Journal articles on the topic 'Martin Pollack'

Individuation is, according to Jung, a process of self-awareness (Selbstwerdung). Martin Pollack’s The Dead Man in the Bunker (2004) is the example of a narrative illustrating the process of individuation. In this book, Pollack presents the fight against the memory of his ancestors – the Nazis and the subsequent stages of the process of his own maturation. This article describes how the narrator expresses himself through literature and how the literary process changes him. The author presents the successive phases of identity building and shows how the process of individuation proceeded depending on these phases. The key thesis of this article is that texts are not only a description of the process, but above all its tool.

The article presents an analysis of the essayistic knowledge about genocide. For this purpose, the author used works by Martin Pollack. Further, the article indicates the intertwining of two threads in Pollack’s prose. The first one is the history of his family, recollections about Nazi relatives, and the dissonance which formed inside him regarding his family’s past. The other one is the study of space understood as uncovering its “contamination”, the sinister past which has marked the specific portion of the landscape. The aim of the article is to check whether it is possible to decontaminate, i.e. expunge that contamination from these landscapes in order to make them once again locations which foster life rather than are mere empty cemeteries.

W niniejszym artykule dokonano analizy esejów autobiograficznych Martina Pollacka zebranych w tomie Topografia pamięci. Ich myślą przewodnią są zmagania autora z pamięcią o przodkach – nazistach. Pollack jest synem nazistowskiego zbrodniarza Gerharda Basta. Centralnym punktem dokonanej analizy jest zbadanie perspektywy syn – ojciec oraz sprawdzenie, na ile trauma międzypokoleniowa ma wpływ na narrację prowadzoną przez syna. Pojęcie postpamięci, stanowiące podstawę teoretyczną artykułu, zakłada, że potomkowie zarówno sprawców, jak i ofiar na tyle głęboko włączają się do procesu pamięci poprzedniego pokolenia, iż owa pamięć jest transmitowana na tych, którzy w owych wydarzeniach nie brali udziału. Lektura esejów jest okazją do przeanalizowania wpływu narodowego socjalizmu na życie tych, którzy go osobiście nie doświadczyli. W tym kontekście warto zbadać, jak Pollack pisze o pamięci dotyczącej narodoweg socjalizmu, tym bardziej że w narracji wykracza on poza pamięć o bliskich i pisze o szerzej pojętym ‘rozrachunku z przeszłością’ lub ‘przezwyciężaniu przeszłości’ w Austrii. Rozróżnia przy tym pamięć różnych pokoleń: pisze o generacjach dziadka, ojca, o swojej i wreszcie swojego syna pokazując, w jaki sposób przeszłość wpływa na teraźniejszość powodując międzypokoleniową traumę u poszczególnych ludzi, ale także u całego narodu.

Artykuł analizuje najnowszą publikację Martina Pollacka Topografia pamięci. Jest to książka, która porusza tematy obecne w innych dziełach pisarza. Autor analizuje przeszłość swojej rodziny, próbuje wyjaśnić przyczyny panującej w niej fascynacji nazizmem. Topografia pamięcijest również próbą zwrócenia uwagi na problem braku upamiętnienia ofiar wojny, terroru, prześladowań. Autor wiele uwagi poświęcił wspomnieniom o Galicji, współistnieniu wielu kultur i religii na tym obszarze.

Martin Rivers Pollock was born in Liverpool on 10 December 1914. He came from an old legal family, being the great-great-grandson of Sir Jonathan Frederick Pollock, Bt. (1783–1870), a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, barrister, MP for Huntingdon, Attorney General in Peel's first administration and Chief Baron of the Exchequer from 1844 to 1866. His father, Hamilton Rivers Pollock, also went to Trinity College, qualified as a barrister but never practised, and in 1914 was with the Cunard Steam Ship Company, before spending World War I with the Liverpool Regiment and the Royal Air Force. His mother was Eveline Morton Bell, daughter of Thomas Bell, of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. After the war his father inherited a fortune from an uncle, and the family moved to Wessex, where they lived first at splendid Anderson Manor, Dorset, and then Urchfont Manor, Wiltshire, his father living as a country squire and JP. Pollock had a conventional upper-class education, beginning with a nanny, followed by West Downs School (1923–28) and then Winchester College (1928–33). His first scientific enthusiasm was for astronomy, but he decided he was insufficiently mathematical to pursue it further (his mathematics master was Clement Durrell, author of some famous texts including Advanced algebra), so he then decided to study medicine. His Wessex schooldays were influenced by the nearby Powys brothers, the youngest (Llewelyn1) having been a Cambridge friend and contemporary of his father. Through Sylvia Townsend Warner2 he met her cousin Janet, daughter of Arthur Llewelyn Machen3, who eventually, in 1979, became his second wife. He went up to Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1933, having done his first MB and the first part of his second MB while still at school, and opting to do the two new half-subjects (Pathology and Biochemistry) that had just been instituted—he remembered thinking at the time that biochemistry was going to be the key subject for medicine in the future. Already while at school he had become a theoretical Communist, and as an undergraduate worked very hard, both at his medical studies and in political activity (such as selling the Daily Worker) for the Party—and knew most of the soon-to-be notorious Cambridge Communists of the time, including Guy Burgess4 and Donald Maclean5. He was now a Senior Scholar, and graduated BA first class in 1936; he started to spend a fourth year reading Part II Biochemistry. He decided in April 1937 that he had spent too long at Cambridge, so moved on to his clinical studies at University College Hospital. He also felt he should try to become qualified before what he saw as the inevitable war started, although he was nearly distracted into joining the International Brigade and going off to Spain—he had been a friend of John Cornford6, who did go to Spain and wrote and died there, and of Norman John (but widely known as James) Klugmann.

Object The aim of this study was to examine observer reliability of frequently used arteriovenous malformation (AVM) grading scales, including the 5-tier Spetzler-Martin scale, the 3-tier Spetzler-Ponce scale, and the Pollock-Flickinger radiosurgery-based scale, using current imaging modalities in a setting closely resembling routine clinical practice. Methods Five experienced raters, including 1 vascular neurosurgeon, 2 neuroradiologists, and 2 senior neurosurgical residents independently reviewed 15 MRI studies, 15 CT angiograms, and 15 digital subtraction angiograms obtained at the time of initial diagnosis. Assessments of 5 scans of each imaging modality were repeated for measurement of intrarater reliability. Three months after the initial assessment, raters reassessed those scans where there was disagreement. In this second assessment, raters were asked to justify their rating with comments and illustrations. Generalized kappa (κ) analysis for multiple raters, Kendall's coefficient of concordance (W), and interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were applied to determine interrater reliability. For intrarater reliability analysis, Cohen's kappa (κ), Kendall's correlation coefficient (tau-b), and ICC were used to assess repeat measurement agreement for each rater. Results Interrater reliability for the overall 5-tier Spetzler-Martin scale was fair to good (ICC = 0.69) to extremely strong (Kendall's W = 0.73) on initial assessment and improved on reassessment. Assessment of CT angiograms resulted in the highest agreement, followed by MRI and digital subtraction angiography. Agreement for the overall 3-tier Spetzler-Ponce grade was fair to good (ICC = 0.68) to strong (Kendall's W = 0.70) on initial assessment, improved on reassessment, and was comparable to agreement for the 5-tier Spetzler-Martin scale. Agreement for the overall Pollock-Flickinger radiosurgery-based grade was excellent (ICC = 0.89) to extremely strong (Kendall's W = 0.81). Intrarater reliability for the overall 5-tier Spetzler-Martin grade was excellent (ICC > 0.75) in 3 of the 5 raters and fair to good (ICC > 0.40) in the other 2 raters. Conclusion The 5-tier Spetzler-Martin scale, the 3-tier Spetzler-Ponce scale, and the Pollock-Flickinger radiosurgery-based scale all showed a high level of agreement. The improved reliability on reassessment was explained by a training effect from the initial assessment and the requirement to defend the rating, which outlines a potential downside for grades determined as part of routine clinical practice to be used for scientific purposes.

