Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Marxist historiography'

Nesta dissertação pretendemos realizar um estudo comparativo entre Eric Hobsbawm e François Furet, dois importantes historiadores do século XX, com trajetórias intelectuais opostas que, no entanto, convergiram para a interpretação das relações entre história, política e revolução. Tomamos como fonte documental seus trabalhos historiográficos, com o intuito de refletir sobre a relação entre o pensamento histórico e o pensamento político. Assim, situando o problema da relação entre o intelectual e a política, buscamos, por meio da análise historiográfica e do exercício sistemático de comparação e confrontação, abordar os participantes do debate historiográfico/político como atores históricos, visto que atuando em uma diversidade de culturas políticas e tradições de pensamento.
Our goal in this dissertation is to compare the works of two twentieth century historians - Eric Hobsbawm and François Furet - analysing their different intellectual trajectories and their interpretation of the relationship between history, politics and revolution. The documentary source used in this study consists mainly of their historiographical works. In this way, by an historiographical analysis and by a systematic comparation and confrontation of their works, we have approached the debate that results from the different and contrasting political culture and ideological thought present in both as historical actors.

The thesis examines the History Workshop at the University of the University of the Witwatersrand in the context of radical South African historical scholarship. Not only is the History Workshop shown to mirror developments in radical scholarship but it is seen to guide and stimulate particular directions of research. The history of the Workshop is traced and its academic as well as popularising activities are examined. The Marxist social history approach, which was encouraged by the Workshop, is considered with reference to the social and political environment in which it emerged, and the international and local historiographical context. The issues, themes and concepts reflective of that approach are unpacked and some thought is given to their impact on Marxist categories of analysis. The History Workshop is seen to reflect and to have some influence on the direction pursued in labour and urban as well as rural history. In labour history, it pursued concerns of the social history of labour. Labour history was to take two different paths in the 1980's due partially to the influence of the Workshop group. Urban history grew rapidly as a field in the 1980's. The triennial Workshops reflected that development while the Workshop group particularly encouraged social history concerns within that field. The development of Marxist social history is seen in the change from an economistic approach in some of the papers presented at the first History Workshops to a broader social history emphasis in many of the later papers. The themes and issues arising out of urban Marxist social history are considered, as is their impact on the understanding of South Africa's urban history in general. The Workshop reflected and encouraged social history themes in rural history studies, which was another expanding field of research in the 1980's. These themes incorporated Africanist insight as well as an emphasis on oral history and local history. The Marxist social history studies, which were presented at the triennial Workshops, produced new insights into the rural history of South Africa which challenged earlier theories. The History Workshop with its materialist social history approach acted as a forum and as such, a catalyst for a radical scholarship in South Africa. The triennial workshops reflected what was happening in the terrain of Marxist social history. These Workshops, which attracted a large gathering of local, as well as foreign academics, legitimised that research and gave the Marxist social history scholars a certain standing within the local academic community. Although the study of South Africa's past may have similar directions in the late 1970's and 1980's without the presence of the Workshop, that presence gave a coherence and an added impetus to those routes of Marxist social history.

´Scientific revolution´, as a concept, is both ´philosophically general´ and ´historically unique´. Both dual-sense of the term alludes to the occurrence of great changes in science. The former defines the changes in science as a continual process while the latter designate them, particularly, as the ´upheaval´ which took place during the early modern period. This research aims to demonstrate how the historicists´ critique of the justification of the traditional claims of science on the basis of the scientific processes and norms of the 16th and 17th centuries, illustrates the historical/local determinacy of the science claims. It argues that their identification of the contextual and historical character of scientific processes warrants a reconsideration of our notion of the universality of science. It affirms that the universality of science has to be sought in the role of such sources like scientific instruments, practical training and the acquisition of methodological routines
"Revolución científica", como concepto, se refiere a la vez a algo «filosóficamente general» e « históricamente único". Ambos sentidos del término aluden a la ocurrencia de grandes cambios en la ciencia. El primero define los cambios en la ciencia como un proceso continuo, mientras que el último los designa, en particular, como la "transformación", que tuvo lugar durante la Edad Moderna. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo demostrar cómo la crítica de los historicistas a la justificación de las características tradicionales de la ciencia sobre la base de los procesos y normas científicos de los siglos XVI y XVII, ilustra la determinación histórica y local de los atributos de la ciencia. Se argumenta que la identificación del carácter contextual e histórico de los procesos científicos justifica una reconsideración de nuestra noción de la universalidad de la ciencia. Se afirma que la universalidad de la ciencia se ha de buscar en el papel de tales fuentes como instrumentos científicos, la formación práctica y la adquisición de rutinas metodológicas

