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Zapata Muñoz, Jessica, Maribel Echeverry Hernández, Sergio Andrés Correa, Cristian Ferney Esquivel, Daisy A. Gómez-Ruiz, Ana Cristina Cadavid, and Ricardo Zambrano Valdés. "Estudio anatómico mediante radiografía de zarigüeya común (Didelphis marsupialis) en zonas periurbanas de Medellín, Colombia." Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú 32, no. 4 (August 24, 2021): e19048. http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/rivep.v32i4.19048.
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Este trabajo busca describir la morfología radiológica de la zarigüeya común (Didelphis marsupialis), estableciendo las bases para una correcta manipulación y manejo clínico adecuado. Los individuos fueron capturados con trampas Tomahawk cebadas en el corregimiento de Santa Elena, municipio de Medellín, Colombia. Se identificó el sexo y se verificó la posible presencia de crías en el marsupio (animales con crías fueron liberados). Se utilizó un protocolo anestésico basado en xilacina, tiletamina y zolazepam y se procedió a las tomas radiográficas lateral derecha, dorsoventral y ventrodorsal en el esqueleto axial (cráneo, tórax, abdomen y pelvis) y medio-laterales, y en vista anteroposterior y dorso-plantar y palmar en el esqueleto apendicular. Se encontró coincidencias con otros marsupiales en la presencia de la ossa marsupialia o hueso epipúbico, la fórmula vertebral y la ausencia de la patela; además., se confirma la presencia de estructuras como la bulla timpánica.
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Lozada, Santiago, Ginés Fernando Ramírez, and José Henry Osorio. "Características Morfológicas de un Grupo de Zarigüeyas (Didelphys marsupialis) del Suroccidente Colombiano." Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú 26, no. 2 (June 3, 2015): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/rivep.v26i2.11011.
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La familia Didelphidae representa la mayoría de los marsupiales americanos ampliamente distribuidos en América del Sur, ocupando casi todo tipo de hábitats a excepción de zonas altas y zonas desérticas. Los marsupiales de la familia varían de tamaño y algunos autores los describen como medianos y grandes, mientras que otros los describen de tamaño pequeño y mediano. El presente trabajo aporta una descripción morfológica de las zarigüeyas ubicadas en una región del suroccidente colombiano.
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Gómez-Hoyos, Diego A., Yuly Caicedo-Ortiz, and Margarita Rosa Tirado Mejía. "Depredación de Marmosops sp. por el Barranquero Andino Momotus aequatorialis en la Reserva Natural la Rosa de los Vientos, Quindío, Colombia." Mammalogy Notes 2, no. 1 (July 1, 2015): 22–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.47603/manovol2n1.22-23.
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Las especies del género Marmosops spp., conocidas como chuchas mantequeras, son pequeños marsupiales que se distribuyen principalmente en la zona tropical y subtropical de Suramérica (Gardner 2008). En Colombia se han reportado 6 especies que suelen encontrarse en los bosques Andinos de las tres cordilleras y los bosques húmedos de la amazonia (Solari et al. 2013). Reportes de su historia natural los incluyen como presas de zorro-perro (Cerdocyon thous), así como de algunos búhos y lechuzas (Díaz-Nieto 2014a, 2014b). Sin embargo, no existen registros de depredación de estos marsupiales por parte de especies del género Momotus.
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Martin, Gabriel M., and Baltazar González-Chávez. "Observations on the behavior of Caenolestes fuliginosus (Tomes, 1863) (Marsupialia, Paucituberculata, Caenolestidae) in captivity." Journal of Mammalogy 97, no. 2 (January 5, 2016): 568–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyv203.
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Abstract We describe the behavior in captivity of the dusky shrew-opossum Caenolestes fuliginosus from 17 specimens captured at Finca La Martinica (Colombia), which were kept alive in plastic terraria for different periods of time (between 1 and 12 consecutive days). We found that C. fuliginosus can climb and jump well and uses its nonprehensile tail as a support when climbing. Feeding observations showed a preference towards an animalivorous diet, which included moths/butterflies (Insecta, Lepidoptera), stick-insects (Insecta, Phasmatoidea), flatworms (Platyhelminthes, Turbellaria), earthworms (Annelida, Oligochaeta), frogs (Amphibia, e.g., Pristimantis sp.), and dead rodents (Rodentia, Sigmodontinae, e.g., Microryzomys sp., Thomasomys sp.). Individuals were active throughout the day and night, with no indication of daily torpor. Our observations showed C. fuliginosus is not aggressive towards congeners and often aggregates during rest, especially when several individuals are placed together. Unlike other New World marsupials, C. fuliginosus showed nonagonistic group feeding behavior when consuming carcasses. Stereotyped behavior patterns (e.g., grooming) were not frequently observed. Our work provides comparative information for further studies on caenolestids and other New World marsupials. En este trabajo describimos el comportamiento en cautiverio del ratón Runcho, Caenolestes fuliginosus, a partir de la observación directa de 17 individuos capturados en Finca La Martinica (Colombia), que fueron mantenidos en terrarios plásticos por diferentes períodos de tiempo (entre 1 y 12 días consecutivos). Observamos que C. fuliginosus puede trepar y saltar bien, usando su cola no prensil como soporte al trepar. Los individuos mostraron preferencias alimenticias hacia una dieta animalívora que incluyó: polillas/mariposas (Insecta, Lepidoptera), insectos palo (Insecta, Phasmatoidea), gusanos planos de vida libre (Platyhelminthes, Turbellaria), lombrices (Annelida, Oligochaeta), ranas/sapos (Amphibia, e.g., Pristimantis sp.) y roedores muertos (Rodentia, Sigmodontinae, e.g., Microryzomys sp., Thomasomys sp.). Observamos actividad durante todo el día y la noche, sin preferencias, y no observamos torpor en ningún individuo. Los individuos no mostraron comportamiento agresivo hacia sus congéneres y, con frecuencia, se juntaron para descansar unos sobre otros. A diferencia de otros marsupiales del nuevo mundo, C. fuliginosus no mostró comportamiento agonístico cuando se alimenta de cadáveres. Patrones estereotipados de comportamiento (e.g., limpieza) no fueron frecuentemente observados. Nuestro trabajo aporta información comparativa para futuros estudios sobre el comportamiento de otros cenoléstidos y marsupiales del nuevo mundo.
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SOUZA ROCHA, Katarine de, Gleiciane SCHUPP DE SENA MESQUITA, Maeli Fernanda SILVA FERREIRA, Flávia de Nazaré LEITE BARROS, Renata Cecília Soares de Lima MACEDO, Elane de ARAÚJO SARAIVA, Ana Cristina MENDES-OLIVEIRA, et al. "New records of Leptospira spp. in wild marsupials and a rodent in the eastern Brazilian Amazon through PCR detection." Acta Amazonica 50, no. 4 (December 2020): 305–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4392201903683.
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ABSTRACT We analyzed the presence of Leptospira spp. in liver and kidney tissue of wild marsupials and rodents trapped in a periurban forest in the eastern Brazilian Amazon. We examined 25 individuals of four marsupial and seven rodent species for the presence of the 16S rRNA gene of Leptospira in the DNA extracted from 47 liver and kidney tissue samples using PCR. We detected positive samples in 12% (3/25) of the individuals, in kidney fragments of two marsupial species (Didelphis marsupialis and Marmosops pinheiroi) and in a liver fragment of one rodent species (Echimys chrysurus). These are the first records of Leptospira spp. in M. pinheiroi and E. chrysurus and it is the first molecular survey of marsupials and rodents in the Brazilian Amazon.
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Medina, César E., Evaristo López, Kateryn Pino, Alexander Pari, and Horacio Zeballos. "Biodiversidad de la zona reservada Sierra del Divisor (Perú): una visión desde los mamíferos pequeños." Revista Peruana de Biología 22, no. 2 (October 15, 2015): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/rpb.v22i2.11354.