OBJECT A combination of embolization and radiosurgery is used as a common strategy for the treatment of large and complex cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). This study presents the experiences of partially embolized cerebral AVMs followed by Gamma Knife surgery (GKS) and assesses predictive factors for AVM obliteration and hemorrhage. METHODS The interventional neuroradiology database that was reviewed included 404 patients who underwent AVM embolization. Using this database, the authors retrospectively analyzed all partially embolized AVM cases followed by GKS for a residual nidus. Except for cases of complete AVM obliteration, the authors excluded all patients with radiological follow-up of less than 2 years. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the predictive factors related to AVM obliteration and hemorrhage following GKS. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to evaluate the obliteration with a cutoff AVM nidus volume of 3 cm3 and 10 cm3. RESULTS One hundred sixty-two patients qualified for the study. The median patient age was 26 years and 48.8% were female. Hemorrhage presented as the most common symptom (48.1%). The median preembolization volume of an AVM was 14.3 cm3. The median volume and margin dose for GKS were 10.92 cm3 and 16.0 Gy, respectively. The median radiological and clinical follow-up intervals were 47 and 79 months, respectively. The annual hemorrhage rate was 1.71% and total obliteration rate was 56.8%. Noneloquent area (p = 0.004), superficial location (p < 0.001), decreased volume (p < 0.001), lower Spetzler-Martin grade (p < 0.001), lower Virginia Radiosurgery AVM Scale (RAS; p < 0.001), lower Pollock-Flickinger score (p < 0.001), lower modified Pollock-Flickinger score (p < 0.001), increased maximum dose (p < 0.001), and increased margin dose (p < 0.001) were found to be statistically significant in predicting the probability of AVM obliteration in the univariate analysis. In the multivariate analysis, only volume (p = 0.016) was found to be an independent prognostic factor for AVM obliteration. The log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test of the Kaplan-Meier analysis (chi-square = 54.402, p < 0.001) showed a significantly decreased obliteration rate of different cutoff AVM volume groups of less than 3 cm3, 3–10 cm3, and more than 10 cm3. No independent prognostic factor was found for AVM hemorrhage in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS Partially embolized AVMs are amenable to successful treatment with GKS. The volume of the nidus significantly influences the outcome of radiosurgical treatment. The Virginia RAS and Pollock-Flickinger score were found to be reliable scoring systems for selection of patient candidates and prediction of partially embolized AVM closure and complications for GKS.

Przedmiotem analiz jest wykorzystanie paradygmatu imaginariów zła w studiach nad zbrodniami wojennymi i ludobójstwem. Zło (Evil) zostało przedstawione głównie poprzez odniesienie do perspektywy antropologicznej. Imaginarium zła zestawiono z bazującymi na pojęciach antropologicznych (a zatem kulturowymi, ludzkimi, refleksyjnymi) praktykami upokarzania, przekraczania tabu, lokowania ofiar w przestrzeni nieczystości i wykluczenia. W analizie autorka przyjmuje zaproponowaną przez Martina Pollacka perspektywę skażonego krajobrazu, przytacza jako egzemplifikację praktyki łamania tabu związane z uniemożliwianiem pochówku oraz gwałtami genocydalnymi.

AbstractBackground:Gamma Knife (GK) radiosurgery for pediatric arteriovenous malformations (AVM) of the brain presents a non-invasive treatment option. We report our institutional experience with GK for pediatric AVMs.Methods:We performed a retrospective review of all pediatric patients treated with GK for cerebral AVMs at our institution from November 2003 up to and including September 2014. Patient demographics, AVM characteristics, treatment parameters and AVM responses were recorded.Results:Nineteen patients were treated, with 4 lost to follow-up. The mean age was 14.2 years (range. 7-18 years), with 10 being males (52.6%). The mean AVM diameter and volume were 2.68 cm and 3.10 cm3respectively. The mean Spetzler-Martin (SM) and Pollock grades of the treated AVMs were 2.4 and 0.99 respectively. The mean follow-up was 62 months. All AVMs treated demonstrated a response on follow-up imaging. Nine of 15 (60.0%) patients displayed obliteration of their AVMs. Nine of 11 patients with a minimum of 3 years follow-up (81.8%) displayed obliteration, with SM and Pollock grades correlating to the chance of obliteration in this group. Two patients developed post-GK edema requiring short course dexamethasone therapy. No other major complications occurred. No permanent complications occurred.Conclusions:GK radiosurgery for pediatric AVMs offers a safe and effective treatment option, with low permanent complication rates during early follow-up.

Associated by audiences worldwide with the 1960s Winnetou westerns featuring Pierre Brice as the heroic Apache chief originally introduced by Karl May’s adventure novels, the Western in the Ger­man-speaking countries has showed renewed signs of life early into the twenty first century. Sever­al productions have been released, including Uwe Boll’s computer game-based Bloodrayne 2006, Kilian Manning’s post-apocalyptic Snowblind 2010 and Thomas Arslan’s naturalistic Gold 2013. While these films constitute notable examples of the global trend to redefine the Western as a transna­tional genre, they tend to be largely derivative, amounting to inter-generic pulp infused with references to the classics. One intriguing exception to this tendency can be found in Andreas Prochaska’s The Dark Valley 2015. Set in late nineteenth-century Tyrol, the film follows in the footsteps of Michael Haneke’s The White Ribbon and Stefan Rusowitzky’s The Counterfeiters as another Austrian Academy Award candidate tackling the country’s Nazi past. The paper offers an interpretation of Prochaska’s picture as arevisionist allegory of Austrian collective memory, and an exemplar of the transnational Western today: aglocal genre whose universally recognizable formula enables directors to comment on locally specific issues. The author examines The Dark Valley in the context of the Austrian Nest­beschmutzer literature in particular Thomas Bernhard’s Extinction and Martin Pollack’s non-fiction books, on the one hand, and as an inventive combination of the Heimatfilm with the dark vein of the spaghetti Western represented by Sergio Corbucci, on the other.SKAŻONY KRAJOBRAZ — MROCZNA DOLINA ANDREASA PROCHASKI JAKO NESTBESCHMUTZER WESTERNKojarzony przez światową publiczność z westernami o Winnetou z lat 60. z Pierre’em Brice’em w roli głównej jako bohaterskim wodzem Apaczów, pierwotnie wprowadzonym w powieściach przygodo­wych Karola Maya, western ten w krajach niemieckojęzycznych dał nowe oznaki życia na początku XXI wieku. Ukazało się do tej pory kilka produkcji, m.in. oparty na grze komputerowej Bloodrayne Uwe Bolla 2006, postapokaliptyczny Snowblind 2010 Kiliana Manninga oraz naturalistyczny Gold 2013 Thomasa Arslana. Choć filmy te są istotnymi przykładami światowego trendu nadającego we­sternowi nowy ponadnarodowy wymiar, przejawiają tendencję głównie derywacyjną, równając się z międzygatunkową pulpą, aromatyzowaną nawiązaniem do gatunkowej klasyki. Jeden intrygujący wyjątek od tej tendencji można odnaleźć w filmie Mroczna dolina 2014 Andreasa Prochaski. Osa­dzony w dziewiętnastowiecznym Tyrolu, film ten naśladuje Białą wstążkę Michaela Hanekego oraz Fałszerzy Stefana Rusowitzkiego jako kolejny kandydat do nagrody Austriackiej Akademii dotykający kwestii nazistowskiej przeszłości kraju. Artykuł prezentuje interpretację obrazu Prochaski jako rewi­zjonistycznej alegorii zbiorowej pamięci Austriaków oraz jako wzorcowego współczesnego ponadna­rodowego westernu — globalnego gatunku, którego powszechnie rozpoznawalna formuła umożliwia reżyserom komentowanie typowo lokalnych problemów. Z jednej strony autor analizuje Mroczną doli­nę w kontekście austriackiej literatury Nestbeschmutzer w szczególności książki Wymazywanie. Roz­pad Thomasa Bernharda oraz książek literatury faktu Martina Pollacka, zdrugiej zaś strony ujmuje ją jako pomysłową kombinację Heimatfilmu z ciemną nutą spaghetti westernu reprezentowanego przez Sergia Corbucciego. Przeł. Kordian Bobowski

Background: Aggressive treatment to achieve complete obliteration of brain arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is necessary in patients with a recent history of hemorrhage. The major drawback of Gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS) alone for AVM is risk of bleeding during the latent period until the AVM occludes. At our center, patients who present with ruptured AVMs are frequently offered GKRS followed by embolization. The goal of this study was to compare outcomes of embolization for patients who have previously undergone GKRS for ruptured AVMs. Methods: A database including 150 GKRS for ruptured AVMs between November 2008 and October 2017 was reviewed. The embolized group was selected by including AVMs with post-GKRS embolization. The non-embolized group was defined as AVMs treated by GKRS alone. Outcomes including obliteration rate, incidence of repeat hemorrhage, and delayed cyst formation were compared between two groups. The predictive factors related to AVM obliteration and complications were analyzed. Results: The study consisted of 81 patients in the non-embolized group and 17 patients in the embolized group. Statistically significant differences were detected between the two groups with respect to age, Pollock-Flickinger score, Spetzler-Martin (SM) grade, eloquence of adjacent brain, and presence of aneurysms. The embolized group included more AVMs with larger median nidus volume. The predictive factors for the obliteration of ruptured AVMs were nidus volume, SM grade, Virginia Radiosurgery AVM Scale (VRAS), and Pollock-Flickinger score and for the subsequent hemorrhage were marginal dose, nidus volume, SM grade, VRAS, and Pollock-Flickinger score. The obliteration rates and complication rates after GKRS between groups were not significantly different. However, this study demonstrated statistically significant difference in the cumulative incidence of obliteration in AVMs with SM grade III and IV (p = 0.037). Conclusion: Although the current study demonstrated similar results in patients who underwent GKRS with and without embolization, the embolized group included more AVMs with larger nidus volume, higher SM grade, Pollock-Flickinger score, and aneurysm, which have a lower chance of obliteration and a higher probability of repeat hemorrhage. GKRS followed by embolization appears to be a beneficial approach for the treatment of ruptured AVMs that are at risk for obliteration failure and repeat hemorrhage during the latency period after single-session GKRS alone. Further studies involving a larger number of cases and continuous follow-up are necessary to confirm our conclusions.

