Journal articles on the topic 'Mary (Sloop)'

In the late seventeenth century, the Massachusetts Bay Colony’s government built its own provincial navy of several vessels to secure its coastline from French, Indigenous, and piratical threats. While the creation of provincial navies would become a regular hallmark of English colonization throughout the Atlantic world, this fleet’s flagship – the sloop Mary – and its crew would become major players in various transatlantic dramas ranging from the Glorious Revolution to the Golden Age of Piracy to the Salem Witchcraft Trials. Overall, Mary’s short service history not only gives us a novel maritime lens through which we can examine traditionally-well studied events in early American history, but also highlights the long-ignored role of Anglo-American provincial naval forces in shaping the first British Empire. À la fin du dix-septième siècle, le gouvernement de la colonie de la baie du Massachusetts a construit sa propre marine provinciale de plusieurs navires pour protéger ses côtes contre les menaces posées par les Français, les Autochtones et les pirates. Alors que la création de marines provinciales allait devenir une caractéristique de la colonisation anglaise dans le monde de l’Atlantique, le navire amiral de cette flotte – le sloop Mary – et son équipage allaient devenir des acteurs importants dans divers drames transatlantiques, y compris la Glorieuse Révolution, l’Âge d’or de la piraterie et les procès des sorcières de Salem. Dans l’ensemble, la courte histoire de service maritime du Mary nous offre non seulement une nouvelle optique maritime à travers laquelle il est possible de considérer les événements traditionnellement bien étudiés des débuts de l’histoire américaine, mais elle souligne également le rôle longtemps ignoré des forces navales provinciales anglo-américaines dans la formation du premier Empire britannique.

Net form of net blotch (NFNB), caused by Pyrenophora teres Drechs. f. teres Smedeg., is a serious disease problem for the barley industry in Australia and other parts of the world. Three doubled haploid barley populations, Alexis/Sloop, WI2875-1/Alexis, and Arapiles/Franklin, were used to identify genes conferring adult plant resistance to NFNB in field trials. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) identified were specific for adult plant resistance because seedlings of the parental lines were susceptible to the NFNB isolates used in this study. QTLs were identified on chromosomes 2H, 3H, 4H, and 7H in both the Alexis/Sloop and WI2875-1/Alexis populations and on chromosomes 1H, 2H, and 7H in the Arapiles/Franklin population. Using QTLNetwork, epistatic interactions were identified between loci on chromosomes 3H and 6H in the Alexis/Sloop population, between 2H and 4H in the WI2875-1/Alexis population, and between 5H and 7H in the Arapiles/Franklin population. Comparisons with earlier studies of NFNB resistance indicate the pathotype-dependent nature of many resistance QTLs and the importance of establishing an international system of pathotype nomenclature and differential testing.

Abstract The focus of this article is on the actions of Reverend Frits Slomp, vicar of the Reformed Church in Heemse, during the economic depression of the 1930s, and his response to the rise of national socialism as a new political movement. During the depression many labourers in Heemse and Hardenberg lost their jobs. Reverend Slomp put a great deal of personal effort into helping these men and into trying to solve their social-economic problems. When in 1933 the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP) came into power in Germany and the National Socialist Party (NSB) was gaining ground in the Netherlands, Reverend Slomp warned about the dangers of National Socialism.

Badminton is a sport that uses a racket tool as a bat and shuttlecock as a bat and the slop itself is a container for placing a shuttlecock with a length of 37 cm. Badminton is a sport that the majority of many enthusiasts. And began to emerge associations of badminton players who were then trained by coaches to then make a profession or their own expertise. In general, shuttlecocks are removed manually and do not know whether the contents of the slop are exhausted or still filled. Therefore, automatic shuttlecock storage devices can make it easier for coaches to provide training to students who are in the association of badminton players. This tool can store shuttlecocks and remove shuttlecocks automatically which are stored in a dislop containing 12 seeds, the microcontroller used is Arduino Uno, the servo motor is used to remove the shuttlecock that has a dislop and if the shuttlecock is not filled then the Servo Motor does not run or open to remove the shuttlecock so that the slop must be replenished, then the HC-SR04 Sensor above the slop functions as a device that detects whether the shuttlecock is still there, then there is the ISD1820 Sensor which functions as an alarm to notify by voice that the shuttlecock is up and time to refill, then a tripod as the foundation for this automatic shuttlecock storage device. The result of this research test is that 12 shuttlecock seeds were successful. In this case, it is hoped that this research can help and facilitate coaches in training in a badminton player association on a large scale as well as efficiently knowing the exhaustion of shuttlecocks.

To the problem of slope stability analysis and slope-cutting of rock slope, the traditional method Limit Equilibrium Method has many shortcomings as assuming the position and shape of the slip plane first. However, with the new theory of Strength Reduction Method, the problem can be easily solved. By selecting the appropriate criterion of instability and failure of sliding surface of slope, the Strength Reduction Method simulates the gradual development process of slope-cutting. By this method, we can simulate the failure process of slope and obtain the safety factors and slipping surface. This paper put forward the process of cutting slop by Strength Reduction FDM (Finite Difference Method) which had new insights into the choice of instability criterion, flow rule and slip plane.

Abstract: Microglia cells are present in the central nervous system and respond quickly to pathogenic stimuli in order to protect the brain. When these immunological responses activate inappropriately or are prolonged, they can contribute to the neuronal damage observed in many neurodegenerative diseases. A variety of immune system modulators including complement proteins, inflammatory cytokines such IL- 1 a, IL-Ip, IL-3, lL-6, TNF­ a. and Sloop, colony-stimulating factor-], coagulation proteins and matrix metalloproteases are made by both microglia and astrocytes. Additionally astrocytes, the predominant glial component of the brain, express cell­ adhesion molecules, cytokine receptors and induce nitric oxide synthease. The pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease, stroke, traumatic brain injury, and multiple sclerosis suggest that a large portion of the irreversible damage observed can be attributed to a neurointlammatory mechanism. The immunomodulators of these diseases are reviewed and new agents within specific molecular mechanisms are presented and discussed.

It is well known that during the Cold War Britain was regarded as an unsinkable aircraft carrier; much less well known is the fact that this idea of the island as ship was first thought of by the British over a hundred years earlier when Ascension Island in the South Atlantic was officially regarded as a “Sloop of War of the smaller class.” The Bodleian Library of Commonwealth and African Studies has recently acquired a logbook of this “ship” for 1835, which sheds a fascinating light on life on the island during this period of naval occupation.Ascension Island was first discovered by the Portuguese in the early 16th century, but as it was so dry and barren (it was many years before a supply of fresh water was discovered on the island) it was neither settled nor much used as a source of supply for the East India fleets of Portugal, Holland or England.

It is well known that during the Cold War Britain was regarded as an unsinkable aircraft carrier; much less well known is the fact that this idea of the island as ship was first thought of by the British over a hundred years earlier when Ascension Island in the South Atlantic was officially regarded as a “Sloop of War of the smaller class.” The Bodleian Library of Commonwealth and African Studies has recently acquired a logbook of this “ship” for 1835, which sheds a fascinating light on life on the island during this period of naval occupation.Ascension Island was first discovered by the Portuguese in the early 16th century, but as it was so dry and barren (it was many years before a supply of fresh water was discovered on the island) it was neither settled nor much used as a source of supply for the East India fleets of Portugal, Holland or England.

A consensus map of barley combining simple sequence repeat (SSR), restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers has been developed by combining 5 Australian barley linkage maps, Galleon × Haruna Nijo, Chebec × Harrington, Clipper × Sahara, Alexis × Sloop, and Amaji Nijo × WI2585, using the software package JOINMAP 2.0. The new consensus map consists of 700 markers, with 136 being SSRs, and has a total genetic distance of 933 cM. The consensus map order appears to be in good agreement with the Australian barley linkage maps, with the exception of a small inversion located close to the centromere of chromosome 5H. Similarly, the SSR map orders are in good agreement with SSR markers integrated into the doubled haploid linkage map of Lina × Hordeum spontaneum, Canada Park. The new consensus map provides a framework to cross examine and align partial and complete barley linkage maps using markers common to many barley maps. This map will allow researchers to rapidly and accurately select SSR markers for chromosome regions of interest for barley genetic and plant breeding studies.

The stability of the soil slop is influenced by many factors. In this paper, the influence of cross section geometric shape on the slope stability is analyzed by establishing a reasonable calculation model and using finite element strength reduction method. Results indicate that the slope stability of stepped excavation surface is higher than that of linear excavation surface, and the stability is better with larger and more platforms, the designers should make a choice in design by comparing cost and ease of construction. Slope table form also has affections, the stability of concave linear and convex slope type decreases in turn.

One of the basic observation in the social and behavioral sciences is that things are changed over the time. Longitudinal data analysis can yield valuable information about this change. Although many techniques have been developed to capitalize on these desirable features of longitudinal data, the structural equation modeling approach of building latent growth models (LGMs) has become one of the commonly used statistical models. A subset of data is taken from the National Longitudinal Survey 97, prepared by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Four waves of mother monitoring reported by youth in the year 1997 to the year 2000 are used for the analysis. A total of 2675 adult respondents are used in our analysis. Mother monitoring scores reported by youth are used as a dependent variable. There are 52% male and 48% female in the data. Different linear, quadratic, autoregressive and moving average LGMs with gender as a covariate are used and compared to study the effects of mother monitoring over a 4 year period of time. It is found mom monitoring is increasing slowly over the period of time. An association was found between slop and intercept of fitted latent growth model and female has a significant effect on slop but not on the intercept of the fitted growth model. Five fit indices Chi-square, GFI, CFI, RMSEA, and AIC are used to select an appropriate model.

Abstract An essential element of every building is a roof that protects it against the influence of weather conditions - rainfall, wind, and temperature changes. The shape of the roof, the type of roof covering, and the slope of the roof have the greatest impact on the type and material solutions. The roof structures are made of wooden, steel, or reinforced concrete. Especially in single-family residential buildings, wooden roof structures are most often used. Wood is perceived by many as the oldest and best building material, valued for its low weight, good strength, elasticity, and high thermal and insulation values. Traditional roof has been used over the centuries. The more common roof in wood framing roof is gable and hip roof which is consist of rafter, ridge, hip, collar tie and joist. The common slop for hip roof is 3/12 to 12/12. By increasing the slop, the length of the hip element in roof increases and needs to brace closely. The aim of the study is to analyse the location of roof braces in hip roof structures, due to the ultimate and serviceability limit states, under dead, live and wind loads based on finite element method model. Two wind speeds of 22 m/s and 40 m/s is taken into consideration. Elements with the different spans, cross-sections and slope of the roof are analysed.

The paper aims to present the authors’ research on application of engineering fuzzy set theory analysis to reservoir ranks rock slop stability evaluation by using analytic hierarchy processing (AHP). Many methods, which used to analysis highway slope stability, are compared in the paper. On the basis of research on the general slope stability evaluation methods, lots of fuzzy factors of stability evaluation for highway slope are researched and fuzzy comparison matrix model is established. Correspondence relationship between mood operator and fuzzy value are determined. Evaluation indexes and grading standards are identified on the basis of engineering practice. The weight of every index is obtained by using analytic hierarchy processing and the method of Ridge-type distribution, which the method of combining with the bigger the more excellent and the smaller the more excellent. Engineering fuzzy set theory is used to make a comprehensive evaluations, overall evaluation of the highway slope stability is obtained according to the principle of maximum degree of subjection and the result of subjection degree vector. Slope stability evaluation of AN-SHAN Expressway is analyzed with analytical hierarchy process. Evaluation results provide a basis for the progress of the project, and the project carried out smoothly with the guidance of it. The results show that the model makes slope stability evaluation more comprehensive, scientific and rational.

