other Italians. Among the children of migrants, men equally chose Italian or Belgian wives but women tended to prefer Italian partners. Italian-Belgian marriages were more frequent among the better educated groups. Family size is smaller among migrants marrying after migration and in heterogamous marriages. Significant differences in birth intervals are found when marriage occurred before or after migration, between generations, and between homogamous and heterogamous marriages.
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Budu, Eugene, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Abdul-Aziz Seidu, John Elvis Hagan, Wonder Agbemavi, James Boadu Frimpong, Collins Adu, Kwamena Sekyi Dickson, and Sanni Yaya. "Child Marriage and Sexual Autonomy among Women in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from 31 Demographic and Health Surveys." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 7 (April 3, 2021): 3754. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073754.
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Child marriage has a variety of undesirable consequences at the peril of women’s health and autonomy. In this study, we examined the association between child marriage and sexual autonomy among women in sub-Saharan Africa. We utilised data from the most recent Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in 31 countries in sub-Saharan Africa between 2010 and 2019. A total of 218,578 women aged 20–49 were included in this study. Multivariable binary logistic regression models were used to show the association between child marriage and sexual autonomy. Crude odds ratio (cOR) and adjusted odds ratio (aOR) were used in presenting the results. The prevalence of child marriage and sexual autonomy was 44.51% and 83.35%, respectively. Compared to women who married at 18 years or above, those who married at less than 18 were less likely to have sexual autonomy, and this persisted after controlling for important covariates. In terms of the country-specific results, women who experienced child marriage were less likely to have sexual autonomy in Burundi, Congo DR, Nigeria, and Niger. With the covariates, lower odds of sexual autonomy were found among women with no formal education, those whose partners had no formal education, those who were not exposed to media, and non-working women. Child marriage was found to be associated with sexual autonomy. There is a need to strengthen policies and programmes such as compulsory basic education, poverty alleviation, and an increase in access to media that aim at reducing child marriage. These interventions will help to improve sexual autonomy among women, especially in this 21st century where individuals and organisations incessantly advocate for gender equality.
9
Harrell, Thomas W. "The Association of Marriage and MBA Earnings." Psychological Reports 72, no. 3 (June 1993): 955–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1993.72.3.955.
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Sex differences in MBA careers were investigated to test three hypotheses: (1) men will advance in management more than women, (2) women will show more emotional reaction to career stress than men, (3) single women will progress more equally to single men than will be true for married women compared to married men. All three of the hypotheses were supported. Men earned more. In 1990 Kazal-Thresher found starting sex segregation by industry and occupation to explain some differences in earnings. Men worked longer hours, had more stable employment, achieved a general manager position more frequently, and had higher job satisfaction than women. Women, especially married women, expressed more frustration about careers than did men. Single women were not significantly different from single men in earnings, hours of work, stability of employment, and job satisfaction. Single women did not achieve a position as general manager as frequently as did single men.
10
Zulaiha, Eni, and Ayi Zaenal Mutaqin. "The Problems of The Marriage Age Changing in Indonesia in the Perspectives of Muslim Jurists and Gender Equality." Hanifiya: Jurnal Studi Agama-Agama 4, no. 2 (August 13, 2021): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/hanifiya.v4i2.13538.
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The rules regarding the age limit for marriage as contained in Article 7 of Law no. 1 of 1974, which states that the minimum age of marriage for men is 19 years and for women is 16 years. These rules were amended through law no. 16 of 2019, which stipulates that the age limit for marriage, both for men and women, are in the same age, 19 years old. This change is intended to bring benefits of marriage minimizes the conflict in the household. But in fact, the changing age limit for marriage still creates some problems; for example, not a few Muslims view that in Islam, there are no provisions regarding age limits and there are dispensations for those forced to marry under a predetermined age. This research aims to find out the problematics of the law on changing the age limit for marriage. The research approach used qualitative with descriptive analysis methods and literature review. The results of the study indicate that there are several problems regarding the age limit between First, Islamic law does not stipulate a minimum age for marriage, so that some people do not heed the provision; Second, there are some rules regarding dispensation for those who want to get married at the age of 19 by putting forward to the court. This is an opportunity to violate the regulations; Third, changes to the law that have raised the age limit for marriage, in reality, in society, have not been able to stop the rate of early-age marriage.
11
Sa’dan, Masthuriyah. "MENAKAR TRADISI KAWIN PAKSA DI MADURA DENGAN BAROMETER HAM." Musãwa Jurnal Studi Gender dan Islam 14, no. 2 (July 7, 2015): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/musawa.2015.142.143-156.
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There is a tradition of forced marriage (kawin/nikah paksa) in Madurese society in which young females are paired up with and married off to young males of their parents choosing. Young women may be promised in marriage when they are still in their mothers’ wombs or in childhood, and the marriage age for girls is generally under the age of 18 years, though there are those who marry between 12-15 years. Regeneration of the ancestral lineage can be seen in several areas in Madura including Bangkalan, Sampang, Pamekasan and Sumenep. Instead of the following the prescriptions of Muhammad, girl children have become ‘victims’ of a culture that discriminates against them. If seen from a human rights perspective, the tradition of kawin paksa breaches the ethics related to humanity, justice and equality.
12
Solanke, Bola Lukman, Joseph Ayodeji Kupoluyi, John Olugbenga Abe, and Olatunji Taofik Bankole. "Polygyny and Resources for Empowerment and Equality in Anglo-Phone West Africa: Implications for Childbearing and Women’s Well-Being." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, no. 17 (June 30, 2018): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n17p174.
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In West Africa, polygyny remained a common type of marriage. However, in spite of numerous studies exploring polygyny, the relationship between polygyny and access to resources for empowerment and equality is not well-ascertained in West Africa. This study addresses this gap by raising the question: to what extent does polygyny explains access to resources for empowerment and equality among married women? Data were extracted from 2013 Demographic and Health Surveys in The Gambia, Nigeria and Sierra-Leone. The outcome variable is access to resources for empowerment and equality measured by access to education, employment and barriers to accessing health care. The key explanatory variable is type of marriage with specific attention to polygyny. Multivariate multiple regression was applied using Stata 12. Results showed that polygyny was negatively associated with access to education in the studied countries; positively associated with access to employment in the studied countries; and negatively associated with access to health in Nigeria and Sierra Leone. It is important to refocus national attention to improving the capabilities of women because economic empowerment will not only improve women’s well-being, it will also translate to the reduction of childbearing pressures among women.
13
Trovato, Frank. "Sex, Marital Status, and Suicide in Canada: 1951–1981." Sociological Perspectives 34, no. 4 (December 1991): 427–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1389401.
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This analysis extends earlier research concerning the protective role of marriage in people's lives. An important aspect of this general phenomenon pertains to the differential protection marriage engenders for the sexes. It is hypothesized that being married as opposed to unmarried entails a lower risk of suicide, and that marital status transitions from an unmarried state (e.g., single, widowed, divorced) to the married state entail a greater benefit for men than for women. This hypothesis is largely supported by an analysis of Canadian data covering four decades (from 1951 to 1981). Using a standardization procedure, it was discovered that a transition from single or widowed to married would entail a greater reduction in suicide risk for men than for women. In the case of a transition from divorced to married status, both sexes would benefit equally in reducing suicide potential. The analysis further demonstrates only weak support for the thesis that over time there would be a convergence in sex differences in the potential protective significance of marriage in reducing suicide risk.