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Este trabalho tem como escopo abordar a complexa trajetória política e intelectual de Delio Cantimori (1904-1966), partindo da sua educação familiar mazziniana, sua aderência ao Fascismo e aos preceitos do idealismo atualista como base paradigmática de leitura do Renascimento e da política contemporânea italiana e europeia. Assim, sigo o processo de inflexão teórico vivenciado pelo estudioso italiano durante a década de 1930, quando as experiências de pesquisas dos hereges na Europa do Cinquecento e seus contatos com novas leituras e ambientes intelectuais e políticos se misturavam com as modificações dos planos do governo fascista, a decadência da fé no corporativismo, o desprestígio popular em relação do regime, o projeto expansionista italiano, o desenrolar histórico alemão e a influência da Alemanha nazista sobre a Itália. Estes fatores levaram Cantimori a se aproximar do Partido Comunista Italiano e dos preceitos teóricos do materialismo histórico. Dessa maneira, finalizo com a sua segunda desilusão política em relação às políticas culturais ideológicas do Partido Comunista Italiano, que levou o intelectual a uma profunda nostalgia de sua geração de historiadores, empenhados em leituras históricas ético-políticas, pautadas em métodos e interpretações filológicas, incompatíveis com os pressupostos ideológicos partidários, e a aproximação da tradição histórico-cultural de Jacob Burckhardt, de seu pessimismo, de seu cientificismo e de sua concepção de História como uma disciplina propedêutica.
This work is scoped to approach the complex political and intellectual trajectory of Delio Cantimori (1904-1966), from his Mazzinian family education, their adherence to Fascism and the precepts of idealism actualist as paradigmatic background reading Renaissance and contemporary Italian and European politics. So follow the theoretical turning process experienced by the Italian scholar during the 1930s, when their experience of research about the heretics in Europe of Cinquecento and his contacts with new perspectives and intellectual and political environments mingled with the modifications of the plans of the fascist government, the decline of faith in the corporatism, the popular prestige over the regime, the Italian expansionist project, the German historical progress and the influence of Nazi Germany over Italy. These factors led Cantimori to close the Italian Communist Party and theoretical precepts of historical materialism. Thus, I conclude with his second political disillusionment with the ideological cultural policies of the Italian Communist Party, which led the intellectual to a deep nostalgia for his generation of historians, committed to ethical and political historical readings, guided methods and philological interpretations, incompatible with party ideological presuppositions, the approach of the cultural-history tradition of Jacob Burckhardt, in his pessimism, his scientism and his conception of history as a propaedeutic subject.