Artykuł jest omówieniem książki Moniki Muskały Między „Placem Bohaterów” a „Rechnitz”. Austriackie rozliczenia, z uwzględnieniem zamieszczonego w niej utworu Elfriede Jelinek Rechnitz (Anioł Zagłady). W tekście wyszczególnione zostają wystawione w Polsce spektakle teatralne na podstawie dramatu Jelinek, a także inne książki odwołujące się do masakry, do której doszło w Rechnitz w marcu 1945 roku (A co ja mam z tym wspólnego? Sachy Batthyany’ego i Topografia pamięci Martina Pollacka). Autorka przywołuje materiały dotyczące żydowskich pracowników przymusowych z terenów Burgenlandu i sygnalizuje przy tym potrzebę patrzenia na Rechnitz jako na jedną z wielu zbrodni okresu końcowego, Endphaseverbrechen, a nie przypadek odosobniony (na podstawie badań Waltera Manoscheka).

Artykuł jest omówieniem książki Moniki Muskały Między „Placem Bohaterów” a „Rechnitz”. Austriackie rozliczenia, z uwzględnieniem zamieszczonego w niej utworu Elfriede Jelinek Rechnitz (Anioł Zagłady). W tekście wyszczególnione zostają wystawione w Polsce spektakle teatralne na podstawie dramatu Jelinek, a także inne książki odwołujące się do masakry, do której doszło w Rechnitz w marcu 1945 roku (A co ja mam z tym wspólnego? Sachy Batthyany’ego i Topografia pamięci Martina Pollacka). Autorka przywołuje materiały dotyczące żydowskich pracowników przymusowych z terenów Burgenlandu i sygnalizuje przy tym potrzebę patrzenia na Rechnitz jako na jedną z wielu zbrodni okresu końcowego, Endphaseverbrechen, a nie przypadek odosobniony (na podstawie badań Waltera Manoscheka).

Om uppfostran (Martin Buber, 1993) is reviewed by Siv Illman.The Chinese Encyclopedia Judaica (1993) is reviewed by Theodor Katz.Directory of individuals interested in the Jews and the Jewish communities of East, Southeast and South Asia (ed. Frank Joseph Shulman, 1993) is reviewed by Theodor Katz.I den frågande själ? Essäer i judiska ämnen (Mikael Enckell, 1993) is reviewed by Karl-Johan Illman.Uppbrottet. Bibelteologisk kommentar till andra Moseboken (Göran Larsson, 1993) is reviewed by Karl-Johan Illman.Periodiska systemet (Primo Levi, 1993 övers.) is reviewed by Ulrika Lindblad.Från Auschwitz till Günskirchen (Therese Müller, 1993) is reviewed by Ulrika Lindblad.The Jews of dynastic China: a critical bibliography (Michael Pollak, 1993) is reviewed by Theodor Katz.Zeugnisse jüdischer Kultur (Heinrich Simon, 1992) is reviewed by Theodor Katz.The religion of Jesus the Jew (Geza Vermes, 1993) is reviewed by Ulrika Lindblad.

This is still an unresolved problem. Our aim is to investigate the question to see whether Paul's opponents are one group or more than one, and to ascertain the nature of their views.Five assumptions are made; they are taken as axiomatic, so a case for them in detail is not argued. First, the integrity of Phil. has been successfully defended against attempts to analyse it as containing three originally separate letters to the Philippians, especially by P. Schubert, V. Furnish, R. Jewett and T. E. Pollard, and supported by R. P. Martin. This does make it somewhat easier to maintain a single-front hypothesis, but only marginally makes it more probable. The principle of Occam's razor (entia non sint multiplicanda praeter necessitatem), tends to favour the assumption of a uniform view, but only if evidence for multiple opponents appears weak.

The paper discusses several cases of using and abusing an authentic incident from the history of emigration from Galicia to the United States at the end of the XIX century, when a Jewish agent was cheating illiterate peasants who had never seen a clock before, pretending he was communicating with Hamburg and New York through a simple alarm-clock. The examples are drawn from the daily press of that time, various newspapers in the twenties and thirties, several books dealing with the subject of emigration as well as Martin Pollackʼs Kaiser von America (2010) and its stage adaptation in Bielsko-Biała (2013). Edward Bellamyʼs utopia Looking Backward is given as a counter-example, with its vision of an alarm-clock used as a source of pleasant music around the year 2000 – a vision realised in our world almost at the same time with a new generation of mobile phones.

Object The object of this study was to evaluate the outcomes and risks of repeat stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for incompletely obliterated cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). Methods Between 1987 and 2006, Gamma Knife surgery was performed in 996 patients with AVMs. During this period, repeat SRS was performed in 105 patients who had incompletely obliterated AVMs at a median of 40.9 months after initial SRS (range 27.5–139 months). The median AVM target volume was 6.4 cm3 (range 0.2–26.3 cm3) at initial SRS but was reduced to 2.3 cm3 (range 0.1–18.2 cm3) at the time of the second procedure. The median margin dose at both initial SRS and repeat SRS was 18 Gy. Results The actuarial rate of total obliteration by angiography or MR imaging after repeat SRS was 35%, 68%, 77%, and 80% at 3, 4, 5, and 10 years, respectively. The median time to complete angiographic or MR imaging obliteration after repeat SRS was 39 months. Factors associated with a higher rate of AVM obliteration were smaller residual AVM target volume (p = 0.038) and a volume reduction of 50% or more after the initial procedure (p = 0.014). Seven patients (7%) had a hemorrhage in the interval between initial SRS and repeat SRS. Seventeen patients (16%) had hemorrhage after repeat SRS and 6 patients died. The cumulative actuarial rates of new AVM hemorrhage after repeat SRS were 1.9%, 8.1%, 10.1%, 10.1%, and 22.4% at 1, 2, 3, 5, and 10 years, respectively, which translate to annual hemorrhage rates of 4.05% and 1.79% of patients developing new post–repeat-SRS hemorrhages per year for Years 0–2 and 2–10 following repeat SRS. Factors associated with a higher risk of hemorrhage after repeat SRS were a greater number of prior hemorrhages (p = 0.008), larger AVM target volume at initial SRS (p = 0.010), larger target volume at repeat SRS (p = 0.002), initial AVM volume reduction less than 50% (p = 0.019), and a higher Pollock-Flickinger score (p = 0.010). Symptomatic adverse radiation effects developed in 5 patients (4.8%) after initial SRS and in 10 patients (9.5%) after repeat SRS. Prior embolization (p = 0.022) and a higher Spetzler-Martin grade (p = 0.004) were significantly associated with higher rates of adverse radiation effects after repeat SRS. Delayed cyst formation occurred in 5 patients (4.8%) at a median of 108 months after repeat SRS (range 47–184 months). Conclusions Repeat SRS for incompletely obliterated AVMs increases the eventual obliteration rate. Hemorrhage after obliteration did not occur in this series. The best results for patients with incompletely obliterated AVMs were seen in patients with a smaller residual nidus volume and no prior hemorrhages.

93 Harbi (1877-1878 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı) sırasında Osmanlı Devleti'nin bazıtoprakları işgal edilmiş, harp devletin hemen hemen tüm kurum ve kuruluşlarını olumsuz etkilemiştir. Bununla bağlantılı olarak özellikle savaşın cereyan ettiği bölgelerde iktisadi ve sosyal hayat olumsuz etkilenmiş, hatta durma noktasına gelmiştir. 93 Harbi sonrası Erzurum'un sosyo-iktisadi yapısı, Erzurum İngiliz Konsolosluğu görevinde bulunan Harry Charles Augustus Eyres, William Everett ve George Pollard Devey'in yazışmaları ve raporlarında geniş yer bulmuştur. Konsolos Augustus Eyres, Erzurum Vilayeti'nin ekonomik yapısı hakkında yıllardır rapor yazılmadığını ve vilayetin ekonomik yapısının ortaya çıkarılmasının önemli olduğunu belirterek özellikle 1880, 1881 ve 1882 yıllarına dair vilayetin sosyo-iktisadi yapısı ile ilgili ayrıntılı değerlendirmeler yapmış, önemli istatistiki bilgilere yer vermiştir. Konsolos William Everett 1882 ve 1883, Vekil Konsolos George Pollard Devey de, 1884 ve 1885 yıllarına dair vilayetin sosyo-iktisadi yapısına dair ayrıntılı değerlendirmelerde bulunmuşlardır. Her üç konsolos da raporlarında karşılaştırmalı bilgiler sunmuş özellikle savaş sonrası Erzurum Vilayeti'nin iktisadi ve sosyal hayatını kaleme almışlardır. Çalışmada temel kaynak olarak kullanılan İngiliz Konsolosluk belgeleri, Erzurum Vilayeti ve çevresinde bulunan diğer yerleşim yerlerinin ekonomik ve bununla bağlantılı olarak sosyal yapısını ortaya koyacak önemli bilgiler ihtiva etmektedir. Çalışma dâhilinde Erzurum Vilayeti'nin mevcut pazar durumu, yıllık gelirgider kalemleri, Fransa, Avusturya, Amerika, Almanya, İsviçre, İran, İngiltere, Rusya gibi doğulu ve batılı devletlerden ithal edilen ve Erzurum Vilayeti'nden de yabancı ülkelere ihraç edilen, ayrıca Van, Bitlis, Muş, Siirt, Diyarbakır, Mardin, Halep, Harput, Trabzon, Samsun, Rize, Erzincan, Arapkir, Ayntab, Bağdat, Karahisar, Palu ve Tokat'dan alınan ve bu bölgelere satılan ürünlerin miktarı ve piyasa değeri tablolar halinde verilmiş ve bazı emtianın da önemine binaen ayrıntılı değerlendirmeleri yapılmıştır. Çalışmada Erzurum Vilayeti'nin savaştan ne kadar etkilendiğinin yanında dönem itibariyle vilayetin ticaret potansiyeli de gözler önüne serilmeye çalışılmıştır.

