Relevant bibliographies by topics / Martensitic (M) steel

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Martensitic (M) steel'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Martensitic (M) steel"

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Kubler, R., M. Berveiller, M. Cherkaoui, and K. Inal. "Transformation Textures in Unstable Austenitic Steel." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 125, no. 1 (December 31, 2002): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1525249.

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During the martensitic transformation in elastic-plastic materials, the local transformation strain as well as the plastic flow inside austenite are strongly related with the crystallographic orientation of the austenitic lattice. Two mechanisms involved in these materials, i.e., plasticity by dislocation motion and martensitic phase formation are coupled through kinematical constraints so that the lattice spin of the austenitic grains is different from the one due to classical slip. In this work, the lattice spin ω˙eA of the austenitic grains is related with the slip rate on the slip systems of the two phases, γ˙A and γ˙M, the evolution of the martensite volume fraction f˙ and the overall rotation rate Ω˙ of the grains. This new relation is integrated in a micromechanical model developed for unstable austenite in order to predict the evolution of the austenite texture during TRansformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP). Results for the evolution of the lattice orientation during martensitic transformation are compared with experimental data obtained by X-ray diffraction on a 304 AISI steel.
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Lei, Tian, Guan Hong Kong, Xue Ying Cui, Rui Feng, and Sheng Li Li. "The Properties and Structure Stability of Martensite-Bainite Dual Phase Structure in Bearing Steel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 330 (June 2013): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.330.8.

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The Martensite-Bainite (M/B) dual phase structure has excellent combined processing properties which can be applied to the bearing steel. Frequently, the service conditions of rolling mill bearings are so harsh that the organization and performance of the bearing materials may change during the using process. The study of structural stability of martensite-bainite dual phase structure is extremely essential. This paper determined the superiority of Martensite-Bainite (M/B) dual phase structure applied to G55SiMoV by contrasting the properties of single martensite and M/B dual phase structure. temper resistance is discussed by testing the change of organization and performance after temper.The results show that the combination property of the M/B dual phase structure are better than the martensitic structure. The G55SiMoV steel with martensite-bainite dual phase structure has a greater temperature range to ensure the tempering stability.
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Kaede, K., A. Jäger, V. Gärtnerová, C. Takushima, T. Yamamuro, and S. Tsurekawa. "Measurement of Local Mechanical Properties of T91 Steel Corroded by Molten Lead-Bismuth Eutectic Alloy via Micropillar Compression Test." MRS Advances 3, no. 8-9 (2018): 419–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.36.

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ABSTRACTT91 ferritic/martensitic (F/M) steel is an expected structural material candidate for Gen IV liquid lead-bismuth cooled nuclear reactors. However, molten lead-bismuth eutectic alloy (mLBE) often causes liquid-metal embrittlement (LME) of F/M steels. Although prior austenite grain boundaries and martensite block boundaries were reported to be preferential sites for LME, the mechanism of LME in a T91/LBE couple is yet to be comprehensively understood. In this paper, the effect of mLBE on T91 steel was investigated using micropillar compression tests. mLBE corrosion was found to cause a significant decrease in yield stress. The micropillar made from mLBE-corroded specimen was significantly sheared along high angle boundaries. In addition, EDS analysis demonstrated the presence of Pb/Bi at these high angle boundaries.
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Prijanovič, Urban, Marica Prijanovič Tonkovič, Uroš Trdan, Matej Pleterski, Matija Jezeršek, and Damjan Klobčar. "Remote Fibre Laser Welding of Advanced High Strength Martensitic Steel." Metals 10, no. 4 (April 20, 2020): 533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10040533.