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En el presente trabajo se documenta la diversidad de mamíferos pequeños en la Zona Reservada Sierra del Divisor (ZRSD). Se evaluaron seis localidades entre 2011 y 2013 utilizando técnicas de captura estándar (trampas Víctor, Tomahawk, Pitfall y redes de niebla). Se registró un total de 67 especies (cinco marsupiales, 10 roedores y 52 murciélagos), 32 de las cuales son nuevos registros para la ZRSD y dos son especies de roedores raras y endémicas del Perú, la “rata acuática peruana” Neusticomys peruviensis (Cricetidae: Ichthyomyini) y el “Ratón acuático de Ucayali” Amphinectomys savamis (Cricetidae: Oryzomyini). El marsupial Marmosops bishopi; los roedores Neacomys minutus, Euryoryzomys macconnelli, Scolomys melanops y Proechimys kulinae; y los murciélagos Artibeus planirostris y Rhinophylla pumilio fueron las especies más abundantes. Nuestros hallazgos demuestran la importancia de la re-categorización de la Zona Reservada al estatus de Parque Nacional, como una contribución significativa para la conservación de los mamíferos del Perú.
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Cifelli, Richard L., and Christian De Muizon. "Marsupial mammal from the Upper Cretaceous North Horn Formation, Central Utah." Journal of Paleontology 72, no. 3 (May 1998): 532–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000024306.
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Little is known of the non-dinosaurian fauna from the Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) part of the North Horn Formation, despite its biogeographic importance. Herein we describe a new marsupial mammal from the unit, founded on an exceptionally complete specimen of a juvenile individual, and present new information on the incisor region of early marsupials, based on comparison with complete specimens from the early Paleocene of Bolivia. Alphadon eatoni, new species, is the smallest Lancian species of the genus, and departs from a presumed marsupial morphotype in having the second lower incisor enlarged. The species is, however, primitive in lacking a “staggered” pattern to the incisor series and in having a labial mandibular foramen, and in these respects it differs from Paleocene and later marsupials. Poor representation of other taxa precludes meaningful comparison to most other North American Cretaceous marsupials, although Eodelphis, thought to be distantly related, also has an enlarged i2. Although Alphadon is characterized by many primitive features, the relative development of the incisors is not what would be predicted in a morphological antecedent to later Marsupialia.
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Díaz, M. Mónica. "Marsupiales (Didelphimorphia: Didelphidae) de Iquitos y sus alrededores (Loreto, Perú)." Therya 5, no. 1 (April 30, 2005): 111–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.12933/therya-14-178.
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Griffiths, M., and N. G. Simms. "Observations on the anatomy of mammary glands in two species of conilurine rodent (Muridae: Hydromyinae) and in an opossum (Marsupialia: Didelphidae)." Australian Mammalogy 16, no. 1 (1993): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am93002.
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The pups of Pseudomys nanus and P. australis are attached to their mothers' teats for extended periods of time, analogous to the situation encountered in pouchless marsupials. The structures in the mammary glands involved in facilitating prolonged attachment are different in the two rodent species and both kinds are different from those in marsupial glands including those of Monodelphis domestica, the subject of the present study. In P. nanus, the teats are anchored to postero-ventrally directed, tubular diverticula of the body wall. In P. australis there are no diverticula. However, support for the mammary glands and teats is afforded by the body wall, in the form of two well-developed fan-shaped muscles dorsal to the mammary glands in conjunction with a broad lamina of connective tissue, smooth and striated muscle situated between the skin of the belly and the mammary glands. In M. domestica, the teats are anchored to swathes of striated voluntary muscle, derived from the ilio-marsupialis muscles which pass ventrally through the secretory parenchyma to be inserted onto the bases of the teats. Since this musculature has not been observed in the mammary glands of any eutherians so far studied, nor in those of Monotremata, it is put that it is a character unique to the Marsupialia.
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Kirsch, John A. W., Mark S. Springer, and François-Joseph Lapointe. "DNA-hybridisation Studies of Marsupials and their Implications for Metatherian Classification." Australian Journal of Zoology 45, no. 3 (1997): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo96030.
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We review past DNA-hybridisation studies of marsupials and present a reanalysis of the data, utilising results from our and additional studies to formulate and rationalise a new classification of Marsupialia. In the reanalysis, 13 individual DNA-hybridisation matrices, many lacking some pairwise comparisons, were sutured in stages to provide the basis for generating a tree of 101 marsupials plus an outgroup eutherian; a fourteenth matrix provided data for a tree including eight additional eutherians and a monotreme. Validation was achieved by jackknifing on taxa for each matrix as well as on tables combining two or more matrices generated during assembly of the 102-taxon data set. The results are consistent with most conclusions from the individual studies and dramatise the unevenness of hierarchical levels in current classifications of marsupials. In particular, the affinities of the American marsupial Dromiciops gliroides with, and the distinctness of marsupial bandicoots from, Australasian metatherians are reaffirmed, while opossums are shown to be as internally divergent as are most members of the order Diprotodontia. Calibration of the 102-taxon tree and dating of the major dichotomies suggest that no extant marsupial lineage originated before the latest Cretaceous, and that all of them together with most South American and all Australasian fossils should be recognised as a monophyletic group contrasting with a largely Laurasian (if possibly paraphyletic) taxon. These inferences, together with the details of the phylogeny, mandate that the misleading ‘Australian’ v. ‘American’ distinction be abandoned, even as a geographic convenience.
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Medina, Yasmy K., César E. Medina, and Evaristo López. "Microestructura cuticular y medular del pelo de guardia de mamíferos pequeños terrestres en la región de Arequipa, Perú." Revista peruana de Biología 26, no. 1 (March 29, 2019): 049–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/rpb.v26i1.15909.
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Actualmente, el estudio de pelos de guardia está siendo utilizado en diversas áreas de las ciencias básicas y aplicadas (taxonomía, ecología, genética, paleontología, criminalística, entre otras), debido a su resistencia a factores físicos, químicos, mecánicos y biológicos, conservando su estructura cuticular y medular. Dichas estructuras forman patrones que permiten la identificación de especímenes a nivel de géneros y familias. Sin embargo, a pesar de la importancia, no hay estudios sobre este tema en Perú. Por ello, con el fin de llenar este vacío de información, se examinaron muestras de 30 especies de mamíferos de la región de Arequipa, correspondientes a los órdenes Didelphimorphia y Rodentia, donde encontramos 5 patrones medulares y 8 cuticulares. Los marsupiales didélfidos presentan un patrón medular uniseriado escaleriforme con un patrón cuticular foliáceo. En los roedores, los cricétidos tienen un patrón medular multiseriado alveolar y un patrón cuticular foliáceo, los chinchílidos un patrón medular reticular con patrón cuticular pétalo diamante tipo D, los cávidos un patrón medular reticular con patrón cuticular ondeado transversal, los abrocómidos un patrón medular listrado con patrón cuticular ondeado oblicuo simple, y los múridos un patrón medular reticular y alveolar con patrón cuticular pétalo diamante (tipo B y C) y foliáceo. Presentamos por primera vez la descripción detallada de la cutícula y médula de los pelos de guardia de 24 especies de roedores y 2 marsupiales.
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J. Foley, William. "Marsupial Nutrition." Pacific Conservation Biology 5, no. 3 (1999): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc99240a.
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In the early 1980s advances in marsupial biology could no longer be encapsulated in a single volume such as Hugh Tyndale-Biscoe's "Life of Marsupials" and Cambridge University Press commissioned a series of monographs covering a range of different topics in marsupial biology. As it was, only three of that series were realized and among them was the ptedecessor to this book "Digestive Physiology and Nutrition of Marsupials" published in 1982. "Marsupial Nutrition" is a considerably expanded and comprehensive review of studies of nutrition and digestive physiology of Australasian and South American marsupials. In Australia, many ecologists view the limited nutrient status of our soils and vegetation as a fundamental limit to animal populations. This book explains firstly how Australian marsupials have responded to those limitations and secondly asks whether these responses are common amongst marsupials living in New Guinea and South America.