Object The authors conducted a study to define the long-term outcomes and risks of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) of the basal ganglia and thalamus. Methods Between 1987 and 2006, the authors performed Gamma Knife surgery in 996 patients with brain AVMs; 56 patients had AVMs of the basal ganglia and 77 had AVMs of the thalamus. In this series, 113 (85%) of 133 patients had a prior hemorrhage. The median target volume was 2.7 cm3 (range 0.1–20.7 cm3) and the median margin dose was 20 Gy (range 15–25 Gy). Results Obliteration of the AVM eventually was documented on MR imaging in 78 patients and on angiography in 63 patients in a median follow-up period of 61 months (range 2–265 months). The actuarial rates documenting total obliteration after radiosurgery were 57%, 70%, 72%, and 72% at 3, 4, 5, and 10 years, respectively. Factors associated with a higher rate of AVM obliteration included AVMs located in the basal ganglia, a smaller target volume, a smaller maximum diameter, and a higher margin dose. Fifteen (11%) of 133 patients suffered a hemorrhage during the latency period and 7 patients died. The rate of post-SRS AVM hemorrhage was 4.5%, 6.2%, 9.0%, 11.2%, and 15.4% at 1, 2, 3, 5, and 10 years, respectively. The overall annual hemorrhage rate was 4.7%. When 5 patients with 7 hemorrhages occurring earlier than 6 months after SRS were removed from this analysis, the annual hemorrhage rate decreased to 2.7%. Larger volume AVMs had a higher risk of hemorrhage after SRS. Permanent neurological deficits due to adverse radiation effects (AREs) developed in 6 patients (4.5%), and in 1 patient a delayed cyst developed 56 months after SRS. No patient died of AREs. Factors associated with a higher risk of symptomatic AREs were larger target volume, larger maximum diameter, lower margin dose, and a higher Pollock-Flickinger score. Conclusions Stereotactic radiosurgery is a gradually effective and relatively safe management option for deep-seated AVMs in the basal ganglia and thalamus. Although hemorrhage after obliteration did not occur in the present series, patients remain at risk during the latency interval between SRS and obliteration. The best candidates for SRS are patients with smaller volume AVMs located in the basal ganglia.

Object In this paper the authors' goal was to define the long-term benefits and risks of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for patients with arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) who underwent prior embolization. Methods Between 1987 and 2006, the authors performed Gamma Knife surgery in 996 patients with brain AVMs; 120 patients underwent embolization followed by SRS. In this series, 64 patients (53%) had at least one prior hemorrhage. The median number of embolizations varied from 1 to 5. The median target volume was 6.6 cm3 (range 0.2–26.3 cm3). The median margin dose was 18 Gy (range 13.5–25 Gy). Results After embolization, 25 patients (21%) developed symptomatic neurological deficits. The overall rates of total obliteration documented by either angiography or MRI were 35%, 53%, 55%, and 59% at 3, 4, 5, and 10 years, respectively. Factors associated with a higher rate of AVM obliteration were smaller target volume, smaller maximum diameter, higher margin dose, timing of embolization during the most recent 10-year period (1997–2006), and lower Pollock-Flickinger score. Nine patients (8%) had a hemorrhage during the latency period, and 7 patients died of hemorrhage. The actuarial rates of AVM hemorrhage after SRS were 0.8%, 3.5%, 5.4%, 7.7%, and 7.7% at 1, 2, 3, 5, and 10 years, respectively. The overall annual hemorrhage rate was 2.7%. Factors associated with a higher risk of hemorrhage after SRS were a larger target volume and a larger number of prior hemorrhages. Permanent neurological deficits due to adverse radiation effects (AREs) developed in 3 patients (2.5%) after SRS, and 1 patient had delayed cyst formation 210 months after SRS. No patient died of AREs. A larger 12-Gy volume was associated with higher risk of symptomatic AREs. Using a case-control matched approach, the authors found that patients who underwent embolization prior to SRS had a lower rate of total obliteration (p = 0.028) than patients who had not undergone embolization. Conclusions In this 20-year experience, the authors found that prior embolization reduced the rate of total obliteration after SRS, and that the risks of hemorrhage during the latency period were not affected by prior embolization. For patients who underwent embolization to volumes smaller than 8 cm3, success was significantly improved. A margin dose of 18 Gy or more also improved success. In the future, the role of embolization after SRS should be explored.

Apresenta resultados da pesquisa de mestrado em que se buscou uma compreensão do Estado brasileiro na década de 1940, diante dos momentos de controle, repressão e silenciamento da informação cotidiana, colocando a cidade de Natal, em maior evidência, frente aos conflitos da Segunda Guerra Mundial. A pesquisa teve como problemática, a partir dos indícios memorialísticos no Jornal ‘A República’, analisar como eram produzidas e disseminadas, as informações cotidianas na Cidade de Natal 1941-1943? Teve como objetivo geral analisar os tipos de informações cotidianas que circulavam a partir desse jornal e nessa cidade, levando em consideração, os aparatos de controle do Estado Novo. E como objetivos específicos: Especificar como se davam os processos de informação cotidiana dos anos de 1937-1943 na estrutura do Estado Novo; Identificar, categorizar e mapear a partir do Jornal A República quais conteúdos informacionais, circulavam em Natal (1941-1943); Verificar nos conteúdos informacionais, a presença de sentidos e intencionalidades, relacionando-as a seus produtores. Com uma fundamentação teórica no cotidiano de Lefebvre (1991); Heller (2009); Martins (2014), informação cotidiana com Xifras-Heras (1975); Gonçalves; Freire (2015) e em memória, com Le Goff (1990), Certeau (2013), Halbwachs (1990), Gondar (2016), Assman (2011), Pollak (1989). Metodologicamente é uma pesquisa descritiva, com abordagem qualitativa, de análise hermenêutica-dialética (MYNAYO, 1996), de diversas fontes documentais e com recorte de corpus para os jornais com Semana Artificial (BAUER, 2002) e análise de conteúdo (BARDIN, 2009) a partir da técnica de categorização. Nesse sentido, a pesquisa procurou, contribuir nos estudos sobre o controle da informação no Estado Novo e Natal na década de 1940 com seu envolvimento na Segunda Guerra.

BACKGROUND: Limited research exists into extraterrestrial CPR, despite the drive for interplanetary travel. This study investigated whether the terrestrial CPR method can provide quality external chest compressions (ECCs) in line with the 2015 UK resuscitation guidelines during ground-based hypogravity simulation. It also explored whether gender, weight, and fatigue influence CPR quality.METHODS: There were 21 subjects who performed continuous ECCs for 5 min during ground-based hypogravity simulations of Mars (0.38 G) and the Moon (0.16 G), with Earths gravity (1 G) as the control. Subjects were unloaded using a body suspension device (BSD). ECC depth and rate, heart rate (HR), ventilation (VE), oxygen uptake (Vo2), and Borg scores were measured.RESULTS: ECC depth was lower in 0.38 G (42.9 9 mm) and 0.16 G (40.8 9 mm) compared to 1 G and did not meet current resuscitation guidelines. ECC rate was adequate in all gravity conditions. There were no differences in ECC depth and rate when comparing gender or weight. ECC depth trend showed a decrease by min 5 in 0.38 G and by min 2 in 0.16 G. Increases in HR, VE, and Vo2 were observed from CPR min 1 to min 5.DISCUSSION: The terrestrial method of CPR provides a consistent ECC rate but does not provide adequate ECC depths in simulated hypogravities. The results suggest that a mixed-gender space crew of varying bodyweights may not influence ECC quality. Extraterrestrial-specific CPR guidelines are warranted. With a move to increasing ECC rate, permitting lower ECC depths and substituting rescuers after 1 min in lunar gravity and 4 min in Martian gravity is recommended.Sriharan S, Kay G, Lee JCY, Pollock RD, Russomano T. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in hypogravity simulation. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2021; 92(2):106112.