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Adlhiyati, Zakki, and Achmad Achmad. "Melacak Keadilan dalam Regulasi Poligami: Kajian Filsafat Keadilan Aristoteles, Thomas Aquinas, dan John Rawls." Undang: Jurnal Hukum 2, no. 2 (March 24, 2020): 409–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/ujh.2.2.409-431.
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Justice is a principle that should be existed in every part of human life. It should be taken as a basic principle in human relation, such as in business, political, or private matter even in marriage relationship. How marriage relationship maintained in justice based, is justice still be existed when husband do polygamy, both are the issues that will be analysed in this article through philosophical studies. Marriege Law stated that husband and wife have the obligation to respect and stay faithfull to each others. Based on Aristotle, Thomas Aquinas and John Rawls theory, husband and wife positions are the same and in balance. These three philosophers stated that justice must be based on the equality (equality on position, equality on the right and obligation etc). Nevertheless, injustice founded in Marriage Law, first, the marriage law only give the chance to polygamy for husband, and second, polygamy prerequarement only focused on women physical uncompetency. There should be a revision to the marriage law to give equality rights between husband and wife.
Abstrak
Keadilan adalah sebuah nilai yang diharapkan selalu ada dalam kehidupan manusia, mulai dari politik, bisnis, sampai hubungan perkawinan. Dalam perkawinan, nilai keadilan harus menjadi salah satu dasar hubungan lahir batin ini. Bagaimana keadilan dalam poligami, apakah UU Perkawinan telah adil mengatur poligami, merupakan permasalahan yang akan dianalisis dalam artikel ini melalui kacamata filsafat. Undang-undang perkawinan menyebutkan bahwa suami dan istri mempunyai kewajiban untuk saling menghormati dan saling setia. Posisi suami dan istri jika dianalisis berdasarkan teori keadilan yang diutarakan oleh Aristoteles, Thomas Aquinas, dan John Rawls adalah sama dan seimbang. Ketiganya mendasarkan nilai keadilan sebagai sebuah bentuk persamaan hak dan kewajiban, persaman status, persaman kedudukan. Meskipun demikian ketidakadilan ditemukan dalam Undang-undang Perkawinan. Setidaknya ada dua hal terkait poligami yang menjadikan UU Perkawinan tidak adil. Pertama, UU hanya memberikan peluang poligami kepada suami, dan kedua, alasan poligami bermuatan gender karena hanya menitikberatkan ketidakmampuan atau cacat fisik istri. Agar adil maka seharusnya ada perubahan yang dilakukan terhadap Undang-undang Perkawinan, perlu ada kesetaraan antara suami dan istri.
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Scott, K. M., J. E. Wells, M. Angermeyer, T. S. Brugha, E. Bromet, K. Demyttenaere, G. de Girolamo, et al. "Gender and the relationship between marital status and first onset of mood, anxiety and substance use disorders." Psychological Medicine 40, no. 9 (November 26, 2009): 1495–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291709991942.
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BackgroundPrior research on whether marriage is equally beneficial to the mental health of men and women is inconsistent due to methodological variation. This study addresses some prior methodological limitations and investigates gender differences in the association of first marriage and being previously married, with subsequent first onset of a range of mental disorders.MethodCross-sectional household surveys in 15 countries from the WHO World Mental Health survey initiative (n=34493), with structured diagnostic assessment of mental disorders using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview 3.0. Discrete-time survival analyses assessed the interaction of gender and marital status in the association with first onset of mood, anxiety and substance use disorders.ResultsMarriage (versus never married) was associated with reduced risk of first onset of most mental disorders in both genders; but for substance use disorders this reduced risk was stronger among women, and for depression and panic disorder it was confined to men. Being previously married (versus stably married) was associated with increased risk of all disorders in both genders; but for substance use disorders, this increased risk was stronger among women and for depression it was stronger among men.ConclusionsMarriage was associated with reduced risk of the first onset of most mental disorders in both men and women but there were gender differences in the associations between marital status and onset of depressive and substance use disorders. These differences may be related to gender differences in the experience of multiple role demands within marriage, especially those concerning parenting.
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Onoyase, Anna. "Causes of Child Marriage and Its Effects on the Child in Jigawa State, North West Nigeria: Implications for Counselling." Journal of Education and Training Studies 8, no. 4 (February 18, 2020): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/jets.v8i4.4724.
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This research sought to find out the causes of child marriage and its effects on the child in Jigawa State, North-West Nigeria. In order to carry out this investigation, the researcher formulated two research questions and one hypothesis to guide the investigation. An instrument tagged “Causes of Child Marriage And Its Effects On The Child” (COCMAIETCQ) was constructed by the investigator to collect information from the respondents. The instrument has 21 items, 10 on the causes of child marriage and 11 on effects of child marriage. The researcher conducted a reliability test on the instrument using split – half method to get a reliability coefficient of 0.79. The researcher used the purposive sampling technique to select 270 married men and women that took part in the research. The investigator used 3 research assistants to administer 270 copies of the questionnaire on the respondents in the urban, semi – urban and rural areas of Jigawa State. The research assistants retrieved 72, 88 and 71 copies of the questionnaire from the respondents in urban, semi – urban and rural areas respectively. The researcher collated the data from the field work, used the mean and standard deviation to answer the research questions while one – way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to test the hypothesis at 0.05 level of significance. The investigator used 2.50 as benchmark to know if respondents agreed or disagreed with each of the 21 items of the instrument. The investigation revealed that there is child marriage due to poverty of parents with mean score of 3.18, Islamic religion allows child marriage with mean score of 2.90, and high bride price encourages child marriage with mean score of 2.65. The research equally revealed that young married girls may develop obstetric fistula due to prolonged delivery with mean score of 3.22, early marriage of girls could lead to their drop – out from school with mean score of 3.19 and child marriage violates women’s right to consensual marriage with mean score of 2.99. One of the recommendations was that the Jigawa State government should enact a law that prohibits child marriage so that women’s rights to freedom of education are not violated.
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Leppik, Marelle. "Soolise võrdõiguslikkuse küsimus Eesti Vabariigi põhiseadustes ja riigikohtu praktikas 1920–1940 [Abstract: Gender equality in constitutions and Supreme Court cases in the Republic of Estonia in 1920–1940]." Ajalooline Ajakiri. The Estonian Historical Journal, no. 2/3 (January 15, 2018): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/aa.2017.2-3.06.
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The purpose of the article is to analyse the principle of gender equality laid down in the interwar Estonian constitutions and to study the relevant court cases at the highest level of appeal in the Supreme Court of the Republic of Estonia (1920–40).
When Estonia granted equality rights with the constitution of 1920 and all citizens, men and women alike, were declared to be equal before the law, it placed Estonia among the vanguard of nations in Europe in support of gender equality. The amendment of the constitution in 1933 left the equality principle unchanged. In the new constitution, which went into effect in 1938, gender equality was extended to relations in marriage as well.