The article is devoted to the discovery of the Antarctic by Russian navigators, the study, mapping and designation of its shores and adjacent islands. Russian names were given to many new found geographic features. The list of some Russian geographical names is shown on the map of Antarctica. The maps of the Bellingshausen–Lazarev sailing expedition in 1819–1821 are given; the Russian geographical names are highlighted on them. The article is also devoted to the first Russian Antarctic expedition of 1819–1821, the discovery of the Antarctic by Russian navigators F. F. Bellingshausen and M. P. Lazarev on the sloops "Vostok" and "Mirny", the study, mapping and marking of its shores and adjacent Islands. The expedition discovered 29 Islands. The discoverers assigned Russian names to many of new found geographic objects of Antarctica. These names are highlighted in the article. The following maps are presented

The lack of safe drinking water is a major problem in many areas. Most of which located within the range of high solar sun and the enormous potential of solar energy can be exploited to turn salt water into drinking water. The most economical and easy way to achieve this goal is to use solar distillation. Two low-cost "Single Slope" solar distillers were designed to examine the impact of adding concentrates and reflectors on daily yield and efficiency and then compare the results. Results obtained from practical experiments have shown that solar distillers with internal and external reflectors made of mirrors have increased in efficiency by 6% and 12% when one liter and two liters of river water are added, respectively, from the distiller under the effect of the parabola concentrator. The daily yield was also (60 and 240) ml higher for the solar distiller, which contained both internal and external reflectors.

The role of concrete material in building structures is a very important, in the other word almost all of structural building use concrete components. Using this research, we try to ascertain how big the deviation results from the two tools. Through laboratory research that is examined from the physical coarse aggregate material, fine aggregate, we get the job mix concrete formula. the quality of the concrete that we design is concrete K-200 kg / cm2. from the results of our job mix, the proportion of the concrete mixture for 1 m3 of concrete is as follows cement 351.85 kg, sand 780.42 kg, crushed stone 1077.73 kg, water 142.34 kg, then made as many as 15 pieces of cube specimens. Then for the finished structural test object, a building is made from the structure of the foundation, loop beams, columns, floor beams and floor slabs. When casting is carried out, the making of concrete cube specimens is taken back, respectively, the number of foundation test objects is 3 concrete cubes, 3 sloop blocks of concrete cubes, 3 columns, 3 beams and 3 floor plates. The average test results of these test tools are as follows: the pressure test using the concrete pressure test device is 211 kg / cm2, and the test result using the concrete hammer test is 195 kg / cm2.

Selection for malting quality traits is a major breeding objective for barley breeding programs. With molecular markers linked to loci affecting these traits, this selection can be undertaken at an earlier stage of the breeding program than is possible using conventional tests. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with malting quality traits were mapped in 2 populations derived from parents with elite malting quality. Progeny from an Arapiles/Franklin population grown in 4 environments and an Alexis/Sloop population grown in 5 environments were tested for grain protein percentage, α-amylase activity, diastatic power, hot water extract, wort viscosity, wort β-glucan, β-glucanase, and free α-amino acids. QTL analysis was performed using a one-stage approach, which allowed for modelling of spatial variation in the field, and in each phase of the malting quality analysis in the laboratory. QTLs for malting quality traits were detected on all chromosomes and for both populations. Few of these QTLs were significant in all of the environments, indicating that QTL × environment interactions were important. There were many coincident QTLs for traits that are expected to be related such as diastatic power and α-amylase activity, wort β-glucan and wort viscosity and for some traits that are not expected to be related such as hot water extract and malt viscosity.

This contribution explores a methodological problem in language acquisition studies. Much research in language acquisition has shown that children use statistical learning as a strategy in the acquisition of their native language (Saffran et al. 1996 and many others). Frequency of occurrence is also believed to determine the order of acquisition of phonological structures in the construction of the grammar (Boersma and Levelt 2000, Levelt et al. 2000, van de Weijer and Sloos 2013). How do we obtain the relevant frequency information for acquisition studies?Ideally, we should take into account children's speech or child-directed speech (CDS), depending on the purposes of the investigation. Investigations into the construction of the lexicon and acquisition of the grammar depend on the input, the perception, and the lexical storage of the child, and therefore, frequency data on CDS seem most desirable.

The present drying beds of Al-Dubaiee waste water treatment station is not enough, thus, the present study is performed. In this work, many experiments have been made in order to find out the optimum thickness of the drying bed and to find suitable filtration agents from local materials. Moreover the effect of flocculent agents is tested. The results show that optimum thickness is 30 cm of brick and 25 cm of sand. Ferric concentration of 100 mg/l gives the best results. It is also found that drying efficiency is improved with reducing specific filtration resistance. The effluent waste water is found suitable for agriculture purpose concerned heavy metal concentration. Special drying bed (handy slop towards center) is constructed and it is found that the required area is reduced by 50%.

As the main geohazard triggered by Wenchuan earthquake, landslide is widely distributed. It caused many people lost their lives and incipient fault. This paper analyzes the genesis of these landslides from the aspects of geomorphy, geological structure of slope body, rock characters, earthquake motion, stable condition of slope, weathering effect and stream action. Strong earthquake motion near the fracture zone and geological structure of slope body are the main reasons caused the slope failure. Take Wangjiayan landslide as the typical example, the genesis of earthquake-induced landslide is analyzed. Strong earthquake motion near the fracture zone and the extroversion structural surfaces are the main reasons caused the slide, and great slope and instable state of slope can also promote the slop failure. Failure process of slope is also analyzed.

In the construction of high dams, many high rock slope failures occur due to flood discharge atomized rain. Based on the steel frame lifting technique and strength reduction materials, a comprehensive method is proposed in this paper to study the stability of high bedding rock slope subjected to atomized rain. The safety factor expression of the comprehensive method and the evaluation method for deformation instability were established according to the similarity theory of geomechanical model, failure criterion, and mutation theory. Strength reduction materials were developed to simulate the strength reduction of structural planes caused by rainfall infiltration. A typical test was carried out on the high bedding rock slope in the Baihetan Hydropower Station. The results showed that the failure modes of the bedding rock slope were of two types: sliding–fracturing and fracturing–sliding. The first slip block at the exposed place of the structural plane was sliding–fracturing. Other succeeding slip blocks were mainly of the fracturing–sliding type due to the blocking effect of the first slip block. The failure sequence of the slip blocks along the structural planes was graded into multiple levels. The slip blocks along the upper structural planes were formed first. Concrete plugs had effective reinforcement to improve the shear resistance of the structural planes and inhibit rock dislocation. Finite element method (FEM) simulation was also performed to simulate the whole process of slope failure. The FEM simulation results agreed well with the test results. This research provides an improved understanding of the physical behavior and the failure modes of high bedding rock slopes subjected to atomized rain.

The potable water declined after the global climate crisis. Due to global warming. River levels have also decreased. Moreover, so much has become dependent on the water from the wells. Which are often salty. Purifying this water often requires many fossil fuels that cause damage to the environment. Therefore, the researchers turned to renewable energy sources, including solar energy. In this paper, we designed and made a solar distiller, a single sink with a double slope. It is used to desalinate water and remove salt from water using solar energy. This technique is the best solution for obtaining water in remote and desert areas where potable water is not available. The purpose of the research is to study variables that promote increased efficiency. Study the use of phase change materials (PCM) to enhance the productivity of solar distillers. Bitumen was used to store solar thermal energy in latent heat. It has increased efficiency by (15–25%). For the distiller using bitumen in the basin relative to the distiller to which it is not added.

Ground failure caused by liquefaction is a major cause of earthquake damage and casualties during many history earthquakes. The gravels liquefaction extensively occurred following the 2008 Wenchuan Ms8.0 Earthquake, and 70-80% liquefied sites generated lots of 100 meter to hundreds kilometer long and 5 centimeter to 50 centimeter wide ground fissures, which intersected house, farmland, etc. and caused serous damage. The mechanism of the building damage and ground fissures were investigated by borehole drilling and Multi-Channels Electricity Resistance Test. The detailed in-situ tests and comparison show that: (1) The building, whose foundation intersected by liquefaction, suffered more severe damages than its surrounding buildings; (2) The abundant ground fissures were generated by gravels liquefaction rather than the raptures or secondary faults; (3)The fundamental conditions for the generation of ground fissures by liquefaction are: flat ground surface (slop less than 3%), horizontal non uniform distribution of liquefiable soils.

Different kinds of metallic nanoparticles (Pd, Pt, Au, Cu, Ag etc.) are widely used in Electrochemical, Optoelectronic and Photovoltaic applications to harvest sunlight in order to increase the efficiency of devices. ETS-10, which is a synthetic microporous material consisting of –Ti-O-Ti-O-Ti- quantum wires running along [110] and [1-10] direction in polymorph B, has been of great interest in many applications like Electrochemical, Optoelectronic and Photovoltaic applications, due to its so unique (it contains periodically positioned quantum wires [-O-Ti(O-)4-O-] with a diameter (d) of ∼0.67 nm running along the two perpendicular directions in the crystal, tetrahedral framework structures and compostion, well defiend acidity, uniform pores, highly cation exchange selectivity, and good thermal stability are widely used as commercial catalysts, ion exchangers, and adsorbants) properties. As a results, Tafel slop clearly indicated that performance was much better than pure Pt plate and the quite stable upto 72 hours at all pH conditions. Figure 1

The merging boundaries between edge computing and deep learning are forging a new blueprint for the Internet of Things (IoT). However, the low-quality of data in many IoT platforms, especially those composed of heterogeneous devices, is hindering the development of high-quality applications for those platforms. The solution presented in this article is intelligent data collaboration, i.e., the concept of deep learning providing IoT with the ability to adaptively collaborate to accomplish a task. Here, we outline the concept of intelligent data collaboration in detail and present a mathematical model in general form. To demonstrate one possible case where intelligent data collaboration would be useful, we prepared an implementation called adaptive data cleaning (ADC), designed to filter noisy data out of temperature readings in an IoT base station network. ADC primarily consists of a denoising autoencoder LSTM for predictions and a four-level data processing mechanism to perform the filtering. Comparisons between ADC and a maximum slop method show ADC with the lowest false error and the best filtering rates.

A residential building, a brick/concrete structure built up in 1990s was used for many years. Since a deep foundation pit construction was being done in the north, the residents were worrying about the cracks in the building and its safety. Therefore, the following works were done such as the spot checks of the building engineering quality were done; the test and analysis were carried out over the cracks development after the foundation pit was backfilled, the influence assessment of the foundation construction under the mutual effects of pilings and anchor rods over the residential building structure was also conducted; finally the recheck calculation and safety evaluation were made over the building structure. The result shows that the foundation digging leads to new cracks on the nearby residential building but does not endanger its structural safety; after the foundation was backfilled, the hidden danger on the building’s northern side slop was eliminated and the structure cracks tend to be stable; the complete engineering structure is safe and in conformity with the requirements of safety and anti-vibration during the construction period, however, the multiple-pore slabs’ piecing affects the structural integrity and vibration proof performance.

Goldbach conjecture of prime numbers is one of the unsolved mathematical problems. Many trial solutions appeared in the literature, but so far none has been accepted by the mathematics societies. This paper describes a graphical method devised by me to explain the mystery of the said conjecture. My method based on the teachings of analytical geometry using a rectangular coordinate frame with even numbers as ordinates and prime numbers as abscissas. Straight lines with 45 degree slop and intercepets of varying prime numbers on the ordinate are drawn to meet all the vertical straight draw grom the abscissas. These diagonal lines are designated as separation lines and identified by its intercept number. The intersection of vertical abscissa line, the separation line and a horizontal line drawn from the ordinates shows the relationship of an even number and its pair of prime numbers. These intersections vividly appear on the horizontal even number line and can be easily seen. This method is a graphical version of binary combination of prime numbers and can locate the prime-pairs of any even nuber by drawing a family of separation lines.