<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:HyphenationZone>21</w:HyphenationZone> <w:PunctuationKerning /> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas /> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables /> <w:SnapToGridInCell /> <w:WrapTextWithPunct /> <w:UseAsianBreakRules /> <w:DontGrowAutofit /> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if !mso]><object classid="clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D" id=ieooui></object> <style> st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } </style> <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabela normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 22.7pt 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><strong><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: black;">Introdução</span></strong><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> <strong>- </strong>Apesar da ampla utilização e significativa correlação do IMC (Índice de Massa Corporal) com o diagnóstico de sobrepeso e obesidade, estudos recentes sugerem pouca associação dos valores intermediários de sobrepeso com o percentual de gordura corporal, o que pode subestimar a prevalência de elevada adiposidade e seus riscos à saúde. <strong>Métodos</strong> - Este estudo comparou o diagnóstico de mulheres consideradas eutróficas pelo critério de IMC preconizado pela OMS (Organização Mundial de Saúde) com a avaliação segundo o cálculo do percentual de gordura corporal aferido por pregas cutâneas. Foram analisadas as fichas de avaliação física de duzentas e quatro alunas matriculadas em uma academia exclusiva para mulheres de Salvador, Bahia, em 2010. Foram analisados peso, altura, prega cutânea tricipital, supra-ilíaca e coxa, além dos cálculos de IMC e percentual de gordura corporal através do programa EVO®. <strong>Resultados - </strong>Foi observado que apenas 25,95% das mulheres eutróficas pelo valor do IMC permaneceram com mesmo diagnóstico nutricional após avaliação do percentual de gordura corporal. A prevalência de obesidade, segundo o IMC, foi de 6,37% da amostra total, enquanto essa prevalência entre mulheres eutróficas pelo IMC, após avaliação da composição corporal, foi de 38,17%, 6 vezes maior. Observou-se, também, influência da idade na adequação do IMC e percentual de gordura corporal. <strong>Discussão </strong>- Os achados deste estudo foram compatíveis com outros resultados encontrados na literatura, sugerindo subdiagnóstico do sobrepeso e da obesidade através da classificação do IMC e a necessidade da associação de métodos para uma avaliação clínica mais adequada e um diagnóstico do estado nutricional mais preciso.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 22.7pt 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><strong></strong><span style="font-size: 8pt;"></span><span style="font-size: 8pt;" lang="EN-US"></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 22.7pt 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><strong><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: black;" lang="EN-US"> </span></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 22.7pt 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><strong><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: black;" lang="EN-US">Abstract</span></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 22.7pt 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><strong><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: black;" lang="EN-US">Introduction</span></strong><span style="font-size: 8pt;" lang="EN-US">: The BMI (Body Mass Index) is the major parameter currently recommended by the WHO (world health organization) to determine the diagnosis and the treatment to obesity and overweight. The intermediate BMI classification could underestimate the diagnosis when is compared with other evaluation methods. <strong>Methods</strong>: the aim of this paper is show the relationship between normal BMI and the high percentage body fat evaluated by skin fold thicknesses protocol (Pollock, 1984) in woman from Salvador, Bahia, Brazil in 2010. We compared the classification diagnosis based in BMI and skin fold thicknesses in 204 women age between 20 to 59 years. <strong>Results</strong>: in our sample, according with the classification based in BMI 74% of subjects was considered normal weight. When we analyzed the skin fold classification only 26% remain with the same diagnosis. <strong>Conclusions</strong>: Our outcome shows the role of the BMI in the diagnosis of the obesity and overweight must to be considerated and added to other methods of evaluation of the body compositions a skin fold protocols.</span></p>

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo refletir sobre a prosa de Conceição Evaristo, investigando a representação das diferenças, principalmente sociais e de gênero, na escrita de seus contos, por meio da busca e da valorização da ancestralidade africana. Palavras-chave: Identidade Africana. Ancestralidade. Literatura. Nação. Referências BARROS, José d’Assunção. A historiografia pós-moderna. Ler História, n. 61, 2011, p.147-167. Disponível em: <https://journals.openedition.org/lerhistoria/1655>. Acesso em: 27 abr. 2019. BHABHA, Homi K. O local da cultura. Belo Horizonte: UFMG, 1996. CÔRTES, Cristiane. Diálogos sobre escrevivência e silêncio. In: DUARTE, Constância Lima; CÔRTES, Cristiane; PEREIRA, Maria do Rosário A. (orgs). Escrevivências: identidade, gênero e violência na obra de Conceição Evaristo. Belo Horizonte: Idea, 2016. p. 51-60. EVARISTO, Conceição. Olhos d’água. Rio de Janeiro: Pallas, 2010. ______. Insubmissas lágrimas de mulheres. Belo Horizonte: Nandyala, 2011. ______. Ponciá Vicêncio. Belo Horizonte: Mazza, 2003. ______. História de leves enganos e parecenças. Rio de Janeiro: Malê, 2016. _____. Gênero e etnia: uma escre(vivência) da dupla face. In: MOREIRA, Nadilza Martins de Barros; SCHNEIDER, Diane (eds.). Mulheres no mundo, etnia, marginalidade e diáspora. João Pessoa: Ideia, 2005. p. 201-212. Disponível em: https://pt.scribd.com/document/177337990/Conceicao-Evaristo-Genero-e-etnia-uma-escre-vivencia-de-dupla-face. Acesso em: 20 abr. 2019. FOUCAULT, Michel. Microfísica do poder. Organização e tradução de Roberto Machado. Rio de Janeiro: Graal, 1979. GANDHI, Leela. Postcolonial theory: a critical introduction. New York: Columbia University,1998. GARUBA, Harry. Explorações do realismo animista: notas sobre a leitura e a escrita da literatura, cultura e sociedade africana. Tradução Elisângela da Silva Tarouco. Nonada: Letras em Revista, Porto Alegre, v. 2, n. 19, p. 235-256, out. 2012. Disponível em: http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/5124/512451673021.pdf. Acesso em: 02 dez. 2018. ______. Reflexões provisórias sobre o animismo, modernidade/colonialismo e a ordem africana do conhecimento. Tradução Alice Botelho Peixoto. CESPUC, n. 32, p. 123-131, jan./jun. 2018. Disponível em: http://periodicos.pucminas.br/index.php/cadernoscespuc/article/view/17021. Acesso em: 14 mar. 2019. HALL, Stuart. Que “negro” é esse na cultura negra? In: ______. Da diáspora: identidades e mediações culturais. Organização Liv Sovik. Tradução Adelaine La Guardia Resende et al. Belo Horizonte: UFMG; Brasília: Representação da UNESCO no Brasil, 2009. ______. A identidade cultural na pós-modernidade. 11. Ed. Tradução Tomaz Tadeu da Silva e Guacira Lopes Lobo. Rio de Janeiro: DP&A, 2006. JAMESON, Fredric. Pós-modernismo: a lógica cultural do capitalismo tardio. 2. ed. São Paulo: Ática, 1997. LIEBIG, Sueli Meira. “Escrevivências”: Evaristo e a subversão de gênero em Insubmissas lágrimas de mulheres. XII Colóquio Nacional Representações de gênero e sexualidades. 08 a 10 de junho de 2016, Campina Grande, PB. Disponível em: file:///C:/Users/Windows%2010/Downloads/TRABALHO_EV053_MD1_SA6_ID571_30042016200422.pdf. Acesso em: 16 fev. 2019. MOREIRA, Terezinha Taborda. Silêncio, trauma e escrita literária. In: DUARTE, Constância Lima; CÔRTES, Cristiane; PEREIRA, Maria do Rosário A. (orgs). Escrevivências: identidade, gênero e violência na obra de Conceição Evaristo. Belo Horizonte: Idea, 2016. p. 109-119. POLLAK, Michael. Memória e identidade social. Estudos Históricos. Rio de Janeiro, v. 5. n. 10, p. 200-212, 1992. Disponível em: http://www.pgedf.ufpr.br/memoria%20e%20identidadesocial%20A%20capraro%202.pdf. Acesso em: 09 maio 2019. PONCE, Eduardo Souza; GODOY, Maria Carolina de. Ancestralidade e identidade em “Olhos d’água” de Conceição Evaristo. Anais do VIII Colóquio de Estudos Literários. Ferreira Cláudia C.; Jacicarla S.; Brandini Laura T.(orgs). Londrina, 06 e 07 ago. 2014. p. 163-170. Disponível em: http://www.uel.br/eventos/estudosliterarios/pages/arquivos/Eduardo%20Ponce%20e%20Maria%20Carolina%20Godoy_Texto%20Completo.pdf. Acesso em: 18 abr. 2019. SAID, Edward. Cultura e imperialismo. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 1995. SILVA, Assunção de Mari Souza e. “E assim tudo se deu”: as histórias de leves enganos e parecenças. In: DUARTE, Constância Lima; CÔRTES, Cristiane; PEREIRA, Maria do Rosário A. (orgs). Escrevivências: identidade, gênero e violência na obra de Conceição Evaristo. Belo Horizonte: Idea, 2016. p. 295-306. SILVA, Franciane da Conceição. A presença da ancestralidade em narrativas de Conceição Evaristo e Mia Couto. Cadernos Cespuc, n. 32, jan. /jul. 2018. Disponível em: http://periodicos.pucminas.br/index.php/cadernoscespuc/article/view/16962/13446. Acesso em: 12 abr. 2019. SPIVAK, GayatriChakravorty. Pode o subalterno falar? Tradução Sandra Regina Goulart Almeida, Marcos Pereira Feitosa e André Pereira Feitosa. Belo Horizonte: UFMG, 2010.