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The study presents the results of remote robotic laser welding of advanced high strength Docol® 1200 M martensitic steel. One mm thick samples were welded in a lap joint configuration using a special clamping system. Welding was done using a continuous-wave (CW) fibre laser with a constant welding power of 300 W and constant focus diameter Ø 1.8 mm. Welding was done using 12 different welding speeds in the range from 0.15 to 1 m/min, whereas the inclination angle was kept constant at 0°. The influence of various welding speeds and linear heat inputs during welding on microstructural changes were examined by the occurrence of acicular and allotriomorphic ferrite or martensite. Results revealed big influence of the clamping system on the accumulation of the laser beam energy, heat sink and consequently weld size and geometry, as well as its microstructure and joint strength. Tensile-shear strength, microstructure and hardness results confirmed laser power of 300 W and 0.6 m/min welding speed as the optimal parameters, at which a martensitic structure was obtained in the weld. The width of the heat affected zone (HAZ) in this case is 1100 μm.
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Golański, Grzegorz, and Paweł Wieczorek. "Microstructural Investigation of the Ferritic GX12CrMoVNbN9-1 (GP91) Cast Steel." Solid State Phenomena 186 (March 2012): 287–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.186.287.

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The paper presents research on the microstructure of high chromium martensitic GX12CrMoVNbN9-1 (GP91) cast steel. The steel was subject to investigation in the as-cast state, after hardening as well as after quenching and tempering. The microstructure and morphology of precipitates in GP91 cast steel was examined in terms of changes taking place during the technological process. It has been shown that the examined cast steel is characterized by a microstructure of lath martensite (and polygonized ferrite) with numerous precipitates, such as: M3C, M23C6 and MX (NbC, VX) of diverse morphology. Tempered martensite in the cast steel consists of former austenite grains separated by high angle grain boundaries. These grains are subdivided by high angle boundaries into blocks of martensite laths. The dislocation density of the tempered martensite is high (of about 1014 m-2).
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Bubnoff, Dimitry V., Mariana M. O. Carvalho, José Adilson de Castro, and Thiago R. M. Lourenço. "Kinetic Study on Martensite Formation in Steels 1045 and 4340 under Variable Cooling Rates." Materials Science Forum 869 (August 2016): 550–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.869.550.

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The experiments were carried with two steels with different chemical compositions, aiming at understanding and comparison with the available literature. The microstructures of steels 1045 and 4340 were characterized and quantified using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optic microscopy (OM) with quantitative methods. Based on the experimental results, the amount of martensite, the hardness and the microhardness were determined, as a function of the distance from the quenching end, under different cooling conditions. For predicting the evolution of martensitic fraction along the sample, Koistinen-Marburger’s (K-M) model was adopted. It was found that the parameters recommended in the literature for the traditional K-M model do not represent accurately the results obtained for the steel samples under investigation. According to indications found in recent literature, parameter corrections were proposed, leading to a modified K-M model which better represents the transformations observed in the different examined steels.
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Harjo, Stefanus, Takuro Kawasaki, Yo Tomota, and Wu Gong. "Unusual Plastic Deformation Behavior in Lath Martensitic Steel Containing High Dislocation Density." Materials Science Forum 905 (August 2017): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.905.46.

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To understand the strengthening mechanism of a metallic material with high dislocation density, the plastic deformation behavior of lath martensite was studied by means of in situ neutron diffraction measurements during tensile deformations using a 22SiMn2TiB steel and a Fe-18Ni alloy. The characteristics of dislocation were analyzed and were discussed with the relation of stress-strain curves. The dislocation densities (ρ) induced by martensitic transformation during heat-treatment in both materials were found to be originally as high as 1015 m-2 order, and subsequently to increase slightly by the tensile deformation. The parameter M value which displays the dislocation arrangement dropped drastically at the beginning of plastic deformation in both materials, indicating that the random arrangement became more like a dipole arrangement.
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Pioszak, Greger L., and Richard P. Gangloff. "Hydrogen Environment Assisted Cracking of a Modern Ultra-High Strength Martensitic Stainless Steel." Corrosion 73, no. 9 (May 8, 2017): 1132–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/2437.