Cutter suction dredgers (CSD) play a major part in the field of dredging engineering in harbors, fairways, and land reclamation. CSD can continuously mine and transport the slop with good quality while CSD can tackle many types of soil. However, even a component failure, which is connected with parts and components of CSD, can result in no working. Thus, it affects the production capacity and efficiency of dredgers seriously. It is necessary to analyze the failure probability of CSD. The method of Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) is applied to analyze the failure probability of CSD. The method uses logical reasoning and builds a fault tree model by analyzing the relationship between the basic, intermediate and top events. Based on fault tree model of a variety of events " and " " or " relationship, we can obtain minimal cut sets of that cause the event to failure. Then, get the basic probability of the event. Finally, we can calculate the probability of the top events. Under experiments, the FTA method can accurately calculate the failure probability of CSD, and deduce in reverse order the key events that cause the top event. The study on the key events can reduce the failure probability of CSD, enhance its reliability and safety, and improve the efficiency and productivity indirectly. It will also lay a foundation for product configuration optimization.

Conventional solar still have poor efficiency and low distillate output. Climate parameter play important role in efficiency of solar still. Many investigators have investigated the effect of climate parameter to improve the performance of solar still. This review paper evaluates the effect of several climate parameters like wind velocity, ambient temperature, location and vapour pressure. Review was to be done to minimize adverse effect of climate parameter to improve the performance solar still. From this review, it is found that productivity of still increase with increasing wind speed but performance of still little bit decrease with higher wind velocity approximately more than 9 m/s. There is direct relationship between the solar radiation and ambient temperature. The daily productivity increased as ambient temperature increased and directly promotional to the solar radiation. The productivity remains intact during the variation in vapour pressure of surrounding air on solar still. Further, it is found that at low latitude station in India, yearly total radiation and seasonally radiation are approximately equal irrespective of E-W or N-S orientation for double slop single basin solar still. At high latitude, the east-west orientation receives more radiation than the south-north orientation, taking the year as a whole, while there is no effect of orientation in case of lower latitude for double slope single basin solar still. The single slope solar still single basin facing south collects greater amount of solar radiation as compared to the dual slope single basin solar still at lower and higher latitude locations. Solar still would be kept south facing for northern latitude and north facing for southern latitude.

Dairy wastewater generally contains fats, lactose, whey proteins, and nutrients. Casein precipitation causes the effluent to decompose into a dark, strong-smelling sludge. Fluid waste contains soluble organic matter, suspended solids, and gaseous organic matter, which cause undesirable taste and smell, grant tone and turbidity, and advance eutrophication, which plays an essential role in increasing biological oxygen demand (BOD) in water. It also contains detergents and disinfecting agents from the rinses and washing processes, which increase the need for chemical oxygen (COD). One of the characteristics of dairy effluents is their relatively high temperature, high organic contents, and wide pH range, so the discharge of wastewater into water bodies without treatment leads to deterioration of water quality and ecological imbalance, and therefore treatment is required. To remove or reduce environmental damage. Dairy wastewater treatment includes mechanical, physical, chemical, and biological methods. Organic treatment techniques are reasonable for treating wastewater from the dairy business because of their high biodegradability. Notwithstanding, the long-chain unsaturated fats framed during lipid hydrolysis show an inhibitory impact during anaerobic treatment. Chain block reactors (SBR) and top stream anaerobic slop cover of sludge (UASB) frameworks are the most encouraging advancements for the organic treatment of dairy wastewater. Many papers have applied high-impact exercise and technical methods to the dairy business's anaerobic wastewater treatment of dairy wastewater. However, the two techniques actually have a few disadvantages. The most vital objective of these studies is to track down savvy and naturally manageable ways to deal with and empower the reuse and management of wastewater and waste. Consequently, elective treatments to organic treatment are physical and substance techniques, for example, coagulation, retention, layer cycles, and electrolysis. This section gives a primary survey zeroing in on physical and compound treatment strategies for dairy wastewater treatment. It is under study and checked for its viability.

There many methods for estimation of permeability. In this Paper, permeability has been estimated by two methods. The conventional and modified methods are used to calculate flow zone indicator (FZI). The hydraulic flow unit (HU) was identified by FZI technique. This technique is effective in predicting the permeability in un-cored intervals/wells. HU is related with FZI and rock quality index (RQI). All available cores from 7 wells (Su -4, Su -5, Su -7, Su -8, Su -9, Su -12, and Su -14) were used to be database for HU classification. The plot of probability cumulative of FZI is used. The plot of core-derived probability FZI for both modified and conventional method which indicates 4 Hu (A, B, C and D) for Nahr Umr formation based on the four straight lines. The permeability was calculated by two methods for comparison and choosing the best. The modified FZI method gives better results because the predicted permeability by this method demonstrates a coefficient of correlation (R2) higher than that of the conventional approach, where the value of R2 is 0.9645 of modified FZI method while 0.892 of the conventional approach. When plotting RQI versus on a log-log scale, all core samples with similar FZI values will lie on a straight line with a unit slope. Other core samples that have different FZI values will lie on other parallel lines. All lines in (RQI and ) plot of modified FZI method have unit slop and more parallel than these of the conventional approach. The plot of probability cumulative of FZIm is used to determine number of hydraulic flow unit for Nahr Umr formation. The plot of core-derived probability FZI for both modified and conventional method which indicates 4 Hus for Nahr Umr formation based on the four straight lines, these four straight lines of modified FZI method was more distinguished than these of the conventional approach.

Pyramiding multiple desirable genes is an important method for the development of improved breeding materials and/or new cultivars. When the number of genes to be pyramided is many, or the genes are tightly linked in repulsion, it is practically impossible to recover the desirable recombinants in a single generation using a realistic population size, and repeated selection at several generations is required. The availability of markers tightly linked to the desirable genes makes it possible to conduct effective individual selection at early generations. This reduces the number of lines tested in the later generations and increases the desirable genotype frequency in the selected progeny. Computer simulation was used to develop such a marker-based pedigree selection strategy for the development of a barley line that contains 6 desired genes from 3 parental breeding lines (HS078 (H): 221222; PI366444 (P): 212222; Sloop Vic. (S): 122111; with 1 and 2 representing desirable and undesirable alleles, respectively), using the top cross H/P//S. The 6 genes targetted contribute to photoperiod sensitivity, Russian wheat aphid resistance, leaf rust resistance, boron tolerance, earliness per se, and cereal cyst nematode resistance. Under the assumption that perfect markers were available for all the 6 genes, a TC1 population of 300 plants was required to obtain 3 or more lines of the best genotype ‘211222/122111’, in which 3 loci were fixed for the desirable alleles, while the remaining 3 were kept as heterozygous. When single seed descent was used from the TC2 generation until complete homozygosity, the probability of obtaining lines of the desirable genotype (fixed for the desirable alleles at all 6 loci) was low due to the tight repulsion linkage between some of the genes. About 4000 individuals would be required to ensure with 99% probability the recovery of at least 1 line with the desirable genotype. The total number of lines that would need to be genotyped would be at least 5000. When the pedigree method was used in all test-cross generations, many schemes resulted in more lines of the fixed desirable genotype by genotyping fewer lines. The various options were compared using the genetic simulation software module QuLine, based on the QU-GENE simulation platform. The optimum scheme in terms of high success rate and relatively low genotyping costs consisted of the following steps: (1) in TC1 genotyping of 300 individuals allows for 3 or more individuals with the genotype ‘211222/122111’ to be identified; (2) in the TC2 individuals that are fixed for 3 loci and segregating for the remaining 3, loci can be selected from among 500 TC2 plants; (3) in the TC3, 50 or more individuals per TC3 line are genotyped for the 3 segregating loci, and individuals fixed for 5 loci and segregating for the 6th locus can be detected (genotyping is only needed for the segregating loci); (4) 25 individuals per TC4 line are genotyped for the single remaining segregating locus and several individuals of the desirable genotype (111111/111111) are finally selected. The desirable line is then obtained by collecting selfed seed from the selected TC4 plants. Using this scheme, on average, 320 desired TC5 lines were obtained by genotyping fewer than 2000 lines. When markers were tightly linked to the target genes but not diagnostic (perfect), not only was more genotyping required, but also appropriate phenotyping at the end of the marker selection process was necessary to confirm the presence of all the target genes. Under the assumption that recombination between marker and target gene was 5%, the best selection scheme identified, on average, 30 fixed desirable lines by genotyping 8000 lines and phenotyping 700 TC5 lines. If double haploid lines were produced from the F1 generation between H and P, and marker and phenotypic screening were conducted, followed by crossing of the individual with the target 2 loci in desired homozygous allelic status with parent S, the total amount of genotyping and phenotyping could be halved. This study showed that genetic simulation allows for numerous strategies to be compared using real data, and to develop an optimal crossing and selection strategy to combine desired alleles in the most effective and efficient way. This approach could likewise be used in other marker-assisted breeding programs.

Dr Mary T. Martin Sloop and Dr Eustace Henry Sloop shaped the landscape of healthcare and education for the small town of Crossnore in the mountains of Western North Carolina throughout the early- to mid-twentieth century. The duo of general practitioners founded the Crossnore School and the Garrett Memorial Hospital, later renamed Sloop Memorial Hospital before its closure in 1999. The Sloops provided medical care to an underserved Appalachian population and sought advice and assistance from key community stakeholders with every project they undertook, demonstrating their commitment to cultural assimilation. While the story of the Sloop family is one of success, patients in rural America are currently facing a dual crisis of healthcare access. Rural healthcare professional shortages contribute to difficulties establishing longitudinal relationships with primary care providers, which in turn decreases access to preventative medicine services. With over 106 rural hospitals closing since 2010, patients may face travel barriers to reach inpatient facilities with associated emergency services, and access to specialty services such as surgery is diminished. It is paramount to reflect on and learn from the stories of the past, highlighting the personal and professional fulfillment that can be found in embracing rurality through service and community integration.

This paper examines The History of Mary Prince as a pedagogical tool for exploring complexities within the Black Diaspora. As Paul Gilroy’s articulations of the Black Atlantic inform my approach, Prince’s circuitous journey through the West Indies and England situates her process of becoming as one mired in longing and loss. Encouraging students to consider Prince as a wandering soul in search of not only freedom, but also solid familiar connections lays the foundation for merging her narrative with other enslaved Black people traversing countries and regions on ships against their will. Ample research material available on the survivors of the 1858 illegal ship enslaving Africans “Wanderer'' offer an opportunity to consider the constructions of Black Atlantic identities in which formerly enslaved Black people forge connections with each other while longing for a return to Africa. Additionally, Tessa Mars’ and Yinka Shonibare’s art forms a bridge for conceptualizing Black diasporic identities. Because the Caribbean is often perceived as a perpetual space of fantasy and play, The History of Mary Prince also challenges misconceptions of slavery as an institution peculiar to the United States. Of her brutal slaveholder sending her to another island, Prince expresses competing emotions, “At length he put me on board the sloop, and to my great joy he sent me away to Turk’s Island. I was not permitted to see my mother or father, or poor sisters and brothers, to say goodbye, though going away to a strange land, and might never see them again.” Encouraging students to consider Prince as a wandering soul in search of not only freedom but also solid familiar connections lays the groundwork for merging Prince’s narrative with other enslaved Black people traversing countries and regions on ships against their will. Ample research material available on the survivors of the 1858 illegal ship enslaving Africans “Wanderer” serves as my teaching tool for considering the constructions of Black Atlantic identities in which formerly enslaved Black people forge connections with each other while longing for a return to Africa. One of these survivors, Cilucängy, expressed in a letter his desire to return to his homeland: “I am bound for my old home if God be with me.” My essay also draws on student reactions to Yinka Shonibare’s art piece entitled “Wanderer.” Shonibare’s artwork forms the bridge for conceptualizing the more complex definitions of the Black Atlantic, Black Diaspora, and transnational identities.

