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Journal articles on the topic 'Marxism in the XX century'
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1
Pucinina, (Sorokopudova) Оlga, and Nilolai Ahmedov. "Maoism in the political theory of L. Althusser." Moldoscopie 3, no. 90 (2020): 31–41. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4388658.
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The attitude of Louis Althusser towards Mao Zedong and Maoism is determined by the philosopher’s intolerance to the “humanistic” revisionism of the fundamental principles of Marxism. Althusser characterizes Mao Zedong as a great Chinese communist leader, whose theoretical and political practice was in strict accordance with Marxism-Leninism. The philosopher draws conclusions about the continuity of Maoism in Leninist theoretical and political practice, as well as the possibility of the existence of a Marxist-Leninist alternative to Soviet socialist development.
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Emel’yanova, Elena N. "The Essence of and Reasons for War in the Social Democratic Thought of the 20th and 21st Centuries." Vestnik of Northern (Arctic) Federal University. Series Humanitarian and Social Sciences 22, no. 5 (2022): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/2687-1505-v222.
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This article deals with the problem of war and peace in the works of representatives of the social democratic thought of the 20th and 21st centuries. The focus is on the works of Marxists (K. Kautsky, A. Bebel, R. Luxemburg, F. Mehring, G.V. Plekhanov) and neo-Marxist I. Wallerstein, as well as their opponents: realists (C. von Clausewitz, R. Aron, and others) and supporter of liberal idealism W. Wilson, as well as on some studies of contemporary authors. Much attention is paid to defining the essence of wars, their causes, ways to achieve peace, and ideas about the ideal world order. Further, the evolution of social democratic theory on the issue of war and peace in the 20th century is traced. The views of Marxist theorists are compared with those of representatives of other areas of the science of international relations. It is concluded that socialist theory, which is based on the understanding of the essence of war laid down in the works of the founders of Marxism and has much in common with the realist school, has evolved towards liberalism in matters of peace and post-war world order. At the same time, it made a significant contribution to the theory of international relations and not only became the basis for neo-Marxism, but also enriched political realism and liberalism as well as modern science in general with some conclusions. Works of researchers of the 21st century develop and summarize the most important conclusions on war and peace made by representatives of Marxism and other schools of the theory of international relations, which indicates the aspiration of the world scientific community to solve this global problem through joint efforts.
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Tretiak, A. R. "Spinoza’s Philosophy between Ilyenkov and Negri: Being, Action and Dialectics." Humanities and Social Sciences. Bulletin of the Financial University 14, no. 3 (2024): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2226-7867-2024-14-3-159-170.
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For the philosophy of the XX century, the figure of Spinoza becomes very crucial, it was at this time when the ideas of the Dutch philosopher received a new perspective and acquired a whole variety of interpreters. This is especially noticeable in the camp of Marxist philosophy, which tries to trace the conceptual relationship between the theories of Marx and Spinoza. The Soviet philosopher Evald Ilyenkov clearly expresses in his writings the idea that Spinoza is an actual thinker for contemporary Marxism. Spinoza was “ahead of his time”, he thinks dialectically, and his concepts are able to shed light on many contemporary philosophical discussions. The Italian philosopher Antonio Negri repeats the motif of Spinoza’s contemporaneity and acknowledges him as a “Savage Anomaly” that stands out from the intellectual landscape of his era. Marx and Spinoza find themselves in the same camp of thinkers, but what really makes it possible to justify the unity of this camp? It is impossible to reconstruct this consonance of Spinoza’s philosophy with Marxist thought of the XX century without referring to the works of Ilyenkov and Negri. The aim of this article is to highlight the relevance and main problematic of the two different approaches to Spinoza`s legacy in XX century Marxism. Ilyenkov’s figure in this issue is particularly interesting because he goes against the current of Marxist thought, which tries to banish dialectics from the very foundation of materialist philosophy. Louis Althusser has already clearly voiced this turn from dialectics towards the study of objective structures, and Negri, considering dialectics rather an outdated philosophical language, proposes a project of a materialistic biopolitics of the “common” and the immanence of being. The question of dialectics in this matter becomes important, since Ilyenkov does not seek to abandon it, as well as the legacy of Hegel’s philosophy. The problem of thinking and action is at the center of Ilyenkov’s attention when he reads Spinoza as a contemporary author. Ilyenkov’s philosophy in dialogue with the materialism of “immanence” is able to bring new perspectives to the study of Spinoza’s reception through the prism of contemporary Marxism.
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Editorial, Article. "Marx’s Heritage and the Modern Economic Science (The “Round Table” of “Voprosy Economiki”)." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 1 (January 20, 2005): 87–132. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2005-1-87-132.
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The "round table" held by "Voprosy Economiki" was devoted to urgency of Marx's scientific heritage. The articles by E. Gaidar and V. Mau, A. Buzgalin and A. Kolganov, L. Grebnev published in 2004 were in the focus of discussion. The session was conducted by the editor-in-chief academician L. Abalkin. Theoretical questions of the importance of K. Marx's and F. Engels' contribution in the world economic science, of modern opportunities of using marxist approach, of adequacy of the labor theory of value and the theory of surplus value were debated. Opinions differed: a number of participants supported Marx's economic concepts while others spoke about its conformity to realities of XIX century, and not those of the end of XX - the beginning of XXI centuries. The question of dogmatism of Marx's doctrine and the necessity of its creative revisionism was also risen. The question of "liberal marxism" as a basis for further development of modern liberalism was actively discussed. Certain attention was paid to the problem of "secular religiousness" of marxism - its acceptance as the official national ideology and its spreading as a specific religion among the population. The first part of the session is introduced including the presentations by O. Ananyin, S. Dzarasov, T. Oizerman, G. Bagaturiya, A. Chepurenko, V. Kulikov, V. Mezhuev, M. Voeikov, G. Gloveli, V. Kudrov, L. Vasina.
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Romanova, Polina Dmitrievna. "From K. Marx to S. Žižek: the concept of ideology in Marxist thought of the 19th and 20th centuries." Manuscript 18, no. 2 (2025): 482–87. https://doi.org/10.30853/mns20250068.
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The aim of the research is to conduct a socio-philosophical analysis of the evolutionary process of the concept of ideology in Marxist thought of the 19th and 20th centuries. The article sequentially analyzes interpretations of the phenomenon of ideology, given in the works of K. Marx, V. I. Lenin, A. A. Bogdanov, A. Gramsci, L. Althusser, the German Frankfurt School, as well as contemporary post-Marxists, such as S. Žižek, and some others. Such a sequential analysis of the main Marxist interpretations of ideology is conducted for the first time, which accounts for the scientific novelty of the research. As a result, the author concludes that the concept of ideology has undergone a complex evolution in Marxist thought. While K. Marx considered ideology to be merely a reflection of the material conditions of human society's existence, subsequent generations of Marxists attributed a more independent value to it. Theories that influenced Marxism, such as psychoanalysis and structuralism, played a significant role in this. In studies of the second half of the 20th century, ideology was considered as a phenomenon not directly influenced by material conditions and, on the contrary, capable of influencing the individual, including their economic activity.
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Kuzmin, P. V. "МАРКСИЗМ: РАЗМЫШЛЕНИЯ ОБ ИСТОРИЧЕСКОЙ РОЛИ И ОГРАНИЧЕННОСТИ". Konfliktologia 14, № 2 (2019): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.31312/2310-6085-2019-14-2-82-95.
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The article comprehends Marxist views in the field of philosophy, political economy, socio-political sphere. It is shown that Marxism is not a monolith. Along with the undoubted advantages, the social doctrine of Marxism contains ideas and provisions that have not stood the test of time. But the costs of Marxism are not the supporting structures of this doctrine. The author is of the opinion that not confirmation of a number of provisions of authentic Marxism by socio - political practice of the XX-th and the passed years of the XXI-th century is connected with the fact that any social theory “works” in this way, as the implementation of such a theory takes place in line with the coherent concept of truth. Marxist doctrine was created in the era of early capitalism, which did not yet contain the necessary material for more accurate scientific positions and forecasts. In the article the author comes to the conclusion that a number of Marxist views, provided their authentic interpretation, remain relevant in our time. These include: unsurpassed by anyone criticism of capitalism; conclusion on the growth of inequality and income inequality between the strata of society; regulations on the adaptation of production relations to changing productive forces, on ensuring the basic needs of people with the help of new technologies, the development of social and industrial democracy; ideas about the dependence of material production on scientific knowledge, creative, spiritual activity of people, on the progress of technology; humanistic position of Marxism, expressed in the ideas of human liberation, social equality, justice, solidarity. The author believes that the urgent task of the intelligentsia is to preserve Marxism as an integral part of intellectual and political culture, as well as the development of Marxist doctrine in creative competition with other trends of social thought.
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Aragão Maciel, Marta Maria. "Reflexões acerca do marxismo “herético” de Ernst Bloch." Trilhas Filosóficas 11, no. 3 (2019): 139–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.25244/tf.v11i3.3544.