In the twentieth century, the focus was not on the equality of genders as such, but rather on women’s equality compared to men, and the main question was how to improve women’s rights to gain the equality promised in the constitution. On 1 September 1924, the Grand Chamber of the Supreme Court made a judgment which could be considered the first important court case about women’s rights in Estonia. The Supreme Court issued a complaint submitted by a female lawyer, who challenged a lower court judgement that she – as a woman – was not suitable to be appointed to the position of judge candidate. According to the Supreme Court, the only constitutionally uniform solution that would support gender equality was that all persons – men and women – on the same grounds had the right to become a judge candidate and enter the judiciary in Estonia. However, the court system of the interwar independent Republic of Estonia remained traditionally masculine without any female judiciary, which is in turn indicative not so much of legal, but rather of pragmatic questions about social attitudes.
The exploration of tensions in society engendered by the ambition to bring women into positions of authority and to grant women rights in the private family sphere as well, leads to two main conclusions. First, despite the formal equality that was granted by both constitutions of the Republic of Estonia adopted in 1920 and 1937, women’s efforts, e.g. opening the judiciary to women, were met with a degree of ironical resistance, and general emphasis on women’s rights even drew attention to presumable positive discrimination as well. Estonia’s foreign minister Ants Piip wrote an article in the magazine Constitutional Review about the first constitution of the Republic of Estonia in 1925: “It is interesting to note that despite this provision, many laws exist which protect women in industry, thereby discriminating favourably against men.”
Since both the 1920 and the 1937 constitution granted gender equality in public, not in the private sphere, the traditional gap between women’s legal position and that of men generally remained unchanged in private family law. Thus, the Civil Chamber of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Estonia confirmed in 1937 that it was in accordance with the principle of gender equality to restrict the possibilities for married women compared to men to make a testament without any mandatory advisor. According to the court’s reasoning, the regulation was constitutional because the law of succession and the right to make a testament belonged not to the public but to the private sphere. Thereafter, female lawyers drew attention to the fact that a married woman could legally become a judge or a minister – at least it was not prohibited or excluded – and decide the fate of a nation, since this right belonged to the public sphere. And still at the same time, a married woman’s competence to transact in the private sphere was limited compared to men. However, the constitution that went into effect in 1937 brought some changes, since equality in marriage was additionally granted, for instance. Unfortunately, the implementation period of the new constitution was limited to about two years, thus there is no case law to confirm that the constitution brought specific changes in practice.
18
Cannonier, Colin, and Naci Mocan. "THE IMPACT OF EDUCATION ON WOMEN'S PREFERENCES FOR GENDER EQUALITY: EVIDENCE FROM SIERRA LEONE." Journal of Demographic Economics 84, no. 1 (March 2018): 3–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dem.2016.12.
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Abstract:We use data from Sierra Leone where a substantial education program provided increased access to education for primary-school age children but did not benefit children who were older. We exploit the variation in access to the program generated by date of birth and the variation in resources between various districts of the country. We find that an increase in schooling, triggered by the program, has an impact on women's attitudes toward matters that impact women's health and on attitudes regarding violence against women. An increase in education reduces the number of desired children by women and increases their propensity to use modern contraception and to be tested for AIDS. While education makes women more intolerant of practices that conflict with their well-being, increased education has no impact on men's attitudes toward women's well-being. Thus, it is unclear whether the change in attitudes would translate into behavioral changes. Consistent with this finding, education (on this margin) has no impact on women's propensity to get married, their age at first marriage or age at first birth.
19
Rafeq, Abdul-Karim. "Women in the Shari῾a court records of Ottoman Damascus." Turkish Historical Review 3, no. 2 (2012): 119–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18775462x00302001.
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Qassam registers give detailed information about the estates of deceased people, the size of their households, the number of times they were married, the number of children, and the male-female ratio of minors and adults. The estates of deceased Christians in Damascus are reported more frequently in nineteenth-century qassam registers due to the application of the Tanzimat which advocated equality among all subjects and the tolerance shown towards the Christians by Egyptian rule in Syria in the 1830s. The registers indicate that monogamy was dominant in Damascus due to a low-to-average life-span. Marriage patterns and the composition of the estates of deceased women and men are examined in six qassam registers spanning a period of over a century (1750-1861). The establishment of religious endowments (vakıf) by Muslim and Christian women, and the varying titles given to these women in the court records are also discussed.
20
Van, Gayа. "Section on marriage and family in the Civil Code: values, innovations, applicability." Legal Science in China and Russia, no. 4 (September 16, 2021): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2587-9723.2021.4.043-051.
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On May 28, 2020, at the third session of the National People’s Congress (NPC) of the 13th convocation, the “Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China” (hereinafter referred to as the Civil Code) was considered and adopted. The section “Marriage and family” is the fi fth part of the “Civil Code”, consisting of fi ve chapters, a total of 79 articles, including general provisions, marriage, family relations, divorce and adoption. The value positioning of the section on marriage and family in the Civil Code is refl ected in the general provisions. That is, “marriage and family are protected by law.” “Institutions of freedom of marriage, monogamy and equality between men and women should be introduced in order to protect the legitimate rights and interests of women, minors, the elderly and the disabled.” and “The best family traditions should be established in the family, family virtues should be promoted and the formation of family culture should be appreciated.”The editing of the Section on “Marriage and Family” in the Civil Code demonstrates the legislative concept of protecting the rights and interests of marriage and family for common citizens, guiding the development of marriage and family, and regulating marriage and family relations. System innovation is refl ected in the following fi ve aspects:First: The addition of an institute about peers. Article No. 1045 in the Civil Code states: The number of relatives includes spouses, blood relatives and relatives. Spouses, parents, children, brothers and sisters, grandparents, grandparents on the mother’s side, grandchildren and grandchildren are part of close relatives. Spouses, parents, children and other close relatives living together are considered family members.Secondly: Improving the institution of marriage. That is, the removal and modifi cation of the conditions of the prohibition of marriage: The former provision is excluded — “To suffer from medically recognized diseases for which one should not marry”; To amend the institution of the legal force of marriage: the exclusion and reduction of the established circumstances of the invalidity of marriage and the increase of the established circumstances of the dissolution of marriage; The creation of the institution of marriage assistance: in the conditions of the invalidity or dissolution of marriage, a person who has no fault has the right to sue for damages.Third: The addition of family relations. Family relations include marital relations, relations between parents and children, and relations between other close relatives. The improvement of the legislation of marital relations is refl ected in the following three aspects: the establishment of the right to daily representation of married couples in family affairs, the criteria for approving the joint debt of the spouses, the right to fi le a claim for the division of the joint property of the spouses in marriage. The improvement of the legislation on the relationship between parents and children is refl ected in two aspects: the defi nition of the institution of confi rmation and denial of parents, and the rules on determining the child’s surname. Fourth: Changing the institution of divorce. This institute continues the main concept of the divorce legislation of the People’s Republic of China — to ensure freedom of divorce and against frivolous divorce; To demonstrate the main goal of assistance in divorce on sexual equality — to protect the rights and interests of divorce and to ensure the interests of women.The change in this regard includes three aspects: First, the change in the terms of the divorce. The change in the conditions for registering a divorce is refl ected in the defi nition of the sober period of divorce. A change in the conditions of the divorce process, this manifests itself as an addition to the circumstances of the divorce established by law. Secondly, the establishment of a rule on the upbringing of children by divorced parents. Thirdly, the improvement of the institution of assistance in divorce. In this context, we mean expanding the scope of the institute of compensation for contributions to housework, restoring the institute of fi nancial assistance in divorce, improving the application of the institute of compensation for damage in divorce.Fifth: The addition of the Institute of Adoption. To supplement and improve the conditions of adoption include: expanding the age of the adopted person, clarifying the conditions of the adopted person, optimizing the restrictions on the adoption of children of the opposite sex by persons without spouses, performing the adoption procedure, in the case when establishing an adoption relationship, it is required that the civil affairs departments of the people’s governments at the county level and the highest state bodies conduct an assessment of adoption in accordance with the law.The “Civil Code” came into force on January 1, 2021. In order to promote the implementation of the “Civil Code”, on December 29, 2020, the Supreme People’s Court published No. 1 explanation “On the application of the Section on Marriage and Family in the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China”, this explanation is divided into six parts: general provisions, marriage, relations between spouses, relations between parents and children, divorce, appendix, a total of 91 articles, it clarifi ed the circumstances of the application and validity of the Section on “Marriage and Family” in the Civil Code. The entry into force of the Section on "Marriage and Family" in the Civil Code will create a new mentality of creating marriage and family, and provide normative acts and guiding behavior for equal, harmonious and civilized relations between marriage and family.