Following the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815, many Royal Navy warships were laid up before being sold into merchant service or for breaking up. Large numbers of sloops, schooners and cutters had been built for war service between 1803 and 1814, mostly in private shipyards. The versatility of these smaller classes of vessels was evident in their diverse and demanding wartime roles and subsequently in mercantile trading or whaling. One such vessel, the Cruizer-class brig-sloop HMS Pilot (1807), was commissioned in 1808, served until 1816 and, after an extended period in reserve, was sold out of naval service in 1828. As a commercial whaling bark, the Pilot made five voyages in the British Southern Whale Fishery between 1830 and the early 1840s before being condemned in 1845. This article provides a case study of one vessel's career in naval and mercantile service, which was typical of the period.

After hearing our President on the radio so many mornings on the way to work our inveterate in-house but totally out-of-order senior Bulletin reporter, Mr Slop FRCS, investigates the European Working Time Directive (EWTD).

Last week Mr Slop (FRCS Eng) was indentured along with many of his aging colleagues to attend a trainers' course run by none other than his own royal college. Not wanting to rock or even judder the surgical boat more than just a little, he has put down his unexpurgated thoughts about this day taken off the real work of a consultant surgeon. Although his criticisms are not by any means severe, never let it be said that the Honourable Editor of the Bulletin stifles dissent.

AbstractBackgroundLatin American countries are improving childhood cancer care, showing strong commitment to implement the Global Initiative for Childhood Cancer, but there are scant publications of the situation at a continental level.MethodsAs part of the International Society of Paediatric Oncology Global Mapping project, delegates of each country participating in the Latin American Society of Pediatric Oncology (SLAOP) and chairs of national pediatric oncology societies and cooperative groups were invited to provide information regarding availability of national pediatric cancer control programs (NPCCP), pediatric oncology laws, pediatric oncology tumor registries, and training programs and support to diagnosis and treatment.ResultsNineteen of the 20 countries participating in SLAOP responded. National delegates reported nine countries with NPCCP and four of them were launched in the past 5 years. National pediatric tumor registries are available in eight countries, and three provided published survival results. Fellowship programs for training pediatric oncologists are available in 12 countries. National delegates reported that eight countries provide support to most essential diagnosis and treatments and 11 provide partial or minimal support that is supplemented by civil society organizations. Seven countries have a pediatric oncology law. There are three international cooperative groups and four national societies for pediatric oncology.ConclusionDespite many challenges, there were dramatic advances in survivorship, access to treatment, and availability of NPCCP in Latin America. Countries with highest social development scores in general provide more complete support and are more likely to have NPCCP, training programs, and reported survival results.

ABSTRACTThe upper structure is the parts that make up buildings such as sloof, walls, columns, beams, and roofs. In this upper structure these components have a very important role. Today, civil engineering students are required to be able to plan well so that they are strong and durable for a long time.In planning this upper structure, of course there are many methods that can be used to calculate moments, one of them is ultimate moment method, which can be combined with a reference from SK SNI 2847,2013. For pouring images can be presented with CAD (Computer Aided Design) software called AutoCAD.The results of this plan are used for roof and floor plates used 100 mm and 120 mm thick with reinforcement used 12 mm main reinforcement and 8 mm stirrup reinforcement with a distance of 200 mm. For beams and Sloof used the same, which is 16 mm for basic reinforcement and 10 mm for reinforcement Sengkang with a distance of 200 mm. Whereas for columns, reinforcement 16 mm and Sengkang 12 mm with a distance of 200 mm are used. The load distribution that occurs is for the roof floor of 20.640,924 kgm, because the assumption of loading the 1st floor to 6th is the same, which is equal to 23.233,644 kgm. The moments that occur in this plan are on the plate occurred at 17.074,370 kgm, the beam occurred at 342.733,875 kgm and 493.536,780 kgm. In the column arises a fairly large moment, with a value of 551.697,600 kgm. From the calculation of the earthquake load get the result = 159843 (kNm).Keywords: Planning, Structure, CAD, SNI

ABSTRACT High efficiency lunate-tail swimming with high-aspect-ratio lifting surfaces has evolved in many vertebrate lineages, from fish to cetaceans. Baleen whales (Mysticeti) are the largest swimming animals that exhibit this locomotor strategy, and present an ideal study system to examine how morphology and the kinematics of swimming scale to the largest body sizes. We used data from whale-borne inertial sensors coupled with morphometric measurements from aerial drones to calculate the hydrodynamic performance of oscillatory swimming in six baleen whale species ranging in body length from 5 to 25 m (fin whale, Balaenoptera physalus; Bryde's whale, Balaenoptera edeni; sei whale, Balaenoptera borealis; Antarctic minke whale, Balaenoptera bonaerensis; humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae; and blue whale, Balaenoptera musculus). We found that mass-specific thrust increased with both swimming speed and body size. Froude efficiency, defined as the ratio of useful power output to the rate of energy input ( Sloop, 1978), generally increased with swimming speed but decreased on average with increasing body size. This finding is contrary to previous results in smaller animals, where Froude efficiency increased with body size. Although our empirically parameterized estimates for swimming baleen whale drag were higher than those of a simple gliding model, oscillatory locomotion at this scale exhibits generally high Froude efficiency as in other adept swimmers. Our results quantify the fine-scale kinematics and estimate the hydrodynamics of routine and energetically expensive swimming modes at the largest scale.

Background: Despite many efforts, Iran continues to have a high rate of traffic accidents and poor health outcomes. This study aimed to measure income-related inequality for traffic accident health outcomes in Iran, a country with one of the highest rates of traffic accidents and related health problems. Methods: The source of data was a national representative survey named the Iranian Multiple Indicator Demographic and Health Survey (IrMIDHS, 2010). Monthly household income is obtained through self-report in different quarters. Disparity rate ratio (DRR), slop index of inequality (SII) and the population attributable risk percentage measure (PAR%) were calculated. The concentration index (CI) of RTIs was used as our measure of socioeconomic inequality and decomposed into its determining factors. Results: Using the DRR index, in the lowest income group, the risk of death from an accident was 2.3 times, greater and the risk of accidental disability was 11.7 times greater than for the third income quartet. The slope index also shows that the rate of road traffic deaths, disability and injury per 100,000 individuals decreased by 28, 82, and 392 moving from lower to higher incomes. This decrease in injury was about 581 for motorcyclists. CI was -0.04078643 (SE=.01424828, P-value 0.004). Male sex (68.9%), 15-29 yr old age (9.4%), employed activity status (20.8%) has a positive contribution in the RTIs concentration index. Conclusion: In addition to intervention related to the road safety and vehicles and reducing human errors, prevention of the road traffic ill health outcomes requires attention to reduction of inequality in society.

Introduction: Many studies investigated associations of stroke risk factors assessed at one point in time with stroke onset. However, few studies investigated growth curves (trajectories) of the stroke risk factors assessed at multiple points in time before stroke onset. Hypothesis: We assessed the hypothesis that people with stroke, compared with their controls, would have higher values of the stroke risk factors at multiple points in time and higher change rates by year (slopes) of those factors before stroke onset. Methods: The present study used a nested case-control design based on the Suita study that is a cohort study launched in 1989 with 15,746 community-dwelling participants in an urban city, Suita, Japan. During a 24-year follow-up, 201 cases (43.8% in women) were identified. Corresponding to the cases, 2010 controls (51.5% in women) matched by age (± 4 years) were identified by incidence density sampling. As the stroke risk factors, we included systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), blood glucose level, body mass index, waist circumference, non-HDL cholesterol, and triglyceride assessed every two years on health check-ups. Linear mixed models were performed to investigate adjusted mean differences in the stroke risk factors between the stroke cases and the controls at 20, 15, 10, 5 years and the last assessment before stroke onset. Mean differences in slopes of the stroke risk factors before stroke onset were also investigated. Results: The linear mixed models showed that SBP and DBP were significantly higher in the cases than the controls at any points in time before stroke onset (the adjusted mean differences [95% CI] at the last assessment before stroke onset: 4.52 [1.4, 7.64] mmHg for SBP and 2.93 [1.23, 4.63] mmHg for DBP). However, slopes of SBP and DBP were not significantly different between the cases and the controls. We observed no significant difference between the cases and the controls in blood glucose level at 20 years before stroke onset (the adjusted mean difference: 2.24 [-0.26, 4.74] mg/dl). However, compared with the controls, the cases significantly had a steeper slop of blood glucose increase (the adjusted mean difference in the slope per year: 0.21 [0.02, 0.40] mg/dl; and the adjusted mean differences at 15, 10, and 5 years and the last assessment before stroke onset: 3.29 [1.31, 5.26], 4.34 [2.51, 6.16], 5.39 [3.25, 7.52], 6.44 [3.69, 9.19] mg/dl, respectively). We observed no significant differences of means and slopes in BMI, waist circumference, non-HDL cholesterol, and triglyceride between the cases and the controls. Conclusions: In conclusions, multiple assessments of the stroke risk factors on health check-ups can be useful to early identify people who will be likely to develop stroke by observing SBP and DBP at any points in time, and the trajectory of blood glucose level.