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Resumo: O presente texto objetiva uma abordagem, no interior do pensamento de Ernst Bloch (1885/1977), acerca da relação entre marxismo e utopia: um vínculo incomum no interior do marxismo, comumente tido numa oposição inconciliável. Daí a apropriação do termo “herético” em referência ao marxismo do autor alemão: a expressão é usada não em sentido pejorativo, mas apenas para situar seu distanciamento do marxismo vulgar, bem como sua intenção de crítica radical dessa tradição. Aqui entendemos que é, em particular, por meio da relação entre marxismo e utopia que o pensamento de Ernst Bloch aparece como um projeto inelutavelmente político com vistas a uma filosofia da práxis concreta na principal obra do autor: O Princípio esperança (Das Prinzip Hoffnung) [1954/1959]. Neste livro encontramos, com efeito, a tentativa de pensar a atualidade do marxismo para o contexto do século XX, a era das catástrofes, conforme definição do historiador Eric Hobsbawm. Palavras-chave: Marxismo. Utopia. Dialética. Crítica social. Cultura. Abstract: This paper presents an approach within the thinking of Ernst Bloch (1885/1977) about the relation between Marxism and Utopia: an unusual link within Marxism, commonly held in an irreconcilable opposition. Hence the appropriation of the term "heretical" in reference to the German author's Marxism: the expression is used not in a pejorative sense, but only to situate its distancing from vulgar Marxism, as well as its intention of a radical critique of this tradition. Here we understand that it is particularly through the relationship between Marxism and Utopia that Ernst Bloch's thought appears as an ineluctably political project with a view to a philosophy of concrete praxis in the principal work of the author: The Principle Hope (Das Prinzip Hoffnung) [1954/1959]. In this book we find, in effect, the attempt to think the actuality of Marxism in the context of the age of catastrophe - as defined by Eric Hobsbawm - that is, the long twentieth century that experienced the extreme barbarism of the concentration camp, of which the thinker in question, Jewish and Communist, managed to escape. Keywords: Marxism. Utopia. Dialectics. Social criticismo. Culture. REFERÊNCIAS ALBORNOZ, Suzana. O enigma da Esperança: Ernst Bloch e as margens da história do espírito. Petrópolis, RJ: Vozes, 1995. ALBORNOZ, Suzana. Ética e utopia: ensaio sobre Ernst Bloch. 2ª edição. Porto Alegre: Movimento; Santa Cruz do Sul: EdUSC, 2006. BICCA, Luiz. Marxismo e liberdade. São Paulo: Loyola, 1987. BLOCH, Ernst. Filosofia del Rinascimento. Trad. it. de Gabriella Bonacchi e Katia Tannenbaum. Bologna: il Mulino, 1981. BLOCH, Ernst. Héritage de ce temps. Trad. Jean Lacoste. Paris: Payot, 1978. BLOCH, Ernst. O Princípio Esperança [1954-1959]. Vol. I. Trad. br. Nélio Schneider. Rio de Janeiro: EdUERJ; Contraponto, 2005. BLOCH, Ernst. O Princípio Esperança [1954-1959]. Vol. II. Trad. br. Werner Fuchs. Rio de Janeiro: EdUERJ; Contraponto, 2006. BLOCH, Ernst. O Princípio Esperança [1954-1959]. Vol. III. Trad. br. Nélio Schneider. Rio de Janeiro: EdUERJ; Contraponto, 2006. BLOCH, Ernst. Du rêve à l’utopie: Entretiens philosophiques. Textos escolhidos e prefaciados por Arno Münster. Paris: Hermann, 2016. BLOCH, Ernst. Thomas Münzer, Teólogo da Revolução [1963]. Trad. br. Vamireh Chacon e Celeste Aída Galeão. Rio de Janeiro: Tempo Brasileiro, 1973. BLOCH, Ernst. L’esprit de l’utopie, [1918-1023]. Trad. fr. de Anne Marie Lang e Catherine Tiron-Audard. Paris: Gallimard, 1977. BLOCH, Ernst. El pensamiento de Hegel. Trad. esp. de Wenceslao Roces. Mexico; Buenos Aires: Fondo de Cultura Economica, 1963. BOURETZ, Pierre. Testemunhas do futuro: filosofia e messianismo. Trad. J. Guinsburg. São Paulo: Perspectiva, 2011, p. 690. FREUD, Sigmund. Los sueños [1900-1901]. Trad. Luis Lopez-Ballesteros et al., Madrid: Biblioteca Nueva, 1981. FREUD, Sigmund. A Interpretação dos sonhos. Vol. I. Trad. Jayme Salomão. Rio de Janeiro: Imago, 2006. HORKHEIMER, Max. Filosofia e teoria crítica. In: Textos escolhidos. Trad. de José Lino Grünnewald. São Paulo: Abril Cultural, 1980, p. 155 (Coleção Os Pensadores.). MÜNSTER, Arno. Ernst Bloch: filosofia da práxis e utopia concreta. São Paulo: UNESP, 1993. MÜNSTER, Arno. Utopia, Messianismo e Apocalipse nas primeiras de Ernst Bloch. Trad. br. de Flávio Beno Siebeneichler. São Paulo: UNESP, 1997. PIRON-AUDARD, Catherine. Anthropologie marxiste et psychanalyse selon Ernst Bloch. In: RAULET, Gérard (org.). Utopie-marxisme selon Ernst Bloch: un système de l'inconstructible. Payot: Paris, 1976. VIEIRA, Antonio Rufino. Princípio esperança e a “herança intacta do marxismo” em Ernst Bloch. In: Anais do 5° Coloquio Internacional Marx-Engels. Campinas: CEMARX/Unicamp. Disponível em: <www.unicamp.br / cemarx_v_coloquio_arquivos_arquivos /comunicacoes/gt1/sessao6/Antonio_Rufi no.pdf>. VIEIRA, Antonio Rufino. Marxismo e libertação: estudos sobre Ernst Bloch e Enrique Dussel. São Leopoldo: Nova Harmonia, 2010. RAULET, Gérard (Organizador). Utopie - marxisme selon Ernst Bloch: un sistème de l’inconstructible. Paris: Payot, 1976. ZECCHI, Stefano. Ernest Bloch: Utopia y Esperanza en el Comunismo [1974]. Trad. esp. de Enric Pérez Nadal, Barcellona: Península, 1978.
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Panyukov, Alexander I. "Methodological Guidelines for the Historiography of Russian Philosophy (40–90s of the XX Century)." Общество: философия, история, культура, no. 7 (July 19, 2023): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24158/fik.2023.7.5.
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This article provides an excursus into the field of tendencies and substantive features of the development of historiography of Russian philosophy in 40–90s of XX century. Provisions on multidimensionality and com-plexity of its methodological guidelines are denoted. As the main methodological trend in the development of the historiography of Russian philosophy, the orientation towards Marxist methodology, which focused on the analysis of the history of the spread of philosophical ideas in the USSR, is highlighted. It is emphasized that political changes in the 1950s, which entailed a change in the methodological orientation of the Soviet philoso-phers, were reflected in their focus on the interpretation of the specifics of national thought in the multinational USSR. In subsequent years, in the historiographical space of Russian philosophy, there was a systematization of methodological variations in the interpretation of formal and substantive features of Russian philosophy. In the run-up to the “crucial” 1990s, and primarily in the context of European philosophical thought, there emerged a tendency to single out periods of the “foreign renaissance” and “Soviet Marxism” in the history of Russian philosophy. As a methodological variation of the historiography of Russian philosophy at the threshold of the XXI century the tendency to popularize philosophical science, which actualized the enlightenment emphasis in the development of domestic philosophical thought.
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Nekrašas, Evaldas. "POZITYVIZMAS IR MARKSIZMAS." Problemos 73 (January 1, 2008): 155–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/problemos.2008.0.2010.
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Straipsnyje nagrinėjama pozityvizmo ir marksizmo santykio problema. Siekiama išryškinti jų ištakas, sąveiką, panašumus ir skirtumus, parodyti, kad klasikinis marksizmas nėra toks tolimas klasikiniam pozityvizmui, kaip paprastai manoma. XIX amžiuje abi filosofijos kryptys laikėsi scientistinių ir progresyvistinių nuostatų, kurios visų pirma ir lėmė jų pažiūrų kitais klausimais artumą. Tačiau XX amžiuje susiformavus loginiam pozityvizmui ir neomarksistinei kritinei teorijai, šių krypčių metodologinės pozicijos ėmė vis labiau tolti. Straipsnyje aptariama komplikuota Vienos ratelio ir Frankfurto mokyklos santykių istorija ir vadinamasis ginčas dėl pozityvizmo (Positivismusstreit). Analizė baigiama išvada, kad daugelį skirtumų tarp pozityvizmo ir marksizmo lemia jų skirtingas požiūris į patyrimą. Svarbiausi nagrinėjami autoriai: Auguste’as Comte’as, Karlas Marxas, Vladimiras Leninas, Otto Neurathas, Maxas Horkheimeris, Herbertas Marcuse, Jürgenas Habermasas. Pagrindiniai žodžiai: klasikinis pozityvizmas, klasikinis marksizmas, loginis pozityvizmas, kritinė teorija.Positivism and MarxismEvaldas Nekrašas Summary The author analyses the relation between positivism and Marxism. He seeks to expose their common sources and interaction, similarities and differences and to demonstrate that, contrary to the common opinion, classical Marxism and classical positivism are not so much disparate. In the 19th century both philosophies shared scientistic and progressivist views, and this accounts for their many other resemblances. Yet in the 20th century, when classical positivism was replaced by logical positivism and the Neomarxist critical theory emerged, methodological orientations of both movements started to diverge more and more. The article explores the complicated history of relations between the Vienna Circle and the Frankfurt School and inquires into the Positivismusstreit. It ends with the conclusion that the majority of differences between positivism and Marxism stem from their different notions of experience. The author deals mainly with the views of Auguste Comte, Karl Marx, Vladimir Lenin, Otto Neurath, Max Horkheimer, Herbert Marcuse, and Jürgen Habermas. Keywords: classical positivism, classical Marxism, logical positivism, critical theory.
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Koryakin, Vyacheslav V. "DEGRADATION OF SOVIET MARXISM THROUGH THE EXAMPLE OF PHILOSOPHY AND METHODOLOGY OF HISTORY OF THE SECOND HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY." Вестник Пермского университета. Философия. Психология. Социология, no. 1 (2019): 29–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2078-7898/2019-1-29-43.
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In the second half of the 20th century, the Soviet humanities faced crisis of their philosophical foundations — the materialist understanding of history. In epistemological terms, it was caused by the discovered heuristic limits of the abstract-universal materialist theory, which describes the general in the development of reality but eliminates all the diversity of the particular in it. Over time, there emerged two interrelated trends within this crisis — the gradual formulation of the concrete-universal theory, which describes both the general and (in a generalized form) the whole diversity of the particular in development, and the degradation of the abstract-universal theory. The disintegration of the abstract-universal theory has become the dominant trend. It manifested itself in the fact that, recognizing that the general provisions of materialism were true in principle, most Soviet authors began to depart from them when analyzing specific historical phenomena. It was concluded that in a particular situation, social being does not always determine social consciousness, the basis does not always determine the superstructure, material production does not always determine political life and culture. At the same time, there was a rejection of dialectics, an integral part of Marxism. The opinion was often expressed about the equivalence of opposites in their unity and relativity of those parties that were recognized as absolute in traditional Marxism. Such theoretical conclusions resulted in the rejection of historical materialism and transition of the overwhelming majority of the national humanities representatives to the positions of pre-marxist and non-classical philosophy.
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Shevchenko, Vladimir N. "The views of Yu.K. Pletnikov on the relationship between formational and civilizational approaches in the context of academic discussions of the second half of the 20th century." Civilization studies review 4, no. 1 (2022): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/2713-1483-2022-4-1-55-68.
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The article deals with the theoretical views of Yu.K. Pletnikov, one of the prominent scientists in the field of social philosophy (historical materialism) in the context of the discussions that took place in the academic environment in the second half of the 20th century. It is shown that the theory of socio-economic formations was at the center of the discussions of the 60–70s. A number of authors proposed a new, modern for those times, understanding of the evolution of K. Marx’s views on the formational division of the history of society, which was then subjected to harsh and generally unfair criticism. Further, the theoretical activity of Yu.K. Pletnikov after his arrival at the Institute of Philosophy in the mid-70s is considered. Yu.K. Pletnikov made a great contribution to a systematic exposition of the theory of historical materialism, including a new understanding of the formational teachings of K. Marx. In particular, he substantiated the need to consider the formational and civilizational approaches in their organic connection and interdependence, opposed the displacement of formational issues to the periphery of scientific research. Yu.K. Pletnikov consistently adhered to the positions of creative Marxism throughout his entire creative activity. Particular attention is drawn to the relevance of his philosophical views, according to which the further development of Marxist socio-philosophical theory requires not only critical assimilation, “dialectical removal” of many achievements of non-Marxist scientists and their inclusion in the theoretical building of Marxism, but also its enrichment with new ideas and new issues in close connection with the search for solutions to the most complex problems of the modern multipolar world.
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ORLOV, Dmitry N., and Natalia A. ORLOVA. "CONCEPT OF SPACE IN PHILOSOPHY AND CULTURAL STUDIES OF THE XX CENTURY." Urban construction and architecture 8, no. 4 (2018): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2018.04.19.
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A review of some concepts of man-made space of the twentieth century is given. The main part of the article is devoted to the analysis of the «second nature» in the Soviet and Western European branches of Marxism. The diff erence of approaches and criticism of some points are presented. One of the examples of the linguistic school of - the hermeneutics of Paul Ricoeur and some examples of existential philosophy philosophy are considered. The concepts and approaches common to diff erent schools of philosophical thought are revealed. The connection of philosophical concepts and professional architectural studies is shown. It can be concluded about the general corpus of the space conclusions, which unites the discourses of diff erent schools. The sum of these concepts allows us to form, with further development, a general theory of man-made space.