This thesis examines the relationship between the Communist Party of India (Marxist)-led Left Front Government and the media in the provincial state of West Bengal, India, during the thirty four years (1977-2011) period when the party was in government. The main aim of the thesis is to investigate the relation between the CPI (M) led Left Front Government and the media in West Bengal (1977-2011), the role of the media in stabilising or destabilising the Left Front Government, the impact of neoliberalism on the Left Front Government and their relation with the media, the role of the media in communicating developmental policies of the LFG to the public and finally the role which the mainstream and the party controlled media played in the public sphere. These questions are addressed through document research of CPI (M)’s congress and conference reports, manifestos, press releases, pamphlets, leaflets, booklets; and interviews with the CPI (M) leadership and the Editors and Bureau Chiefs of the key newspapers and television channels in West Bengal. The findings are contextualised within a broader discussion of the political and historical transitions India and West Bengal have gone through in this period (chapter 4). This is the first study looking at the relationship between the media and the CPI (M) led Left Front Government over a period of thirty four years (1977-2011). The thesis finds that neoliberalism in India had considerable effects on the CPI (M), the media and their relationship. The research finds a continuous effort from the mainstream and the party-controlled media to dominate the public sphere leading debates in order to seek some form of political consensus in order to govern. The media in West Bengal were politically divided between the left and the opposition. The research finds that this generated a market for political advertisements and political news contributing to a politically polarised media market in West Bengal that assisted in generating revenue for the media. The findings also suggest that the media contributed to rather than played a determining role in destabilising the Left Front Government. Finally the research finds that the CPI (M) had an arduous relation with the media since 1977 when the party decided to participate in the parliamentary democracy. The LFG and the mainstream media entered into an antagonistic relationship post 1991 contributing to a politically polarised media market in West Bengal.

Le travail entrepris, centre sur le PCF, se déploie sue les deux plans, national et international, politique et syndical, puisque l'étude de l'Internationale communiste va de pair avec celle du syndicalisme rouge. La chronologie événementielle courte est combinée avec l'obervation des évolutions sur le moyen terme. Les années vingt éclairent la situation du PCF dans les années trente. En 1933-34, le mouvement communiste retrouve des pratiques et des réflexions déjà constituées en 1926-27, puis éclipsées. La stratégie et l'activité communistes, insérées dans la société française mais partie prenante de l'Internationale communiste, sont au centre de la thèse. L'importance, méconnue, de la période 1926-27 est mise en valeur. L'élaboration et les conséquences de l'orientation classe contre classe sont étudiées dans leurs dimensions idéologiques et pratiques. Sont également examinés les modes d'organisation et de fonctionnement du PCF et de l'IC durant cette période. Une part importante est réservée aux analyses et aux théorisations économiques et politiques communistes. Enfin les activités des directions du PCF et de la CGTU sont étudiées, avec leurs imbrications, jusqu'en 1934
The study wich deals with french communist party, is developped on two different levels, national and international, unionistic and political. Short and middle times are mixed up. The twenties light up the situation of the FCP during the thirties. In 1934 the communist movement meets again reflexions and activities already set up in 1926 but vanished afterwards. The main point of the thesis consists in studying communist strategy and activity both among french society and Comintern. Communist organization as well as ideological productions concerning political and economical analysis and theory are considered