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Denyer, Alice L., Sophie Regnault, and John R. Hutchinson. "Evolution of the patella and patelloid in marsupial mammals." PeerJ 8 (August 19, 2020): e9760. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9760.
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The musculoskeletal system of marsupial mammals has numerous unusual features beyond the pouch and epipubic bones. One example is the widespread absence or reduction (to a fibrous “patelloid”) of the patella (“kneecap”) sesamoid bone, but prior studies with coarse sampling indicated complex patterns of evolution of this absence or reduction. Here, we conducted an in-depth investigation into the form of the patella of extant marsupial species and used the assembled dataset to reconstruct the likely pattern of evolution of the marsupial patella. Critical assessment of the available literature was followed by examination and imaging of museum specimens, as well as CT scanning and histological examination of dissected wet specimens. Our results, from sampling about 19% of extant marsupial species-level diversity, include new images and descriptions of the fibrocartilaginous patelloid in Thylacinus cynocephalus (the thylacine or “marsupial wolf”) and other marsupials as well as the ossified patella in Notoryctes ‘marsupial moles’, Caenolestes shrew opossums, bandicoots and bilbies. We found novel evidence of an ossified patella in one specimen of Macropus rufogriseus (Bennett’s wallaby), with hints of similar variation in other species. It remains uncertain whether such ossifications are ontogenetic variation, unusual individual variation, pathological or otherwise, but future studies must continue to be conscious of variation in metatherian patellar sesamoid morphology. Our evolutionary reconstructions using our assembled data vary, too, depending on the reconstruction algorithm used. A maximum likelihood algorithm favours ancestral fibrocartilaginous “patelloid” for crown clade Marsupialia and independent origins of ossified patellae in extinct sparassodonts, peramelids, notoryctids and caenolestids. A maximum parsimony algorithm favours ancestral ossified patella for the clade [Marsupialia + sparassodonts] and subsequent reductions into fibrocartilage in didelphids, dasyuromorphs and diprotodonts; but this result changed to agree more with the maximum likelihood results if the character state reconstructions were ordered. Thus, there is substantial homoplasy in marsupial patellae regardless of the evolutionary algorithm adopted. We contend that the most plausible inference, however, is that metatherians independently ossified their patellae at least three times in their evolution. Furthermore, the variability of the patellar state we observed, even within single species (e.g. M. rufogriseus), is fascinating and warrants further investigation, especially as it hints at developmental plasticity that might have been harnessed in marsupial evolution to drive the complex patterns inferred here.
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Cowan, PE. "Changes in milk composition during lactation in the common brushtail possum, Trichosurus vulpecula (Marsupialia: Phalangeridae)." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 1, no. 4 (1989): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd9890325.
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The milk constituents of Trichosurus vulpecula, a folivorous marsupial, showed marked quantitative and qualitative changes during the course of lactation. The milk produced in the early stages of lactation was dilute, with about 9-13% (w/w) solids during the first 3 weeks, comprising mostly carbohydrate and protein (35-40%). At 20 weeks, about three-quarters of the way through lactation, the milk was much more concentrated, about 28% solids, with lipid the predominant fraction (30-35%), after a marked decline in carbohydrate content (20-25%). Concentrations of the electrolytes sodium and potassium also underwent marked changes. The changes in milk composition of T. vulpecula during the first three-quarters of lactation were similar to those described for a range of herbivorous, insectivorous and carnivorous marsupials. In the last quarter of lactation, however, brushtail possum milk maintained a relatively stable composition, with higher levels of carbohydrate and lower levels of lipid than for other marsupials. There appears to be a uniform pattern of changes in milk composition throughout the Marsupialia over most of lactation, with family differences evident only in the latter stages.
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Green, Brian, Jim Merchant, and Keith Newgrain. "Milk Composition in the Eastern Quoll, Dasyurus viverrinus (Marsupialia : Dasyuridae)." Australian Journal of Biological Sciences 40, no. 4 (1987): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bi9870379.
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The milk constituents of Dasyurus viverrinus, a carnivorous marsupial, exhibited major quantitative and qualitative changes during the course of lactation. The milk produced in the early stages of lactation was dilute, about 13-16070 (w/w) solids before 3 weeks with carbohydrate representing the major fraction. In the latter stages of lactation the milk was concentrated, around 30% solids, and lipid was the predominant fraction. Palmitic acid was the major fatty acid present in early-stage milk but oleic acid became predominant in milk after 10 weeks post-partum. The changes in milk composition in D. viverrinus were similar to those described for the milks of herbivorous marsupials which therefore suggests that this pattern may be uniform throughout the Marsupialia.
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Cruz-Salazar, Bárbara, and Lorena Ruiz-Montoya. "Population viability analysis of common marsupials, Didelphis marsupialis and Didelphis virginiana, in a scenario of constant loss of native vegetation." Mammalia 84, no. 5 (September 25, 2020): 475–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mammalia-2019-0130.
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AbstractWe studied the population viability of two common marsupials, Didelphis marsupialis and Didelphis virginiana, based on field data and published ecological and genetic information. Using the VORTEX v. 10. 2.6 program, a 100-year simulation was performed with 1000 iterations for five populations of D. marsupialis and six of D. virginiana. A low probability of extinction was observed in both species, particularly for D. virginiana (0.000–0.007). Population size is higher considering a metapopulation dynamics approach versus individual populations for the two marsupials: 498.25 individuals for D. marsupialis and 367.41 individuals for D. virginiana. The estimated mean genetic diversity was high for both D. marsupialis (He = 0.77–0.78) and D. virginiana (He = 0.79–0.82). The survival of both species over time could be expected to increase if a metapopulation dynamics is favored over the coming decades, despite a 1.3% loss rate of forest cover. The monitoring of population size and genetic diversity is highly recommended to validate the trends suggested by the model; this is especially true for D. marsupialis, a species associated with conserved areas that are becoming progressively less abundant. This research provides information on the responses of common mammalian species to environmental changes such as deforestation.
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Deakin, Janine E. "Marsupial X chromosome inactivation: past, present and future." Australian Journal of Zoology 61, no. 1 (2013): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo12113.
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Marsupial and eutherian mammals inactivate one X chromosome in female somatic cells in what is thought to be a means of compensating for the unbalanced X chromosome dosage between XX females and XY males. The hypothesis of X chromosome inactivation (XCI) was first published by Mary Lyon just over 50 years ago, with the discovery of XCI in marsupials occurring a decade later. However, we are still piecing together the evolutionary origins of this fascinating epigenetic mechanism. From the very first studies on marsupial X inactivation, it was apparent that, although there were some similarities between marsupial and eutherian XCI, there were also some striking differences. For instance, the paternally derived X was found to be preferentially silenced in marsupials, although the silencing was often incomplete, which was in contrast to the random and more tightly controlled inactivation of the X chromosome in eutherians. Many of these earlier studies used isozymes to study the activity of just a few genes in marsupials. The sequencing of several marsupial genomes and the advent of molecular cytogenetic techniques have facilitated more in-depth studies into marsupial X chromosome inactivation and allowed more detailed comparisons of the features of XCI to be made. Several important findings have come from such comparisons, among which is the absence of the XIST gene in marsupials, a non-coding RNA gene with a critical role in eutherian XCI, and the discovery of the marsupial RSX gene, which appears to perform a similar role to XIST. Here I review the history of marsupial XCI studies, the latest advances that have been made and the impact they have had towards unravelling the evolution of XCI in mammals.
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Reyes, Marlene, Ángela Torres, Lyda Esteban, Mónica Flórez, and Víctor Manuel Angulo. "Risk of transmission of Chagas disease by intrusion of triatomines and wild mammals in Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia." Biomédica 37, no. 1 (January 24, 2017): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.7705/biomedica.v37i1.3051.