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Andarge, Eshetu, Zeleke Gebru, Yordanos Sisay, and Yohannes Shiferaw. "Factors Associated with Attitude towards Wife-Beating among Married Women of the Reproductive Ages in Arba Minch Town, Southern Ethiopia: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study." Scientific World Journal 2021 (September 13, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9980268.
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Evidence from demographic and health surveys in various countries and Ethiopia too showed that more women are generally believed to justify intimate partner violence (IPV) than men do. An attitude that justifies IPV is one of the factors affecting victimization and perpetration from IPV. However, women’s justification about the violence and factors affecting the justification are not well documented, particularly by addressing household factors such as household food conditions. Therefore, the present study aims to fill this gap among married women of childbearing age so that evidence can be drawn for holistic interventions. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 696 currently married women of childbearing age (15–49) by using a multistage cluster sampling technique to obtain the women from 11 kebeles (the smallest administrative unit in the government structure of Ethiopia) of Arba Minch town, Southern Ethiopia. Data were collected using a pretested and structured questionnaire. Logistic regression was performed using IBM SPSS version 20. The odds ratio with its 95% confidence interval was used to show the degree of association between the outcome variable and explanatory variables. Nearly two-thirds (59.5%) of the study women justified wife-beating in at least one of the five conditions. A higher odds of justification of wife-beating was observed among women whose marriage was arranged by any other person than the couples themselves, from food-insecure households, with a family size of 5 and above, in the age group of 30–39 years, and whose partner was in the age range of 31–39 years. In contrast, lower odds of justification of wife-beating was observed among women having an age difference of 10 or more years with their partner and those in a household wealth index of middle and higher category. Despite great efforts in realizing gender equality in the country, a higher proportion of women were having the attitude that justifies wife-beating in the five conditions specified to them. Interventions targeting the improvement of women’s attitude towards wife-beating should target against the traditional norms of arranged marriage, improve household food conditions, and decrease family size.
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Calvo Caballero, Pilar. "Woman and Liberal Revolution." Revista Portuguesa de História 50 (October 29, 2019): 41–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/0870-4147_50_2.
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The study of the first liberal Penal Codes (Spanish from 1822/1848/1850 and Portuguese from 1852) shows that the Spanish and the Portuguese woman share the same legal frame, but for a few differences. This frame preserves the feminine pattern of behaviour established by the Old Regime Courts, subject to man’s authority and to marriage as a guarantee of social and family order, but with a change: man’s honor resting upon the woman is honesty, not any longer privileged (married and honest) but imposed (home angel) and punished (dishonest woman). Between applying mercy or an exemplary treatment to a woman, liberal law chooses the last. Woman is not the plural category of the Old Regime any more, but the dual category angel/dishonest, which brings about her fragilitas. This leads to equality among women and approach to men in most offenses, but for the glaring inequality with regard to honor. An exception: the Portuguese wife, protected against procuring, has the right to take vengeance on his husband for her honor, whereas the Spanish wife does not have that right.
Keywords: Spanish Penal Code 1822/1848/1850. Portuguese Penal Code 1852. Woman. Fragilitas. Honesty.
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Shah, Dhara, Narendra M. Agrawal, and Miriam Moeller. "Career decisions of married Indian IT female expatriates." Journal of Global Mobility: The Home of Expatriate Management Research 7, no. 4 (December 9, 2019): 395–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jgm-03-2019-0020.
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Purpose Despite more than 50 years of research into gender and work, the impact of female expatriates persists to be underrepresented in mainstream international human resource management (IHRM) literature. The purpose of this paper is to identify and explore the perceptions of married Indian information technology (IT) women regarding career and expatriating discussions they have with their husbands and its impact on their decision making to undertake international assignments. Design/methodology/approach Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 24 married Indian IT women who had undertaken international assignments after marriage. The study includes two data sets, 1: women on less than one-year assignment; 2: women on greater than one-year assignments. Findings The study found that women who went on short-term assignments of less than one year travelled alone and found it fortunate and convenient to leave their children in the care of their husbands, in-laws, parents and maids. While in the cases of women travelling for longer-term assignments, most husbands accompanied them. The study suggests that while spousal support was the key, having a shared purpose with husbands along with extended family support was equally significant to facilitate women undertaking an international assignment. As an impetus, the authors note a change within the Indian society where both partners come together to make decisions about expatriating. Research limitations/implications The authors discuss the implications for IHRM as they relate to gender diversity within organisations. Originality/value The research, underpinned by the early workings of a theory of career hierarchy, explores the complexities in expatriation decision-making processes of married women from the emerging economy of India with traditional family values, who are working within a modern and liberal IT industry.
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Setyawati, Ni Kadek. "KEDUDUKAN PEREMPUAN HINDU MENURUT HUKUM WARIS ADAT BALI DALAM PERSPEKTIF KESETARAAN GENDER." Jurnal Penelitian Agama Hindu 1, no. 2 (October 6, 2017): 618. http://dx.doi.org/10.25078/jpah.v1i2.310.