Cette recherche se propose d'examiner, grâce aux outils et aux méthodes de l'anthropologie de la parole et de l'analyse discursive des récits de vie, la transmission des silences et des non-dits au sein de familles dont un membre est issu de la migration de la Bulgarie communiste. À partir d'un ensemble de récits de vie qui se composent de conversations avec les membres de douze familles dans lesquelles un des parents a émigré en France avant 1989, et d'une observation participante de trois années dans une classe de licence de bulgare à l'Inalco, les analyses s'organisent autour de trois axes de réflexion : les liens entre l'histoire socio-politique traversée et les histoires particulières vécues ; ceux entre la transmission et la réception d'une parole marquée par le silence ; ceux entre l'intégration d'un héritage oral et silencieux et l'extériorisation d'une performativité singulière. Outre les histoires familiales, des silences et des non-dits sont transmis par une génération élevée dans la censure et l'autocensure du régime totalitaire. Ce père ou cette mère ayant grandi dans un silence forcé, renvoie à ses enfants, à travers les récits de vie, bien plus que des mots et des paroles. Dans la première partie, une contextualisation historique de l'étude retrace la stratégie du silence dans l'idéologie communiste comme étant à l'origine de la difficulté à inscrire une histoire individuelle dans la grande Histoire. La seconde partie fait état de l'impact de l'expérience subjective du communisme bulgare sur le vécu du silence des parents dans leurs énonciations. Dans la troisième partie, l'étude se concentre sur les effets de ce silence parental sur la seconde génération qui perçoit des failles et des dissimulations dans les histoires reproduites elles-mêmes comme une épopée mythique familiale. Ce constat amène à la dernière partie qui démontre que pour répondre à ce silence, certains enfants vont agir dans leurs discours mais aussi au-delà de la parole, dans leur vie quotidienne. Certains tentent ainsi de performer ces silences pour transformer, par l'art et la création notamment, le poids d'un héritage oral et silencieux en richesse personnelle. Ce travail a pour but d'éclairer la façon dont les événements historiques vécus subjectivement conditionnent les récits de vie familiaux mais plus encore déterminent bien des manières de faire et de dire des enfants, constituant une seconde génération du silence qui n'a rien à perdre à le mettre en mots, et même à le crier haut et fort
Using the tools and methods of anthropology of speech and discursive analysis of life stories, this research aims to examine the transmission of silences and the unspoken (non-dit) within families in which a member migrated from Communist Bulgaria. Based on several life stories stemming from conversations with members of twelve families in which one parent emigrated to France before 1989, and on three years of participant observation in an undergraduate Bulgarian class at the National institute for oriental languages and civilizations (INALCO), analyses are carried out around three foci: the study of links between socio-political history as it is crossed by particular life stories; those between the transmission and the reception of discourses marked by silence; those between the integration of an oral and silent heritage and the acting out of singular performativity. Besides family history, silences and the unspoken are transmitted by a generation raised under censorship and self-censorship within that particular totalitarian regime. Through these life stories a father or a mother raised in a context of forced silence indeed sends back much more than just words and talk to their children. The first part of this study will be a historical contextualization tracing back a strategy of silence within the Communist ideology as the origin of the difficulty to inscribe individual stories in larger History. The second part demonstrates the impact of the subjective experience of Bulgarian communism on the apprehension of silence by the parents in their discourse/narrations. In the third part, the study focuses on the effects of parental silence on the second generation, who necessarily perceive cracks and concealment in stories reproduced as a mythical family saga. This observation opens to the final part that argues that to answer this silence, some children act through discourse, but also beyond speech, in their daily lives. Some thus try to perform these silences to transform, through art and creation in particular, the weight of an oral but silent heritage into personal resources. This thesis aims to shed light on the way subjectively experienced historical events condition family life stories or even how they determine the way children do things and say things, thereby constituting a second generation that has nothing to lose in talking about this silence, or even to shout it loud and clear