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Introducción. La notificación de triatominos en las viviendas de algunos barrios de Bucaramanga motivó la realización de este estudio.Objetivo. Evaluar la intrusión de triatominos y mamíferos, así como algunos factores de riesgo para la enfermedad de Chagas en viviendas urbanas.Materiales y métodos. En un barrio de Bucaramanga, Santander, se recolectaron triatominos mensualmente durante un año con participación comunitaria mediante búsqueda manual en el alumbrado público, y el uso de trampas de luz, cebo animal y atrayentes químicos en el bosque cercano. Los reservorios se recolectaron con trampas cebadas. Los insectos y mamíferos se determinaron y examinaron para establecer su infección natural. Los factores de riesgo de las viviendas se midieron mediante una encuesta sobre factores sociales y ambientales.Resultados. Se recolectaron 11 adultos de Panstrongylus geniculatus y 63 de Rhodnius pallescens en el bosque, en zonas de recreación en el peridomicilio y en el domicilio, incluidas dos hembras y 21 ninfas de R. pallescens en dormitorios. Se capturaron dos ejemplares de Didelphis marsupialis en el bosques adyacente. De los 11 individuos de P. geniculatus capturados, se examinaron nueve, de los cuales cinco fueron positivos para Trypanosoma cruzi (56 %); de los 63 individuos de R. pallescens capturados, se examinaron ocho, cuatro de los cuales fueron positivos para T. cruzi (50 %). De dos especímenes de D. marsupiales capturados, uno fue examinado y se encontró que era positivo para T. cruzi. No se pudo establecer un factor de riesgo significativo, sin embargo, las viviendas con reporte de triatominos se encontraban más cerca del bosque adyacente.Conclusiones. El hallazgo de especies de triatominos intrusivas y de mamíferos con T. cruzi en el domicilio y el peridomicilio, así como en los bosques periurbanos, demuestra el riesgo de infección en las poblaciones que habitan en viviendas urbanas adyacentes a los ecótopos donde se mantiene el ciclo silvestre.
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Price, Gilbert J., Kyle J. Ferguson, Gregory E. Webb, Yue-xing Feng, Pennilyn Higgins, Ai Duc Nguyen, Jian-xin Zhao, Renaud Joannes-Boyau, and Julien Louys. "Seasonal migration of marsupial megafauna in Pleistocene Sahul (Australia–New Guinea)." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1863 (September 27, 2017): 20170785. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0785.
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Seasonal two-way migration is an ecological phenomenon observed in a wide range of large-bodied placental mammals, but is conspicuously absent in all modern marsupials. Most extant marsupials are typically smaller in body size in comparison to their migratory placental cousins, possibly limiting their potential to undertake long-distance seasonal migrations. But what about earlier, now-extinct giant marsupial megafauna? Here we present new geochemical analyses which show that the largest of the extinct marsupial herbivores, the enormous wombat-like Diprotodon optatum , undertook seasonal, two-way latitudinal migration in eastern Sahul (Pleistocene Australia–New Guinea). Our data infer that this giant marsupial had the potential to perform round-trip journeys of as much as 200 km annually, which is reminiscent of modern East African mammal migrations. These findings provide, to our knowledge, the first evidence for repetitive seasonal migration in any metatherian (including marsupials), living or extinct, and point to an ecological phenomenon absent from the continent since the Late Pleistocene.
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Cockburn, A. "Sex-Ratio Variation in Marsupials." Australian Journal of Zoology 37, no. 3 (1989): 467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9890467.
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Many marsupials produce sex ratios biased towards male or female young. In several cases these changes are comfortably accommodated in the existing theory of sex allocation. Local resource competition and the Trivers-Willard hypothesis have been usefully applied to several data sets, and preliminary experimental work has supported the main tenets of theory. By contrast, several data sets lack explanation, and provide challenges to theoreticians. The high frequency of bias in marsupials does not result from data-dredging, as bias is usually reported in descriptive accounts of marsupial reproduction, without recourse to any theoretical or mechanistic explanations. It is not possible to distinguish whether the marsupial mode of reproduction is well suited to manipulate sex allocation, or whether it facilitates measurement of biased sex allocation. As for most eutherians and birds, the mechanism of prenatal sex allocation is unknown for any marsupial. However, the current interest in sex-determining mechanisms in marsupials suggests a profitable avenue for collaboration between geneticists, physiologists and evolutionary ecologists.
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Rivero, Marina, and Rodrigo A. Medellín. "MAMÍFEROS DE CHIAPAS." Revista Mexicana de Mastozoología (Nueva Epoca) 5, no. 2 (December 15, 2015): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/ie.20074484e.2015.5.2.212.
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RESUMENEl estado de Chiapas se localiza en el Sureste de México y debido a la configuración del paisaje, se ha generado una compleja diversidad ecológica en el estado. Se realizó una revisión de toda la literatura referente a la mastofauna registrada en el territorio de Chiapas. Se encontró que el estado cuenta con 207 especies, incluidas en 122 géneros, 31 familias y 9 órdenes, lo que representa el 37% de la mastofauna del país. Los murciélagos (107 spp) y los roedores (64 spp) son los órdenes mejor representados, seguido de los carnívoros (21 spp) y marsupiales (8 spp). El 30% de las 207 especies registradas para el estado se encuentran el alguna categoría de protección dentro de la NOM-059. Chiapas es el segundo estado más diverso de México, sin embargo, existen grandes retos para la conservación de las especies y su hábitat debido al crecimiento de las fronteras agropecuarias y el crecimiento poblacional.Palabras clave: Chiapas, mamíferos, diversidad, conservación.ABSTRACTThe state of Chiapas is located in southeastern Mexico and due to the configuration of the landscape, has generated a complex ecological diversity in the state. We made a review of all the literature related with the mastofauna registered in the territory of Chiapas. We found that the state has 207 species, including 122 genera, 31 families and 9 orders, representing 37% of the mammal fauna of the country. Bats ( 107 spp ) and rodents ( 64 spp ) are the best represented orders, followed by carnivores (21 spp ) and marsupials (8 spp ). Of the 207 species recorded in the state, 30% are in some category of protection within the NOM-059. Chiapas is the second most diverse state in Mexico, however, there are major challenges for the conservation of species and their habitat due to the growth of agricultural borders and population growth.Key words: Chiapas, mammals, diversity, conservation.
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Tyndale-Biscoe, C. H. "Australasian marsupials - to cherish and to hold." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 13, no. 8 (2001): 477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd01079.
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Considerable interchange of mammals between South America and Australasia occurred during the first half of the Tertiary, including the presence of placental mammals in Australia. This challenges the old assumption that the marsupial radiation in Australia was made possible by the absence of placental competition, and suggests that two properties of marsupial organization may have favoured their survival in the increasingly arid climates that developed after the separation of Australasia from Antarctica. The basal metabolic rates of marsupials are about 70% of equivalent placentals, so their maintenance requirements for energy, nitrogen and water are lower, whereas their field metabolic rates are about the same, which means that they have a greater metabolic scope to call on when active. This may have given marsupials an advantage in semi-arid environments. The lengthy and complex lactation of marsupials enables the female to exploit limited resources over an extended period without compromising the survival of the young. Both these properties of marsupials enabled them to survive the double constraints of low fertility soils and the uncertain climate of Australia throughout the Tertiary. The arrival of people was followed first by the extinction of the large marsupials and, much later, by the wholesale decline or extinction of the small-to-medium sized species. The common factor in both extinctions may have been the constraints of marsupial reproduction.
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McKenzie, LM, and DW Cooper. "Low MHC class II variability in a marsupial." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 6, no. 6 (1994): 721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd9940721.
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The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) loci have been shown to be highly polymorphic in most eutherian ('placental') species studied. Several hypotheses have been advanced for the maintenance of this exceptional level of genetic variation, one of which suggests that it is necessary for successful eutherian reproduction. Marsupials (metatherians) and eutherians are the only two groups of viviparous mammals, but their modes of reproduction are quite distinct. Although marsupials have placentae, they are generally shorter lived and less invasive than in eutherians. Other investigations have shown that genetic variation at marsupial MHC class I loci is probably high. Weak or non-existent mixed lymphocyte culture responses previously reported in several marsupial species have suggested a lack of class II variation. Data have therefore been collected on the level of restriction fragment length polymorphism at MHC class II beta-chain encoding loci of a marsupial, Macropus eugenii (the tammar wallaby). This level is shown to be low, between the level of MHC variation found in cheetahs and a population of lions with a restricted genetic base. Attention is drawn to the need to collect more data on the level of class II variability in both eutherians and marsupials, and to the potential of marsupials for understanding the relation, if any, between mode of reproduction and MHC variability.