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Vladimirov, Pavel. "The Content Analysis of Reception of Hegel’s Philosophy in Dialectical Materialism (the Late 19th – the First Half of the 20th Century)." Otechestvennaya Filosofiya 1, no. 2 (2023): 5–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/3034-1825-2023-2-5-28.
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The article presents the results of a study devoted to the attitudes towards Hegel’s philosophy in Russian and Soviet Marxist philosophy (Dialectical materialism) of the late 19th and first half of the 20th century. The research is based on the collection of nearly 200 works, in which 1,766 interpretative theses were identified by the method of content analysis. On the basis of quantitative parameters, the paper demonstrates the development of attitudes towards Hegel’s philosophy in pre-Soviet and Soviet Marxism. The main directions of interpretation of Hegel’s philosophy are also described and the internal inconsistency as well as the diversity of the interpretations, are presented. The main influences on Hegelian themes in the USSR are mentioned in the article and the problem of Stalinist repressions among Soviet philosophers working on Hegelian issues is also touched upon.
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Schelchkov, Andrey. "The Bolivian Falange. The Story of the Collapse of a Right-Wing Utopia." Latin-American Historical Almanac 37, no. 1 (2023): 60–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.32608/2305-8773-2023-37-1-60-90.
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Since the 30s of the XX-th century. in Bolivia, there has been the formation of political forces that will become dominant in Bolivian politics throughout the XX-th century. we are talking about revolutionary nationalism, Indeanism, Marxism and right-wing radicalism of the Spanish type, represented by the Bolivian Socialist Falange party. This article is devoted to the study of the ideology and political practice of the Falange. A feature of the Bolivian phalanx was an attempt to apply right-wing radical views of the philo-fascist type in a country where the Indian population predominated, opposing hispanism and clericalism to Indian nationalism, painted in nationalist and anti-imperialist tones. In addition to putschist political practices, violence and anti-communism, the Bolivian phalanx was distinguished by anti-capitalist and anti-imperialist aspirations, building its own right-wing radical social utopia. This party played an important role in Bolivian politics in the 40-60s of the twentieth century, and then became the basis of both ultra-right marginal groups and part of the «new left» that arose in Bolivia in the 70-80s.
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Afanas’eva, D. A. "Domestic and foreign Marxist tradition of the Northern Ireland conflict origins definition (1969–1998)." Vestnik of Samara University. History, pedagogics, philology 29, no. 4 (2023): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2542-0445-2023-29-4-12-19.
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The article examines the perspectives of Soviet and foreign Marxist researchers in relation to the underlying causes of the beginning and escalation of Northern Irish conflict (The Troubles). The significance of this research lies in comprehending the lesser-explored Marxist heritage within the contemporary study of historical events in Great Britain and Ireland. The scientific novelty lies in addressing the scarcity of historiographical works dedicated to this issue, the depth of analysis they provide, and the absence of comprehensive comparative experiences. The research aims to investigate specific processes in the intellectual history of the USSR and other countries during the latter half of the XX century, focusing on instances of interaction or lack thereof between various Marxist schools of thought and trends. This is achieved by utilizing the Marxist historiography of the Northern Ireland conflict as an illustrative case. To fulfill this objective, the study undertakes a comparison of extensive sets of historiographical sources and internal subgroups of approaches present within Eastern and Western scholarly traditions that explore aspects of the Northern Ireland conflict within the context of Marxism. The primary theoretical framework draws upon the works of foreign and Russian Marxist scholars devoted to the issue of intercommunal conflict in Northern Ireland. The key finding of the research highlights the existence of evident similarities, encompassing logical, substantive, and linguistic-rhetorical aspects, between the works of Western and Eastern Marxists, despite the lack of direct citations between them. The research postulates several hypotheses concerning the origins of this phenomenon, including the potential impact of distinct methodologies on researchers’ perceptions of social processes and historical events, irrespective of the array of available source material. Furthermore, the research does not negate the possibility of implicit interactions between proponents of the English-language and the Russian-language Marxist academic traditions.
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Lanskoy, G. N. "МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЙКОНТЕКСТРЕВОЛЮЦИОННОЙИДЕОЛОГИИВРОССИИНАЧАЛАXXВ." Istoricheskii vestnik, № 23(2018) part: 23/2018 (27 вересня 2019): 192–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.35549/hr.2019.2018.36615.
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Paper is devoted to origins and to content of ideological conceptions which had influence to preparation of revolutions in Russia in the beginning of XX century. These conceptions are examined from viewpoint of their appearance in countries of Western Europe and partly in Russia and of their future transformation to practice of social and political development of Russia. In text are analyzed objective conditions for diversification of conceptions of liberalism, Marxism and revolutionary anarchism on territory of Russian Empire. For decision of indicated researching tasks were used retrospective and logical methods which gave possibility to show connection between historical experience of development of Russian state and perception of oppositional political ideas by its citizens. In context of conceptions of foreign minders were also studied basic ideas of theoreticians of Russian revolutionary movement of end of XIX beginning of XX century V.I. Lenin, G.V. Plekhanov, L.D. Trotsky and some other authors. In paper was used comparative method with aim of parallel evaluation of viewpoints of foreign and Russian scientists on specifities of diversification of revolutionary ideas in Russia in the beginning of XX century. In the end of paper are determined the alternative forms of revolutionary development in Russia in the beginning of XX century connected with diversity of revolutionary ideologies actual for this period.Статья посвящена истокам и содержанию идеологических концепций, оказавших влияние на подготовку революций в России в начале XX века. Эти концепции рассматриваются с точки зрения их появления в странах Западной Европы и отчасти в России и их дальнейшей трансформации в практику социальнополитического развития России. В тексте анализируются объективные условия диверсификации концепций либерализма, марксизма и революционного анархизма на территории Российской Империи. Для решения указанных исследовательских задач были использованы ретроспективные и логические методы, которые позволили показать связь между историческим опытом развития российского государства и восприятием оппозиционных политических идей его гражданами. В контексте концепций зарубежных мыслителей были также изучены основные идеи теоретиков русского революционного движения конца XIXначала XX века В. И. Ленина, Г. В. Плеханова, Л. Д. Троцкого и некоторых других авторов. В работе использован сравнительный метод с целью параллельной оценки точек зрения зарубежных и российских ученых на особенности диверсификации революционных идей в России в начале XX века. В конце статьи определяются альтернативные формы революционного развития в России в начале XX века, связанные с многообразием актуальных для этого периода революционных идеологий.
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Kuzmin, V. V. "ADVERTISING COMMUNICATION IN THE DISCOURSE OF NEOMARXISTS, STRUCTURALISTS AND POST-STRUCTURES." Juvenis Scientia, no. 6 (2019): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.32415/jscientia.2019.06.08.
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The article discusses the main approaches to the study of advertising communication, expressed in the works of philosophical schools of the XX century. The purpose of the work is to analyze advertising communication in the discourse of neo-Marxists, structuralists and post-structuralists. The analysis of socio-philosophical criticism in relation to advertising and its impact on social reality. The similarities and differences in the approaches to the study of advertising in neo-Marxism, structuralism and post-structuralism are revealed. It is concluded that the concepts presented have certain areas of contact in matters of advertising, especially in the field of social and communicative aspects. The considered philosophical schools see in advertising a social institution, with its mechanism of influence on society, which takes part in all social relations concerning the formation of the social coordinates of a person and his values. However, the study also revealed certain differences in the approaches to the study of the language of advertising and the qualitative nature of its impact on society.
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Semashko, N. "SOCIALIST IDEOLOGY IN THE VIEWS OF S. PETLIURA AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 20th CENTURY." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, no. 148 (2021): 62–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2021.148.10.
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The article considers the peculiarities of the social-democratic views of the prominent statesman Simon Vasilyevich Petliura in the period 1902-1917, that is, at the stage of forming his political worldview. The role of S. Petliura as one of the leading ideologues of the Ukrainian social democracy of the beginning of the XX century is determined. The attitude of S. Petliura to the Russian variants of marxism is analyzed, his views on European social democracy, the main issues of development of the Ukrainian people, and solving them through the prism of socialist ideas. His views on party building are studied, relations between the Ukrainian Social Democratic Workers 'Party and the Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party. The key positions of the Russian Social Democrats have been identified, which became the subject of sharp criticism of S. Petliura. It turned out that Simon Petliura was a supporter of the European version of Social Democracy, in particular on the issue of the right of nations to selfdetermination. S. Petliura entered into a sharp controversy with representatives of the Russian Social-Democracy, argued the falsity of their views on non-recognition of the right of the Ukrainian people to autonomy, appealing to the works of Karl Kautsky. S. Petliura did not share the centralizing policy of the Russian Marxists regarding party building, defending the right of the Ukrainian Social Democratic Workers' Party to an independent organizational structure. Socialist ideology in views S. Petliura was dominant, but had bright national features. The key stages of formation of the worldview of the figure are determined. The transformation of its ideological foundations is determined.
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Pazdej, Mateusz. "Współczesna recepcja walki klas , czyli w jakim stopniu marksizm wpłynął na koncepcje XX-wieczne i czy pozostał aktualny do dzisiaj?" Świat Idei i Polityki 14 (2015): 37–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/siip201503.
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The aim of this paper is to compare the Karl Marx’s theory of classes fighting to influenced by it a neo-marxist conception of Ralf Dahrendorf concerning conflicts and arguing with a theory of social system elaborated by Talcott Parsons. Such an arrangement mostly enables answering the question in what extension the conceptions of a XIXth – century philosopher and an economist remain up-to date in the following century. In the second part of deductions the evolution of that term will be presented in a form of showing as examples the followers of the mentioned thinkers, because contemporarily the term of classes fighting is used not only by Marxists, but also by the members of feministic movements such as Pierre Bourdieu and representatives of organizations which fight for a protection of the environment, among others Murray Bookchin. Such different points of view will be shown and compared in this paper, which will lead to answering the question in what extension the thoughts of Karl Marx influence XXth-century philosophy and if they are still up-to-date.
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TAKOVA, ALEKSANDRA N. "ATHEISTIC WORK AND EVERYDAY RELIGIOUS PRACTICES IN THE KABARDIAN ASSR IN THE 40S-50S OF THE 20TH CENTURY." Study of Religion, no. 4 (2021): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/2072-8662.2021.4.56-63.
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The article deals with the features of the implementation of atheistic work in one of the republics of the North Caucasus - the Kabardian ASSR in the 40s-50s of the 20th century. The main directions of implementation of this work are analyzed: 1) indirect-atheistic work using the mass media available at that time; 2) direct-work carried out by direct communication of propagandists-agitators with the audience on the ground. A general description of the features of the implementation of atheistic work in this period, the techniques and methods used for this purpose, is given. The emphasis is placed on the widespread dissemination of natural science views to the masses, together with the foundations of Marxism-Leninism, as opposed to religious ideas. The paper points out a number of key problematic issues that reduced the quality and effectiveness of the field atheist work carried out - the lack of specialists, excessive focus on mass participation, lack of targeting...
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Restrepo, Luis Fernando. "'Infausto teatro de sombras': la persistencia del trauma de la conquista en los dramas de Fernando de Orbea, Manuel Castell y Fernando González Cajiao." Estudios de Literatura Colombiana, no. 18 (November 4, 2013): 149–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17533/udea.elc.17392.