In the history of Chinese Marxism, a noticeable intellectual phenomenon has been the prolonged Chinese discussion of a Marxist concept- that of the Asiatic mode of production (hereafter the AMP). The voices in this discussion, as Timothy Brook has written,1 have largely gone unheard in the West. Therefore, it is the primary purpose of this thesis to present in detail the background, the reasoning and the conclusions of Chinese discussions on the question of the AMP. Since the 1920s, the Chinese have had three important discussions on this question. All these corresponded to frustrations or even crises in the Chinese communist movement. The first was in the late 1920s, when the Chinese communists were threatened with disaster by the break of the united front with the Kuomintang (KMT). The second. occurred in the 1950s; when the world communist movement was in a deep crisis as a result of de-Stalinization in the Soviet Union. The third, which continues in post-Mao China, is a direct product of China's de-Maoification. This thesis is thus also concerned with the question of the connection between the academic debate on the AMP and the political development of Chinese communism. This thesis is not a study of Marx's own conception of the Asiatic mode of production or of its place in his general theory or theories of history and society. That has been done well by Western scholars - initially, from within communism, by L. I. Madjar, Eugene Varga and Karl August Wittfogel in the latter's Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft Chinas and essays and then, from an anti-communist position, in his Oriental Despotism, and by later scholars such as Lawrence Krader in his The Asiatic Mode of Production (1975), Umberto Melotti in his Marx and the Third World (English edition 1977), Marian Sawer in her Marxism and the Question of the Asiatic Mode of Production (1977), Anne Bailey and Josep Llobera in their The Asiatic Mode of Production: Science and Politics (1981) and most recently Brendan O'Leary in his The Asiatic Mode of Production (1989). Their explorations have brought out both inconsistency and variation in Marx's views, as well as the importance of drafts, notes and neglected manuscripts not published, or not widely available, until well into the 20th century. The unilinear view of world historical development prescribed as a sketch in the Manifesto of the Communist Party has been amplified, from Marx's own words, into a more complex picture in which the AMP produces a different line of historical development, or lack of historical development, and in which there are also significantly different lines of development for the Graeco-Roman world, the Germanic and the Slavonic. They become completely unified for Marx only through the world expansion of capitalism - an expansion he confidently predicted for much of his life. The recognition of the much greater complexity of Marx's thought is largely a product of Western academic scholarship of the last fifty years. It has brought with it increasing recognition of the ambiguities, inconsistencies and fundamental problems in the classical formulations of Marxian and Marxist social theory and of the materialist interpretation of history. These too have been explored very fully indeed in Western academic scholarship, and in Western Marxism in recent years. The Chinese have become increasingly aware of these but they have not, and perhaps still do not, significantly contribute to the debate. Here, we shall concentrate on Chinese perceptions, not on Marx or on Marxist thought as a wider social and historical theory. In China, renewed discussions of the AMP were of obvious significance to a would-be Chinese Marxist thinker. Yet, each initial burst of interest tended to be followed by a remarkable reduction of enthusiasm. Generally speaking, the concept never obtained the position it held or holds among intellectuals in other communist countries and among Marxist intellectuals in the West. In this thesis, I thus raise the question of what, apart from political pressure by the communist authorities, caused the relative indifference of Chinese intellectuals to this concept. Intellectually speaking, there is no doubt that the Marxist theory of history brought about revolutionary changes in historical studies in modern China. After the attacks by radical iconoclasts in the late Qing and the early Republic, the Confucian tradition in the Chinese academic world lost its dominant position. The collapse of the political order in China led to the collapse of the official ideology and left behind a sort of "paradigm vacuum". Belief in such ideas as scientism, social evolutionism, anarchism and radical revolutionary change quickly filled the gap between the Confucian tradition and Marxism. However, the acceptance of historical materialism became possible only after certain modifications, even certain compromises with the "idealist" tendency in the traditional thought of historical studies, which emphasized human will and the importance of politics and morality in historical development. Above all, the acceptance was possible only after Marx's ideas on non-Western societies, reflected in his theory of the AMP, were incorporated into historical materialism, even if only in a very modified form. From the late 1920s to the late 1980s, during different periods of debate, the Chinese treatment of Marxist theory of history in general and of the question of the AMP in particular were varied and had different political implications. During all these discussions, however, the concept of the AMP constituted a challenge from within Marxist theoretical framework to the official line on the question of revolution and modernization. However, criticisms based on the theory of the AMP have never formed a strong political and theoretical opposition to Chinese communism. The reason for this, I argue, is that on the one hand the political implications of the concept failed to justify the nationalist demand for radical social change and denied any possibility of a socialist revolution in China, while on the other hand, from the Chinese side, there was a failure to understand that Marx's idea of the AMP embodies a more complex consideration of Marx on the question of historical development of human society and of the communist movement. Finally, the Aziatchiki's challenge is a challenge from within the Marxist system and does constitute a Marxist threat to the official ideology of Chinese communism. However, as the new generation of Chinese intellectuals tends increasingly to depart from Marxism, the question of the AMP will probably lose its charm.