This work approaches orality as an educational principle of the pedagogy of the griot from the memories of the quilombola community Remanso / BA. Its main objective is to analyze the importance of the oral tradition for the maintenance of collective memory and the identity of the group in the narratives of the protagonists of the Trail Griô do Quilombo, in the light of literacy practices and events. Memory, identity, and oral tradition of teachings emerge as major categories that give shape to discussions about griot pedagogy. It is a study that is based on the principles of qualitative research for revealing ways of living, sharing, narrating and constructing meanings for the experiences lived and memorized by a community. In this field, the interviews were foundational elements for revealing knowledge and oral practices as a form of teaching among subjects of different generations. Between some results, the study concluded that listening to the elders and recognizing them as a source of memory is taking care of the community's own history. It is a way of using orality to valorize those who formed this people who are proud of their conquests, and that for this purpose they construct a griot pedagogy, which has in its orality its basic foundation. It is also concluded that school is the main locus for acquiring knowledge in the community, but for this it should not distance itself from local culture, its traditions, community thinking and practices, cultural tradition still resists in the everyday life of these populations.ResumoEste trabalho aborda a oralidade como princípio educativo da Pedagogia Griô a partir das memórias da comunidade quilombola Remanso/BA. Tem como objetivo central analisar, nas narrativas dos protagonistas da Trilha Griô do Quilombo, à luz das práticas e eventos de letramento, a importância da tradição oral para a manutenção da memória coletiva e da identidade do grupo. Memória, identidade e tradição oral de ensinamentos emergem como categorias principais que dão contorno às discussões sobre a Pedagogia Griô. É um estudo que se fundamenta nos princípios da pesquisa qualitativa por revelar modos de viver, partilhar, narrar e construir sentidos para as experiências vividas e memoralizadas por uma comunidade. Nesta seara, as entrevistas foram elementos fundantes para que se pudesse revelar saberes e práticas orais como forma de ensinamentos entre sujeitos de diferentes gerações. Entre alguns resultados, o trabalho permitiu concluir que ouvir os mais velhos e reconhecê-los como fonte de memória é cuidar da própria história da comunidade. É uma forma de usar a oralidade para valorizar aqueles que formaram este povo que tem orgulho de suas conquistas, e que por este feito constroem uma Pedagogia Griô, que tem na oralidade seu fundamento basilar. Conclui-se, ainda, que a escola é o lócus principal para se adquirir conhecimento na comunidade, mas para isso ela não deve se distanciar da cultura local, das suas tradições, da maneira da comunidade pensar e de suas práticas, uma vez que, tradição cultural ainda resiste no cotidiano destas populações.ResumenEste trabajo aborda la oralidad como principio educativo de la pedagogía grió a partir de las memorias de la comunidad quilombola Remanso/BA. En la narrativa de los protagonistas del Camino Grió del Quilombo, a la luz de las prácticas y eventos de letramiento, la importancia de la tradición oral para el mantenimiento de la memoria colectiva y de la identidad del grupo. Memoria, identidad y tradición oral de enseñanzas emergen como categorías principales que dan contorno a las discusiones sobre la Pedagogía Grió. Es un estudio que se fundamenta en los principios de la investigación cualitativa por revelar modos de vivir, compartir, narrar y construir sentidos para las experiencias vividas y memorizadas por una comunidad. En esta metodología, las entrevistas fueron elementos fundantes para que se revelase saberes y prácticas orales como forma de enseñanzas entre sujetos de diferentes generaciones. Entre algunos resultados, el trabajo permitió concluir que oír a los mayores y reconocerlos como fuente de memoria es cuidar de la propia historia de la comunidad. Es una forma de usar la oralidad para valorar a aquellos que formaron a este pueblo que tiene orgullo de sus conquistas, y que por este hecho construyen una pedagogía grió, que tiene en la oralidad su fundamento basilar. Se concluye que la escuela es el locus principal para adquirir conocimiento en la comunidad, pero para ello no debe distanciarse de la cultura local, de sus tradiciones, de la manera de la comunidad pensar y de sus prácticas, ya que, la tradición cultural todavía resiste en el cotidiano de estas poblaciones.Palavras-chave: Narrativas, Pedagogia Griô, Tradição oral.Keywords: Narratives, Griot Pedagogy, Oral tradition.Palabras clave: Narrativas, Pedagogía Grió, Tradición oral.ReferencesASSOCIAÇÃO GRÃOS DE LUZ E GRIÔ. Memória popular e reflexão. Lençóis, 2004.BARDIN, Laurence. Análise de conteúdo. Lisboa: Edições 70, 2004.BARZANO, Marco Antônio Leandro. Griô: dobras e avessos de uma ONG-Pedagogia-Ponto de Cultura. Feira de Santana: UEFS Editora, 2013.BENJAMIN, Walter. O Narrador. In: Obras escolhidas I: Magia e técnica, arte e política. 10. ed. Tradução: Sérgio Paulo Rouanet. São Paulo: Brasiliense, 1986.BRANDÃO, Carlos Rodrigues. A cultura na rua. Campinas, SP: Papirus,1989.CASCUDO, Luis da Câmara. Literatura Oral no Brasil. 3ed. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia & Editora da Universidade de São Paulo, 1984.CERTEAU, Michel; GIARD, Luce; MAYOL, Pierre. A invenção do cotidiano: morar, cozinhar. Tradução de Ephraim F. Alves e Lúcia Endlich Orth. Petrópolis, RJ: Vozes,1996.CORACINI, Maria José; GHIRALDELO, Claudete Moreno. Nas malhas do discurso: memória imaginário e subjetividade. Formação de professores (línguas materna e estrangeiras), leitura e escrita. Campinas: Pontes, 2011.COUTINHO, Representações sociais e práticas de pesquisa. João Pessoa: UFPB, editora universitária, 2005.DAMATTA, Roberto. Relativizando: uma introdução à Antropologia Social. Rio de Janeiro: Rocco, 1991.DELGADO, Lucilia de Almeida Neves. História oral: memória, tempo, identidade. 2. ed. Belo Horizonte: Autêntica, 2010.FREIRE, Paulo. A importância do ato de ler: em três artigos que se completam. São Paulo: Cortez, 1986.GAGNEBIN, Jeanne Marie. Lembrar escrever esquecer. São Paulo: Editora 34, 2006.GIL, A.C. Métodos e técnicas de pesquisa social. São Paulo: Atlas, 1999.GOLDENBERG, Mirian. A arte de pesquisar: como fazer pesquisa qualitativa em ciências sociais. Rio de Janeiro: Record,1999.JOVCHELOVITCH, Sandra; BAUER, Martin W. Entrevista narrativa. In: BAUER, Martin W.; GASKELL, George. (Org.). Pesquisa qualitativa com texto, imagem e som: um manual prático. Petrópolis, RJ: Vozes, 2002.KLEIMAN, Ângela B. (Org.). Os significados do letramento: uma nova perspectiva sobre a prática social da escrita. Campinas: Mercado das Letras, 1995.LE GOFF, Jacques. História e memória. Trad. Bernardo Leitão (et al.). Campinas, SP: Editora da UNICAMP, 1994.MATOS, Gislayne Avelar. A palavra do contador de histórias: sua dimensão educativa na contemporaneidade. 2003. Dissertação (Mestrado em Educação). Faculdade de Educação, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 2003.MEIHY, José Carlos Sebe Bom. Manual de história oral. 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Grãos de Luz e ação Griô: articulação, formação, patrimônio, identidade, as tradições da oralidade na cultura brasileira. Almanaque Cultura viva, 2010.PACHECO, Líllian. Lei Griô: a vez e a voz da cultura popular. Revista Presente. Ano 16, p.57. Editora Loyola, São Paulo, 2008.PETROVICH, Carlos; MACHADO, Vanda. IrêAyó: mitos afro-brasileiros. Salvador: EDUFBA, 2004.POLLAK, Michael. Memória e identidade social. In: Estudos Históricos, Rio de Janeiro, vol. 5, n. 10, 1992.RONDELLI, Beth. O narrado e o vivido. Rio de Janeiro: FUNARTE/IBAC, 1993.SCHMIDT, Maria Luisa S.; MAHFOUD, Miguel. Halbwachs: Memória Coletiva e Experiência. Psicologia USP, 1993.SENNA, Ronaldo. Jarê: uma face do candomblé: manifestação religiosa na Chapada Diamantina. Bahia: Ed. UEFS, 1998.SILVA, Denise Guerreiro Vieira da; TRENTINI Mercedes. Narrativas como técnica de pesquisa em enfermagem. Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem, v. 10, n 3, maio/jun. 2002.SIMSON, Olga Rodrigues de Moraes Von, org. 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Abstract The Institute for Nuclear Safety and Protection (IPSN) launched the « Tournemire » program, in 1988. One of its aims is to understand and characterize the fluid transfer processes in argillaceous rocks. They are interesting rocks for the long-term storage of nuclear waste. To this purpose, the IPSN installed an experimental site in a tunnel, which gives access to a 250 m-thick Toarcian and Domerian shale unit near Tournemire (Aveyron, France) (fig. 1). The fluids, in this type of rock with very low intrinsic permeability, 10−14 m/s [Boisson et al., 1998], used to flow (calcite crystallizations in fractures), and still flow, principally in the fractures [Barbreau et Boisson, 1993 ; Boisson, 1995] formed during the tectonic history of the formation. In order to constrain the history of fluid flow in the formation, it was necessary to characterize the tectonic fracturing and to identify the tectonic events responsible, on the one hand, for the apparition of the fractures and, on the other hand, for their eventual reactivation. The method used was a microtectonic and kinematic analysis. The studied area belongs to the western border of the Causses basin, a Permian-Mesozoic basin trending N-S. The slightly monoclinal series in this area range from the Trias, discordant westward on the Permian formations of the St-Affrique basin, to the lower Kimmerigian locally present on the Larzac plateau (fig. 1). The upper Liassic shales (Domerian, Toarcian) are between two limestone and dolomite formations. Two major (regional-scale) ESE-WNW reverse faults, the Cernon fault and the St-Jean-d’Alcapies fault, cross the area. Their offsets may reach several hundred meters. These two faults limit an ESE-WNW trending block where the experimental site is located. The tectonic fractures in the area result from two main tectonic phases. Phase 1, extensional, occurred during the Mesozoic and comprises three episodes (fig. 2). The first episode, characterised by an E-W extension (fig. 3), did not produce significant structures in the Toarcian shales. The second episode, with a NW-SE extension direction (fig. 4 and fig. 5), occurred during the diagenesis of the shales. It led to the development of calcareous nodules. These nodules are considered to be « mode I » fractures formed in association with fluid expulsion during the sediment compaction (fig. 4). The last episode has a N-S direction, (fig. 7) and is probably late Jurassic in age [Macquar, 1973 ; Blès et al., 1989 ; Martin et Bergerat, 1996]. It produced E-W conjugate normal faults (fig. 6) and two perpendicular sets of extensional joints trending E-W and N-S. The second major tectonic phase corresponds to the « pyrenean » compression. The σ1 directions vary from NE-SW to NW-SE, with two major pulses striking N020-N030 and N160-N170 (fig. 2, fig. 9 and fig. 10). The N020-N030 direction corresponds to the paroxysm of the « pyrenean » phase, dated as late Middle Eocene [Arthaud et Laurent., 1995]. It reactivated major faults and formed associated folds (fig. 8). Numerous fractures due to the N160-170 compressional event are concentrated principally in the center of the block bordered by the ESE-WNW major faults (fig. 2). Chronological criteria indicate that the direction of compression rotated counter-clockwise during the « pyrenean » compressional phase (fig. 11). A third compression direction (N130) has been evidenced, for example, by N030 trending tension gashes cross-cut by N130 trending gashes (fig. 12). The significance of this last tectonic event is unclear. It is mainly observed in the west drift of the experimental site (fig. 1C), and could result of the re-orientation of the stresses at this site close to an important shear zone. Three sets of joints, trending N020, N160 and N090 (fig. 13 and fig. 14) have been recognized. The joints are classically extensional fractures that propagate perpendicular to the minimum principal stress σ3 [Endelger, 1985 ; Pollard et Aydin, 1988 ; Rives, 1992]. In strike-slip regimes, such fractures strike parallel to the maximum principal stress σ1. The average N020, N160 and N090 joints thus very probably are created respectively during the N020 pyrenean strike-slip event, N160 strike-slip event and N-S Mesozoic extension. The established chronology between the different compressional episodes involves the reactivation of the N020 and N160 fractures may have caused only senestral strike slip. However, the presence of dextral strike slip on some vertical planes trending N-S, not associated with conjugate planes but with E-W vertical planes indicates their origin is not related to the « Pyrenean » phase. Consequently, we assumed that a set of N-S joints created during the extensive phase, in the same time as the E-W joints. An elasticity theory model gives an account of field observations on this type of fractures. The model proposed by Caputo [1995] describes the geometry of networks, of joints as a function of the tectonic regime (fig. 15). Two coeval sets of joints form under the same tectonic event. For an extensive stress state, the two sets are orthogonal to each other. Under strike slip regimes, two orthogonal sets form but one of the two sets forms horizontally (parallel to the bedding planes when the stratification is horizontal). The mechanism involves a stress permutation between σ3 and σ2 in the vicinity of the first fracture zone at the moment of failure. The network of orthogonal joints (N-S and E-W) appeared under the N-S extensive event. We show two sets of joints with the same orientation formed at two different ages (fig. 16). Their differentiation was possible with the chronology of the deformation, which was determined by the microtectonic analysis. The pre-existing fractures, originated before the « pyrenean » phase, necessarily influenced the expression and the distribution of the fractures associated with the « pyrenean » phase. These pre-existing fractures must be taken into account to understand and constrain the fluid circulations in the Toarcian shales.