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Este trabajo examina tres obras dramáticas cuyo tema es la cultura muisca o chibcha que datan de los siglos XVII, XIX y XX, los cuales ilustran cómo la cultura muisca es utilizada como una figura discursiva para formular tres proyectos políticos diferentes: la imposición del imperialismo ibérico, una democracia liberal asimiladora de los indígenas, y un movimiento de liberación popular inspirado en el Marxismo. Se analiza la representación de la violencia colonial, el trauma de la conquista y la apertura del pasado visto en el contexto del surgimiento de democracias pluriculturales y movimientos indígenas en Colombia y Latinoamérica. Descriptores: Muiscas; Chibchas, indigenismo; indianismo, poscolonialismo; representación de la violencia; trauma; colonialismo; imperialismo; multiculturalismo; Colombia; movimientos indígenas; memoria, teatro; psicoanálisis e historia. Abstract: This article examines three plays based on Muisca culture (also known as the Chibcha) from the 17th, 19th and 20th century, illustrating how Muisca culture is used as a discursive figure to articulate three different political projects: the imposition of the Iberian imperialism, a liberal democracy that assimilates indigenous cultures, and a popular liberation movement inspired in Marxism. The representation of violence, the trauma of conquest, and opening the past are three topics explored in relation to the debate the emerging multicultural democracies and indigenous movements in Colombia and Latin America. Key words: Muiscas; Chibchas; indigenismo; Postcolonialism; representation of violence; trauma; colonialism; imperialism; multiculturalism; Colombia; indigenous movements; memory; theater; psychoanalysis and history.
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Zinchenko, V. V. "The neo-Marxist idea of socialism and Christianity." Ukrainian Religious Studies, no. 16 (December 5, 2000): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32420/2000.16.1109.
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Along with other definitions, the XX century is also called a century of domination of ideologies, which almost always considered a person as a means to establish one or another type of domination: either national, or class, or bureaucratic. Any but mandatory one that would resist human freedom, and therefore - justice. Ideology exits a person to think freely and make informed decisions. She wants to accustom her to adapt humbly to the existing political and economic conditions, to form a superficial perception of the propagandized reality of the best and the unchangeable. The ideology of totalitarianism seeks to turn a person into a "social dream," self-sacrificed, and a satisfied citizen of every kind, indifferent to spiritual demands.
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Butkus, Vigmantas. "Lietuviškumo apraiškos XX a. pirmos pusės latvių literatūroje: stereotipinės ir neįprastos." Acta humanitarica academiae Saulensis 31 (November 21, 2024): 8–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/ahas.2024.31.1.
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The article is based on the theoretical approach suggested by literary imagology, drawing an assumption that the image that is revealed in fiction of one country about the other country, the nation is not a literary value that is solely enclosed inside a text, but it rather often reflects specific historical, geographical, social, economic, cultural and other realia, too. There is a large number of literary pieces which depict the Lithuania-related topic or single Lithuanian motifs in Latvian literature of the first half of the 20th century; therefore, the article limits itself with analysis of only a part of them in the chosen aspect of imagology. Around thirty authors of the said period who wrote pieces of various genres, including both famous names, who became classics and less known authors, are discussed. Majority of these literary pieces reveal such manifestations of Lithuanianness which can be considered as trite, stereotypical because they are repeated, obtain new semantic, emotional shades in various contexts; nevertheless, they always retain almost the same notional core. The ethnotype of a Lithuanian beggar (Latv. leišu nabags / ubags) is one of the most frequently occurring manifestations of such kind; it reflects a historical, economic situation of the second half of the 19th century – first half of the 20th century, when many people from Lithuania would go begging in Latvia. The fiction also quite frequently and highly variously displays the motif of Lithuanian neighbourhood, its geographical proximity. The motifs of “a Lithuanian cherry” (Latv. leišu ķirsis) and “a Lithuanian goose” (Latv. leišu zoss) are much rarer, though repeating in fiction works related to specific agrarian and culinary realia prevailing in Latvia at that time. An image of a disastrous “quagmire of Lithuania” (Latv. leišu muklājs) that was made popular by a composer Alfrēds Kalniņš’s (1879–1951) song based on a verse by a poet Atis Ķeniņš (1874–1961) ought to be considered as dissociated from objective realia; this image had a metaphorical meaning which was usually directly unrelated to Lithuania. Manifestations of the topic of Lithuania which are characteristic of some exclusiveness, unusualness, even some kind of cultural exoticism in Latvian literature of that time are relatively sparse. The article analytically presents five pieces of fiction that display quite detailed portraits of atypical, unordinary characters from Lithuania. The most suggestive of them is an image of a Jewish man, named Perec, from Lithuanian province, who was educated under the influence of the religious spirit of the Torah but eventually embraced the truths of Marxism, and his milieu, created by a famous leftist writer Andrejs Kurcijs (the true name Andrejs Kuršinskis, 1884–1959) in his short story “The God of Paupers” (“Nabago dievs”, 1929).
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Kudrov, V. "On Modern Scientific Assessment of the Economic Theory of Marx-Engels-Lenin (Ten Items for Reflection)." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 12 (December 20, 2004): 111–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2004-12-111-130.
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Substantive provisions of the Marx-Engels-Lenin economic theory in comparison with vital realities of XX century are critically considered in the article. Theories of surplus value, labor value, general law of capitalist accumulation, absolute and relative impoverishment of proletariat are examined. The author points to utopianism and inconsistency of Marx's theory and calls Russian economists for creation of new economic theory adequate to challenges of XXI century.
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Y. V., Shevchenko. "Influence of the Soviet legal doctrine on the activity of the justice bodies of the Ukrainian SSR during the 20s- 30s of the XX century." Almanac of law: The role of legal doctrine in ensuring of human rights 11, no. 11 (2020): 270–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/2524-017x-2020-11-46.
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The article examines the influence of the Soviet legal doctrine in the activities of the justice bodies of the Ukrainian SSR in the 20s-early 30s of the XX century. It is proved that there were noticeable changes in Marxist views on law, as well as in the entire system of Bolshevik ideology at the turn of the 1920s-1930s. It was at this time that the formation of a new state version of the Bolshevik ideology began, which naturally affected the development of law. It is revealed that during the period of the 20s – early 30s of the XX century, Ukrainian SSR judicial bodies implemented a wide range of tasks. It is established that in addition to fighting criminal and other offences, since the end of the 1920s, they were increasingly faced with punitive and repressive functions. The main attention was paid to protecting the interests of the party-state Bolshevik power. It is proved that the organs of justice gradually turned into an appendage of the party-nomenclature apparatus, whose function was to implement the political will, programs and installations of the Bolshevik party, which fully corresponded to the Soviet legal doctrine, which was formed in the 20s. It is proved that the criminal justice system in the period of the 20s-30s was formed under the influence of the growing role of this party in the state and public life of the country. The ideological basis for the formation of the criminal justice system was Marxism-Leninism, in particular, the doctrine of the dictatorship of the proletariat, which was understood as power over the law. It was found that the main tasks of law enforcement agencies in fighting crime and protecting public order were ignored, or they were given minimal attention. It is proved that, after receiving quite significant powers, law enforcement officers, however, were not themselves protected from the policy of terror, and at any moment each of them could become a victim of repression. It is revealed that the justice bodies of the Ukrainian SSR, as part of the General punitive and repressive mechanism of the existing state system, performed functions that were aimed at approving the totalitarian regime. The thesis that the Soviet system of power at the stage of transition from authoritarianism to totalitarianism increasingly used non-legal methods of management is well-reasoned. The right was of a purely nominal nature, quite often it is a substitute ideology. It is concluded that in this way the state was formed with a blatantly anti-legal essence. It is proved that state coercion largely replaced law and morality in the Soviet system. It is revealed that this trend, in general, determined the nature of the functioning of justice departments of the Ukrainian SSR during the period of the 20s – early 30s of the XX century, when the punitive and repressive mechanism ignored not only morality, but also a law. Keywords: the Soviet legal doctrine, the Soviet system of power, the justice bodies of the Ukrainian SSR, State coercion, punitive and repressive mechanism.
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Останина, Е. М. "PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY OF THE PRAXIS SCHOOL: FROM PRAXIS TO REVOLUTION." Вестник Тверского государственного университета. Серия: Философия, no. 1(63) (May 22, 2023): 243–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.26456/vtphilos/2023.1.243.
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В статье рассматривается категория «революция» в философии истории школы праксиса, югославского философского направления гуманистического марксизма второй половины XX в. Исследуется генеалогия понятия «революция», связь с категорией «практики», являющейся базовой для философских систем представителей школы праксиса. Раскрывается специфика содержания категории «революции» отдельных представителей школы праксиса – М. Кангрги и Г. Петровича. The article considers category «revolution» in philosophy of history of the Praxis School, Marxist humanist philosophical movement during 2nd part of XX century. The author explores genealogy of the concept «revolution», connection with category «praxis», a basic category of philosophy of the Praxis School. Also the author reveals specificity of content of category «revolution» in philosophy of two representatives of the Praxis School – M. Kangrga, G. Petrović
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Myurberg, Irina. "Ideology matters: European political philosophy in pursuit of ideological concept of the XXI century." Философская мысль, no. 8 (August 2020): 39–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8728.2020.8.33672.
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Marxist understanding of ideology as a &ldquo;false consciousness&rdquo; should be recognized as most influential (in retrospective assessment) among classical theories of ideology of the XIX and XX centuries. The problem of overcoming this understanding substantiates current situation of distrust of the institution of ideology itself. The goal of this research consists in demonstration of fundamental novelty of certain methods of formation of the renewed political ideology that replace Marxist ideology. The establishing new perspective to some extent originates with the political and philosophical classics of the XX century. The starting point of this research is the fact that since the middle of the previous century, the ideology was perceived as one of the most problematic fields of the Western European political thought. The author examines the theoretical-methodological approaches of M. Foucault, enhanced with the method of morphological analysis. Applicable to the problem of modernization of ideology, the goal traced by Foucault lied in determination of the historically specific &ldquo;discourse order&rdquo; opposed to neoliberal polymorphism as the political &ldquo;art of governance&rdquo; (&ldquo;the birth of biopolitics&rdquo;). This approach suggests following the principle of self-criticism in philosophical cognition of ideology alongside other principles. Within the cognitive framework of political philosophy, it manifests as a solution, speaking of the &ldquo;political&rdquo;, going into the field of philosophical concepts from the established language of political science to where it is required by the task for describing &ldquo;regime of the truth&rdquo;.
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OLALLA, Marcos. "La perra suerte de la humanidad. La reposición del mesianismo en el discurso exegético de José Porfirio Miranda." UTOPÍA Y PRAXIS LATINOAMERICANA 23, no. 81 (2018): 106–17. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2253438.