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<p><em>The Balinese adhere to the patrilineal system, so that inherited inheritance is a boy who has grown and married, while the daughter is not an heir. The consequences of this system greatly affect the position of women in terms of inheritance. The decision of Bali Province MUDP Number 01/Kep/Psm-3/ MDP Bali/X/2010 is a progress towards the position of women as heirs.</em></p><p><em>This study aims to answer two issues: (1) how the development of inheritance rights of Hindu women in Bali customary law and (2) how the status of Hindu women according to Balinese customary law in the perspective of gender equality.</em></p><p><em>Theories used to analyze problems are the gender theory of Anne Oakley, feminism theory of Charles Fourier, and the theory of justice from Aristotle. The research method used normative research by examining a number of rules about customary law relating to the inheritance of Hindu women who have not fully gained equal status with men as stipulated in the teachings of Hinduism.</em></p><p><em>The results obtained in the period before 1900 the life of Hindu society Bali applies the absolute purusa system which only recognizes heirs is a boy, but after 1900 there has been a development with some jurisprudence and there is a decision of Majelis Utama Desa Pakraman (MUDP) which states that women have the right to inherit, even though they are only entitled to enjoy the treasure Rich parents and after marriage get a tetatadan property and for parents who are able to give the treasure for the sake of maintaining the sustainability of his life, so with the rules at least happen gender equality.</em></p><p><em>The still strong patrilineal culture prevailing in indigenous Balinese society makes the position of women not fully acknowledged, even in the case of female decision making is not taken into account. The obligations of Hindu women in family, marriage and society are not much different from men's obligation, this should be a consideration to give women the opportunity to have equal status with men, especially in the customary law of Bali.</em><em></em></p>
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Baldwin, M. Page. "Subject to Empire: Married Women and the British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act." Journal of British Studies 40, no. 4 (October 2001): 522–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/386266.
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The 1914 British Nationality and Status of Aliens (BNSA) Act stated that “the wife of a British subject shall be deemed to be a British subject, and the wife of an alien shall be deemed to be an alien.” By this reenactment of an 1870 law, a British woman who married an alien became an alien herself, losing the rights and privileges accorded to British nationality. During the 1920s and 1930s, British feminists from around the Empire worked to change this regulation, but only in 1948 were women in the United Kingdom granted the right to their own nationality regardless of their marital status. The House of Commons largely supported the feminists' efforts to reform the laws so that women would not automatically lose their nationality on marriage. Members of Parliament introduced several bills to equalize the nationality laws that were read without division. The Government, however, consistently blocked the bills, citing the imperial nature of the nationality laws and Dominion disagreement with the change. This contest over nationality has been a neglected topic in the study of twentieth-century British history. Legal historians have, by and large, only described changes in the laws regarding married women's national status. While some historians of the women's movement in the British Isles have noted the equal nationality campaign, most have not realized how it can contribute to our understanding of interwar Britain and British feminism. Pat Thane, however, has seen in this topic an example of the way the Empire has influenced British culture.
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Katkuri, Sushma, and K. Nithesh Kumar. "Gender preference and awareness regarding sex determination among married women in urban slums." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 5, no. 3 (February 24, 2018): 987. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20180421.
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Background: People in India exhibit a strong gender preference for male child and this discrimination or prejudice continues in spite of socio- economic development and higher growth rates. The preference for sons has been associated with preferential abortion of female fetuses and even to female infanticide. Objective of the study was to assess gender preferences among married women in urban slums. Methods: It was a community based cross sectional done at Urban Health Training Centre, Shahpur Nagar which is field practice area of Department of Community Medicine of Malla Reddy Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad. The study participants were all women who were above 18 years of age. During the study period we enrolled a total of 157 women. Results: The maximum subjects were in the age group of 18-30 (54.1%). 82.2% of the study participants knew that sex determination is a crime. The majority of study participants stated dowry problems as the reason for their non preference of female children (77.3%) while 4.5% did not prefer female children due to the fact that they do not stay with their parents after marriage, 9.1% said rearing problem. Conclusions: So intense health education should be given to the community telling them that it’s not only sons who take care of parents in old age but daughters can also play the same role. We need to educate them sons’ and daughters should be equally treated in the family.
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Forrest, Benjamin K., Fred A. Milacci, and James L. Zabloski. "Taking Theology Home: The Spiritually Formative Experiences of Seminary Spouses." Journal of Spiritual Formation and Soul Care 10, no. 1 (May 2017): 73–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/193979091701000106.
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The purpose of this paper is to explore the spiritually formative experiences of fifteen female seminary spouses who participated in a phenomenological research study. Graduate theological education is not limited to married, male students. Seminaries are diverse educational institutions that equip married and single students, as well as men and women from every country in the world for gospel ministry. Because of this broad population in theological education, the qualitative proposals in this essay are not generalizable to all schools, students, and settings equally, but the perspectives of these seminary spouses are useful in cultivating a robustly holistic education for students who are married during their academic pursuits. It is the intent here to explore how theology can crossover from the academy to the home so that it is experienced in marriage. The goal then is to equip students, professors, and administrators to actively nurture the faith formation of the second-person of the ministry dyad. In order for these stakeholders to understand how to nurture this faith formation of the seminary spouse, we must first hear and understand the experiences of these wives as they share their reflections on these formational years as a part of their husband's education.
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Wright, Danaya. "LEGAL RIGHTS AND WOMEN'S AUTONOMY: CAN FAMILY LAW REFORM IN MUSLIM COUNTRIES AVOID THE CONTRADICTIONS OF VICTORIAN DOMESTICITY?" Hawwa 5, no. 1 (2007): 33–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156920807781787626.
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AbstractIn early- and mid-nineteenth century England, numerous law reformers targeted the law of coverture. Under this law married women lost custody of children, lost any property they brought, could not make a will or enter into a contract once they married, and they could not seek a divorce if their marriage broke down under the doctrine that husband and wife were a single unit before the law. The discourse of the reform debates, however, presented women as either violent and intemperate, and thus requiring the chains of coverture to keep them from bringing down the pillars of civil society. Or, they were seen as victims in sore need of the law's protection from violent and intemperate men. At no time were they viewed as legal agents, capable of exercising rights responsibly or as rational actors, who could be entrusted with the care and control of raising children single-handedly. But as the law changed to accommodate demands for women's rights, it is clear that women did not destroy civil society, nor have they attained equal power and autonomy with men. Thus, in looking at the reforms, and the forces that inhibited the reforms in Victorian England, we can begin to think more critically about how law reforms occur, how men and women are situated, and how barriers to equality frustrate legal change. With that history, I believe we are better situated to understand the demands for change in family law and women's rights in Muslim countries. Much of the rhetoric is ironically familiar. And I argue that knowledge of the pitfalls that threatened legal change in the Anglo-American west can help us avoid them in law reform arenas across the Muslim world. Of course, it is not simply that by learning our history we can hope not to repeat it. Rather, by understanding the complex interplay of reformist arguments and conservative pressures, we are better able to see beneath the rhetoric to the power structures inhibiting women's autonomy that lurk beneath the surface.
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Mai, Anne-Marie. "Märta Tikkanen’s gender and alcohol saga." Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 34, no. 4 (August 2017): 289–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1455072517720100.