Introduction The research from which this piece derives explores political remix video (PRV), a genre in which remixers critique dominant discourses and power structures through guerrilla remixing of copyrighted footage (“What Is Political Remix Video?”). Specifically, I examined the works of political video remixer Elisa Kreisinger, whose queer remixes of shows such as Sex and the City and Mad Men received considerable attention between 2010 and the present. As a rhetoric scholar, I am attracted not only to the ways that remix functions discursively but also the ways in which remixers are constrained in their ability to argue, and what recourse they have in these situations of legal and technological constraint. Ultimately, many of these struggles play out on YouTube. This is unsurprising: many studies of YouTube and other user-generated content (UGC) platforms focus on the fact that commercial sites cannot constitute utopian, democratic, or free environments (Hilderbrand; Hess; Van Dijck). However, I find that, contrary to popular belief, YouTube’s commercial interests are not the primary factor limiting remixer agency. Rather, United States copyright law as enacted on YouTube has the most potential to inhibit remixers. This has led to many remixers becoming advocates for fair use, the provision in the Copyright Act of 1976 that allows for limited use of copyrighted content. With this in mind, I decided to delve more deeply into the framing of fair use by remixers and other advocates such as the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) and the Center for Social Media. In studying discourses of fair use as they play out in the remix community, I find that the framing of fair use bears a striking similarity to what rhetoric scholars have termed vernacular discourse—a discourse emanating from a small segment of the larger civic community (Ono and Sloop 23). The vernacular is often framed as that which integrates the institutional or mainstream while simultaneously asserting its difference through appropriation and subversion. A video qualifies as fair use if it juxtaposes source material in a new way for the purposes of critique. In turn, a vernacular text asserts its “vernacularity” by taking up parts of pre-existing dominant institutional discourses in a way that resonates with a smaller community. My argument is that this tension between institutional and vernacular gives political remix video a multivalent argument—one that presents itself both in the text of the video itself as well as in the video’s status as a fair use of copyrighted material. Just as fair use represents the assertion of creator agency against unfair copyright law, vernacular discourse represents the assertion of a localised community within a world dominated by institutional discourses. In this way, remixers engage rights holders and other institutions in a pleasurable game of cat and mouse, a struggle to expose the boundaries of draconian copyright law. YouTube’s Commercial InterestsYouTube’s commercial interests operate at a level potentially invisible to the casual user. While users provide YouTube with content, they also provide the site with data—both metadata culled from their navigations of the site (page views, IP addresses) as well as member-provided data (such as real name and e-mail address). YouTube mines this data for a number of purposes—anything from interface optimisation to targeted advertising via Google’s AdSense. Users also perform a certain degree of labour to keep the site running smoothly, such as reporting videos that violate the Terms of Service, giving videos the thumbs up or thumbs down, and reporting spam comments. As such, users involved in YouTube’s participatory culture are also necessarily involved in the site’s commercial interests. While there are legitimate concerns regarding the privacy of personal information, especially after Google introduced policies in 2012 to facilitate a greater flow of information across all of their subsidiaries, it does not seem that this has diminished YouTube’s popularity (“Google: Privacy Policy”).Despite this, some make the argument that users provide the true benefit of UGC platforms like YouTube, yet reap few rewards, creating an exploitative dynamic (Van Dijck, 46). Two assumptions seem to underpin this argument: the first is that users do not desire to help these platforms prosper, the second is that users expect to profit from their efforts on the website. In response to these arguments, it’s worth calling attention to scholars who have used alternative economic models to account for user-platform coexistence. This is something that Henry Jenkins addresses in his recent book Spreadable Media, largely by focusing on assigning alternate sorts of value to user and fan labour—either the cultural worth of the gift, or the satisfaction of a job well done common to pre-industrial craftsmanship (61). However, there are still questions of how to account for participatory spaces in which labours of love coexist with massively profitable products. In service of this point, Jenkins calls up Lessig, who posits that many online networks operate as hybrid economies, which combine commercial and sharing economies. In a commercial economy, profit is the primary consideration, while a sharing economy is composed of participants who are there because they enjoy doing the work without any expectation of compensation (176). The strict separation between the two economies is, in Lessig’s estimation, essential to the hybrid economy’s success. While it would be difficult to incorporate these two economies together once each had been established, platforms like YouTube have always operated under the hybrid principle. YouTube’s users provide the site with its true value (through their uploading of content, provision of metadata, and use of the site), yet users do not come to YouTube with these tasks in mind—they come to YouTube because it provides an easy-to-use platform by which to share amateur creativity, and a community with whom to interact. Additionally, YouTube serves as the primary venue where remixers can achieve visibility and viral status—something Elisa Kreisinger acknowledged in our interviews (2012). However, users who are not concerned with broad visibility as much as with speaking to particular viewers may leave YouTube if they feel that the venue does not suit their content. Some feminist fan vidders, for instance, have withdrawn from YouTube due to what they perceived as a community who didn’t understand their work (Kreisinger, 2012). Additionally, Kreisinger ended up garnering many more views of her Queer Men remix on Vimeo due simply to the fact that the remix’s initial upload was blocked via YouTube’s Content ID feature. By the time Kreisinger had argued her case with YouTube, the Vimeo link had become the first stop for those viewing and sharing the remix, which received 72,000 views to date (“Queer Men”). Fair Use, Copyright, and Content IDThis instance points to the challenge that remixers face when dealing with copyright on YouTube, a site whose processes are not designed to accommodate fair use. Specifically, Title II, Section 512 of the DMCA (the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, passed in 1998) states that certain websites may qualify as “safe harbours” for copyright infringement if users upload the majority of the content to the site, or if the site is an information location service. These sites are insulated from copyright liability as long as they cooperate to some extent with rights holders. A common objection to Section 512 is that it requires media rights holders to police safe harbours in search of infringing content, rather than placing the onus on the platform provider (Meyers 939). In order to cooperate with Section 512 and rights holders, YouTube initiated the Content ID system in 2007. This system offers rights holders the ability to find and manage their content on the site by creating archives of footage against which user uploads are checked, allowing rights holders to automatically block, track, or monetise uses of their content (it is also worth noting that rights holders can make these responses country-specific) (“How Content ID Works”). At the current time, YouTube has over 15 million reference files against which it checks uploads (“Statistics - YouTube”). Thus, it’s fairly common for uploaded work to get flagged as a violation, especially when that work is a remix of popular institutional footage. If an upload is flagged by the Content ID system, the user can dispute the match, at which point the rights holder has the opportunity to either allow the video through, or to issue a DMCA takedown notice. They can also sue at any point during this process (“A Guide to YouTube Removals”). Content ID matches are relatively easy to dispute and do not generally require legal intervention. However, disputing these automatic takedowns requires users to be aware of their rights to fair use, and requires rights holders to acknowledge a fair use (“YouTube Removals”). This is only compounded by the fact that fair use is not a clearly defined right, but rather a vague provision relying on a balance between four factors: the purpose of the use, character of the work, the amount used, and the effect on the market value of the original (“US Copyright Office–Fair Use”). As Aufderheide and Jaszi observed in 2008, the rejection of videos for Content ID matches combined with the vagaries of fair use has a chilling effect on user-generated content. Rights Holders versus RemixersRights holders’ objections to Section 512 illustrate the ruling power dynamic in current intellectual property disputes: power rests with institutional rights-holding bodies (the RIAA, the MPAA) who assert their dominance over DMCA safe harbours such as YouTube (who must cooperate to stay in business) who, in turn, exert power over remixers (the lowest on the food chain, so to speak). Beyond the observed chilling effect of Content ID, remix on YouTube is shot through with discursive struggle between these rights-holding bodies and remixers attempting to express themselves and reach new communities. However, this has led political video remixers to become especially vocal when arguing for their uses of content. For instance, in the spring of 2009, Elisa Kreisinger curated a show entitled “REMOVED: The Politics of Remix Culture” in which blocked remixes screened alongside the remixers’ correspondence with YouTube. Kreisinger writes that each of these exchanges illustrate the dynamic between rights holders and remixers: “Your video is no longer available because FOX [or another rights-holding body] has chosen to block it (“Remixed/Removed”). Additionally, as Jenkins notes, even Content ID on YouTube is only made available to the largest rights holders—smaller companies must still go through an official DMCA takedown process to report infringement (Spreadable 51). In sum, though recent technological developments may give the appearance of democratising access to content, when it comes to policing UGC, technology has made it easier for the largest rights holders to stifle the creation of content.Additionally, it has been established that rights holders do occasionally use takedowns abusively, and recent court cases—specifically Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.—have established the need for rights holders to assess fair use in order to make a “good faith” assertion that users intend to infringe copyright prior to issuing a takedown notice. However, as Joseph M. Miller notes, the ruling fails to rebalance the burdens and incentives between rights holders and users (1723). This means that while rights holders are supposed to take fair use into account prior to issuing takedowns, there is no process in place that either effectively punishes rights holders who abuse copyright, or allows users to defend themselves without the possibility of massive financial loss (1726). As such, the system currently in place does not disallow or discourage features like Content ID, though cases like Lenz v. Universal indicate a push towards rebalancing the burden of determining fair use. In an effort to turn the tables, many have begun arguing for users’ rights and attempting to parse fair use for the layperson. The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), for instance, has espoused an “environmental rhetoric” of fair use, casting intellectual property as a resource for users (Postigo 1020). Additionally, they have created practical guidelines for UGC creators dealing with DMCA takedowns and Content ID matches on YouTube. The Center for Social Media has also produced a number of fair use guides tailored to different use cases, one of which targeted online video producers. All of these efforts have a common goal: to educate content creators about the fair use of copyrighted content, and then to assert their use as fair in opposition to large rights-holding institutions (though they caution users against unfair uses of content or making risky legal moves that could lead to lawsuits). In relation to remix specifically, this means that remixers must differentiate themselves from institutional, commercial content producers, standing up both for the argument contained in their remix as well as their fair use of copyrighted content.In their “Code of Best Practices for Fair Use in Online Video,” the Center for Social Media note that an online video qualifies as a fair use if (among other things) it critiques copyrighted material and if it “recombines elements to make a new work that depends for its meaning on (often unlikely) relationships between the elements” (8). These two qualities are also two of the defining qualities of political remix video. For instance, they write that work meets the second criteria if it creates “new meaning by juxtaposition,” noting that in these cases “the recombinant new work has a cultural identity of its own and addresses an audience different from those for which its components were intended” (9). Remixes that use elements of familiar sources in unlikely combinations, such as those made by Elisa Kreisinger, generally seek to reach an audience who are familiar with the source content, but also object to it. Sex and the City, for instance, while it initially seemed willing to take on previously “taboo” topics in its exploration of dating in Manhattan, ended with each of the heterosexual characters paired with an opposite sex partner, and forays from this heteronormative narrative were contained either within in one-off episodes or tokenised gay characters. For this reason, Kreisinger noted that the intended audience for Queer Carrie were the queer and feminist viewers of Sex and the City who felt that the show was overly normative and exclusionary (Kreisinger, Art:21). As a result, the target audience of these remixes is different from the target audience of the source material—though the full nuance of the argument is best understood by those familiar with the source. Thus, the remix affirms the segment of the viewing community who saw only tokenised representations of their identity in the source text, and in so doing offers a critique of the original’s heteronormative focus.Fair Use and the VernacularVernacular discourse, as broadly defined by Kent A. Ono and John M. Sloop, refers to discourses that “emerge from discussions between members of self-identified smaller communities within the larger civic community.” It operates partially through appropriating dominant discourses in ways better suited to the vernacular community, through practices of pastiche and cultural syncretism (23). In an effort to better describe the intricacies of this type of discourse, Robert Glenn Howard theorised a hybrid “dialectical vernacular” that oscillates between institutional and vernacular discourse. This hybridity arises from the fact that the institutional and the vernacular are fundamentally inseparable, the vernacular establishing its meaning by asserting itself against the institutional (Howard, Toward 331). When put into use online, this notion of a “dialectical vernacular” is particularly interesting as it refers not only to the content of vernacular messages but also to their means of production. Howard notes that discourse embodying the dialectical vernacular is by nature secondary to institutional discourse, that the institutional must be clearly “structurally prior” (Howard, Vernacular 499). With this in mind it is unsurprising that political remix video—which asserts its secondary nature by calling upon pre-existing copyrighted content while simultaneously reaching out to smaller segments of the civic community—would qualify as a vernacular discourse.The notion of an institutional source’s structural prevalence also echoes throughout work on remix, both in practical guides such as the Center for Social Media’s “Best Practices” as well as in more theoretical takes on remix, like Eduardo Navas’ essay “Turbulence: Remixes + Bonus Beats,” in which he writes that:In brief, the remix when extended as a cultural practice is a second mix of something pre-existent; the material that is mixed for a second time must be recognized, otherwise it could be misunderstood as something new, and it would become plagiarism […] Without a history, the remix cannot be Remix. An elegant theoretical concept, this becomes muddier when considered in light of copyright law. If the history of remix is what gives it its meaning—the source text from which it is derived—then it is this same history that makes a fair use remix vulnerable to DMCA takedowns and other forms of discipline on YouTube. However, as per the criteria outlined by the Center for Social Media, it is also from this ironic juxtaposition of institutional sources that the remix object establishes its meaning, and thus its vernacularity. In this sense, the force of a political remix video’s argument is in many ways dependent on its status as an object in peril: vulnerable to the force of a law that has not yet swung in its favor, yet subversive nonetheless.With this in mind, YouTube and other UGC platforms represent a fraught layer of mediation between institutional and vernacular. As a site for the sharing of amateur video, YouTube has the potential to affirm small communities as users share similar videos, follow one particular channel together, or comment on videos posted by people in their networks. However, YouTube’s interface (rife with advertisements, constantly reminding users of its affiliation with Google) and cooperation with rights holders establish it as an institutional space. As such, remixes on the site are already imbued with the characteristic hybridity of the dialectical vernacular. This is especially true when the remixers (as in the case of PRV) have made the conscious choice to advocate for fair use at the same time that they distribute remixes dealing with other themes and resonating with other communities. ConclusionPolitical remix video sits at a fruitful juncture with regard to copyright as well as vernacularity. Like almost all remix, it makes its meaning through juxtaposing sources in a unique way, calling upon viewers to think about familiar texts in a new light. This creation invokes a new audience—a quality that makes it both vernacular and also a fair use of content. Given that PRV is defined by the “guerrilla” use of copyrighted footage, it has the potential to stand as a political statement outside of the thematic content of the remix simply due to the nature of its composition. This gives PRV tremendous potential for multivalent argument, as a video can simultaneously represent a marginalised community while advocating for copyright reform. This is only reinforced by the fact that many political video remixers have become vocal in advocating for fair use, asserting the strength of their community and their common goal.In addition to this argumentative richness, PRV’s relation to fair use and vernacularity exposes the complexity of the remix form: it continually oscillates between institutional affiliations and smaller vernacular communities. However, the hybridity of these remixes produces tension, much of which manifests on YouTube, where videos are easily responded to and challenged by both institutuional and vernacular authorities. In addition, a tension exists in the remix text itself between the source and the new, remixed message. Further research should attend to these areas of tension, while also exploring the tenacity of the remix community and their ability to advocate for themselves while circumventing copyright law.References“About Political Remix Video.” Political Remix Video. 15 Feb. 2012. ‹http://www.politicalremixvideo.com/what-is-political-remix/›.Aufderheide, Patricia, and Peter Jaszi. Reclaiming Fair Use: How to Put Balance Back in Copyright. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2008. Kindle.“Code of Best Practices for Fair Use in Online Video.” The Center For Social Media, 2008. Van Dijck, José. “Users like You? Theorizing Agency in User-Generated Content.” Media Culture Society 31 (2009): 41-58.“A Guide to YouTube Removals,” The Electronic Frontier Foundation, 15 June 2013 ‹https://www.eff.org/issues/intellectual-property/guide-to-YouTube-removals›.Hilderbrand, Lucas. “YouTube: Where Cultural Memory and Copyright Converge.” Film Quarterly 61.1 (2007): 48-57.Howard, Robert Glenn. “The Vernacular Web of Participatory Media.” Critical Studies in Media Communication 25.5 (2008): 490-513.Howard, Robert Glenn. “Toward a Theory of the World Wide Web Vernacular: The Case for Pet Cloning.” Journal of Folklore Research 42.3 (2005): 323-60.“How Content ID Works.” YouTube. 21 June 2013. ‹https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/2797370?hl=en›.Jenkins, Henry, Sam Ford, and Joshua Green. Spreadable Media: Creating Value and Meaning in a Networked Culture. New York: New York U P, 2013. Jenkins, Henry. Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide. New York: New York U P, 2006. Kreisinger, Elisa. Interview with Nick Briz. Art:21. Art:21, 30 June 2011. 21 June 2013.Kreisinger, Elisa. “Queer Video Remix and LGBTQ Online Communities,” Transformative Works and Cultures 9 (2012). 19 June 2013 ‹http://journal.transformativeworks.org/index.php/twc/article/view/395/264›.Kreisinger, Elisa. Pop Culture Pirate. < http://www.popculturepirate.com/ >.Lessig, Lawrence. Remix: Making Art and Commerce Thrive in the Hybrid Economy. New York: Penguin Books, 2008. PDF.Meyers, B.G. “Filtering Systems or Fair Use? A Comparative Analysis of Proposed Regulations for User-Generated Content.” Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal 26.3: 935-56.Miller, Joseph M. “Fair Use through the Lenz of § 512(c) of the DMCA: A Preemptive Defense to a Premature Remedy?” Iowa Law Review 95 (2009-2010): 1697-1729.Navas, Eduardo. “Turbulence: Remixes + Bonus Beats.” New Media Fix 1 Feb. 2007. 10 June 2013 ‹http://newmediafix.net/Turbulence07/Navas_EN.html›.Ono, Kent A., and John M. Sloop. Shifting Borders: Rhetoric, Immigration and California’s Proposition 187. Philadelphia: Temple U P, 2002.“Privacy Policy – Policies & Principles.” Google. 19 June 2013 ‹http://www.google.com/policies/privacy/›.Postigo, Hector. “Capturing Fair Use for The YouTube Generation: The Digital Rights Movement, the Electronic Frontier Foundation, and the User-Centered Framing of Fair Use.” Information, Communication & Society 11.7 (2008): 1008-27.“Statistics – YouTube.” YouTube. 21 June 2013 ‹http://www.youtube.com/yt/press/statistics.html›.“US Copyright Office: Fair Use,” U.S. Copyright Office. 19 June 2013 ‹http://www.copyright.gov/fls/fl102.html›.“YouTube Help.” YouTube FAQ. 19 June 2013 ‹http://support.google.com/youtube/?hl=en&topic=2676339&rd=2›.