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ES: Analizamos la obra exegética del teólogo y filósofo mexicano José Porfirio Miranda (1924-2001). Miranda desarrolló una interpretación de los textos bíblicos que se caracterizó por su particular reposición del elemento mesiánico en la interpretación de la Biblia. La facticidad del aplazamiento de la definitiva realización de la justicia esperada provocó un desacople de esta singular expectativa respecto del mensaje del <em>Nuevo Testamento</em>. La historia de la exégesis tradicional es el fruto del esfuerzo por encubrir aquel desacople ostensiblemente contrario a su presencia en los textos. El autor mexicano realizó en sus trabajos de principios de la década del 70 del siglo XX una labor signada por la composición de tradiciones redaccionales heterogéneas cuya articulación permitió comprender el carácter mesiánico del judeo-cristianismo que anticipó en treinta años a algunos de los tópicos desarrollados en torno a la relectura de la teología de San Pablo. Miranda produjo su notable obra exegética en diálogo con las tradiciones marxista y existencialista. Percibió en una posible articulación de ambas una plataforma de resignificación de los modos de imbricación de las dimensiones ética y política del texto bíblico. EN: In this work it was analysed the exegetic work of José Porfirio Miranda (1924-2001) —Mexican theologian and philosopher. Miranda developed an interpretation of the biblical texts characterised by its particular reinstatement of the messianic element in the interpretation of the Bible. The factual postponement of the eagerly awaited definitive justice fulfilment caused the uncoupling of this singular expectation with respect to the message of the <em>New Testament</em>. The story of traditional exegesis is the result of the effort to conceal such uncoupling —evidently opposite to its presence in the texts. The early 70s (20th century) work of this Mexican author was marked by the composition of heterogeneous writing traditions, the articulation of which enabled the understanding of the messianic character of Judeo-Christianity —being thirty years ahead to some of the subjects developed around the reinterpretation of the theology of Saint Paul. Miranda carried out a notable exegetic work in touch with Marxist and existentialist traditions. In the possible articulation of both, he sensed a stepping stone to reinterpreting the manners adopted by the interwoven ethical and political dimensions in the biblical text.
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MALINOVSKY, Alexei, and Pavel DOBROTVORSKY. "Dialectics of Philosophical Pillars of the Law and Development Doctrine." WISDOM 1, no. 1 (2021): 138–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24234/wisdom.v1i1.668.
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This article analyses the philosophical foundations of the Law and Development doctrine, which has been used as a practical tool since the 1950s in many countries in an attempt to improve their socio-economic conditions. Since the adoption of the UN Resolution on Sustainable Development Goals in 2015, most countries have been making efforts to achieve it. We emphasize two philosophical-legal traditions in Law and Development under consideration, which in many respects display antagonistic attitudes to each other: liberal legalism and the ideas of postmodernism philosophy, in particular, the ideas of post-development. The dialectics of this contradiction is revealed in an attempt by liberal legalism to spread itself beyond the western legal systems. Postmodernism, which has been influenced by left-wing political and legal doctrines (neo-Marxism), is aimed at taking into account the interests of local cultures and more equitable distribution of global public goods as a development priority. Following the logic of G. F. Hegel, the evolution of Law and Development can be presented as the spiral reflecting the interaction of law and development theories that began to unwind in the second half of the XX century and continues its upward movement to the present moment.
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Okorokov, V. M., A. V. Shleenko, N. D. Klikunov, and D. G. Oleinikova. "Concepts of Karl Popper, Thomas Kuhn, Imre Lakatos in the Context of the Economic Paradigm." Proceedings of the Southwest State University. Series: Economics. Sociology. Management 13, no. 3 (2023): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1552-2023-13-3-157-164.
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Relevance. In connection with the decline of neoconservative ideology, methodological disputes have escalated regarding both the methods used by economists and the scientific paradigm underlying economic science itself. If in the XIX century economic analysis corresponded to a critical scientific approach, then in the second half of the XX century economists had to revise the requirements for the quality of research from the standpoint of falsificationism. The article deals with the problems of applying the concepts of K. Popper, I. Lakatosh, etc. Kuhn's approach to the theoretical postulates of the modern economic mainstream, Marxism and institutionalism.The purpose is to consider the problem of critical application of the concepts of K. Popper, I. Lakatosh and T. Kuhn to modern scientific knowledge and the tasks of current economic research.Objectives. The following tasks are considered: concretization of the principle of verificationism in relation to economic analysis; concretization of the principle of falsificationism in relation to economic research; determination of the directions of progressive research economic programs.Methodology. The article is prepared within the framework of the positivist paradigm and an adductive approach combining deductive-inductive logicResults. Economics is a science from the point of view of the paradigm of Imre Lakatos and Thomas Kuhn, but it is not a sphere of pure scientific knowledge from the standpoint of Karl Popper's falsificationism.Conclusions. The principle of verificationism dominates modern scientific economic research. Most economic paradigms are degrading. In economic research, it is necessary not only to strive to statistically confirm the hypothesis put forward, but also to compare it with competing scientific explanations.
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Cherniavska, Catherine. "Concepts and idea of "nation" in the ukrainian social and political movement at the end of the XIX - early of the XX century." Scientific Visnyk V. O. Sukhomlynskyi Mykolaiv National University. Historical Sciences 48, no. 2 (2019): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.33310/2519-2809-2019-48-2-53-58.
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The article discusses the key aspects of the concept of "nation" and "nationalism" that have emerged in Ukrainian socio-political thought of the modern era. The ideas of Ukrainian statehood were quite actively developed in the environment of the Ukrainian intelligentsia at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries and subsequently reflected in the programs of Ukrainian political parties in different directions. The political works of M. Mikhnovsky and S. Hrushevsky, as the founders of the Ukrainian political doctrine, are analyzed, their views on the establishment of statehood on the Ukrainian lands are compared and the main differences of their vision of the future destiny of the Ukrainian people are revealed. Along with the federalist vision of the future of the Ukrainian state, there is another direction - independent. In the early twentieth century. a new ideological doctrine - nationalism - is beginning to emerge. The experience of Ukrainian nationalism is in many respects unique, since this ideological doctrine will appear on the territory of our country quite late, in comparison with other European countries, actively combined with various forms of Marxism, and in the end, did not ensure the formation of a nation-state. The relevance of this topic is that the problem of the formation of state-building ideas in Ukrainian sociopolitical thought of the late XIX - early XX centuries. was important for outlining the national and political orientations of the Ukrainian people, which greatly influenced the course and results of the revolution and civil war of 1917 - 1921 in Ukraine. The purpose of the article is to analyze and contrast two alternative models of Ukrainian statehood that belonged to the leading political figures - M. Hrushevsky and M. Mikhnovsky and to determine the role and meaning of the ideas of "nation" and "nationalism" in their concepts.
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Blinov, V. "The formation of the Soviet ideocracy as a new effective form of a centralized state in the 20th century (1917 - 1953)." Journal of Political Research 6, no. 3 (2022): 106–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2587-6295-2022-6-3-106-117.
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The purpose of this article is to analyze the evolution of the Soviet ideocratic management model in the period 1917 - 1953. The principles of comparative, historical and institutional analysis are used as a methodological basis. Particular attention is paid to the evolution of the theoretical ideas of Marxism in the works of V.I. Lenin, who introduces the provision on the special role of the party, capable of leading the proletariat, which in subsequent years becomes the central ideological position of the Soviet state and is borrowed in practice by other regimes. Since the period of the mid-1930s, after the consolidation of power, I.V. Stalin made a number of attempts to separate the governing bodies of the ministerial vertical and the apparatus of the CPSU (b), but in view of the approaching war, such projects were not implemented. The monolithic power of the Council of People's Commissars and the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, united by the State Defense Committee, will turn out to be one of the decisive factors for the victory of the USSR in the war, since it will allow organizing the economy and management in such a way that in many indicators of the production of military equipment the Soviet Union will be several times larger than Nazi-occupied Europe. In the post-war years, new attempts will be made to organize the separation of powers in the Soviet state, but to no avail, which will become the reason for subsequent transformations during the reign of N.S. Khrushchev. It is concluded that the consolidation of the administrative apparatus became the most important factor in the victory of the USSR in the war, but the merging of the government and party vertical turned out to be the reason for attempts to reform in subsequent years. As a result of the analysis, the stages of the formation of the Soviet ideocracy were revealed. The theoretical significance of the work lies in the possibility of using the obtained results for the subsequent comprehensive comparative analysis of different ideocratic regimes.
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Tyutchenko, D. A. "The Influence of Hegelianism on the French Philosophy of the 20th Century: The Theories by Alexandre Kojève and Jean Hyppolite." Antinomies 23, no. 3 (2023): 62–80. https://doi.org/10.17506/26867206_2023_23_3_62.
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The article attempts to reconstruct the influence of Hegelianism on the French intellectual milieu of the 1930s–60s represented by its leading figures. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that French philosophy is often associated with the idea of overcoming Hegel, without taking into account his influence, including on antiHegelians. To address this issue, the author turns to the theories by Alexandre Kojève and Jean Hyppolite, as well as their role in the formation of four famous philosophers. The first part of the article examines Kojève’s anthropological interpretation of Hegel and its influence on Georges Bataille and Jacques Lacan. It demonstrates that each of them developed his own anthropology starting from the themes that were in the focus of their teacher: negation, desire, and the struggle for recognition. They build their discourse around the analysis of the phenomenon of scarcity and the power of negativity in human existence. At the same time, they intend to move beyond Hegel and Kojève, discarding the idea of the end of history. Georges Bataille does this by appealing to the data of ethnology, and Jacques Lacan by developing his own concept of psychoanalysis. The second part of the article deals with the ontological interpretation of Hegel developed by Jean Hyppolite, which influenced Louis Althusser and Michel Foucault. In his commentaries on Hegel, Hyppolite criticized Kojève’s subjectivism and shifted the focus from the individual to the history of the concept and language. His followers also try to overcome anthropology and humanism within the framework of their own philosophical projects – Marxism in the case of Louis Althusser and Foucault’s theory of power-knowledge. Both thinkers started from the idea of a process without a subject and the critique of essentialism developed by their teacher. Along with this, they also use his concepts to turn them against Hegel’s determinism and teleologism. The author of the article draws attention to the fact that it was Hegelianism that anticipated some of the provisions of structuralism. It is concluded that Hegelianism was a prevailing condition for the emergence of the idea of overcoming Hegel in France.
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Traverso, Enzo. "O MARXISMO LIBERTÁRIO DE MICHAEL LÖWY." Caderno CRH 31, no. 83 (2019): 253–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.9771/ccrh.v31i83.25280.
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Neste ensaio, originalmente proferido como conferência, Enzo Traverso analisa algumas das linhas de força da trajetória intelectual de Michael Löwy, dos seus primeiros trabalhos sobre Marx, Lukács e Goldmann às suas reflexões mais recentes sobre Benjamin ou sobre o romantismo. Aplicando à análise do autor o mesmo método que ele utilizara para compreender os autores sobre os quais investigou, Traverso defende a hipótese de que, embora nascido no Brasil, Löwy pode ser visto como um “intelectual francês que combina e supera duas tradições que marcaram profundamente a história, a cultura e a política do século XX: a do judaísmo da Europa Central de antes da Schoah e a da esquerda latino-americana posterior à revolução cubana”.THE LIBERTARIAN MARXISM OF MICHAEL LÖWY In this essay, originally delivered as a conference, Enzo Traverso analyzes some of the strengths of Michael Löwy’s intellectual trajectory, from his early work son Marx, Lukacs, and Goldmann to his more recent reflection son Benjamin or on Romanticism. Applying to the author’s analysis the same method that he used to understand the authors he investigated, Traverso defends the hypothesis that, although born in Brazil, Löwy can be seen as a “French intellectual who combines and surpasses two traditions that marked deeply history, culture and politics of the twentieth century: that of Central European Judaism before Schoah and that of the Latin American left after the Cuban revolution.” Keywords: Intellectuals. Judaism. Central Europe. Latin America. Libertarian Marxism.LE MARXISME LIBERTAIRE DE MICHAEL LÖWYDans cet essai, à l’origine livré comme une conférence, Enzo Traverso analyse certains des fils conducteurs du parcours intellectuel de Michael Löwy, depuis ses premiers travaux sur Marx, Lukacs et Goldmann à ses réflexions plus récentes sur Benjamin ou sur le romantisme. Appliquant à l’analyse de l’auteur la même méthode qu’il avait utilisée pour comprendre les auteurs sur lesquels il a travaillé, Traverso soutient l’hypothèse selon laquelle, bien que né au Brésil, Löwy peut être considéré comme un “intellectuel français unissant et dépassant deux traditions qui ont profondément marqué l’histoire, la culture et la politique du XXe siècle: celle du judaïsme d’Europe centrale d’avant la Schoah et celle de la gauche latino-américaine d’après la révolution cubaine”. Mots-clés: Intellectuels. Judaïsme. Europe centrale. Amérique latine. Marxisme libertaire.