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Märta Tikkanen’s poetry collection Århundradets kärlekssaga ( The love story of the century, 1978) is a confessional book on life in a family where the husband and father is an alcohol abuser. It is also a love story about a married couple who love one another despite the terrible challenges posed to the relationship by alcoholism. The poetry collection became one of the most influential books in contemporary Nordic fiction, its themes on gender roles and alcohol abuse setting the trend in the Nordic discussion of women’s liberation. Märta Tikkanen’s courage to tell her own private story inspired other women to confess their gender equality problems to the public. The alcohol abuse of Märta Tikkanen’s husband Henrik Tikkanen was seen as an allegory for the more general problems in the relation between men and women. My essay introduces Märta Tikkanen’s poetry collection and discusses how the poems develop the theme of gender and alcohol. I will also compare her description of their marriage with Henrik Tikkanen’s self-portrait in his autobiographical novella Mariegatan 26, Kronohagen (1977). The analysis refers to contemporary research on gender and alcohol abuse and discusses how the poems contribute to a public recognition of the relationship between gender and alcohol abuse. The essay discusses the reception of Märta Tikkanen’s influential poems and explores her treatment of alcohol and gender in relation to other Nordic confessional or fictional books on alcohol abuse.
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Oliinyk, O. O. "Peculiarities of family roles distribution in the marrige subsystem." Humanitarian studios: pedagogics, psychology, philosophy 3, no. 152 (December 2020): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/hspedagog2020.03.057.
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Changing the system of family values, views of the society on the significance and functioning of the family institution contribute to the transformation of marital role relationships in modern families. The already formed model of role interaction, the ability of spouses to define and clearly distribute family roles and to treat them responsibly is the important factors in building constructive marital relations and creating a favorable psychological climate in the family. Objective. The research deals with the analysis of the essence of the “family role” concept and the classification of family roles; experimental definition and analysis of the main types of family roles in marital relations. Methods. Theoretical research methods were used to solve the research problem: analysis of scientific psychological literature, generalization method, systematization of scientific information. To solve the second part of the set objective, the empirical research methods were used, such as: conversation, psychodiagnostic method “Distribution of roles in the family” by Yu.Ye. Alioshyna, L.Ya. Hofman, O.M. Dubrovska, and also the method of processing and quantitative and qualitative interpretation of results. The research was conducted during September-October 2020. The study involved 11 married couples (husband and wife) with different marital experience of 22 people aged 25 to 47 years (Kyiv). All the couples have children aged 1 to 20 years. The results of an empirical study of the peculiarities of family roles distribution showed that the roles of entertainment organizer (63.64 %), master (mistress), (72.73 % and 63.64 %), the family subculture organizer (54, 55 % and 45.45 %) women and men share almost equally; the roles of educator and “psychotherapist” is more typical for women (90.91 % and 81.82 %); The role of sexual partner and the partner responsible for material support is more often performed by men (90.91 % and 72.73 %). The prospects for further research are seen in the study of role interaction in the parental families of adolescents and young people as a prerequisite for their future family roles.
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Obradović, Josip, and Mira Čudina Obradović. "Marital Partners' Traits, Psychological Processes in Marriage, and Marriage Characteristics as Predictors of Love in Marriage." Drustvena istrazivanja 30, no. 1 (March 19, 2021): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5559/di.30.1.01.
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This study was conducted to determine the predictors of marital love. Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love (1986) is used as a starting point. Accordingly, a theoretical model that consists of four groups of level 1 predictor variables and a group of level 2 variables is used. The dependent variables in the model include the three dimensions of love: Passion, Intimacy, and Commitment. The research was conducted among 884 married couples from different parts of Croatia. The results show that married women are less passionate and that marriage partners' passion in marriage is greater at the beginning of the marriage without children and when there is a mutual physical attraction between partners. Married women report less intimacy while greater marital intimacy was present in marriages where there is greater partner support. Unlike passion, the experience of intimacy does not vary at different marital stages. Women show less commitment and partners' commitment to marriage is greater when there is greater emotional stability of both partners, greater mutual physical attraction, and partner support. At the end of the paper, limitations on making firmer conclusions based only on the present study are emphasized.
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Chen, Chao-ju. "Single equality in the age of marriage equality." International Journal of Constitutional Law 18, no. 2 (July 2020): 461–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icon/moaa037.
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Abstract The twenty-first century has witnessed the rise of a new constitutional jurisprudence of marriage which extends the institution of marriage to include same-sex couples in the name of equality, freedom, and dignity, and an accompanying trend of constitutionalizing marital supremacy. Progressive critics have voiced against the constitutional treatment of marriage as the ideal family form, proposing various approaches to promote equality for diverse families. The inequality of single women without children, however, has not yet received the attention that it deserves in the jurisprudence of non-marriage, despite the globally growing phenomenon of women opting out of marriage and other formal unions and living a legally single life. It is argued that the move beyond marriage equality must include the pursuit of single equality, that is, equal citizenship unmediated by marital, relational, family, or parental status. It is suggested that a feminist agenda of single equality is needed even more, and that public laws’ active role is required to facilitate single equality.
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Gavrichenko, Oksana V., and Irina G. Zotova. "ATTITUDES TOWARDS MARRIAGE IN MARRIED AND DIVORCED WOMEN." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Psychology. Pedagogics. Education, no. 4 (2020): 53–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6398-2020-4-53-69.
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The psychological aspects of attitudes to marriage in women with different marital status in a transitive society, the main characteristics of which are the dynamism of social processes, diversity of positions, value systems, uncertainty of norms, are presented in the article. The work analyzes the specifics of motivation and marital attitudes, as well as peculiarities of interrelation between current attitudes toward marriage and psychological well-being of the study participants at different ages. The results of the study demonstrate that women retain a basic attitude toward the importance and value of marital relations. Emotional and socio-cultural motivations are dominant for respondents in this sample. The attitude of women to egalitarian relations in marriage confirms the priority of individual desires in marriage and strengthening the position of partner type interaction in modern marriage. The study on the relationship between psychological well-being and attitudes toward marriage confirms the general trend of pragmatic attitudes toward marriage and the desire to postpone the birth of children to a later date. The prospect of motherhood for divorced women at different ages is associated with limited life prospects, inability to control their lives and reduced opportunities for development.
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Fieder, Martin, Susanne Huber, Elmar Pichl, Bernard Wallner, and Horst Seidler. "MARRIAGE GAP IN CHRISTIANS AND MUSLIMS." Journal of Biosocial Science 50, no. 2 (April 3, 2017): 145–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932017000086.
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SummaryFor modern Western societies with a regime of monogamy, it has recently been demonstrated that the socioeconomic status of men is positively associated with being or having been married. This study aims to compare marriage patterns (if a person has been married at least once) for cultures with a tradition of monogamy and polygyny. As no worldwide data on polygyny exist, religion was used as a proxy for monogamy (Christians) vs polygyny (Muslims). The analyses were based on 2000–2011 census data from 39 countries worldwide for 52,339,594 men and women, controlling for sex, sex ratio, age, education, migration within the last 5 years and employment. Overall, a higher proportion of Muslims were married compared with Christians, but the difference in the fraction of married men compared with married women at a certain age (the ‘marriage gap’) was much more pronounced in Muslims than in Christians, i.e. compared with Christians, a substantially higher proportion of Muslim women than men were married up to the age of approximately 31 years. As expected for a tradition of polygyny, the results indicate that the socioeconomic threshold for entering marriage is higher for Muslim than Christian men, and Muslim women in particular face a negative effect of socioeconomic status on the probability of ever being married. The large ‘marriage gap’ at a certain age in Muslim societies leads to high numbers of married women and unmarried young men, and may put such polygenic societies under pressure.