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A modern martensitic stainless steel (Ferrium® PH48S™) resists hydrogen environment assisted cracking (HEAC) in aqueous NaCl at ultra-high yield strengths (1,400 MPa to 1,600 MPa). HEAC is transgranular, because of increased steel purity and La addition, compared to severe intergranular HEAC in Custom® 465-H900 without rare earth elements. Minimum threshold for HEAC (KTH) is low (8 MPa√m to 17 MPa√m) for each steel under substantial cathodic polarization. Transgranular HEAC occurs along martensite packet and {110}α′-block interfaces in PH48S, likely a result of H decohesion enabled by localized plasticity. Martensite transformation produces a large area of coincident site lattice interfaces in the refined microstructure of PH48S. However, a susceptible network of random packet/block interfaces is connected in 3D to limit interface engineering. Nanoscale strengthening precipitates in PH48S reduce effective H diffusivity to the mid-10−10 cm2/s range, because of reversible H trapping with a binding energy of 12 kJ/mol. This diffusivity reduces the Stage II growth rate by 1 to 3 orders of magnitude compared to C465 and carbide strengthened ultra-high strength steels. PH48S and C465 are nearly immune to HEAC when cathodically polarized by 50 mV to 500 mV, attributed to a minimum in occluded-crack tip overpotential for H production. The breadth of this protective-potential window increases with decreasing steel strength. Increased Cr does not degrade HEAC resistance, suggesting that crack passivity dominates cation acidification to reduce H production and/or uptake. A quantitative decohesion model effectively predicts the potential dependence of da/dtII using crack tip H solubility reverse calculated from a KTH model.
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El-Tahawy, Moustafa, Jenő Gubicza, Yi Huang, Hye Lim Choi, Hee Man Choe, János L. Lábár, and Terence G. Langdon. "The Influence of Plastic Deformation on Lattice Defect Structure and Mechanical Properties of 316L Austenitic Stainless Steel." Materials Science Forum 885 (February 2017): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.885.13.

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The effect of different plastic deformation methods on the phase composition, lattice defect structure and hardness in 316L stainless steel was studied. The initial coarse-grained γ-austenite was deformed by cold rolling (CR) or high-pressure torsion (HPT). It was found that the two methods yielded very different phase compositions and microstructures. Martensitic phase transformation was not observed during CR with a thickness reduction of 20%. In γ-austenite phase in addition to the high dislocation density (~10 × 1014 m-2) a significant amount of twin-faults was detected due to the low stacking fault energy. On the other hand, γ-austenite was gradually transformed into ε and α’-martensites with transformation sequences γ→ε→α’ during HPT deformation. A large dislocation density (~133 × 1014 m-2) was detected in the main phase (α’-martensite) at the periphery of the disk after 10 turns of HPT. The high defect density is accompanied by a very small grain size of ~45 nm in the HPT-processed sample, resulting in an very large hardness of 6130 MPa.
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Zhou, Xiao Ling, Yin Zhong Shen, Tian Tian Shi, Bo Ji, and Zhi Qiang Xu. "Identification of M6C Carbides Forming during Short-Term Creep in 11Cr-3W-3CoVNbTaNd Ferritic/Martensitic Steel." Solid State Phenomena 298 (October 2019): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.298.3.

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M6C carbides were found to form during short-term creep tests at 600 °C for 1100 h in an 11Cr ferritic/martensitic (F/M) steel with the normalized and tempered condition. The M6C carbides have a face-centered cubic crystal structure, and a metallic element composition of 41-45Fe, 30-33W, 19-21Cr, 3Co/5Ta in atomic pct. The M6C carbides were a dominant phase in the crept steel. δ-ferrite in high-Cr F/M steels may lead to a premature formation of large-sized M6X precipitates during high temperature creep.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Martensitic (M) steel"

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Rosado, Diego Belato. "Comparação do efeito da fragilização por hidrogênio em aços com resistência à tração acima de 1000 MPa." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/37374.