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Yukhymenko, P. "The ukrainian economic school of the end of the 19th beginning of the XX century: formation and development." Ekonomìka ta upravlìnnâ APK, no. 2 (193) (November 24, 2024): 31–51. https://doi.org/10.33245/2310-9262-2024-193-2-31-51.
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The article develops the positions and ideas of authors on the formation of the national architectural science of economic science and politics. On the basis of the analysis of Ukrainian economic literature 19- 20 years of the twentieth century. grounded the provisions on the emergence and institutionalization of the Ukrainian economic school as a scientific problem, methods of its solution, organization and sustainable reproduction of the corresponding co-authorship of scientists-representatives of the school. The main reasons and factors of growth of scientific interest in these issues in modern world and national literature are revealed. The disclosure of issues of the formation and development of the Ukrainian economic school is based on the author's developed propositions in three aspects: on periodization, theoretical directions and unity of components of economic science. Theoretical identification of the concepts: "scientific school" and "Ukrainian economic school" were implemented on the basis of application of scientific-science criteria. The essence, key theories and the circle of representatives of the Ukrainian economic school, its characteristic features, general and special research of phenomena and processes, connection with economic policy are found out. The revealed epistemological foundations and one-sidedness of modern concepts of development of the Ukrainian economic science of the 19th and early 20th centuries. as "adaptive-catchup" and "methodologically-conflict". In contrast, they have substantiated the concepts of "breakthrough», «synthetic" development of the Ukrainian economic school. The role and importance of the scientific work of the representatives of the Ukrainian economic school in the conduct of economic policies, established morality in scientific research and life activity are highlighted. It was shown that on the basis of the critical analysis of the achievements of the general scientific, economic world, representatives of Ukrainian schools, including economic ones, supplemented their latest ideas and concepts, considering the need to take into account the historical and social aspects of the development of the economy, traditions an mental features of society. It was proved that it was precisely our predecessors who, by their critical review of the initial provisions of classical political economy and Marxism, not only led to an intensive process of changing the whole system of development of Ukrainian economic thought at the end of the 19th to the beginning of the 20th century, but also laid the foundations for the formation of the social foundations of economic research, economic methodology of psychological moments and the birth of the institutional foundations of economic analysis, which is already at the turn of the XIX - XX centuries. has brought domestic economic thought closer to the world level. Kyiv economic schools were at the forefront of economic research of the period, with significant scientific results, the proof of which werethe works of M. Bunge, E. Slutsky, O. Bilimovich, who had a powerful influence not only on Ukrainian but also on the world economic science. Key words: scientific school, Ukrainian economic school, national architectonics in science, marketeconomy, economic policy, synthesis of theories and directions, institutionalism.
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Kay, Cristóbal. "AS CONTRIBUIÇÕES LATINO-AMERICANAS PARA A TEORIA CRÍTICA DE DESENVOLVIMENTO." Caderno CRH 31, no. 84 (2019): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.9771/ccrh.v31i84.26170.
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<p>Neste artigo, exploro a genealogia da contribuição crucial que os cientistas sociais latino-americanos fizeram para os estudos de desenvolvimento durante a segunda metade do século XX. Os estruturalistas contestaram a teoria convencional do comércio internacional, que havia sido proposta pelos teóricos do norte. Os teóricos da dependência criticaram as interpretações ortodoxas do subdesenvolvimento, como as propostas pelos teóricos da modernização, também principalmente do Norte. Aponto duas vertentes da teoria da dependência. Uma emergiu do processo de autocrítica de estruturalistas, e a outra teve suas raízes no marxismo crítico. Com o surgimento do neoliberalismo, alguns estruturalistas de dependência desenvolveram o neoestruturalismo, enquanto alguns dependentistas marxistas desenvolveram a teoria do sistema mundial. As idéias de pensadores estruturalistas e de dependência geraram debates acirrados, capazes de desafiar suas teorias ortodoxas, centradas no Norte, e de propor uma teoria alternativa do desenvolvimento do Sul.</p><p>THE LATIN AMERICAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO CRITICAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY </p><p>In this article I explore the genealogy of the crucial contribution which Latin American social scientists made to development studies during the second half of the twentieth century. The structuralists, through their centre-periphery paradigm, disputed the conventional theory of international trade which had been proposed the theorists from the North. In turn, dependency theorists critiqued the orthodox interpretations of underdevelopment, such as those proposed by modernization theorists, also mainly from the North. It is important to distinguish between two strands within dependency theory. One emerged from a process of self-criticism by structuralists and the other had its roots in critical Marxism. With the rise of neoliberalism some dependency structuralists developed neostructuralism while some Marxist dependentistas developed worldsystem theory. The ideas of structuralist and dependency thinkers generated fierce debates. They were able to challenge their orthodox and Northerncentric theories and propose an alternative critical theory of development from the South.</p><p>Keywords: Structuralism. Internal colonialism. Marginality. Dependency theory. Neostructuralisms.</p><p>LES CONTRIBUTIONS DE L’AMÉRIQUE LATINE À LA THÉORIE CRITIQUE DU DÉVELOPPEMENT</p><p>Dans cet article, j’explore la généalogie de la contribution cruciale que les chercheurs en sciences sociales d’Amérique latine ont apportée aux études sur le développement au cours de la seconde moitié du XXe siècle. Les structuralistes ont contesté la théorie conventionnelle du commerce international qui avait été proposée aux théoriciens du Nord. Les théoriciens de la dépendance ont critiqué les interprétations orthodoxes du sous-développement, telles que celles proposées par les théoriciens de la modernisation, aussi principalement du Nord. Il est important de distinguer deux volets dans la théorie de la dépendance. L’un a émergé d’un processus d’autocritique par les structuralistes et l’autre a ses racines dans le marxisme critique. Avec la montée du néolibéralisme, certains structuralistes dépendants ont développé le néostructuralisme tandis que certains dépendantistes marxistes ont développé la théorie du système mondial. Les idées des penseurs structuralistes et dépendants ont suscité de vifs débats.</p><p>Mots clés: Structuralisme. Colonialisme interne. Marginalité. Théorie de la dépendance. Néostructuralisme.</p>
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Бондар, Н. А. "Historical and Legal Features for the Development of Legal (Law) Education in 30-40s of the XX Century." Bulletin of Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs 86, no. 3 (2019): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.32631/v.2019.3.01.
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Historical and legal features for the development of legal (law) education in the pre-war period on the territory of modern Ukraine, as well as the state of regulatory provision of the educational process in higher educational institutions have been studied. The genesis of Ukrainian legal education has been analyzed and the state of training of legal personnel for state authorities has been characterized. Some features of the University education system and unification policy of the Soviet government have been highlighted. The disadvantages and advantages of the development of legal education in the studied period have been outlined.
 It has been substantiated that on the eve of the Second World War there was the system of University legal education in Ukraine, which emerged on the basis of Kyiv, Kharkiv, Lviv, Odesa and Chernivtsi Universities. The Soviet model of higher education of the outlined period proved itself to be a system which was accompanied by repression and arbitrariness of the authorities, imposition of Marxist ideology and lawlessness in all spheres of public life, which affected the educational activity of law faculties.
 There were two opposite tendencies in 30s and 40s of the XX century: on the one hand, the return to University legal education, the normative consolidation and streamlining of the educational process, the increase in the quantitative indicators of the training of lawyers for various sectors of the national economy; on the other hand, the reorganization of a number of higher educational institutions, including those which had law faculties and emerged in independent Ukraine after 1917, namely the Kyiv Ukrainian People’s University and the Ukrainian State University in Kamianets-Podilskyi, and unjustified Stalinist repression, the imposition of Marxist ideology.
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Rostislavleva, Nataliya. "Reception of the Theme of the German Empire in the Anniversary Historical Narratives of the XX Century." Novaia i noveishaia istoriia, no. 3 (2022): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013038640020239-0.
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The article examines the reception of the subject of the German Empire by Russian/Soviet and German historians in the twentieth century as part of its anniversary celebrations. In 1921 both Russian and German historical journals discussed the resignation of Bismarck as a critical step for the fortunes of the empire and openly criticised Wilhelm IIIn the Russian narrative, the revolution that led the empire to its collapse was harshly critiqued. After the defeat of Germany in the Second World War, the subject of the creation and fortunes of the empire was radically reconsidered by historians in the FRG. In the year of its centenary, 1971, Germany was debating the “second foundation of the empire”, imperial ceremonies and rituals were being studied, the Second Empire was being called the “Bismarck State”, and the chancellor was being accused of absolutism. The historical narratives in the GDR were represented by the Marxist conception of nineteenth-century German history, above all by the ideas of F. Engels. The creation of the empire was assessed in a mixed manner, it was noted that &apos;the German people found their unity in the Prussian barracks&apos;, and Bismarck&apos;s rule was described as a “Bonapartist monarchy”. A similar attitude can be traced in the historical narrative in the USSR: the empire was declared a “Prussian-German militarist state”. The problem of ethnicity and the long-awaited German unity was significant for German narratives of 1921. In the twenty-first century, historians of a united Germany warn against idealising the Second Reich and debate the synthesis of the collective and the individual in the phenomenon of memory-identity.
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Tochiony, Mikhail Dmitrievich. "«The anti-soviet trotskist organization»: historiographical notes." Samara Journal of Science 5, no. 1 (2016): 106–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv20161207.
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Since 1956, historians, legal scholars and representatives of other social Sciences and Humanities have been trying to understand what happened to the population of our country in the second half of the 30-ies of XX century. Why did people lose common sense and believe in delusional fabrications of I. V. Stalin about the transformation of millions of Soviet citizens who piously believed in the ideals of Marxism-Leninism, into the malignant saboteurs? Why did most of them demand severe punishment of traitors, when the Soviet Newspapers reported the discovery of an enormous conspiracy in the ranks of the Red army? The article is an attempt to assess the General opinions of the so-called military (anti-Soviet Trotskist military organization), which resulted in the shooting of the prominent Soviet military leaders led by M.N. Tukhachevskiy - I.P. Uborevich, I.E. Yakir, A.I. Cork and thousands of brave, talented Soviet soldiers, committed to the cause of socialism. Thus the armed forces of our country, its defense was dealt a severe blow, which, in the opinion of some researchers predetermined the huge losses of the Soviet Union, especially in the first years of Hitler's aggression. We are especially interested in the following aspect of the military - was it fabricated, and the Red Marshal was its innocent victim, or, on the contrary, was it investigated in complete conformity to the law and the perpetrators got the punishment they deserved? The author has assessed the key issues - both liberal-minded researchers and apologists of Stalinism.
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ZáRATE, VERÓNICA VALDIVIA ORTIZ DE. "SUBVERSIÓN Y COERCIÓN: izquierdas y derechas en los inicios de la democracia chilena del siglo XX." Outros Tempos: Pesquisa em Foco - História 13, no. 21 (2016): 172–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.18817/ot.v13i21.530.