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Khosroshahi, Zahra. "Growing Up Married." Girlhood Studies 11, no. 3 (June 1, 2018): 101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ghs.2018.110309.
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Child marriage affects many young girls and women all over the world, and yet, while the number of cases is extremely alarming, there appears to be hardly any awareness of the subject, never mind public visibility. The consequences of forced marriage are dire with severe psychological, physical, and social impact on girls and women. If we are to raise awareness, the silence surrounding forced child marriage needs to be broken. In her documentary film Growing Up Married (2016), feminist media scholar Eylem Atakav faces the issue head-on. Her film brings to the screen four women from Turkey who were forced into marriage as children; as adults, they recollect their memories, on camera, for the first time. Growing Up Married—a milestone of feminist filmmaking in its celebration of women’s narratives of survival—foregrounds their voices as they tell their stories of having been child brides.
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Inglis, A., and E. R. Greenglass. "Motivation for Marriage among Women and Men." Psychological Reports 65, no. 3 (December 1989): 1035–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1989.65.3.1035.
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This paper examines sex differences in motivation for marriage and related career/family plans. Never-married women and men indicated their wish to get married as well as the degree of importance they accorded various benefits and drawbacks associated with marriage. Women had significantly stronger motivation for marriage than did men. Both women and men gave similar ratings to the importance of the benefits and drawbacks of marriage. Women, however, accorded greater importance to the benefit “legal security” in marriage and to the drawback “marriage requires a lot of work” than did men. In addition, among correlations for the importance accorded spousal, parental, worker, and self roles and motivation for marriage scores for women, there was a negative correlation between importance of the worker-role and motivation for marriage while for men a positive value was found between these variables. Implications of these results are discussed from a sex-role perspective.
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Sultana, A. M., and A. M. Salam. "PERCEPTIONS OF TEENAGE WOMEN ABOUT EARLY MARRIAGE IN BANGLADESH." International Journal of Education, Psychology and Counseling 4, no. 32 (September 15, 2019): 174–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/ijepc.4320017.
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Despite the alarming trend of increased marriage age in many societies, early marriage is still a serious issue in Bangladesh. The significant numbers of women being married before the age of 18. The study determines young women’s experience and perception of early marriage. Young married women’s perception and experiences were measured using a series of the statement. According to the results, the majority of the participants supported arranged marriage. The results also revealed that early marriage impacts decision making, education, unfulfilled dream, unwanted pregnancies, and marital satisfaction. Given that early marriage is a negative impact, a multidimensional approach is necessary to support and empower disadvantaged women.
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FERGUSON, SUSAN J. "Marriage Timing of Chinese American and Japanese American Women." Journal of Family Issues 16, no. 3 (May 1995): 314–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019251395016003005.
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Using U.S. census data, this study examines the differences in marriage rates and timing among White, Chinese American, and Japanese American women. An accelerated time model estimates the duration until marriage for each racial-ethic group while controlling for nativity, education, birth cohort, ancestry, and English proficiency. Results show that White women have the shortest duration until marriage, with a smaller percentage remaining never married. Chinese American and Japanese American women delay first marriage longer and have higher percentages of never married women.
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Masselli, John J., and Blanca L. Runkel. "I Do (Sort of): Tax Planning Strategies for Same-Sex Couples in Common-Law Marriage States after Marriage Equality." ATA Journal of Legal Tax Research 14, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 72–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jltr-51522.
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ABSTRACT The U.S. Supreme Court, in Obergefell v. Hodges, ruled that the fundamental right to marry is constitutionally guaranteed to same-sex couples. However, neither this decision nor subsequent Treasury regulations specifically address common-law marriage (currently allowed in 11 states), the majority of which previously required marriage to be between opposite-sex couples. After Obergefell ruled such requirements unconstitutional, nine of those states modified their common-law statutes to include same-sex couples. Because the federal government has long recognized common-law marriage, this paper discusses prospective and retroactive income and wealth-transfer tax planning opportunities for eligible, common-law married, same-sex couples that qualify to file as married filing jointly for the current tax year and any open tax year for which they would have been considered common-law married. This manuscript presents a legal discussion, along with a variety of examples and tax planning strategies for same-sex couples in common-law marriage states.
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Barclay, Scott. "A Discussion of Stephen Macedo’s Just Married: Same-Sex Couples, Monogamy and the Future of Marriage." Perspectives on Politics 14, no. 3 (August 31, 2016): 793–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592716001171.
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On June 26, 2015, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled, in Obergefell v. Hodges, that the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution forbids legal discrimination against same-sex marriage. The decision sent shock waves throughout the country, with both supporters and opponents regarding it as signal of dramatic shifts in public opinion and a revolutionary development on the road to sex-gender equality. Just two days earlier, on June 24, 2015, Stephen Macedo’s Just Married: Same-Sex Couples, Monogamy, and the Future of Marriage was published. Macedo has always worked at the intersection of legal theory, normative theory, and public policy, and Just Married offers a nuanced liberal democratic defense of marriage equality with striking resonance in light of Obergefell. We have thus invited a range of scholars on LGBT rights, and LGBT politics more generally, to comment on his book.
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Fischel, Joseph J. "A discussion of Stephen Macedo Just Married: Same-Sex Couples, Monogamy & the Future of Marriage." Perspectives on Politics 14, no. 3 (August 31, 2016): 795–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592716001183.
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On June 26, 2015, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled, in Obergefell v. Hodges, that the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution forbids legal discrimination against same-sex marriage. The decision sent shock waves throughout the country, with both supporters and opponents regarding it as signal of dramatic shifts in public opinion and a revolutionary development on the road to sex-gender equality. Just two days earlier, on June 24, 2015, Stephen Macedo’s Just Married: Same-Sex Couples, Monogamy, and the Future of Marriage was published. Macedo has always worked at the intersection of legal theory, normative theory, and public policy, and Just Married offers a nuanced liberal democratic defense of marriage equality with striking resonance in light of Obergefell. We have thus invited a range of scholars on LGBT rights, and LGBT politics more generally, to comment on his book.
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Josephson, Jyl J. "A discussion of Stephen Macedo Just Married: Same-Sex Couples, Monogamy & the Future of Marriage." Perspectives on Politics 14, no. 3 (August 31, 2016): 797–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592716001201.
Full textAbstract:
On June 26, 2015, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled, in Obergefell v. Hodges, that the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution forbids legal discrimination against same-sex marriage. The decision sent shock waves throughout the country, with both supporters and opponents regarding it as signal of dramatic shifts in public opinion and a revolutionary development on the road to sex-gender equality. Just two days earlier, on June 24, 2015, Stephen Macedo’s Just Married: Same-Sex Couples, Monogamy, and the Future of Marriage was published. Macedo has always worked at the intersection of legal theory, normative theory, and public policy, and Just Married offers a nuanced liberal democratic defense of marriage equality with striking resonance in light of Obergefell. We have thus invited a range of scholars on LGBT rights, and LGBT politics more generally, to comment on his book.
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Goldscheider, Frances, Gayle Kaufman, and Sharon Sassler. "Navigating the “New” Marriage Market." Journal of Family Issues 30, no. 6 (February 11, 2009): 719–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x09331570.