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Ortiz, Pablo E., and J. Pablo Jayat. "Roedores y Marsupiales en Torno Al Límite Pleistoceno/Holoceno en Catamarca, Argentina: Extinciones y Evolución Ambiental." Ameghiniana 48, no. 3 (September 1, 2011): 336. http://dx.doi.org/10.5710/amgh.v48i3(355).
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Renfree, Marilyn B. "Society for Reproductive Biology Founders' Lecture 2006 Life in the pouch: womb with a view." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 18, no. 7 (2006): 721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd06072.
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Marsupials give birth to an undeveloped altricial young after a relatively short gestation period, but have a long and sophisticated lactation with the young usually developing in a pouch. Their viviparous mode of reproduction trades placentation for lactation, exchanging the umbilical cord for the teat. The special adaptations that marsupials have developed provide us with unique insights into the evolution of all mammalian reproduction. Marsupials hold many mammalian reproductive ‘records’, for example they have the shortest known gestation but the longest embryonic diapause, the smallest neonate but the longest sperm. They have contributed to our knowledge of many mammalian reproductive events including embryonic diapause and development, birth behaviour, sex determination, sexual differentiation, lactation and seasonal breeding. Because marsupials have been genetically isolated from eutherian mammals for over 125 million years, sequencing of the genome of two marsupial species has made comparative genomic biology an exciting and important new area of investigation. This review will show how the study of marsupials has widened our understanding of mammalian reproduction and development, highlighting some mechanisms that are so fundamental that they are shared by all today’s marsupial and eutherian mammals.
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Soares, Manoel do Carmo P., Gilberta Bensabath, and Amélia P. A. Travassos da Rosa. "The presence of antibodies for hepatitis a virus in amazonia Didelphis marsupialis (Vertebrata, Marsupialia)." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 29, no. 2 (April 1987): 110–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46651987000200008.
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Anti-HAV was detected by enzyme - immunoassay in sera collected from 6 (18,75%) of 32 Didelphis marsupialis trapped in the Amazon region. No anti-HAV were found in the sera from 136 other wild animals, including small rodents, reptiles and other marsupials.
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Colle, Ana Cláudia, Ravena Fernanda Braga de Mendonça, Maerle Oliveira Maia, Leodil da Costa Freitas, Rute Witter, Arlei Marcili, Daniel Moura de Aguiar, et al. "Molecular survey of tick-borne pathogens in small mammals from Brazilian Amazonia." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 28, no. 4 (December 2019): 592–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612019086.
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Abstract Small non-volant mammals (marsupials and small rodents) were captured at three different timepoints from 23 forest fragments across three municipalities (Alta Floresta, Sinop and Cláudia) covering the Amazonian biome of the Mato Grosso State in Midwestern Brazil. The animal tissues (liver and spleen) and blood were screened using molecular tools for the detection of Babesia, Coxiella, Cytauxzoon, Hepatozoon, Theileria, and Anaplasmataceae agents. A total of 230 specimens (78 rodents and 152 marsupials) were trapped. Hepatozoon and Piroplasmorida agents were detected in the common opossums (Didelphis marsupialis). In turn, all samples (blood, liver, or spleen) collected from the small mammals were negative for the genus Coxiella and the family Anaplasmataceae, as detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Phylogenetic analyses inferred from partial sequences of the 18S rRNA gene highlighted the occurrence of new Hepatozoon and Piroplasmorida haplotypes. Future studies determining the role of common opossum (D. marsupialis) in the epidemiological cycles of Hepatozoon and Babesia under natural conditions in the Amazonian biome are necessary.
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Bar, María Esther, Benedicta Mabel Alvarez, Elena Beatriz Oscherov, Miryam Pieri Damborsky, and Miguel Eduardo Jörg. "Contribución al conocimiento de los reservorios del Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas,1909) en la Provincia de Corrientes, Argentina." Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 32, no. 3 (June 1999): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0037-86821999000300008.
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Con el propósito de identificar a reservorios del Trypanosoma cruzi se investigaron 60 mamíferos en los Departamentos Capital y San Luis del Palmar. Se examinaron: primates, roedores, marsupiales, carnívoros y edentados; 40 vivían en cautiverio y 20 fueron capturados mediante trampas en una comunidad rural forestal. Los mamíferos fueron analizados por xenodiagnóstico, empleándose ninfas de 3o o 4o estadío de Triatoma infestans ayunadas durante 2 semanas. Las heces de los triatominos fueron observadas al microscopio (400x) a los 30, 60 y 90 días post-alimentación. En 2 Saimiri sciureus y en 1 Cebus apella se constató infección por tripanosomas cruziformes. Se concluye que la parasitemia detectada fue baja. La presencia de Didelphis albiventris, reservorio potencial del Trypanosoma cruzi , en una zona de transmisión activa del parásito representa un factor de riesgo, por lo que son necesarias futuras investigaciones epidemiológicas para determinar la real diagnosis de esta parasitosis en la provincia de Corrientes, Argentina.
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Arias-Alzate, Andrés, Juan Manuel Obando, Juan José Mora, Camilo Botero-Correa, John J. Arias-Gil, and Carlos A. Delgado-V. "Patrón de actividad de Chironectes minimus (Didelphimorphia: Didelphidae) en ecosistemas periurbanos (Valle de Aburrá-Colombia), con anotaciones sobre su distribución altitudinal." Mammalogy Notes 7, no. 1 (April 7, 2021): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.47603/mano.v7n1.184.
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La Chucha de Agua, Chironectes minimus, es quizás uno de los marsupiales más crípticos en el Neotrópico. A pesar de que cuenta con registros puntuales sobre su presencia a lo largo de su distribución, sus reportes son escasos en ecosistemas circundantes a zonas periurbanas. Aquí reportamos una nueva localidad de presencia para la especie al suroriente del Valle de Aburrá, Antioquia, Colombia. A partir de análisis de los patrones actividad, se identificó que la especie presentó una tendencia nocturna, principalmente entre las 19h00 y las 00h00. Con respecto a la revisión y sobre su distribución altitudinal, a pesar de que existen registros a diferentes intervalos altitudinales, los registros sobre los 2.000 msnm son escasos. Reportamos un registro a 2.660 msnm y corroboramos uno a 2.562 msnm en el área de estudio. Igualmente, a partir de la revisión resaltamos el registro de mayor altitud a 2.800 msnm el cual ampliaría su rango actual.
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Sherwin, WB, and ND Murray. "Population and Conservation Genetics of Marsupials." Australian Journal of Zoology 37, no. 3 (1989): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9890161.
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This article summarises current knowledge of marsupial population genetics, and discusses its relevance to the conservation of marsupial species. It has been suggested that there is much lower genetic variation within marsupial populations than in eutherian mammals. This trend is not evident in the electrophoretic data summarised here. However, genetic differentiation between populations, subspecies, and species of marsupials appears to be slightly lower than comparable values for eutherians. Genetic estimates of migration between populations are scarce at present, but show values that are comparable with eutherians. Some studies of marsupial population genetics have used non-electrophoretic characteristics, or have addressed the possibility of selection on the characters analysed. Although few, these studies indicate the suitability of marsupials for such investigations. Recent debate over the theories and applications of conservation genetics has made it clear that more research is required on individual species. Given the record of extinction of marsupials in the last 200 years, it is important to test the applicability of these theories to individual marsupial species. Several examples are discussed emphasising the need for ecological studies that estimate the effective number of reproducing individuals per generation. This figure, called the effective size, is the corner- stone of conservation genetics theory, being an important determinant of both the rate of loss of variation between individuals, and the rate of inbreeding. The effective size of the mainland population of the eastern barred bandicoot, Perameles gunnii, appears to be only about one-tenth of its census number. This result is comparable with estimates made in other vertebrates, and demonstrates that many marsupial species which appear to have an adequate census size on ecological grounds may face genetic problems resulting from small effective size.