This diploma thesis approaches the life story of one of the very important Czech historians postwar historiography, which has so far been overlooked, however. The work does not try to give information only about the life and works of Joseph Novotny, but classifies the historian in the context of time, focusing on his views and attitudes, which supported the communist ideology of the 60th of the 20 century, which was a great supporter. The author in creating the present study was based primarily on personal collection of Josef Novotný, which is stored in the Archives of the National Museum in Prague, Josef Novotny's work itself, the literature on the history of the First Republic, Second Republic and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, not least in the literature used to history of the historiography of the late 20th century. The work is divided into five chapters. The first chapter gives information about the life of Joseph Novotny. From second to fifth chapter are portrayed his personal attitudes and opinions of the historical situation until 30 years until the early 40th of the 20 century. About Josef Novotny are not yet issued any publication that would cover his life and work. Even literature is silent about him most. Therefore, the author sees the biggest benefit is that the present study provided information about the historian, who has been neglected Czech historiography, and perhaps opened a new research topic that can be developed further historians.

Most historians become known for advancing a particular historical argument or for pioneering a distinctive methodology. The British historian Raphael Samuel (1934-1996) is remarkable, however, for the way he practised history. Samuel was the moving force behind a movement, the History Workshop, which took its initial stance on the democratisation of history making, becoming synonymous with vivid histories of working-class life and culture. Later, Samuel became a founding editor of a periodical, the History Workshop Journal (1976-). He was best known as a public intellectual, being a prominent voice in the British history wars of the mid-1980s. The author of over a dozen monographs, his best known work is Theatres of Memory (1994), a pioneering book exploring the relationship between social memory and public history which was described "as a compendium of enthusiasms". This is the first concentrated biographical account of Samuel's thought and practice. It offers a sustained and rigorous engagement with Samuel's political philosophy and contribution as a post-war public intellectual. Practice was always equally important as theory to Samuel. He has to be judged as much as by what he did as what he wrote. I argue that, in this sense, Samuel was a communist rather than a Marxist historian. Rather than being the last comrade of the old New Left: populist, romantic and sentimental, he was distinctive from the start, later falling back upon his communist childhood and his skills as an organiser and facilitator after he broke with the party and subsequently with Marxism. Drawing on a close reading of his texts and activities for their performative qualities in conjunction with previously unpublished material from the Raphael Samuel Archive at the Bishopsgate Institute, London, and a range of oral interviews with his contemporaries, this thesis reconstructs Samuel's intellectual and political development. As a critical biography, it stresses his achievement as an instigator and enabler of history making. Samuel used history as a form of social critique, accommodating plurality in history. As an individual, he presents a stark challenge to the ways in which we conceive of the social role of the historian, making a distinct shift from the historian as an authority about the past to the historian as a facilitator of history making.

This thesis examines the discipline of English studies in South Africa through a review of articles published in 11 academic journals over the period 1958-2004. The aims are to gain a better understanding of the functions of peer-reviewed journals, to reveal the presence of rules governing discursive production, and to uncover the historical shifts in approach and choice of disciplinary objects. The Foucauldian typology of procedures determining discursive production, that is: exclusionary, internal and restrictive procedures, is applied to the discipline of English studies in order to elucidate the existence of such procedures in the discipline. Each journal is reviewed individually and comparatively. Static and chronological statistical analyses are undertaken on the articles in the 11 journals in order to provide empirical evidence to subvert the contention that the discipline is unruly and its choice of objects random. The cumulative results of this analysis are used to describe the major shifts primarily in ranges of disciplinary objects, but also in metadiscursive and thematic debates. Each of the journals is characterised in relation to what the overall analysis reveals about the mainstream developments. The two main findings are that, during the period under review, South African imaginative written artefacts have moved from a marginal position to the centre of focus of the discipline; and that the conception of what constitutes the `literary' has returned to a pre-Practical criticism definition, broadly inclusive of a variety of types of artefact including imaginative writing, such as autobiography, letters, journals and orature.
English Studies
D. Litt. et Phil. (English)