Full textAbstract:
Trends in divorce and nonmarital childbearing suggest that the marriage market is increasingly filled with people who have been married and/or have children. This study examines the effect of personal attitudes on entrance into a union with a partner who has been previously married or has children. Using data from two waves of the National Survey of Families and Households, the authors find that men who hold more positive attitudes about marrying someone who already has children are more likely to enter a union with a single mother. Willingness to marry someone with children also has a positive impact on women's entry into a union with a man who has children, though only if he has not been married before. Men who express greater acceptance about marriage to someone who has been married are more likely to enter a union with a previously married woman, though only if she is childless. There is no parallel effect for women.
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Wahyudi, Tri, Mubasysyir Hasanbasri, Hari Kusnanto, and Mohammad Hakimi. "Social Determinants of Health of Child Marriage (Analysis of IFLS 2000, 2007, 2014)." Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat 15, no. 1 (October 6, 2019): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/kemas.v15i1.16514.
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Early marriage is defined as a marriage of women aged <18 years old. The current world prevalence is declining, but when compared with the growth in population, the total number of married children tends to increase. Today, early marriage reaches 41.000 every day, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. This research aims to identify the social determinants of health that encourage early marriage. This research used a quantitative observational analytic study with cross-sectional design. The number of <18 year-old married women were 1.96% (IFLS5), <18 year-old married men were 0.15% (IFLS5). The average age at first birth was 22.96 years old. The economic status of early marriage was mostly in Quintile 1, and the majority of residences were in rural area. The ratio of married women and men aged <18 years old was 11-14: 1. Employment, education, residence and poverty were associated with early marriage and were statistically significant.
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Ortiz, Vilma. "Migration and Marriage among Puerto Rican Women." International Migration Review 30, no. 2 (June 1996): 460–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839603000204.
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Research on immigrant women in the last ten years has focused on developing a gendered understanding of the relationships among family, work, and migration. From this emerges a view of women as active agents in the migration process – using migration as an economic option that deals with gender ideology and practice. Migration among Puerto Rican women is an interesting case study with which to examine these relationships given the prominent role of women in this migration history and that the role of family characteristics have not been sufficiently studied with this population. This paper examines the effect of family indicators on migration from, and return migration to, Puerto Rico among women in the 1980s. It appears that women use migration to gain independence as single women and mothers since unmarried women were more likely to migrate from Puerto Rico than married women. On the other hand, we see evidence of a traditional route in which women follow men in the migration stream since women recently married were more likely to migrate from, and return to, Puerto Rico. Women married for longer periods of time are the least likely to migrate. Finally, it appears that women use migration to counter limited marriage opportunities in Puerto Rico since unmarried women were less likely to return there and since there were more changes in marital status after women migrated to New York than after returning to Puerto Rico.
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Djamba, Yanyi K. "Premarital sexual experience of married women in Kinshasa, Zaire." Journal of Biosocial Science 27, no. 4 (October 1995): 457–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000023063.
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SummaryUsing responses from questions about age at first sexual intercourse and age at first marriage, this paper offers a method of studying premarital sexual behaviour in societies where the subject is a taboo topic. More than half of the currently married women in Kinshasa engaged in sexual intercourse before marriage. The likelihood of having premarital intercourse increases among younger women, those with higher education, and those whose ethnic groups have liberal attitudes towards sexual conduct. The results also suggest that sexual activity accounts for late marriage.
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Aulia, Ayuning, and Mieke Savitri. "Health consequences of child marriage in high burden countries : a systematic review." International Journal of Health Science and Technology 1, no. 1 (July 30, 2019): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31101/ijhst.v1i1.943.
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Child marriage, defined as a formal marriage or informal union before age 18. Worldwide, over 650 million women live today married as children. An estimated 12 million girls under 18 married each year. The purpose of this study is to know health consequences of child marriage. A systematic review by using the search facility database online through PubMed and EBSCO. Journal were screen by using search engine with 5 keywords “child marriage” OR “early marriage” AND “impact” AND “health” then screened based on specific publication from 2013 to 2018, use english, full text, and selecting journals based title and abstract. Found 3822 journals at early stage and at the end 5 articles were included in review. Child marriage significantly increases the likelihood of stillbirth/miscarriage, late child development or stunting, mental health is worse, excessive bleeding, and many women in the ‘thin’/malnutrition category were married before 18 years. There are many health consequences of health marriage. Prevent the occurrence of child marriage, should the child be given education about reproductive health especially, related to the impact of child marriage.
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Mrayan, Lina, and Salwa Obeisat. "The Lived Experience of Early Marriage in Jordan: The Perspective of Adolescent Girls and Young Women." SAGE Open 11, no. 3 (July 2021): 215824402110488. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440211048895.
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Child or early marriage, primarily due to cultural factors, continues as a tradition and seems to be a growing phenomenon in Jordan. This research explores the lived experience of early marriage from the perspective of adolescent girls and young women. A qualitative research design and in-depth face-to-face interviews in the Arabic language were conducted with 36 female subjects, married before the age of 18 and all newlyweds, married for less than 3 years. Six major themes emerged from the interviews to describe the experience of the participants: “Feeling remorse about getting married early”; “Loss of authority and feeling powerless”; “Reasons behind early marriage”; “Feeling pressure to have the first baby”; “Early marriage and pregnancy health consequences”; and “The positive aspects of an early marriage.” The lived experience revealed in this study confirm the overall negative effect of girls entering marriage at a young age, Early marriage is a violation of human rights, and robs girls of their childhood, education, work, and other life choices, in addition to the reported adverse psychological and physical effects.
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Giesen, Carol Boellhoff. "Aging and Attractiveness: Marriage Makes a Difference." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 29, no. 2 (September 1989): 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/84br-wxbn-29f1-lf0j.
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In order to explore women's agreement with the double standard of aging, thirty-two women ranging in age from twenty-eight to sixty-three were asked to share their definitions of attractiveness, femininity, and sexual appeal. They were then asked if they had changed these definitions over time and if they perceived themselves as growing more or less attractive, feminine, and sexually appealing as they grew older. The findings showed that attractiveness was defined primarily by appearance, femininity by behavior and inferred traits, and sexual appeal by both. More single than married women had changed definitions of these terms, and more single women perceived themselves as having grown more attractive, feminine, and sexually appealing as they grew older. Age differences in these evaluations were found among the group of married women, but few age differences were found among single women. The findings suggest there may be qualitatively differing experiences between single and married women that are reflected in their evaluations of attractiveness and sexual appeal.
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Khoo, Siew-Ean, and S. Krishnamoorthy. "Changes in the timing of births in Melbourne, Australia." Journal of Biosocial Science 17, no. 2 (April 1985): 235–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000015698.
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SummaryTwo 10-year marriage cohorts from two surveys of married women in Melbourne were compared on their timing of the first and second births. The results showed that women who were married in the early 1970s were much more likely to delay their first birth until about the third or fourth year of marriage compared with women who married in the 1960s. However, there was no difference in the timing of their second birth in relation to the first birth between the two marriage cohorts. Women who delayed childbearing also preferred smaller families. Economic reasons were most frequently mentioned for delaying childbearing.