Scenario: You are exhausted after a long day at work and collapse in front of the television for some mindless entertainment. One of your favourite comedy shows is on. You begin to relax. You laugh a couple of times. There's a commercial break. You watch the first ad for a hardware store, giving it only half your attention. And then there's another ad, something about a father and son in a car together and then ". WOOOMPH! A truck slams into the car. The message is "Speed kills!" Or there are people playing and sunbathing on a beach, happy holidays, and then vultures descend and surround them. The message is "Slip! Slop! Slap! Don't die in the sun this summer". Or someone is shown smoking a cigarette and the caption reads : "Give up now. You'll soon stop dying for a cigarette". This might be accompanied by scenes of a post-mortem, dissections of human lungs or brain. Context Threat appeals are used frequently in health and road safety promotion. Many use the threat of death as the consequence of undesirable behaviours, for example, "Quit smoking or you'll die' (Henley and Donovan). ("Non-death threats' appeal to other consequences such as "Quit smoking or your skin will age'.) There is an implicit notion of premature death threat, although this is rarely stated explicitly. When reminded of our risk of premature death, we are reminded by extension of the ultimate inevitability of our death. An understanding of the philosophy of existentialism can help us understand why consumers may, quite reasonably, tune out, or literally switch off health promotion messages that remind them of their own death. This paper explores the effect on consumers of these mass media invocations of the fear of death, or "death threats'. Verbatim comments are included from six focus groups conducted on fear and health promotion. Groups were delineated by age (16-20 years, 21-29 years and 30-49 years), gender, and socio-economic status (blue collar/white collar) (Henley). What is existential dread? Fear is one of the primary human emotions (along with anger, sadness, love, joy and surprise) and "dread' is one of the emotion names associated with fear (Shaver et al. 1067). We do not need to learn how to feel fear. We have to learn what to fear, however. Despite the joke about death and taxes, death is uniquely inevitable. (Some people do manage to avoid taxes!) In his definitive work, Denial of Death, Becker stated his belief that knowledge of our own death is the source of 'man's peculiar and greatest anxiety' (70); it's what makes us human. Existentialists think that knowing about the inevitability of our own death can be overwhelming, arousing the worst fear imaginable, "existential dread' (Bugental 287). Existential philosophers and psychologists believe that part of this anxiety stems from the existential dread of "not being'. Discussing Heidegger's analysis of the meaning of death in Being and Time, Barrett put it this way: The point is that I may die at any moment, and therefore death is my possibility now. It is like a precipice at my feet. It is also the most extreme and absolute of my possibilities: extreme, because it is the possibility of not being and hence cuts off all other possibilities; absolute, because man can surmount all other heartbreaks, even the deaths of those he loves, but his own death puts an end to him (201). The essence of existential philosophy is this idea that we are all deeply, terribly afraid of death. Fear of death can be seen even in very young children (Anthony, The child's; Anthony, The discovery; Nagy) who express considerable anxiety about death, but quickly learn from their parents and others how to deny it (Yalom). Existential psychologists have suggested that the fear of our own death is the cause of much of our psychopathology (Yalom). Existentialists believe that the most common response to existential anxiety is to deny it, creating in oneself a 'state of forgetfulness of being' as far as possible. Weisman described three levels of denial in terminally ill patients: "first-order denial' of the facts of illness; "second-order denial' of the implications of the illness; and "third-order denial' of death itself. He noted that often a patient moves from first and second order denial into "middle knowledge' (i.e., acceptance of near death), but then relapses. Weisman remarked that this relapse is often the signal that the terminal phase has begun. This aspect of denial is a complicated factor in the complex measurement of death anxiety. When people say they are not afraid of death, who can say whether they are denying fear or truly not afraid? In either case, health promotion appeals that threaten death may not be effective, either because the fear is denied or because there is no fear. In focus groups exploring people's concepts of death (Henley 111), few people acknowledged being afraid of their own death and many specifically stated that they were not afraid of their own death. One woman voiced the universal difficulty of truly conceiving what it might be like "not to be' (Kastenbaum and Aisenberg) when she said: 'death seems like such an unrealistic proposition'. People did acknowledge fears about death, such as dying painfully, so health promotion messages that threaten these other dimensions of death anxiety may be more effective. Health promotion practitioners frequently use these related death fears. The fear of causing death, for example, is used in road safety advertisements. However, this discussion on existential fear is limited to threat appeals of death per se. Death threats in health promotion Is arousing existential dread an effective way to market healthy behaviours? At first sight, it seems logical that the threat of death would be more persuasive than lesser threats and yet it may not be the most effective approach. There is some evidence that lesser threats may be more effective for some groups of adolescents and young adults for smoking (Donovan and Leivers), and for road safety behaviours (Donovan et al.). For example, for some 18 year old males, the threat of being caught drinking and driving, of losing their driving licence and, thus, their new-found independence may be a more effective deterrent than the threat of dying in a car accident (Donovan et al.). The humiliation of being arrested and charged for drink-driving may be the most powerful persuader for adults of all ages (Bevins). For men attending the Jerusalem Centre for Impotency and Fertility, impotence was reported a more persuasive threat than death: 78% of men who were told that smoking causes impotence quit smoking, compared to 40% who quit when told that smoking causes heart attacks ("No smoking tip"). One woman in a focus group said, 'you tend to think short-term, "can I afford a $100 fine?" rather than long-term, "this is my life." If I stop to think about it, obviously I'm more afraid of dying than $100 [fine], but that's not what I think about' (Henley 95). This makes sense in the context of forgetfulness, the denial of death. We don't want to be reminded of our death so we switch off the death message. Lesser threats may be more easily internalised. Does arousing existential dread do any harm? Perhaps. Job suggested that fear arousal is likely to be effective only for specific behaviours that successfully reduce the level of fear arousal and that high-fear messages may actually increase behaviours that people employ to reduce anxiety, such as smoking and alcohol consumption. People high in anxiety are hypothesised to be hypersensitive to threats and likely to employ a restricted range of self-soothing coping behaviours to reduce negative affect (Wickramasekera and Price). Death threat appeals such as "Quit smoking or you'll die' may arouse defensive, counter-productive responses, at least in some people, because it is impossible to identify any specific behaviour that could successfully reduce the particular, unique fear of death per se. Firestone identified a number of psychological defences against death anxiety, including self-nourishing and addictive habits, such as smoking and overeating. Ironically, these same behaviours are frequently the subject of health promotion campaigns. If such campaigns arouse death anxiety in an effort to curb defensive responses to death anxiety, there clearly could be an increase rather than a decrease in those defensive responses. Arousing death anxiety might contribute to fatalistic thinking. Job described some people's defenses against very high fear, for example, "...you've got to go sometime' or "...when your number's up, your number's up'. In focus groups, people commented, 'if an accident is going to happen, it's going to happen' and 'what's the point of giving up [unhealthy behaviours] if you get run over by a bus tomorrow?' (Henley 95, 108). Rippetoe and Rogers found that fatalistic thinking occurred when subjects did not believe that the recommended behaviour would avert the threat. That is, people may realise that quitting smoking could avert lung cancer and even some causes of premature death but that nothing can avert death itself. Fatalism may be one of the most maladaptive responses because the threat is acknowledged but rendered ineffective (Rippetoe and Rogers). Social marketers can make some of their persuasive communications more effective if they are more mindful of consumers' existential fears. A sensitivity to consumers' psychological defences against existential fear may result in more effective use of threat appeals in health promotion. Mindfulness Mindful that the title of this paper itself may arouse some existential dread, I end with a comment on the existentialist alternative to denial. Existentialists advocate a state of 'mindfulness of being' or 'ontological mode' (Heidegger, quoted in Yalom 31) in which "one remains mindful of being, not only mindful of the fragility of being but mindful, too ... of one's responsibility for one's own being." (Yalom 31). The existentialist strives to be as mindful, as present in the moment, and therefore as authentic as possible. This involves the acceptance of existential anxiety as an appropriate and reasonable response to the human condition (Bugental). Some focus group participants wanted to know in advance that they were going to die, 'so you can fit things in you'd want to do and say goodbye'. Others thought it was better not to know or 'you'd start having regrets'. One person pointed out that we do know in advance: 'you know you're going to die sometime!'. This last comment was followed by a sober, almost shocked silence suggesting that, even while we are freely discussing death on one level, the full meaning of death may still elude us. As consumers of health promotion messages, we are exposed to many reminders of our finite existence. If we sit mindlessly in front of the television receiving these messages, we may feel some unresolved discomfort. People talk about looking away, or switching channels when particularly shocking ads are shown. The existentialist alternative response would be to embrace these reminders and use them to sustain a state of mindfulness. With this state of mindfulness comes a heightened sense of responsibility for one's own being. It is in this ontological mode that we are most likely to adopt the healthy behaviours recommended in health promotion messages. By hearing the death threat openly, and acting to protect ourselves from at least those causes of premature death that may lie within our control, we may be able to discover a fuller experience of what it means to be alive. References Anthony, Sylvia. The Child's Discovery of Death. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1940. Anthony, Sylvia. The Discovery of Death in Childhood and After. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Education, 1973. Barrett, W. Irrational Man, A Study in Existential Philosophy. London: Heinemann, 1958. Becker, Ernest. The Denial of Death. New York: The Free Press, 1973. Bevins, John. "Using Advertising to Sell and Promote Health and Healthy Products". Paper presented at the ACHPER Health Products and Services Marketing Seminar. Kuring-gai College, Sydney, 1987. Bugental, J. F. T. The Search for Authenticity: An Existential-analytic Approach to Psychotherapy. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 1965. Donovan, Robert J., and Sue Leivers. Young Women and Smoking. Report to Commonwealth Department of Human Services and Health. Perth: Donovan Research, 1988. Donovan, Robert J., Nadine Henley, Geoffrey Jalleh, and Clive Slater. Road Safety Advertising: An Empirical Study and Literature Review. Canberra: Federal Office of Road Safety, 1995. Firestone, Robert W. "Psychological Defenses against Death Anxiety." Death Anxiety Handbook: Research, Instrumentation, and Application. Series in Death Education, Aging, and Health Care. Ed. Robert A. Neimeyer. Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis, 1994. 217-241. Henley, Nadine R. "Fear Arousal in Social Marketing: Death vs Non-death Threats." Doctoral Dissertation, University of Western Australia, Perth, 1997. Henley, Nadine and Robert J. Donovan. "Threat Appeals in Social Marketing: Death as a "Special Case'". International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing, 4.4 (1999): 300-319. Job, R. F. Soames. "Effective and Ineffective Use of Fear in Health Promotion Campaigns." American Journal of Public Health, 78 (1988): 163-167. Kastenbaum, R., and R. Aisenberg. The Psychology of Death. London: Duckworth, 1974. Nagy, Maria H. "The Child's View of Death." The Meaning of Death. Ed. Herman Feifel. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1959. 79-98. "No Smoking Tip for Lovers". Daily Telegraph, (1994, September 24): p. 4. Rippetoe, P.A. and Rogers, R.W. "Effects of components of protection-motivation theory on adaptive and maladaptive coping with a health threat." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52.3 (1987): 596-604. Shaver, P., J. Schwartz, D. Kirson, and C. O'Connor. "Emotion Knowledge: Further Exploration of a Prototype Approach." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52.6 (1987): 1061-1086. Weisman, A.D. On dying and denying: A psychiatric study of terminality. New York: Behavioral Publications, 1972. Wickramasekera, Ian and Daniel C. Price. "Morbid Obesity, Absorption, Neuroticism, and the High Risk Model of Threat Perception." American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 39 (1997): 291-301. Yalom, I. D. Existential Psychotherapy. New York: Basic Books, 1980. Citation reference for this article MLA Style Henley, Nadine. "You will die! " M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 5.1 (2002). [your date of access] < http://www.media-culture.org.au/0203/youwilldie.php>. Chicago Style Henley, Nadine, "You will die! " M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 5, no. 1 (2002), < http://www.media-culture.org.au/0203/youwilldie.php> ([your date of access]). APA Style Henley, Nadine. (2002) You will die! . M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 5(1). < http://www.media-culture.org.au/0203/youwilldie.php> ([your date of access]).