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Resumen: El artáculo analiza el debate entre las nacientes izquierdas y derechas chilenas respecto de los dispositivos coercitivos estatales, en el marco de la crisis de dominación oligárquica y la redefinición del Estado. Siguiendo las interpretaciones que cuestionan la tesis democratizadora del paás, a partir de la Constitución de 1925, este trabajo evalúa la posición de las orgánicas de trabajadores, ligados al marxismo y al anarquismo, como de liberales y conservadores, respecto de los cambios que sufrió el aparato estatal en materia de derechos ciudadanos y de coerción. Nuestra hipótesis es que el reconocimiento de derechos sociales, económicos y poláticos a clases medias y obreros, que abrió paso a la democratización, estuvo sostenido en la redefinición de los dispositivos coercitivos del Estado, influyendo en la definición de izquierdas y derechas. Palabras clave: Izquierdas. Derechas. Represión.SUBVERSION AND COERCION: The Left and the Right in the Dawn of Chile”™s 20th-Century DemocracyAbstract: This paper examines the debate between the emerging right- and left-wing parties in Chile in regard to the State”™s repressive devices, within the context of the crisis of oligarchic domination and its subsequent redefinition of the State. Sharing those interpretations that contest the supposed democratization of the country as a result of the 1925 Constitution, the article assesses the stance adopted by the working-class organizations linked to Marxist and anarchist positions, as well as by liberals and conservatives, in relation to the changes undergone by the State apparatus in the fields of civil rights and coercion. Our hypothesis is that the recognition of social, economic and political rights for the middle and working classes, which paved the way towards a more effective democracy, stood upon the redefinition of the State”™s coercive devices, influencing the definition of Right and Left.Keywords: Left Wing. Right Wing. Repression. SUBVERSAO E COERCAO: esquerdas e direitas nos inácios da democracia chilena do século XXResumo: O artigo analisa o debate entre as nascentes esquerdas e direitas chilenas nas suas relações com os dispositivos repressivos estatais inseridos no contexto da crise de dominação oligárquica e da renovação do Estado. Compartilhando as interpretações que questionam a tese da suposta democratização do paás após a Constituição de 1925, este trabalho avalia a perspectiva das organizações operárias vinculadas ao marxismo e ao anarquismo, bem como as posições dos liberais e conservadores a respeito das mudanças que sofreu o aparelho estatal em matéria de direitos cidadãos e coerção. Partimos da hipótese de que o reconhecimento dos direitos sociais, econômicos e poláticos das classes médias e operárias que possibilitou a democratização, sustentou-se na redefinição dos dispositivos coercitivos do Estado e influenciou na definição das organizações como de esquerda ou de direita.Palavras-chave: Esquerdas. Direitas. Repressão.
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Устинов, Олег Александрович. "THE EVOLUTION OF THE RELIGIOUS AND PHILOSOPHICAL ANTHROPOLOGICAL PARADIGM IN SOVIET PHILOSOPHY IN THE 20-40-IES YEARS OF THE XX CENTURY: HISTORICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS." Вестник Тверского государственного университета. Серия: Философия, no. 1(55) (April 23, 2021): 137–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.26456/vtphilos/2021.1.137.
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Статья посвящена анализу эволюции религиозно-философской антропологической парадигмы в советской философии в 1920-1940-е гг. Данная парадигма занимала доминантное положение в отечественной интеллектуальной традиции с XI в. и до начала XX в. Ее последовательное развитие было прервано революцией 1917 г. и приходом к власти коммунистической партии, исповедующей материалистические взгляды. Однако на протяжении всего периода советской истории в «научном подполье» продолжалась работа по изучению актуальных проблем религиозной антропологии, представленная именами А.Ф. Лосева, А.А. Мейера, Г.И. Челпанова, Я.С. Друскина, М.М. Бахтина, К.Э. Циолковского и др. Обосновав взгляд на человека как богосотворенное бессмертное существо, призванное к обожению, философы-нонконформисты продолжили защиту религиозно-философской антропологической парадигмы как адекватной исследовательской модели, обладающей значительным эвристическим потенциалом. В статье реконструируются и анализируются базовые положения данной парадигмы: представления о сотворении человека, соотношении души и тела, свободы воли, смысла и назначения жизни, соотношении личности и общества. Делается вывод о том, что развитие религиозно-философской антропологической мысли в 1920-1940-е гг. определялось, с одной стороны, тенденцией к консервации ее смыслообразующих концептов, а с другой стороны, их творческим развитием с помощью заимствования отдельных идей марксистского учения. Вторая тенденция свидетельствовала о готовности части философов-идеалистов к межпарадигмальному диалогу, который был понят как «великий синтез неба и земли», способный поставить точку в противостоянии идеалистов и материалистов. Но в условиях тоталитарного режима указанная инициатива не имела шансов на успех. The article is devoted to the analysis of the evolution of the religious and philosophical anthropological paradigm in Soviet philosophy in the 1920-1940s. This paradigm occupied a dominant position in the domestic intellectual tradition from the 11th century to the beginning of the 20th century. Its consistent development was interrupted by the revolution of 1917 and the coming to power of the Communist Party, which professed materialistic views. However, throughout the entire period of Soviet history, work continued in the «scholarly underground» on the study of urgent problems of religious anthropology, which was carried out by A.F. Losev, A.A. Meyer, G.I. Chelpanov, Y.S. Druskin, M.M. Bakhtin, K.E. Tsiolkovsky, and many others. Having substantiated the view of man as a divine immortal being called to deification, nonconformist philosophers continued to defend the religious and philosophical anthropological paradigm as an adequate research model that has serious heuristic potential. The article reconstructs and analyzes the basic provisions of this paradigm: ideas on the origin of man, the correlation of soul and body, free will, the meaning and purpose of life, the relationship between the individual and society. It is concluded that the development of religious and philosophical anthropological thought in the 1920-1940-ies was determined, on the one hand, by the tendency to conserve its semantic concepts, and, on the other hand, by their creative development by borrowing certain ideas from Marxism. The second tendency testified to the readiness of some idealist philosophers for inter-paradigmatic dialogue, which was understood as a «great synthesis of heaven and earth». However, under the conditions of a totalitarian regime, this initiative did not have a chance of success.
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Lyisyuk, A. "Nikolai Berdyaev about Lenin as a politician: between pragmatism, amoralism and fanatism." National Technical University of Ukraine Journal. Political science. Sociology. Law, no. 1(45) (December 14, 2020): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2308-5053.2020.1(45).226483.
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In the article, with references to various researches and politicians, is indicated, on the one hand, contradictory attitude to Lenin's personality and practice, presented in scientific and political-ideological discourse, on the other – enormous role of the communist leader with regard to the transformation of political image of the world of XX century. In addition, the concept of Leninism still keeps its influence on political processes in the post-Soviet space.In the text, using Berdyaev’s analytical argument presented in his different works, is studied set of Lenin’s personal and political skills and features which enabled him to get political victory: a) energetically strong motive of power inherent to him and fanatism; b) usage of any means to achieve revolution goals; c) reproduction of traditional for Russia model of government; d) transformation of communist doctrine into a kind of religious (totalitarian) study; e) vast usage of coercion and violence while neglecting value and freedoms of individual; f) reflection in politics historical and cultural standards which dominated in the country, what stipulated Lenin’s image compliance with the parameters of a “typically Russian man”; g) creative attitude towards Marxism ideology, which made it possible to formulate doctrine on the possibility of a socialist revolution in one country; h) institutional basis development of party building in Russia; i) creative combination of revolutionary (destroyer) and statesman features; j) political despotism and others. Berdyaev indicates on unresolved tasks of socialist construction in Soviet Russia, as after the revolution a new privileged elite appeared in the country, far from the interests of the people, and the phenomenon of social exclusion was not overcome. Defined political technologies developed by Lenin, which can be used in modern politics
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Jie, W., A.R. Bakhtizin, V.L. Makarov, H. Zhifeng, and W. Zili. "Analysis of a Communist Economy and Fundamental Economic Laws of Society." Problems in Political Economy, no. 1 (March 23, 2025): 199–220. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15072992.
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In recent years, a group of Russian and Chinese researchers, based on the research works of A. Smith, K. Marx, W. Jevons, N. Tesla and F. Foley, have incorporated the methodology of theoretical mechanics, bringing a new scientific paradigm based on mathematical theory and computer modeling (hereinafter referred to as the paradigm of mechanics of value) to Marxist economics. The present work, based on the results of research and taking into account the experience and lessons of the international communist movement of the XX century, focuses on analyzing the general economic relations and regularities inherent in the communist mode of production. The aim of the study is to reveal the specific economic laws of communist society, which contributes to the development of further research in the field of communist and socialist economic theory.
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Perevezentsev, S. V. "Humanism or conservatism?" Moscow State University Bulletin. Series 18. Sociology and Political Science 30, no. 2 (2024): 88–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.24290/1029-3736-2024-30-2-88-113.
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The article analyzes two of the most important teachings in the world of religious-philosophical and socio-political thought — humanism and conservatism. It is emphasized that the doctrine of humanism, which arose in the XIV–XVI centuries. initially opposed the traditional religious and philosophical teachings of European peoples, primarily Christianity. As a religious philosophy, humanism served as a tool for the destruction of traditional societies and traditional religions and at the same time served as a methodological basis for creating an ideal society of universal justice. In the XVI–XIX centuries. The religious and philosophical attitudes of humanism have become the methodological basis of all the main religious, philosophical, ethical, political, economic, and aesthetic teachings of Western European civilization. The humanistic attitudes in these teachings took various forms — from the most radical (Marxism, anarchism) to liberal and protective (Hegelianism). However, in the XX — early XXI century. humanism has become a tool of the leading so-called "civilized" states, with which they destroy undesirable state regimes and traditional values of peoples who do not fit into the newly created "world order". Russian Russian thought tradition, in turn, was initially traditionalist and conservative, moreover, Russian religious and philosophical teachings were markedly different from those of Western European ones. The article shows the history of the birth and development of the Russian traditionalist-conservative tradition from the XI to the XXI centuries. It is concluded that in the works of modern Russian researchers at the beginning of the XXI century, the basic principles of the traditionalist-conservative methodology were formulated in the new historical conditions in which the current human community exists. The term "Russian chranitelstvo" is proposed to designate this kind of methodology in modern Russian socio-humanities. A new understanding of the traditionalist-conservative approach to the analysis of the historical development of man and society makes it possible to reflect and show the civilizational specifics of Russia, the complexity, multidimensional nature and interdependence of those social, spiritual, religious, political and economic processes that determined Russian statehood, as well as to offer an alternative, and, most importantly, a perspective view of the current state and the future of our state and people.
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Pakhar', Lyudmila Ivanovna, and Regina Andreevna Petrova. "Alienation: theoretical comprehension of the problem." Философская мысль, no. 8 (August 2021): 78–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8728.2021.8.35170.