<p><strong>Objetivo</strong> Analizar el nivel y la tendencia de la mortalidad por Diabetes mellitus (DM) en México, así como su contribución al cambio en la esperanza de vida temporaria entre los 20 y 100 años de edad, a nivel nacional para el periodo 1990-2010.</p><p><strong>Material y Métodos</strong> La información se obtuvo de las Estadísticas Vitales de Mortalidad y de los censos de población del Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI). Se calcularon las tasas estandarizadas de mortalidad<strong> </strong>y para analizar el impacto de la DM en el cambio de la esperanza de vida temporaria (<em>₈₀e₂₀</em>), se empleó la propuesta de Pollard de 1982.</p><p><strong>Resultados</strong> Entre 1990 y 2010, la tasa estandarizada de diabetes para personas mayores a 20 años aumentó 224,0 %. La contribución de la DM para hombres al cambio en la esperanza de vida temporaria entre 1990 y 2000 fue una disminución 0,31 años; para mujeres fue una reducción de 0,32 años; para 2000-2010 continuó la disminución de la esperanza de vida de <em>hombres</em> y mujeres debido a la DM (0,34 años y 0,12 años respectivamente).</p><p><strong>Conclusiones </strong>La mortalidad por DM continúa incrementándose en el país, especialmente para hombres, en cambio para mujeres se observa un avance modesto en la reducción de la mortalidad. 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Seeing History in the Present: Reflections on the Concept of “Contaminated Landscapes”The essay takes the 2014 book Kontaminierte Landschaften [Contaminated Landscapes] by the Austrian journalist and writer Martin Pollack as an opportunity to explore relationships between landscapes, (marked) places, and memory. In considering the relationship between the metaphorical (literary) image of contaminated landscapes and the actual crime scenes, I focus on the mass shootings of Jews by the German Nazis and their local supporters in the former Soviet Union. These specific crime scenes are used to explore the limits of Pollack’s metaphor and the problems it causes. The central arguments are presented using concrete examples provided by seven photographs.Widzieć historię w teraźniejszości. Refleksje nad pojęciem „skażonych krajobrazów”W artykule książka Skażone krajobrazy (2014) austriackiego dziennikarza i pisarza Martina Pollacka staje się punktem wyjścia do badania związków między krajobrazami, (naznaczonymi) miejscami i pamięcią. Relacje między metaforycznym (literackim) obrazem skażonych krajobrazów a realnymi miejscami zbrodni rozważam na przykładzie masowych rozstrzelań Żydów dokonanych w byłym Związku Radzieckim przez niemieckich nazistów i ich miejscowych stronników. Te konkretne miejsca zbrodni pomagają zbadać granice zastosowania metafory Pollacka i powodowane przez nią problemy. Najważniejsze wnioski zaprezentowałam na konkretnych przykładach siedmiu fotografii.

Seeing History in the Present: Reflections on the Concept of “Contaminated Landscapes”The essay takes the 2014 book Kontaminierte Landschaften [Contaminated Landscapes] by the Austrian journalist and writer Martin Pollack as an opportunity to explore relationships between landscapes, (marked) places, and memory. In considering the relationship between the metaphorical (literary) image of contaminated landscapes and the actual crime scenes, I focus on the mass shootings of Jews by the German Nazis and their local supporters in the former Soviet Union. These specific crime scenes are used to explore the limits of Pollack’s metaphor and the problems it causes. The central arguments are presented using concrete examples provided by seven photographs. Widzieć historię w teraźniejszości. Refleksje nad pojęciem „skażonych krajobrazów”W artykule książka Skażone krajobrazy (2014) austriackiego dziennikarza i pisarza Martina Pollacka staje się punktem wyjścia do badania związków między krajobrazami, (naznaczonymi) miejscami i pamięcią. Relacje między metaforycznym (literackim) obrazem skażonych krajobrazów a realnymi miejscami zbrodni rozważam na przykładzie masowych rozstrzelań Żydów dokonanych w byłym Związku Radzieckim przez niemieckich nazistów i ich miejscowych stronników. Te konkretne miejsca zbrodni pomagają zbadać granice zastosowania metafory Pollacka i powodowane przez nią problemy. Najważniejsze wnioski zaprezentowałam na konkretnych przykładach siedmiu fotografii.