If I find out that you have bought a $90 red light sabre, Tara, well there's going to be trouble. -- Kevin Brabazon A few Saturdays ago, my 71-year old father tried to convince me of imminent responsibilities. As I am considering the purchase of a house, there are mortgages, bank fees and years of misery to endure. Unfortunately, I am not an effective Big Picture Person. The lure of the light sabre is almost too great. For 30 year old Generation Xers like myself, it is more than a cultural object. It is a textual anchor, and a necessary component to any future history of the present. Revelling in the aura of the Australian release for Star Wars: The Phantom Menace, this paper investigates popular memory, an undertheorised affiliation between popular culture and cultural studies.1 The excitement encircling the Star Wars prequel has been justified in terms of 'hype' or marketing. Such judgements frame the men and women cuing for tickets, talking Yodas and light sabres as fools or duped souls who need to get out more. My analysis explores why Star Wars has generated this enthusiasm, and how cultural studies can mobilise this passionate commitment to consider notions of popularity, preservation and ephemerality. We'll always have Tattooine. Star Wars has been a primary popular cultural social formation for a generation. The stories of Luke Skywalker, Princess Leia, Han Solo, Chewbacca, Darth Vader, Yoda, C-3PO and R2D2 offer an alternative narrative for the late 1970s and 1980s. It was a comfort to have the Royal Shakespearian tones of Alec Guinness confirming that the Force would be with us, through economic rationalism, unemployment, Pauline Hanson and Madonna discovering yoga. The Star Wars Trilogy, encompassing A New Hope, The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi, was released between 1977 and 1983. These films have rarely slipped from public attention, being periodically 'brought back' through new cinematic and video releases. The currency of Star Wars is matched with the other great popular cultural formations of the post-war period: the James Bond series and Star Trek. One reason for the continued success of these programmes is that other writers, film makers and producers cannot leave these texts alone. Bond survives not only through Pierce Brosnan's good looks, but the 'Hey Baby' antics of Austin Powers. Star Trek, through four distinct series, has become an industry that will last longer than Voyager's passage back from the Delta Quadrant. Star Wars, perhaps even more effectively than the other popular cultural heavyweights, has enmeshed itself into other filmic and televisual programming. Films like Spaceballs and television quizzes on Good News Week keep the knowledge system and language current and pertinent.2 Like Umberto Eco realised of Casablanca, Star Wars is "a living example of living textuality" (199). Both films are popular because of imperfections and intertextual archetypes, forming a filmic quilt of sensations and affectivities. Viewers are aware that "the cliches are talking among themselves" (Eco 209). As these cinematic texts move through time, the depth and commitment of these (con)textual dialogues are repeated and reinscribed. To hold on to a memory is to isolate a moment or an image and encircle it with meaning. Each day we experience millions of texts: some are remembered, but most are lost. Some popular cultural texts move from ephemera to popular memory to history. In moving beyond individual reminiscences -- the personal experiences of our lifetime -- we enter the sphere of popular culture. Collective or popular memory is a group or community experience of a textualised reality. For example, during the Second World War, there were many private experiences, but certain moments arch beyond the individual. Songs by Vera Lynn are fully textualised experiences that become the fodder for collective memory. Similarly, Star Wars provides a sense-making mechanism for the 1980s. Like all popular culture, these texts allow myriad readership strategies, but there is collective recognition of relevance and importance. Popular memory is such an important site because it provides us, as cultural critics, with a map of emotionally resonant sites of the past, moments that are linked with specific subjectivities and a commonality of expression. While Star Wars, like all popular cultural formations, has a wide audience, there are specific readings that are pertinent for particular groups. To unify a generation around cultural texts is an act of collective memory. As Harris has suggested, "sometimes, youth does interesting things with its legacy and creatively adapts its problematic into seemingly autonomous cultural forms" (79). Generation X refers to an age cohort born between the mid-1960s and the mid-1970s. Finally cultural studies theorists have found a Grail subculture. Being depthless, ambivalent, sexually repressed and social failures, Xers are a cultural studies dream come true. They were the children of the media revolution. Star Wars is integral to this textualised database. A fan on the night of the first screening corrected a journalist: "we aren't Generation X, we are the Star Wars generation" (Brendon, in Miller 9). An infatuation and reflexivity with the media is the single framework of knowledge in which Xers operate. This shared understanding is the basis for comedy, and particularly revealed (in Australia) in programmes like The Panel and Good News Week. Television themes, lines of film dialogue and contemporary news broadcasts are the basis of the game show. The aesthetics of life transforms television into a real. Or, put another way, "individual lives may be fragmented and confused but McDonald's is universal" (Hopkins 17). A group of textual readers share a literacy, a new way of reading the word and world of texts. Nostalgia is a weapon. The 1990s has been a decade of revivals: from Abba to skateboards, an era of retro reinscription has challenged linear theories of history and popular culture. As Timothy Carter reveals, "we all loved the Star Wars movies when we were younger, and so we naturally look forward to a continuation of those films" (9). The 1980s has often been portrayed as a bad time, of Thatcher and Reagan, cold war brinkmanship, youth unemployment and HIV. For those who were children and (amorphously phrased) 'young adults' of this era, the popular memory is of fluorescent fingerless gloves, Ray Bans, 'Choose Life' t-shirts and bubble skirts. It was an era of styling mousse, big hair, the Wham tan, Kylie and Jason and Rick Astley's dancing. Star Wars action figures gave the films a tangibility, holding the future of the rebellion in our hands (literally). These memories clumsily slop into the cup of the present. The problem with 'youth' is that it is semiotically too rich: the expression is understood, but not explained, by discourses as varied as the educational system, family structures, leisure industries and legal, medical and psychological institutions. It is a term of saturation, where normality is taught, and deviance is monitored. All cultural studies theorists carry the baggage of the Birmingham Centre into any history of youth culture. The taken-for-granted 'youth as resistance' mantra, embodied in Resistance through Rituals and Subculture: The Meaning of Style, transformed young people into the ventriloquist's puppet of cultural studies. The strings of the dancing, smoking, swearing and drinking puppet took many years to cut. The feminist blade of Angela McRobbie did some damage to the fraying filaments, as did Dick Hebdige's reflexive corrections in Hiding in the Light. However, the publications, promotion and pedagogy of Gen X ended the theoretical charade. Gen X, the media sophisticates, played with popular culture, rather than 'proper politics.' In Coupland's Generation X, Claire, one of the main characters believed that "Either our lives become stories, or there's just no way to get through them." ... We know that this is why the three of us left our lives behind us and came to the desert -- to tell stories and to make our own lives worthwhile tales in the process. (8) Television and film are part of this story telling process. This intense connection generated an ironic and reflexive literacy in the media. Television became the basis for personal pleasures and local resistances, resulting in a disciplined mobilisation of popular cultural surfaces. Even better than the real thing. As the youngest of Generation Xers are now in their late twenties, they have moved from McJobs to careers. Robert Kizlik, a teacher trainer at an American community college expressed horror as the lack of 'commonsensical knowledge' from his new students. He conducted a survey for teachers training in the social sciences, assessing their grasp of history. There was one hundred percent recognition of such names as Madonna, Mike Tyson, and Sharon Stone, but they hardly qualify as important social studies content ... . I wondered silently just what it is that these students are going to teach when they become employed ... . The deeper question is not that we have so many high school graduates and third and fourth year college students who are devoid of basic information about American history and culture, but rather, how, in the first place, these students came to have the expectations that they could become teachers. (n. pag.) Kizlik's fear is that the students, regardless of their enthusiasm, had poor recognition of knowledge he deemed significant and worthy. His teaching task, to convince students of the need for non-popular cultural knowledges, has resulted in his course being termed 'boring' or 'hard'. He has been unable to reconcile the convoluted connections between personal stories and televisual narratives. I am reminded (perhaps unhelpfully) of one of the most famous filmic teachers, Mr Holland. Upon being attacked by his superiors for using rock and roll in his classes, he replied that he would use anything to instil in his students a love of music. Working with, rather than against, popular culture is an obvious pedagogical imperative. George Lucas has, for example, confirmed the Oprahfied spirituality of the current age. Obviously Star Wars utilises fables, myths3 and fairy tales to summon the beautiful Princess, the gallant hero and the evil Empire, but has become something more. Star Wars slots cleanly into an era of Body Shop Feminism, John Gray's gender politics and Rikki Lake's relationship management. Brian Johnson and Susan Oh argued that the film is actually a new religion. A long time ago in a galaxy far far away -- late 1970s California -- the known universe of George Lucas came into being. In the beginning, George created Star Wars. And the screen was without form, and void. And George said, 'Let there be light', and there was Industrial Light and Magic. And George divided the light from the darkness, with light sabres, and called the darkness the Evil Empire.... And George saw that it was good. (14) The writers underestimate the profound emotional investment placed in the trilogy by millions of people. Genesis narratives describe the Star Wars phenomenon, but do not analyse it. The reason why the films are important is not only because they are a replacement for religion. Instead, they are an integrated component of popular memory. Johnson and Oh have underestimated the influence of