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Moore, HD. "Gamete biology of the new world marsupial, the grey short-tailed opossum, Monodelphis domestica." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 8, no. 4 (1996): 605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd9960605.
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Mammalian gametes undergo a series of functional and developmental changes that culminate in fertilization. In order to appreciate the necessity for such complex processes as sperm maturation, capacitation and the intimate sperm-egg interactions leading to gamete fusion, it is important to understand how gametes may have evolved. In this respect, marsupials are particularly relevant since they exhibit features reminiscent of both non-mammalian vertebrates and eutherian mammals. The grey short-tailed opossum, Monodelphis domestica, is a New World marsupial from Brazil. It breeds well under laboratory conditions and is an excellent animal model to investigate marsupial gamete biology. As in other American marsupials, the spermatozoa of the opossum form pairs in the epididymis. Here, a number of studies carried out in this laboratory, related to sperm maturation, capacitation and fertilization in M. domestica, are reviewed and the gamete biology in this species is compared with what is known in other marsupials and eutherian mammals.
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CÁCERES, N. C., and E. L. A. MONTEIRO-FILHO. "Tamanho corporal em populações naturais de Didelphis (Mammalia: Marsupialia) do Sul do Brasil." Revista Brasileira de Biologia 59, no. 3 (August 1999): 461–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-71081999000300011.
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Atualmente, poucos são os dados biométricos de marsupiais disponíveis no Brasil considerando-se sua riqueza de espécies. Baseando-se nisto, as relações de tamanho corporal de populações naturais do gambá-de-orelha-branca, Didelphis albiventris, e do gambá-de-orelha-preta, D. marsupialis, foram verificadas em dois remanescentes florestais de Curitiba, Sul do Brasil, entre fevereiro de 1995 e fevereiro de 1997. Como resultado, houve uma forte relação entre a erupção de dentes, o peso e a maioria das medidas corporais obtidas de ambas as espécies. Em conseqüência, parâmetros como o comprimento da cabeça podem ser utilizados para estimar os demais parâmetros corporais dos marsupiais estudados. Foi também observado dimorfismo sexual quanto ao tamanho corporal e formato da cabeça para D. marsupialis. Comparativamente, as fêmeas adultas de D. albiventris apresentam maior tamanho que as fêmeas adultas de D. marsupialis, pelo menos no Sul do Brasil. Houve evidências de que alguns Indivíduos podem ter um aumento em seu peso corporal durante o outono, talvez como uma maneira de suportar a estação com menor disponibilidade de alimentos. Por outro lado, D. albiventris armazena gorduras mais freqüentemente, independente da estação do ano. Assim, as estratégias adaptativas de ambas as espécies de marsupiais quanto ao tamanho corporal no Sul do Brasil apresentaram algumas diferenças e provavelmente são resultantes de modos de vida também diferentes, apesar de seu parentesco próximo.
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Deakin, Janine E., and Sally Potter. "Marsupial chromosomics: bridging the gap between genomes and chromosomes." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 31, no. 7 (2019): 1189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd18201.
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Marsupials have unique features that make them particularly interesting to study, and sequencing of marsupial genomes is helping to understand their evolution. A decade ago, it was a huge feat to sequence the first marsupial genome. Now, the advances in sequencing technology have made the sequencing of many more marsupial genomes possible. However, the DNA sequence is only one component of the structures it is packaged into: chromosomes. Knowing the arrangement of the DNA sequence on each chromosome is essential for a genome assembly to be used to its full potential. The importance of combining sequence information with cytogenetics has previously been demonstrated for rapidly evolving regions of the genome, such as the sex chromosomes, as well as for reconstructing the ancestral marsupial karyotype and understanding the chromosome rearrangements involved in the Tasmanian devil facial tumour disease. Despite the recent advances in sequencing technology assisting in genome assembly, physical anchoring of the sequence to chromosomes is required to achieve a chromosome-level assembly. Once chromosome-level assemblies are achieved for more marsupials, we will be able to investigate changes in the packaging and interactions between chromosomes to gain an understanding of the role genome architecture has played during marsupial evolution.
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Casartelli, C., S. R. Rogatto, and I. Ferrari. "Cytogenetic analysis of some Brazilian marsupials (Didelphidae: Marsupialia)." Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 28, no. 1 (February 1, 1986): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g86-005.
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Three species of marsupials from the Amazon region (Marmosa cinerea, Caluromys lanatus, and Didelphis marsupialis) and two from the region of São Paulo (Didelphis marsupialis and Didelphis albiventris) were studied. The G-banding pattern of the species with 2n = 14 (M. cinerea and C. lanatus) was very similar, as well as the pattern of G-bands in the species with 22 chromosomes (Didelphis). All of the autosomes of M. cinerea and D. albiventris have centromeric C-bands and the Y chromosome is totally C-band positive. The long arm of the M. cinerea X chromosome is completely C-band positive except for a negative band close to the centromeric region. In D. albiventris the long arm of the X chromosome is C-band positive except for a negative band close to the telomeric region. In M. cinerea the silver-stained nucleolar organizer regions (Ag-NORs) are found in the acrocentric chromosomes, being located in the telomeric region of one pair and in the centromeric region of the other pair. Caluromys lanatus has centromeric Ag-NORs in one acrocentric and in one submetacentric chromosome pairs. Didelphis marsupialis has three chromosome pairs with telomeric Ag-NORs. In D. albiventris the Ag-NORs are terminal and located in both arms of one pair and in the long arm of two pairs of chromosomes.Key words: cytogenetics, marsupials, chromosomes.
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Belov, Katherine, Robert D. Miller, Julie M. Old, and Lauren J. Young. "Marsupial immunology bounding ahead." Australian Journal of Zoology 61, no. 1 (2013): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo12111.
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Marsupial immune responses were previously touted as ‘primitive’ but we now know that the marsupial immune system is complex and on par with that of eutherian mammals. In this manuscript we review the field of marsupial immunology, focusing on basic anatomy, developmental immunology, immunogenetics and evolution. We concentrate on advances to our understanding of marsupial immune gene architecture, made possible by the recent sequencing of the opossum, tammar wallaby and Tasmanian devil genomes. Characterisation of immune gene sequences now paves the way for the development of immunological assays that will allow us to more accurately study health and disease in marsupials.
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López Arévalo, Hugo Fernando, Darwin Manuel Morales-Martínez, Catherine Mora-Beltrán, María C. Calderón-Capote, Catalina Cárdenas-González, Natalia Atuesta-Dimian, Marco J. Melo, and Wilmer Ramírez. "Mamíferos (Mammalia) de San José del Guaviare, Colombia." Biota Colombiana 22, no. 2 (July 1, 2021): 127–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21068/c2021.v22n02a07.
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Presentamos los resultados obtenidos durante cuatro años de muestreo de mamíferos en diferentes coberturas vegetales del municipio de San José del Guaviare, Guaviare, Colombia. Entre los años 2012 y 2017 recolectamos información de la diversidad de mamíferos a través del muestreo con redes de niebla, trampas para pequeños y medianos mamíferos, cámaras trampa, observaciones directas, entrevistas e información secundaria. Reportamos 121 especies de mamíferos nativos para el municipio. Registramos una completitud del muestreo de 64 % para murciélagos, 60 % para pequeños mamíferos no voladores y de 100 % para medianos y grandes mamíferos. Destacamos dos novedades geográficas para los marsupiales Marmosa waterhousei y Glironia venusta, y seis novedades en los murciélagos Lonchorhina marinkellei, Phyllostomus latifolius, Glyphonycteris sylvestris, Glyphonycteris daviesi, Glossophaga commissarisi y Myotis keaysi. La riqueza encontrada es comparable con otros inventarios a largo plazo de mamíferos neotropicales, y presenta la mayor diversidad de especies de murciélagos y primates reportados en Colombia. Sin embargo, es necesario seguir realizando muestreos intensivos, ya que la riqueza de grupos como pequeños mamíferos no voladores y murciélagos está aún subestimada.