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The subject of this research is the review of philosophical approaches towards analyzing the processes of alienation in Western European and Russian philosophy, since the formation of the philosophy of Modern Age to the present day. The object of this research is the analysis of articulation of the problem of alienation and its essential characteristics in the concepts of certain representatives of the philosophical thought. The goal is to establish correlation between the process of alienation and contradictions of the object. Special attention is given to the social aspect of this problem, since the escalating disturbances in the sociopolitical life manifest through the processes of alienation. The authors explore the views of the philosophers of Modern Age, who explained the nature of alienation in the light of sociopolitical sphere of being, dialectical-materialistic theory of alienation of K. Marx and F. Engels, idealistic tradition represented by G. Hegel and J. Fichte. Among the representatives of the philosophy of the XX century, emphasis is placed on the views upon the problem of alienation in the philosophy of existentialism, neo-Marxism, personalism, as well as in philosophy of postmodernism. The novelty of this paper consist in gradual study of various interpretations of alienation in the development of philosophical thought, and attempts of comparative analysis of perspectives on the topic. Such approach allows concluding on the need create a holistic system of interrelated forms of alienation that evolve in their content in the course of historical development of society. The author believes that alienation as the main problem of social and spiritual sphere of human existence. In social theory, the problem is alienation is one of the key factors in comprehension of the mechanism of social development.
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Kozii, I. V. "The Phenomenon of the Ukrainian Soviet Philosophy." Науково-теоретичний альманах "Грані" 21, no. 12 (2019): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/1718162.
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A number of opinions of the modern Ukrainian scientists concerning the definition of the term “Soviet philosophy” and its impact on the further development of a philosophical thought in Ukraine are analyzed in the article. The connection between the intensity of the popularization of the Marxism ideology by the speakers of the Soviet philosophy in Ukraine and the degree of freedom in the evolution of national philosophical traditions (in this case, the Ukrainian philosophy) is established. Also, the notions “Soviet philosophy”, “Ukrainian Soviet philosophy”, with the parallel analysis of the development of some core vectors of the Ukrainian philosophy in the Soviet period, are construed.The influence of the main concepts of the Ukrainian Soviet philosophy on the further development of national philosophy is evaluated. The article states that for the further unbiased development of the Ukrainian philosophical tradition it is necessary to get rid of the obsessive influence of the Soviet past that was under way in the Ukrainian history for many decades of the XX century, and also continues to indirectly influence the contemporary Ukrainian philosophy. Thus, in order to ensure the further free development of the Ukrainian philosophy, domestic scholars should, in an impartial way, investigate the role and place of totalitarian ideology (Soviet philosophy) in the history of the development of the Ukrainian philosophical thought, and thus be able to go their own way. Therefore, it is essential to analyse objectively a number of core and fundamental questions regarding the activities of apologists of the Ukrainian Soviet philosophy.Such analysis will help to generate more objectively the general “outline” in the plane of which the investigated phenomenon developed, since we see that many issues in the evolution of the Soviet philosophy either are not covered at all, or are given somewhat distorted. So now there is an increasingly urgent need to study the declared phenomenon.
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Siqueira, Daniel Valente Pedroso de. "Crises sistêmicas e racionalização social como reificação: uma reconstrução da teoria social marxiana." Trilhas Filosóficas 11, no. 3 (2019): 53–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.25244/tf.v11i3.3400.
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Resumo: Como entender o desenvolvimento teórico e as mudanças históricosociais que impulsionaram a recuperação e alteração da teoria marxiana no século XX e como esta ainda se encontra atuante sobre nosso horizonte social contemporâneo? Fazendo uso da reconstrução crítica de Habermas, a recuperação se inicia com Weber, a passagem por Lukács e na recepção horkheimeriana-adorniana, que tanto influenciou a crítica social do século XX, o presente artigo busca apresentar uma possibilidade de leitura. Palavras-chave: Teoria crítica. Reificação. Marx. Habermas. Modernidade. Abstract: How can we understand the theoretical development and all the socialhistorical changes which drove the incoming recovery and the further alteration of the Marxian theory in the twentieth century and how is it still possible to assumes it on our contemporary societies? Recovering Habermas’s critical reconstruction, which starts with Weber, the next step over Lukács, and the Horkheimerian-Adornian theoretical reception, which has largely influenced twentieth social critic, the aim paper intents to show up a possible reading. Keywords: Critical theory. Reification. Marx. Habermas. Modernity. REFERÊNCIAS ARAUTO, A. “Lukács’ Theory of Reification”. In: Telos, n. 11, 1972. ARGÜELLO, K. O Ícaro da Modernidade: Direito e Política em Max Weber. São Paulo: Acadêmica, 1997. BERNSTEIN, R. J. Habermas and Modernity. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1991. BRAATEN, J. Habermas’s Critical Theory of Society. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1991. COUTINHO, C. N. Lukács: A Ontologia e a Política. In: ANTUNES, R. & RÊGO, W. L. (orgs.). Lukács: Um Galileu no Século XX. São Paulo: Boitempo Editorial, 1996. GIDDENS, A. “Reason without Revolution? Habermas’s Theorie des Kommunikativen Handelns”. In :BERNSTEIN, R. J. Habermas and Modernity. Cambridge, Massaschusetts : The MIT Press, 1991. HABERMAS, J. “Does Philosophy still have a Purpose?”. In: HABERMAS, J. Philosophical-Political Profiles. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1983. HABERMAS, J. The Theory of Communicative Action, Volume I: Reason and the Rationalization of Society. Boston: Beacon Press, 1984. HABERMAS, J. Técnica e Ciência como “Ideologia”. São Paulo: Unesp, 2014. HONNETH, A. The Critique of Power: Reflective Stages in a Critical Social Theory. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1997. HORKHEIMER, M. Eclipse da Razão. São Paulo: Centauro Editora, 2002. HORKHEIMER, M. Teoria Tradicional e Teoria Crítica. São Paulo: Abril Cultural, 1975. HORKHEIMER, M.; ADORNO, T. W. Dialética do Esclarecimento. Rio de Janeiro: Jorge Zahar Editor, 2006. LEO MAAR, W. “A Reificação como Realidade Social: Práxis, Trabalho e Crítica Imanente em HCC”. In: ANTUNES, R. & RÊGO, W. L. (orgs). Lukács: Um Galileu no século XX. São Paulo: Boitempo Editorial, 1996. LUKÁCS, G. História e Consciência de Classe: Estudos sobre a Dialética Marxista. São Paulo: WMF Martins Fontes, 2016.MARX, K. A Ideologia Alemã. São Paulo: Boitempo Editorial, 2007. MARX, K. Grundrisse: Manuscritos Econômicos de 1857-1858 & Esboços da Crítica da Economia Política. São Paulo: Boitempo Editorial, 2011. MELO, R. Marx e Habermas: Teoria Crítica e os Sentidos de Emancipação. São Paulo: Editora Saraiva, 2013. MENEZES, A. B. N. T. Habermas e a Modernidade: Uma “Metacrítica da Razão Instrumental”. Natal: EDUFRN, 2009. NETTO, J. P. “Lukács e o Marxismo Ocidental”. In: ANTUNES, R. & RÊGO, W. L. (orgs.). Lukács: Um Galileu no Século XX. São Paulo: Boitempo Editorial, 1996. NOBRE, M. A Dialética Negativa de Theodor W. Adorno: A Ontologia do Estado Falso. São Paulo: Iluminuras/FAPESP, 1998. NOBRE, M. A Teoria Crítica. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar Editor, 2004. PINZANI, A. Habermas: Introdução. São Paulo: Artmed, 2004. REPA, L. A Transformação da Filosofia em Jürgen Habermas: Os Papéis de Reconstrução, Interpretação e Crítica. São Paulo: Editora Singular, 2008. TEIXEIRA, M. Razão e Reificação: Um Estudo sobre Max Weber em “História e Consciência de Classe” de Georg Lukács. Campinas: Unicamp, Dissertação de mestrado, in mimeo, 2010. WELLMER, A. “Reason, Utopia, and the Dialectic of Enlightenment”. In: BERNSTEIN, R. J. Habermas and Modernity. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1991.
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Baturenko, Svetlana A. "Marxist feminism as theoretical project, genesis andexperienceofimplementationintheXXcentury." Moscow State University Bulletin. Series 18. Sociology and Political Science 25, no. 1 (2019): 111–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.24290/1029-3736-2019-25-1-111-129.
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The emergence and development of Marxist feminism in Russia and in the world in general is considered in article on the basis of the analysis of primary sources. The problem of position of women attracted a keen interest of representatives of the most different sociological schools in Russia during its formation. The Marxist feminism was the separate significant direction in the Russian sociological thought. It developed as the special theoretical project and also it had bright experience of implementation. Among representatives of the Russian Marxist sociology names of V.I. Lenin, N.K. Krupskaya, A.M. Kollontay which made a big contribution to development of this direction are known. The feminism of the Marxist direction made breakthrough in the theory and implementation of the ideas. In a year of the two- hundredth anniversary since the birth of K. Marx numerous scientific conferences bring up the questions of social development which were occurring in Russia and caused considerable changes of social life again. The Marxist feminism was one of such significant events in the history of the country and in the history of domestic sociology. Now results and consequences of activity of supporters of the Russian Marxist feminism are reinterpreted. During the XX century their main ideas and achievements were exposed to criticism not only in the Russian, but also in foreign sociology. At the same time the author notes that the Marxist feminism develops and now on the basis of the general idea that the gender relations are parallel to class, interact with them and in a sense are their integral part. In modern sociology various directions within socialist feminism were created.
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Puchalski, Jacek. "„Książka nie jest rzeczą martwą, lecz kwestią życia” ‒ kultura książki w ZSRR w latach 20-30. XX w. świetle „Teorji psychosfery z jej metodą bibljologiczną” Antoniego Wincentego Kwiatkowskiego (1890-1970)." Z Badań nad Książką i Księgozbiorami Historycznymi 12 (December 24, 2018): 191–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.33077/uw.25448730.zbkh.2018.8.
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The article presents fragments of the text by Antoni Wincenty Kwiatkowski (1890-1970) „Theory of psychosphere and its bibliological method” signed with his alias Antoni Starodworski, and being stored in the Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford Unviersity. This is a synthetic monography of a book culture in the USSR in the 20-30s of the 20th century. In the author’s interpretation, theory and practice of book studies agreed with marxist-lenninism ideology was a system of social engineering serving communist indoctrination, upbringing “a Soviet man” (homo sovieticus), as well as development of the communist society and the USSR.
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Turenko, V. E., and N. V. Yarmolitska. "SPECIFICITY AND FEATURES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AESTHETICS IN THE UKRAINIAN SOVIET PHILOSOPHY IN THE 50-60s OF THE XX CENTURY." UKRAINIAN CULTURAL STUDIES, no. 1 (8) (2021): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/ucs.2021.1(8).05.
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The article highlights the specificity of research in the field of aesthetics in the context of the development of Soviet philosophy in Ukraine in the 50-60s. XX century. There are three main vectors of scientific work: ideological works, original aesthetic developments and historical and aesthetic research. It is revealed that ideological aesthetic works were based on the concept of "positive aesthetics" by A. Lunacharsky, which contributed to the development of the concept of socialist realism, nationality of art by Ukrainian Soviet thinkers, as well as criticism of Western aesthetics and the approval of "Soviet aesthetics". It is shown that, unlike specifically ideological works, the original aesthetic developments were aimed not at substantiating certain provisions of Marxist-Leninist philosophy, but, as far as possible, creating new concepts and ideas in this branch of philosophical knowledge. It was revealed that in the context of historical and aesthetic research, in contrast to Russian researchers, Ukrainian scientists focused mainly on the development of the national tradition. It is proved that during the period under study, aesthetic problems, along with logic, methodology of science, philosophical problems of natural science, were one of the leading in Soviet Ukraine, thereby being one of its centers throughout the Soviet Union.