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Este trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar os efeitos do hidrogênio em três diferentes tipos de aços de alta resistência mecânica. São descritos os fenômenos de introdução, difusão e aprisionamento de hidrogênio (H) dentro dos metais, em conjunto com os diferentes tipos de danos provocados devido à presença do hidrogênio. Os materiais de estudo são aços da família Advanced High Strength Steels (AHSS): aços Dual Phase (DP 1000 e DP 1200) e aço Martensítico (M 190). A introdução de hidrogênio nos materiais foi realizada através de carregamento catódico, o qual é representativo para as condições industriais a que se destinam. De modo a avaliar a influência do H nas propriedades mecânicas dos aços, os seguintes ensaios foram propostos: ensaio de carregamento com H, para determinar o conteúdo total de H (saturação) e conteúdo de H difusível (suscetibilidade a fragilização); ensaio de tração ao ar, para determinar a tensão no final da região elástica e resistência à tração na região do entalhe e ensaio de tração com carga constante em ambiente hidrogenado, para avaliar os efeitos provocados pela presença do H e determinar o patamar abaixo do qual o H não apresenta efeito crítico sobre o material. Os efeitos provocados pela aplicação de diferentes densidades de correntes (0,2 – 1,0 mA/cm²) foram avaliados nos ensaios de quantificação de H difusível. Conforme os resultados obtidos todos os aços apresentaram perdas na resistência mecânica à tração quando em ambiente hidrogenado, ou seja, sofreram fragilização por H. Os aços DP 1200 e M 190 (de microestrutura predominantemente martensítica) foram fortemente afetados, conforme evidenciado pela notável queda nos valores de tensão necessários para provocar a falha. Por outro lado, o aço DP 1000, de menor resistência mecânica, demonstrou menor suscetibilidade à fragilização, o que é atribuído a menor permeabilidade do H na microestrutura austenítica.
This work aims to evaluate the effects of hydrogen in three high- strength steel grades. The phenomena of hydrogen (H) entry, transport and trapping inside the metals, together with the different types of damages due to the presence of hydrogen are presented. The study materials are a range of AHSS steel grades: Dual Phase Steel (DP 1000 and DP 1200) and Martensitic Steel (M 190). The hydrogen entry was performed by cathodic charging, which is suitable for industrial applications. In order to evaluate the influence of H on the steel mechanical properties, the following tests were done: H charging, to measure total H content (saturation point) and diffusible H content (embrittlement susceptibility); uniaxial tensile test of uncharged samples to determine notched tensile strength values and the strength levels at the end of elastic region and constant load tensile testing carried out in hydrogen environment, to determine the threshold values where hydrogen has an effect on the material. DP 1200 and M 190 were strongly affected by H pre-charging, as shown by the significant drop in stress required to break them. On the other hand, DP 1000 showed a lower embrittlement susceptibility, which is attributed to its lower mechanical strength. The current densities effects (0.2 up to 1.0 mA/cm²) were evaluated during H charging to measure diffusible H content. All steels showed a drop in the tensile strength i.e. experienced hydrogen embrittlement. Steels with higher tensile strength, as DP 1200 and M 190, showed a much bigger drop that is related to the favorable characteristics of martensitic microstructure regarding to the hydrogen permeability and diffusivity.
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Book chapters on the topic "Martensitic (M) steel"

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Rajendran, Mohan Kumar, Michael Budnitzki, and Meinhard Kuna. "Multi-scale Modeling of Partially Stabilized Zirconia with Applications to TRIP-Matrix Composites." In Austenitic TRIP/TWIP Steels and Steel-Zirconia Composites, 679–721. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42603-3_21.

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Abstract The understanding of how the microstructure influences the mechanical response is an essential pre-requisite for materials tailored to match specific requirements. The aim of this chapter is to further this understanding in the context of Mg-PSZ-TRIP-steel composites on three different scales using a set of methods ranging from phase-field simulations over micromechanics to continuum constitutive modeling. On the microscale, using a Ginzburg-Landau type phase-field model the effects of cooling- and stress-induced martensitic phase transformation in MgO-PSZ is clearly distinguished. Additionally with this method the role of energy barrier in variant selection and the effect of residual stress contributing to the stability of the tetragonal phase are also investigated. On the mesomechanical scale, an analytical 2D model for the martensitic phase transformation and self-accommodation of inclusions within linear elastic materials has been successfully developed. The influences of particle size and geometry, chemical driving force, temperature and surface energy on the $$t \rightarrow m$$ t → m transformation are investigated in a thermostatic approach. On the continuum scale, a continuum material model for transformation plasticity in partially stabilized zirconia ceramics has been developed. Nonlinear hardening behavior, hysteresis and monoclinic phase fraction during a temperature cycle are analyzed. Finally, The mechanical properties of a TRIP steel matrix reinforced by ZrO$$_2$$ 2 particles are analyzed on representative volume elements. Here the mechanical properties of the composite as function of volume fraction of both constituents and the strength of the interface are studied.
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Kim, Sung Ho, Chang Hee Han, and Woo Seog Ryu. "Formation of Nano M2X Particles by a Tempering in High Cr Ferritic/Martensitic Steel." In Solid State Phenomena, 107–10. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908451-48-5.107.