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Archibald, J. David. "Darwin's two competing phylogenetic trees: marsupials as ancestors or sister taxa?" Archives of Natural History 39, no. 2 (October 2012): 217–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2012.0091.
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Studies of the origin and diversification of major groups of plants and animals are contentious topics in current evolutionary biology. This includes the study of the timing and relationships of the two major clades of extant mammals – marsupials and placentals. Molecular studies concerned with marsupial and placental origin and diversification can be at odds with the fossil record. Such studies are, however, not a recent phenomenon. Over 150 years ago Charles Darwin weighed two alternative views on the origin of marsupials and placentals. Less than a year after the publication of On the origin of species, Darwin outlined these in a letter to Charles Lyell dated 23 September 1860. The letter concluded with two competing phylogenetic diagrams. One showed marsupials as ancestral to both living marsupials and placentals, whereas the other showed a non-marsupial, non-placental as being ancestral to both living marsupials and placentals. These two diagrams are published here for the first time. These are the only such competing phylogenetic diagrams that Darwin is known to have produced. In addition to examining the question of mammalian origins in this letter and in other manuscript notes discussed here, Darwin confronted the broader issue as to whether major groups of animals had a single origin (monophyly) or were the result of “continuous creation” as advocated for some groups by Richard Owen. Charles Lyell had held similar views to those of Owen, but it is clear from correspondence with Darwin that he was beginning to accept the idea of monophyly of major groups.
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Fehlberg, Hllytchaikra Ferraz, Cássia Matos Ribeiro, Pedro de Alcântara Brito Junior, Bruno César Miranda Oliveira, Camila Albano dos Santos, Martín Roberto del Valle Alvarez, Tatiane Vitor Harvey, and George Rêgo Albuquerque. "Detection of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in small wild mammals in northeastern Brazil." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 16, 2021): e0256199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256199.
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This study investigated the occurrence of Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. in rodents and marsupials from the Atlantic Forest in southern Bahia, northeastern Brazil. Two hundred and four fecal samples were collected from different forest areas in the municipalities of Ilhéus, Una, Belmonte, and Mascote. Identifications were performed using PCR and nested PCR followed by sequencing of the gdh and tpi genes for G. duodenalis, and the gp60 and Hsp-70 genes for Cryptosporidium. The total frequency of positive PCR samples for both G. duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. was 5.4% (11/204). Giardia duodenalis occurred in 2.94% (4/136) of rodents and 2.94% (2/68) of marsupials. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium in rodents and marsupials was 1.47% (2/136) and 4.41% (3/68), respectively. In the areas sampled, the frequency of parasitism was 50% (7/14), while the Mascote region alone had no parasitized animals. The G. duodenalis subgenotype AI was identified in the rodent species Hylaeamys laticeps, Oecomys catherinae, Oligoryzomys nigripes and Akodon cursor, and in the marsupials Gracilinanus agilis and Monodelphis americana. In the rodents Rhipidomys mastacalis, H. laticeps and in the marsupial Marmosa murina the protozoa Cryptosporidium fayeri, Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium ubiquitum with subtypes IIa and IVg by the gp60 gene were found. In conclusion, this study provides the genetic characterization of Giardia and Cryptosporidium species and genotypes in rodents and marsupials. And, these findings reinforce that the rodent and marsupial species mentioned above play a role as new hosts for Giardia and Cryptosporidium.
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Bernard, S. L., D. L. Luchtel, R. W. Glenny, and S. Lakshminarayan. "Bronchial circulation in the marsupial opossum, Didelphis marsupialis." Respiration Physiology 105, no. 1-2 (August 1996): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0034-5687(96)00027-8.
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Gennari, Solange Maria, Maria Halina Ogrzewalska, Herbert Sousa Soares, Danilo Gonçalves Saraiva, Adriano Pinter, Fernanda Aparecida Nieri-Bastos, Marcelo Bahia Labruna, Matias Pablo Juan Szabó, and Jitender Prakash Dubey. "Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in wild rodents and marsupials from the Atlantic Forest, state of São Paulo, Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 24, no. 3 (September 2015): 379–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612015045.
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Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that infects a large spectrum of warm-blooded animals, including humans. Small rodents and marsupials play an important role in the epidemiology of T. gondii because they are sources of infection for domestic and feral cats. Serum samples from 151 rodents and 48 marsupials, captured in the Atlantic Forest, São Paulo State, southeastern Brazil, were analyzed for the presence of T. gondii antibodies. Antibodies detected by the modified agglutination test (MAT ≥ 25) were found in 8.6% (13/151) of the rodents and 10.4% (5/48) of the marsupials, with titers ranging from 25 to 6400 and from 25 to 3200, respectively for the rodents and marsupials. Three of the eight species of rodents (Akodon spp., Oligoryzomys nigripesand Rattus norvegicus), and one from the four marsupial species (Didelphis aurita) presented positive animals. T. gondii was described for the first time in the rodent Oligoryzomys nigripes.
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Jolly, SE, GA Morriss, S. Scobie, and PE Cowan. "Composition of Milk of the Common Brushtail Possum, Trichosurus Vulpecula (Marsupialia: Phalangeridae): Concentrations of Elements." Australian Journal of Zoology 44, no. 5 (1996): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9960479.
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The concentrations of 11 elements (calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, strontium, sulphur and zinc) were measured in milk samples collected from 193 lactating brushtail possums, Trichosurus vulpecula, at all stages of lactation. Most elements showed patterns of change during lactation similar to those of other marsupials. The most marked changes occurred at about 80-120 days, when the growth rate of the pouch young increased and developmental changes took place, such as eye opening and fur growth. Compared with eutherians, copper and iron concentrations were high in possum milk, as in other marsupials, but zinc levels were exceptionally high. Strontium and manganese levels, not measured before in marsupial milk, were considerably higher than levels reported in eutherian milk. In contrast to eutherian mammals, marsupial young must be supplied with large quantities of minerals in the milk as almost all growth and development occurs after birth, and possum young are entirely dependent on milk supplied by the mother for about the first 100 days.
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Castillo-López, Israel Fernando, Pablo Emilio Rodríguez-Africano, Rubén Cornelio Montes-Pérez, and Diana Milena González-Valderrama. "Fauna silvestre que afecta los cultivos en Boyacá y control del daño a cultivos de maíz." Ciencia y Agricultura 14, no. 1 (May 7, 2017): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.19053/01228420.v14.n1.2017.6090.
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El trabajo tuvo como objetivos identificar las especies de fauna silvestre que afectan los cultivos en el Valle de Tenza y probar cuatro tratamientos no letales para proteger los cultivos de maíz. La identificación se efectuó durante cinco meses del año 2014. Se aplicaron 150 encuestas a campesinos de cinco municipios del Valle de Tenza por el método de bola de nieve, y se utilizaron 10 trampas Tomahawk y 30 Sherman, y cinco cámaras digitales de rastreo. La prueba de protección de los cultivos se efectuó por medio de la aplicación de cuatro tratamientos a base de repelentes, en el municipio de La Capilla, durante los meses de octubre de 2014 a enero de 2015, antes y durante la cosecha de maíz. Se aplicó un diseño completamente aleatorizado de los tratamientos y se evaluó el daño por análisis de varianza y contraste de medianas entre tratamientos.Las entrevistas indicaron que 11 especies afectan los cultivos, principalmente ardillas (Sciurus granatensis) y faras (Didelphis marsupiales). Existen diferencias altamente significativas (P<0,01) entre la cantidad total de maíz dañado y sano, sin importar el tipo de tratamiento; sin embargo, no se encontró diferencia entre tratamientos (P>0,05).
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Renfree, M. B., S. R. Frankenberg, and C. Freyer. "054. TROPHOBLAST, PLACENTA AND EARLY EMBRYO: HOW THE MARSUPIAL DEVELOPS." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 22, no. 9 (2010): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/srb10abs054.