pop culture as "the new religion" (14). It is not a form of cheap grace. The history of ideas is neither linear nor traceable. There is no clear path from Plato to Prozac or Moses to Mogadon. Obi-Wan Kenobi is not a personal trainer for the ailing spirituality of our age. It was Ewan McGregor who fulfilled the Xer dream to be the young Obi Wan. As he has stated, "there is nothing cooler than being a Jedi knight" (qtd. in Grant 15). Having survived feet sawing in Shallow Grave and a painfully large enema in Trainspotting, there are few actors who are better prepared to carry the iconographic burden of a Star Wars prequel. Born in 1971, he is the Molly Ringwall of the 1990s. There is something delicious about the new Obi Wan, that hails what Hicks described as "a sense of awareness and self- awareness, of detached observation, of not taking things seriously, and a use of subtle dry humour" (79). The metaphoric light sabre was passed to McGregor. The pull of the dark side. When fans attend The Phantom Menace, they tend to the past, as to a loved garden. Whether this memory is a monument or a ruin depends on the preservation of the analogue world in the digital realm. The most significant theoretical and discursive task in the present is to disrupt the dual ideologies punctuating the contemporary era: inevitable technological change and progress.4 Only then may theorists ponder the future of a digitised past. Disempowered groups, who were denied a voice and role in the analogue history of the twentieth century, will have inequalities reified and reinforced through the digital archiving of contemporary life. The Web has been pivotal to the new Star Wars film. Lucasfilm has an Internet division and an official Website. Between mid November and May, this site has been accessed twenty million times (Gallott 15). Other sites, such as TheForce.net and Countdown to Star Wars, are a record of the enthusiasm and passion of fans. As Daniel Fallon and Matthew Buchanan have realised, "these sites represent the ultimate in film fandom -- virtual communities where like-minded enthusiasts can bathe in the aura generated by their favourite masterpiece" (27). Screensavers, games, desktop wallpaper, interviews and photo galleries have been downloaded and customised. Some ephemeral responses to The Phantom Menace have been digitally recorded. Yet this moment of audience affectivity will be lost without a consideration of digital memory. The potentials and problems of the digital and analogue environments need to be oriented into critical theories of information, knowledge, entertainment and pleasure. The binary language of computer-mediated communication allows a smooth transference of data. Knowledge and meaning systems are not exchanged as easily. Classifying, organising and preserving information make it useful. Archival procedures have been both late and irregular in their application.5 Bocher and Ihlenfeldt assert that 2500 new web sites are coming on-line every day ("A Higher Signal-to-Noise Ratio"). The difficulties and problems confronting librarians and archivists who wish to preserve digital information is revealed in the Australian government's PADI (Preserving Access to Digital Information) Site. Compared with an object in a museum which may lie undisturbed for years in a storeroom, or a book on a shelf, or even Egyptian hieroglyd on the wall of a tomb, digital information requires much more active maintenance. If we want access to digital information in the future, we must plan and act now. (PADI, "Why Preserve Access to Digital Information?") phics carve The speed of digitisation means that responsibility for preserving cultural texts, and the skills necessary to enact this process, is increasing the pressure facing information professionals. An even greater difficulty when preserving digital information is what to keep, and what to release to the ephemeral winds of cyberspace. 'Qualitative criteria' construct an historical record that restates the ideologies of the powerful. Concerns with quality undermine the voices of the disempowered, displaced and decentred. The media's instability through technological obsolescence adds a time imperative that is absent from other archival discussions.6 While these problems have always taken place in the analogue world, there was a myriad of alternative sites where ephemeral material was stored, such as the family home. Popular cultural information will suffer most from the 'blind spots' of digital archivists. While libraries rarely preserve the ephemera of a time, many homes (including mine) preserve the 'trash' of a culture. A red light sabre, toy dalek, Duran Duran posters and a talking Undertaker are all traces of past obsessions and fandoms. Passion evaporates, and interests morph into new trends. These objects remain in attics, under beds, in boxes and sheds throughout the world. Digital documents necessitate a larger project of preservation, with great financial (and spatial) commitments of technology, software and maintenance. Libraries rarely preserve the ephemera -- the texture and light -- of the analogue world. The digital era reduces the number of fan-based archivists. Subsequently forfeited is the spectrum of interests and ideologies that construct the popular memory of a culture. Once bits replace atoms, the recorded world becomes structured by digital codes. Only particular texts will be significant enough to store digitally. Samuel Florman stated that "in the digital age nothing need be lost; do we face the prospect of drowning in trivia as the generations succeed each other?" (n. pag.) The trivia of academics may be the fodder (and pleasures) of everyday life. Digitised preservation, like analogue preservation, can never 'represent' plural paths through the past. There is always a limit and boundary to what is acceptable obsolescence. The Star Wars films suggests that "the whole palette of digital technology is much more subtle and supple; if you can dream it, you can see it" (Corliss 65). This film will also record how many of the dreams survive and are archived. Films, throughout the century, have changed the way in which we construct and remember the past. They convey an expressive memory, rather than an accurate history. Certainly, Star Wars is only a movie. Yet, as Rushkoff has suggested, "we have developed a new language of references and self-references that identify media as a real thing and media history as an actual social history" (32). The build up in Australia to The Phantom Menace has been wilfully joyful. This is a history of the present, a time which I know will, in retrospect, be remembered with great fondness. It is a collective event for a generation, but it speaks to us all in different ways. At ten, it is easy to be amazed and enthralled at popular culture. By thirty, it is more difficult. When we see Star Wars, we go back to visit our memories. With red light sabre in hand, we splice through time, as much as space. Footnotes The United States release of the film occurred on 19 May 1999. In Australia, the film's first screenings were on 3 June. Many cinemas showed The Phantom Menace at 12:01 am, (very) early Thursday morning. The three main players of the GNW team, Paul McDermott, Mikey Robbins and Julie McCrossin, were featured on the cover of Australia's Juice magazine in costumes from The Phantom Menace, being Obi-Wan, Yoda and Queen Amidala respectively. Actually, the National Air and Space Museum had a Star Wars exhibition in 1997, titled "Star Wars: The Magic of Myth". For example, Janet Collins, Michael Hammond and Jerry Wellington, in Teaching and Learning with the Media, stated that "the message is simple: we now have the technology to inform, entertain and educate. Miss it and you, your family and your school will be left behind" (3). Herb Brody described the Net as "an overstuffed, underorganised attic full of pictures and documents that vary wildly in value", in "Wired Science". The interesting question is, whose values will predominate when the attic is being cleared and sorted? This problem is extended because the statutory provision of legal deposit, which obliges publishers to place copies of publications in the national library of the country in which the item is published, does not include CD-ROMs or software. References Bocher, Bob, and Kay Ihlenfeldt. "A Higher Signal-to-Noise Ratio: Effective Use of WebSearch Engines." State of Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction Website. 13 Mar. 1998. 15 June 1999 <http://www.dpi.state.wi.us/dpi/dlcl/lbstat/search2.php>. Brody, Herb. "Wired Science." Technology Review Oct. 1996. 15 June 1999 <http://www.techreview.com/articles/oct96/brody.php>. Carter, Timothy. "Wars Weary." Cinescape 39 (Mar./Apr. 1999): 9. Collins, Janet, Michael Hammond, and Jerry Wellington. Teaching and Learning with Multimedia. London: Routledge, 1997. Corliss, Richard. "Ready, Set, Glow!" Time 18 (3 May 1999): 65. Count Down to Star Wars. 1999. 15 June 1999 <http://starwars.countingdown.com/>. Coupland, Douglas. Generation X. London: Abacus, 1991. Eco, Umberto. Travels in Hyper-Reality. London: Picador, 1987. Fallon, Daniel, and Matthew Buchanan. "Now Screening." Australian Net Guide 4.5 (June 1999): 27. Florman, Samuel. "From Here to Eternity." MIT's Technology Review 100.3 (Apr. 1997). Gallott, Kirsten. "May the Web Be with you." Who Weekly 24 May 1999: 15. Grant, Fiona. "Ewan's Star Soars!" TV Week 29 May - 4 June 1999: 15. Hall, Stuart, and Tony Jefferson, eds. Resistance through Rituals. London: Hutchinson, 1976. Harris, David. From Class Struggle to the Politics of Pleasure: the Effects of Gramscianism on Cultural Studies. London: Routledge, 1992. Hebdige, Dick. Hiding in the Light. London: Routledge, 1988. Hopkins, Susan. "Generation Pulp." Youth Studies Australia Spring 1995. Johnson, Brian, and Susan Oh. "The Second Coming: as the Newest Star Wars Film Illustrates, Pop Culture Has Become a New Religion." Maclean's 24 May 1999: 14-8. Juice 78 (June 1999). Kizlik, Robert. "Generation X Wants to Teach." International Journal of Instructional Media 26.2 (Spring 1999). Lucasfilm Ltd. Star Wars: Welcome to the Official Site. 1999. 15 June 1999 <http://www.starwars.com/>. Miller, Nick. "Generation X-Wing Fighter." The West Australian 4 June 1999: 9. PADI. "What Digital Information Should be Preserved? Appraisal and Selection." Preserving Access to Digital Information (PADI) Website. 11 March 1999. 15 June 1999 <http://www.nla.gov.au/padi/what.php>. PADI. "Why Preserve Access to Digital Information?" Preserving Access to Digital Information (PADI) Website. <http://www.nla.gov.au/padi/why.php>. Rushkoff, Douglas. Media Virus. Sydney: Random House, 1994. Citation reference for this article MLA style: Tara Brabazon. "A Red Light Sabre to Go, and Other Histories of the Present." M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 2.4 (1999). [your date of access] <http://www.uq.edu.au/mc/9906/sabre.php>. Chicago style: Tara Brabazon, "A Red Light Sabre to Go, and Other Histories of the Present," M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 2, no. 4 (1999), <http://www.uq.edu.au/mc/9906/sabre.php> ([your date of access]). APA style: Tara Brabazon. (1999) A red light sabre to go, and other histories of the present. M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 2(4). <http://www.uq.edu.au/mc/9906/sabre.php> ([your date of access]).