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Bai, Bingzhe. "Carbide-free Bainite/Martensite (CFB/M) Duplex Phase Steel." In Ultra-Fine Grained Steels, 350–430. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-77230-9_7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Martensitic (M) steel"

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Mou, Yang, Lihong Xue, Qilai Zhou, Caixuan Lu, Jinping Suo, Youwei Yan, and Liping Guo. "Effect of Lath Width and Dislocation Density on Resistance to Irradiation of Warmly Deformed SCRAM Steel." In 2014 22nd International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone22-30374.

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The martensitic lath width (0.83 ± 0.45μm ∼ 0.48 ± 0.14 μm) and dislocation density (1.3 ± 0.3 × 1015 m−2 ∼ 6.4 ± 1.6 ×1015 m−2) change of Super-clean Reduced Activation Martensitic (SCRAM) steel caused by warm deformation on Gleeble-3500 thermo-simulation machine have been examined. The irradiation-induced helium bubbles and hardening were observed in all the specimens after helium implantation to 1e + 17/cm2 at 723 K. The helium bubbles became smaller and more numerous while the distribution was more homogeneous when the lath width decrease and dislocation density increase. The nano-indentation hardness indicated that the sample, the martensitic lath width is 0.83 ± 0.45μm and the dislocation density is 1.3 ± 0.3 × 1015 m−2, exhibited the maximum nano-indentation variation (ΔH) and the ΔH decreased with the lath width decreasing and dislocation density increasing. The hardening occurred in all helium implanted samples can mainly be ascribed to helium bubbles.
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Lu, Qunjie, Jinyang Zheng, and Xiao Zhang. "Research on Forming Temperature of Metastable Austenitic Stainless Steel Head Based on Strain-Induced Martensitic Transformation." In ASME 2016 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2016-63558.

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Formation of strain-induced martensite (SIM) is found in metastable austenitic stainless steel (m-ASS) during cold forming. The presence of SIM may cause reductions in toughness, ductility and corrosion resistance of the m-ASS. Although these mechanical properties can be restored and improved after cold forming by using proper heat treatment, the manufacturing cost rises greatly. However, the cost of warm forming is cheaper and the SIM reduces with forming temperature increasing. Thus, the main purpose of this research is to investigate a suitable forming temperature, at which the strain-induced martensitic transformation (SIM-Tr) of m-ASS head in forming will reduce. Primarily, a series of static tensile tests were conducted based on several batches of S30408 plates. The tests were carried out at different temperatures varying from 20 °C to 180 °C, with the effect of deformation temperature on SIM evaluated. Moreover, according to the stacking fault energy (SFE) calculation method, the m-ASS’s chemical composition was taken into further consideration to investigate its effect on SIM. Eventually, a formula was established that related to SIM and chemical composition for optimizing the forming temperature. The results obtained by this formula were compared to the experimental results of 304 ASS head stamping tests, and satisfactory matching is found for the proposed forming temperatures and the predicted FN values (readings of the Ferritescope measurement, as a representation of the amount of martensite in this study). Additionally, an enhancement of the cryogenic impact properties and a fewer quantity of delta-ferrite in the microstructure are observed when stamping temperature is higher than 90 °C.
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Motarjemi, A. K., M. Koc¸ak, R. Segar, and S. Riekehr. "Fracture Assessment of the High Strength Super-Martensitic Stainless Steel Welds by SINTAP Defect Assessment Procedure." In ASME 2003 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2003-2048.