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In marsupials, the blastocyst forms as a single cell layer of cells. The marsupial blastocyst has no inner cell mass, so the 80–100 cell tammar embryo remains in diapause as a unilaminar blastocyst. All marsupials have a unilaminar stage, but what is unusual is that in the tammar the total cessation of cell division and cell metabolism lasts for 11 months each year. Marsupials are placental mammals. The yolk sac forms the definitive placenta up to birth. Only very few marsupials, such as the bandicoot, have a chorio-allantoic placenta, which supplements the placental functions of the yolk sac. However, the understanding how the unilaminar layer of trophoblast cells of the diapausing blastocyst become specified into placental and embryonic tissues has been an ongoing puzzle. To identify genes that do become differentially expressed in tammar development, we targeted the stage of the earliest appearance of the embryonic disc, at which the remainder of the blastocyst is then defined as trophoblast, as well as early cleavage stages. Intriguingly, we found no evidence for early differential expression of the canonical pluripotency genes POU5F1, SOX2 and NANOG, or of CDX2. By contrast, we found overt differential expression of GATA3, the closely related gene GATA2, and FGF4. This expression profile suggests that in the tammar, mechanisms regulating trophoblast- and pluriblast-specific expression of POU5F1, SOX2, NANOG and CDX2 are temporally secondary to those regulating GATA2 & -3 and FGF4 expression. Together, our results may signify the evolution of alternative mechanisms of early lineage specification in marsupials, or alternatively reveal a general hierarchy of signalling mechanisms that are masked in the relatively rapid and ‘compressed’ development of mice. The results of our ongoing study have important implications for understanding not only marsupial stem cells but the early development of all therian mammals.
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Burke, Catherine, Delaney Burnard, Adam Polkinghorne, Jonathan Webb, and Wilhelmina Huston. "Cloacal and Ocular Microbiota of the Endangered Australian Northern Quoll." Microorganisms 6, no. 3 (July 12, 2018): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms6030068.
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The Australian northern quoll is an important predatory marsupial carnivore that is currently endangered due to inappropriate fire regimes, predation, and the spread of invasive cane toads. The microbiota of Australian marsupials has not been extensively studied, but is thought to play a role in their health. This study provides an initial characterization of the cloacal microbiota of the northern quoll, as well as other marsupials including possums and kangaroos which were opportunistically sampled. The northern quoll cloaca microbiota was dominated by Enterococcus and Lactobacillus and had a relatively high proportion of members of the Proteobacteria phylum, which has been observed in other carnivorous marsupials. The diversity and structure of the microbiota was not influenced by presence of Chlamydiales which are intracellular bacteria and potential pathogens. The microbiota of the other marsupials was quite varied, which may be related to their health status. Characterization of the northern quoll microbiota will help to better understand the biology of this endangered animal.
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Lapointe, FJ, and JAW Kirsch. "Construction And Verification Of A Large Phylogeny Of Marsupials." Australian Mammalogy 23, no. 1 (2001): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am01009.
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Much of the controversy over marsupial phylogeny at higher-categorical levels stems from the piecemeal nature of the contributing studies or the paucity of taxonomic representation in many of them. Yet the problems of constructing large phylogenies are manyfold, involving the initial generation of the data as well as their efficient analysis. Often unaddressed, also, is the need to validate extremely large data sets and trees. Many of these problems can be ameliorated by treating the data as distances (or generating distances directly). We show that, contrary to the assertions of many protagonists in the total-evidence versus consensus debate, the validated data and pathlength (tree) matrices usually give very similar results, although a few additional unstable nodes may be found when the results of internal and external validations are themselves combined in a global-congruence test. Here we illustrate our protocols with a 109-taxon data set, representing combination of marsupial DNA-hybridisation data with similar information on a series of outgroups. Phylogenetically, the results affirm the marsupial groupings we have previously found, and suggest but do not unambiguously support a nearer relationship of monotremes than placentals to marsupials. This paper represents the first attempt to validate the tree of 101 marsupials presented earlier.
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Westerman, M. "Phylogenetic-Relationships of the Marsupial Mole, Notoryctes-Typhlops (Marsupialia, Notoryctidae)." Australian Journal of Zoology 39, no. 5 (1991): 529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9910529.
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The phylogenetic position of the marsupial mole, Notorcytes typhlops, has been difficult to ascertain with morphological characters because of its highly specialised fossorial lifestyle. On the basis of serological data, Kirsch (1977b) suggested that this species was sufficiently different from other marsupials to warrant placing it in its own suborder. Using the DNA-DNA hybridisation technique on single-copy DNA to assess sequence differences over the entire genome, I confirm that N. typhlops is not closely related to any other marsupial family, and warrants placement in its own order.
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Robinson, ES, MB Renfree, RV Short, and JL VandeBerg. "Mammary glands in male marsupials. 2. Development of teat primordia in Didelphis virginiana and Monodelphis domestica." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 3, no. 3 (1991): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd9910295.
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Young and adults of both sexes of two didelphid marsupials, Didelphis virginiana and Monodelphis domestica, were examined externally for evidence of mammary gland development. Female young possessed teat numbers typical of adult females (13-15 in D. virginiana; 11-13 in M. domestica). Male young showed variable teat numbers which were always low compared with females, with the majority possessing 2-4 in anterior positions. Teats were also present in adult males of both species, in similar numbers and locations to those of young males. There are no previous reports of the presence of teats in any adult male marsupials. No mammary primordia in males have been recorded at any stage of development in the most thoroughly studied Australian marsupials. Our findings strengthen the view that there is a dichotomy between the two marsupial lineages in the regulation of male mammary gland expression.
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Castro, Isai Jorge de, Claudia Regina Silva, Arley José Silveira Da Costa, and Ana Carolina Moreira Martins. "Predação oportunista de Artibeus planirostris (Spix, 1823) e Carollia perspicillata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae) por marsupiais e anuro na APA do Rio Curiaú, Amapá, Brasil." Acta Amazonica 41, no. 1 (March 2011): 171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0044-59672011000100020.
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Durante estudos com morcegos em floresta de várzea na APA do Rio Curiaú, Amapá, Brasil, observamos três casos de predações oportunistas de morcegos frugívoros capturados em redes de neblina. Duas destas predações ocorreram por marsupiais e uma por anuro. Artibeus planirostris (Spix, 1823) (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae) foi predado por Didelphis marsupialis Linnaeus, 1758 e Philander opossum (Linnaeus, 1758) (Didelphimorphia, Didelphidae). Carollia perspicillata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae) foi predado por Leptodactylus pentadactylus (Laurenti, 1768) (Anura, Leptodactylidae). A vocalização dos morcegos provavelmente atraiu os marsupiais para a rede, onde estes os predaram aproveitando que estavam presos. Este tipo de interação pode ocorrer naturalmente, no entanto, com maior dificuldade de registro.
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Linhares, A. C., J. D. M. Pereira, C. M. Nakauth, and Y. B. Gabbay. "Rotavirus infection in wild marsupials (Didelphis marsupialis) of the Amazon region." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 80, no. 1 (January 1986): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(86)90186-0.
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Graves, Jennifer A. Marshall. "Kangaroo gene mapping and sequencing: insights into mammalian genome evolution." Australian Journal of Zoology 61, no. 1 (2013): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo13002.
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The deep divergence of marsupials and eutherian mammals 160 million years ago provides genetic variation to explore the evolution of DNA sequence, gene arrangement and regulation of gene expression in mammals. Following the pioneering work of Professor Desmond W. Cooper, emerging techniques in cytogenetics and molecular biology have been adapted to characterise the genomes of kangaroos and other marsupials. In particular, genetic and genomic work over four decades has shown that marsupial sex chromosomes differ significantly from the eutherian XY chromosome pair in their size, gene content and activity. These differences can be exploited to deduce how mammalian sex chromosomes, sex determination and epigenetic silencing evolved.