Um Schuldverstrickungen und Identitätssuche zwischen den Generationen geht es in allen drei Texten, auf die im vorliegenden Artikel genauer eingegangen wird: Robert Schindels Gebürtig (1992), Doron Rabinovicis Suche nach M. (1997) und Martin Pollacks Der Tote im Bunker (2004). Alle drei Autoren gehören der sog. ‚zweiten Generation‘ nach der Shoah an: Robert Schindel (geb. 1944) und Doron Rabinovici (geb. 1961) sind Nachgeborene von Opfern der Shoah, Martin Pollack (geb. 1944) ist der Sohn eines NS-Verbrechers. Alle drei Autoren positionieren sich innerhalb der österreichischen Literatur nicht zuletzt dadurch, dass sie einen Beitrag zur Aufarbeitung der österreichischen Beteiligung am Verbrechen der Judenvernichtung zu leisten versuchen.

The Job Was Being Done: A conversation about Dominika Macocha’s video-sculptural installation 50°31’29.7”N 22°46’39.1”E, 50°30’56.2”N 22°46’01.0”E, 50°30’41.0”N 22°45’49.5”E.This article is a record of a discussion concerning Dominika Macocha’s video-sculptural installation 50°31’29.7”N 22°46’39.1”E, 50°30’56.2”N 22°46’01.0”E, 50°30’41.0”N 22°45’49.5”E. The work deals with the uses of discourse and landscapes in mechanisms of camouflaging the crimes perpetrated on Jews by Poles during the Holocaust. The author lays bare and deconstructs these mechanisms – above all the mechanisms of narrative fetishism of production of artificial landscape – drawing on examples from Biłgoraj county. In the course of the discussion, the work inspired a critical reassessment of the categories dominating the ways in which the Holocaust is currently described: (1) Martin Pollack’s category of contaminated landscapes, rooted in the ideology of two totalitarianisms; (2) the category of the witness / bystander, which conceals the observers’ participation in the scenario of the crime; and (3) the category of taboo, which is ambivalent considering the universal knowledge on the part of local communities about what happened to Jews from their localities. Reflection on the production of taboo leads the discussants to deliberate on the status of Jewish sources in the field of Holocaust studies. Collected since as early as the 1940s, and containing ample and detailed information about Polish crimes perpetrated on Jews, they are nevertheless not recognised as sources by Polish historians. The conversation is concluded by an attempt at recapitulating the present condition of Polish historiography in the light of the postulated new approach to sources. Robota robiona była. O instalacji wideo-rzeźbiarskiej 50°31’29.7”N 22°46’39.1”E, 50°30’56.2”N 22°46’01.0”E, 50°30’41.0”N 22°45’49.5”E Dominiki Macochy rozmawiają Elżbieta Janicka, Konrad Matyjaszek, Xawery Stańczyk, Katrin Stoll i Anna ZawadzkaNiniejszy tekst stanowi zapis dyskusji poświęconej instalacji wideo-rzeźbiarskiej Dominiki Macochy pt. 50°31’29.7”N 22°46’39.1”E 50°30’56.2”N 22°46’01.0”E 50°30’41.0”N 22°45’49.5”E. Dzieło artystki dotyczy dyskursywnych i krajobrazowych mechanizmów kamuflowania zbrodni na Żydach popełnionych przez Polaków podczas Zagłady. Macocha obnaża i dekonstruuje te mechanizmy – przede wszystkim mechanizm fetyszyzmu narracyjnego i mechanizm produkcji sztucznego krajobrazu – na przykładach zaczerpniętych z powiatu biłgorajskiego. Podczas dyskusji, z inspiracji pracą artystki, krytycznemu namysłowi poddane zostają następujące, dominujące współcześnie kategorie opisu Zagłady: 1. zaproponowana przez Martina Pollacka kategoria skażonych krajobrazów, wyrosła na gruncie ideologii dwóch totalitaryzmów; 2. kategoria świadka, maskująca udział obserwatorów w scenariuszach zbrodni; 3. kategoria tabu, ambiwalentna, jeśli wziąć pod uwagę powszechność wiedzy lokalnych społeczności o tym, co stało się z Żydami z ich miejscowości. Refleksja nad produkcją tabu prowadzi dyskutantów do namysłu nad statusem źródeł żydowskich w polu badań nad Zagładą. W źródłach tych bowiem, kompletowanych już od lat czterdziestych, znajdujemy wiele szczegółowych informacji o polskich zbrodniach na Żydach. Nie są one jednak rozpoznane jako źródła przez polskich historyków. Dyskusję kończy próba podsumowania współczesnej kondycji polskiej historiografii w świetle postulatu nowego podejścia do źródeł.

The Job Was Being Done: A conversation about Dominika Macocha’s video-sculptural installation 50°31’29.7”N 22°46’39.1”E, 50°30’56.2”N 22°46’01.0”E, 50°30’41.0”N 22°45’49.5”E.This article is a record of a discussion concerning Dominika Macocha’s video-sculptural installation 50°31’29.7”N 22°46’39.1”E, 50°30’56.2”N 22°46’01.0”E, 50°30’41.0”N 22°45’49.5”E. The work deals with the uses of discourse and landscapes in mechanisms of camouflaging the crimes perpetrated on Jews by Poles during the Holocaust. The author lays bare and deconstructs these mechanisms – above all the mechanisms of narrative fetishism of production of artificial landscape – drawing on examples from Biłgoraj county. In the course of the discussion, the work inspired a critical reassessment of the categories dominating the ways in which the Holocaust is currently described: (1) Martin Pollack’s category of contaminated landscapes, rooted in the ideology of two totalitarianisms; (2) the category of the witness / bystander, which conceals the observers’ participation in the scenario of the crime; and (3) the category of taboo, which is ambivalent considering the universal knowledge on the part of local communities about what happened to Jews from their localities. Reflection on the production of taboo leads the discussants to deliberate on the status of Jewish sources in the field of Holocaust studies. Collected since as early as the 1940s, and containing ample and detailed information about Polish crimes perpetrated on Jews, they are nevertheless not recognised as sources by Polish historians. The conversation is concluded by an attempt at recapitulating the present condition of Polish historiography in the light of the postulated new approach to sources. Robota robiona była. O instalacji wideo-rzeźbiarskiej 50°31’29.7”N 22°46’39.1”E, 50°30’56.2”N 22°46’01.0”E, 50°30’41.0”N 22°45’49.5”E Dominiki Macochy rozmawiają Elżbieta Janicka, Konrad Matyjaszek, Xawery Stańczyk, Katrin Stoll i Anna ZawadzkaNiniejszy tekst stanowi zapis dyskusji poświęconej instalacji wideo-rzeźbiarskiej Dominiki Macochy pt. 50°31’29.7”N 22°46’39.1”E 50°30’56.2”N 22°46’01.0”E 50°30’41.0”N 22°45’49.5”E. Dzieło artystki dotyczy dyskursywnych i krajobrazowych mechanizmów kamuflowania zbrodni na Żydach popełnionych przez Polaków podczas Zagłady. Macocha obnaża i dekonstruuje te mechanizmy – przede wszystkim mechanizm fetyszyzmu narracyjnego i mechanizm produkcji sztucznego krajobrazu – na przykładach zaczerpniętych z powiatu biłgorajskiego. Podczas dyskusji, z inspiracji pracą artystki, krytycznemu namysłowi poddane zostają następujące, dominujące współcześnie kategorie opisu Zagłady: 1. zaproponowana przez Martina Pollacka kategoria skażonych krajobrazów, wyrosła na gruncie ideologii dwóch totalitaryzmów; 2. kategoria świadka, maskująca udział obserwatorów w scenariuszach zbrodni; 3. kategoria tabu, ambiwalentna, jeśli wziąć pod uwagę powszechność wiedzy lokalnych społeczności o tym, co stało się z Żydami z ich miejscowości. Refleksja nad produkcją tabu prowadzi dyskutantów do namysłu nad statusem źródeł żydowskich w polu badań nad Zagładą. W źródłach tych bowiem, kompletowanych już od lat czterdziestych, znajdujemy wiele szczegółowych informacji o polskich zbrodniach na Żydach. Nie są one jednak rozpoznane jako źródła przez polskich historyków. Dyskusję kończy próba podsumowania współczesnej kondycji polskiej historiografii w świetle postulatu nowego podejścia do źródeł.