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13% Cr supermartensitic stainless steel is an adequate substitute material for the conventional carbon and duplex stainless steel pipes for mild corrosive environments in the oil and gas industries. By development of these new steel and respective welding technologies, structural integrity analysis of the welded pipes, is essential and a challenging task. Depending on the welding process, filler wire used, the deformation and failure behaviours of the welded pipes could be different. In this study, fitness for service analysis verified with Submerged Arc welded Middle Tension, M(T), plates as well as for the reeling deformation during the pipe-laying process. This was done by applying analysis Levels 0, I, II and III of a recently developed European Structural Integrity Assessment Procedure (SINTAP). The goal was first of all to verify SINTAP’s load-carrying capacity predictions for welded M(T) specimens (wide plates) by comparing them with corresponding experimental data. SINTAP was also used for estimating the maximum tolerable crack size within the base or weld regions under about 2.7% applied strain, which is the strain equal to the reeling process. The estimated load-carrying capacity of the plates were found on the safe side with acceptable conservatism for all the SINTAP analysis Levels.
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Li, Huailin. "Cyclic Softening Effect on Design Margin of JLF-1 Steel." In 2013 21st International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone21-16545.

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A reduced-activation ferritic/martensitic (RAF/M) steel, JLF-1, is considered as one of the candidate structure material of the fusion reactors and supercritical water-cooled reactor (SCWR). Low cycle fatigue properties of JLF-1 steel at elevated temperature are the design base to provide adequate design margin against postulated mechanism that could experience during its design life, such as stress range, plastic deformation, and cyclic softening etc. However, the reduction in design margin is significant when the cyclic softening happens in cyclic deformation at RT, 673K, 873K. Thus, for the application as the structural materials, it is necessary to evaluate low cycle fatigue behavior and cyclic softening of JLF-1 steel at elevated temperature since those properties of material at elevated temperature are the key issue for design.
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Tsisar, Valentyn, Carsten Schroer, Olaf Wedemeyer, Aleksandr Skrypnik, and Jürgen Konys. "Corrosion of 9% Cr Ferritic/Martensitic Steels in Flowing Pb-Bi Eutectic With 10−7 Mass% Dissolved Oxygen at 450 and 550 °C." In 2016 24th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone24-60826.

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Corrosion behavior of 9 %Cr ferritic/martensitic (F/M) P92, E911 and EUROFER steels was investigated in flowing (2 m/s) Pb-Bi with 10−7 mass%O at 450 and 550 °C for up to 8766 and 2011 h, respectively. The steels show mixed corrosion modes simultaneously revealing protective scaling, accelerated oxidation and solution-based attack. At 450 °C, the accelerated oxidation resulted in a metal recession averaging 6 μm (± 2 μm) after ∼8766 h while local solution-based corrosion attack ranged from ∼40 to 350 μm. At 550 °C, the accelerated oxidation resulted in a metal recession of about 10 μm (± 2 μm) after ∼2011 h. Solution-based corrosion attack appears more regularly at 550 °C, with a maximum depth ranged from ∼90 to 1000 μm. Incubation time for solution based attack is 500–2000 h for 450 °C and < 300 h for 550 °C. The EUROFER steel showed more severe metal recession via both oxidation and solution-based corrosion in comparison with P92 and E911 steels. The possible effect of alloying and structure on the corrosion response of 9 %Cr F/M steels is discussed.
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Tsisar, Valentyn, Carsten Schroer, Olaf Wedemeyer, Aleksandr Skrypnik, and Jürgen Konys. "Compatibility of Ferritic/Martensitic Steel T91 With Flowing LBE Containing 10−7 Mass% Dissolved Oxygen at 450 and 550°C." In 2014 22nd International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone22-30399.

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Corrosion behavior of ferritic/martensitic (F/M) steel T91 with 9 % nominal chromium content was investigated in flowing (2 m/s) Pb-Bi eutectic (LBE) with 10−7 mass% dissolved oxygen at 450 and 550°C for up to 8766 and 2011 h, respectively. The corrosion process and material loss were analyzed. The steel generally shows oxidation consisting of the formation of an Fe-Cr spinel layer. Oxidation resulted in metal recession which does not exceed ∼ 10 μm after 8766 h at 450°C and ∼15 μm after 2011 h at 550°C. Local liquid-metal attack in the form of pits occurs at both temperatures. At 450°C, remarkable liquid-metal attack is observed after 5015 h, while, at 550°C, it is found already after 1007 h. The maximum depth of local attack reaches 960 μm after 8766 h at 450°C, and 190 μm after 1007 h at 550°C. The obtained results are compared with previous experiments at similar testing conditions, except for a higher oxygen concentration of 10−6 mass%.
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Hernández, Rebeca, Marta Serrano, Andrea García-Junceda, Elvira Oñorbe, and Javier Vivas. "Improvement of High Temperature Creep Strength of Conventional Grade 91 Steel by Thermomechanical Treatments." In ASME 2019 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2019-93148.

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Abstract The study of the enhanced creep strength of conventional ferritic-martensitic (F/M) grade 91 steel by a thermomechanical treatment (TMT) to increase the precipitation of MX particles in the matrix was performed. Creep properties were evaluated by tests at constant load at temperatures that varied from 600 °C to 700 °C with different levels of stress for both steels: T91 and T91-TMT. The creep curves and main parameters for both steels in the different conditions were analysed. Results show a great improvement of creep strength of the T91 after the thermomechanical treatment in comparison with the conventional steel. T91-TMT presents a rupture life significantly higher than T91 and a decrease of the values of the minimum creep rate. An increase of the density of MX precipitates in the matrix of the T91-TMT due to the thermomechanical treatment in comparison with T91 can be also observed. A change in the fractography was also detected. T91-TMT specimens showed signs of brittle fracture instead of the ductile fracture, with the common necking effect detected in the T91.
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Schroer, Carsten, and Juergen Konys. "Quantification of the Long-Term Performance of Steels T91 and 316L in Oxygen-Containing Flowing Lead-Bismuth Eutectic at 550°C." In 17th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone17-75770.

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The long-term performance of ferritic/martensitic steel T91 and austenitic 316L in oxygen-containing flowing lead-bismuth eutectic at 550°C was investigated by exposing the materials for up to 15000 h in the CORRIDA loop. The velocity of the liquid-metal flow was 2 m/s and the concentration of dissolved oxygen averaged 1.6×10−6 mass%. The resulting corrosion processes and products were analyzed and quantified using metallographic methods.
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9

Kato, M., Katsumi Inoue, G. Deng, and B. S. Jeong. "Size Effect in Bending Strength of Carburized Gear Teeth." In ASME 1992 Design Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1992-0084.

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Abstract This paper deals with the bending strength and the size effect of carburized fine module gears. The fine module gears (m = 1.0–1.5) are made of a low-carbon alloy steel, and they are carburized to have various effective case depths. The bending fatigue tests are performed for these gears. The test results show the validity of the AGMA recommendation for the effective case depth. The experimental formulas of bending strength are estimated from the comparison with the strength of the gears of m = 5. In order to make clear the size effect, a method of fracture mechanics based strength evaluation is introduced and applied to the fatigue test results. The fatigue life is assumed to be the crack propagation process, and the maximum initial length of crack is calculated from the fatigue strength. The relation between this crack length and the thickness of non-martensitic layer at the fillet is obtained, and the size effect is discussed with the relation to the thickness of the non-martensitic layer.
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10

Schroer, Carsten, Valentyn Tsisar, Olaf Wedemeyer, Aleksandr Skrypnik, and Jürgen Konys. "Corrosion in Steel T91 Caused by Flowing Lead–Bismuth Eutectic at 400°C and 10−7 Mass% Solved Oxygen." In 2016 24th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone24-60845.

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Specimens produced from two different heats of ferritic/martensitic steel T91 were exposed to oxygen-containing flowing lead–bismuth eutectic (LBE) at 400 °C, 10−7 mass% solved oxygen and flow velocity of 2 m/s, for exposure times between around 1000 and 13,000 h. The occurring phenomena were analyzed and quantified using metallographic cross sections prepared after exposure. Oxidation causes a material loss of <10 μm after 13,000 h, while corrosion initiated by the solution of the steel elements may generally proceed around 15 to 30 μm deep into the material in the same amount of time. Oxide scales formed on both heats of T91 tend to buckle and detach. In the case of one of the investigated heats, a singular event of exceptionally severe solution-based corrosion was observed, with associated local material loss around 1.2 mm after 13,000 h. The results are compared especially with findings at 450 and 550 °C and otherwise similar conditions as well as austenitic steels tested in the identical experimental run.
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