Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Mascareignes (îles)'
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Pailler, Thierry. "L'hétérostylie dans l'archipel des Mascareignes : présence, maintien et évolution." La Réunion, 1997. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/97_04_Pailler.pdf.
Full textBissessur, Prithivi Dass. "Structure, âge et évolution du Bassin des Mascareignes, Océan Indien Occidental." Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011GLOB0019.
Full textNotter, Jean-Cyrille. "Toponymie des îles créoles de l’océan Indien." Thesis, La Réunion, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LARE0020/document.
Full textFrench territories in the late eighteenth century, the archipelagos of Mascarene, Seychelles and Chagos experienced a different political destiny. All of these islands except Reunion became English-speaking. Yet today, we make an essential observation, paradoxical in appearance: these islands still have a mostly French-speaking toponymy. This ascertainment is at the origin of this research supported by a thematic and georeferenced database of about 6600 place names. Thanks to this tool, an analyse has been carried according to several criteria such as the languages, the semantic values, the natures and importance of designated elements and the spatial distribution. The question about appropriation and evolution of place names is also examined and analysed. This work constitutes a base, open and evolutive, for further works
Marimoutou-Oberlé, Michèle. "Engagisme et contrôle sanitaire : quarantaine et lazarets de quarantaine dans les mascareignes aux XIXe siècle et début du XXe siècle." Nantes, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NANT3015.
Full textIn the first part of the XIXth century, the prohibition of the slave trade and later the abolition of slavery forced the landowners of Reunion Island and Mauritius Island to use a newtype of labour : indentured workers. More than 600 000 persons landed mainly recruted from India, but also from other parts of the world such as China, South East Asia, East Africa, Madagascar, the Comoros Islands or Rodrigues Island. To protect the colonies against infectious diseases, the governments of London and Paris commanded the governors of Mauritius and Reunion islands to enforce locally the sanitary regulations applied in aminland territories. The arrival of indentured labourers from countries where plague, smallpox and cholera were considered as endemic, led to the reinforcement of sanitary controls on arrival. The inspection of vessels and quarantine on board or in lazarets were the principal measures of this sanitary control policy, because the origin and the form of these diseases were not yet known. At the end of the 1850s, with the massive introduction of indentured labourers and the internalisation of the fight against infectious diseases, permanent quarantine lazarets were built on Mauritian flat island and at La Grande Chaloupe in Reunion Island. In this french colony, an initial "observation quarantine" was systematically imposed on indentured labourers for ten days. At the end of the XIXth century although the landing of indentured workers declined, medical brekthroughs in the field of viruses and bacteriums pardoxically increased the number of diseases subjected to quarantine control. As a result lazarets remained an important component of sanitary control on arrival until the end of the 1930's
Albert, Sébastien. "Rupture des interactions mutualistes plantes à fruits charnus-vertébrés frugivores, et conséquences sur la régénération des forêts tropicales dans les Mascareignes." Thesis, La Réunion, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LARE0035.
Full textTropical forests are mostly dominated by fleshy-fruited plants, which are dispersed by frugivorous vertebrates. The global collapse of large vertebrates therefore raises questions about the resilience of these ecosystems, particularly on islands, which concentrate the bulk of extinctions. The Mascarenes are a remarkable system to study disruption of frugivory interactions because the pristine fauna, plethoric until human colonization in the 17th century and now largely extinct, is well known as well as its diverse flora which is particularly at risk. La Réunion is still home to indigenous forests along strong environmental gradients and active volcanism that offers the opportunity to explore the long-term consequences of defaunation. In addition, the varying levels of vertebrate extinctions between La Réunion (main extant frugivore, mass=55 g) and Mauritius (450 g) makes itpossible to use these islands as pseudo-replicates to test various hypotheses. This thesis is organised in three parts which aim to (1) describe the spatial distribution patterns of dispersal traits on La Réunion and Mauritius, and understand the implications for vertebrate extinctions which have been particularly rapid on La Réunion; (2) evaluate the consequences of frugivory disruption on the reconstruction of forest ecosystems on the lava flows of the Piton de la Fournaise; (3) assess the consequences of frugivory disruption on the maintenance of diversity in forests established before human colonisation. (1) Proportions of fleshy-fruited plants strongly decrease with elevation and this decrease is all the more pronounced the larger the fruit are. By comparing the main factors of vertebrate extinctions between La Réunion and Mauritius, we show that the early destruction of favorable lowland habitats on La Réunion probably played a central role in the rapidity of frugivore extinctions. (2) After expanding the chronosequence of the Piton de la Fournaise flows, we show thatfrugivore extinctions have profoundly altered the capacity of lowland forests to rebuild since the 18th century and that the refaunation of ecosystems with alien frugivores mainly benefits alien fleshy-fruited plants. Reinstating dispersal, native large-seeded plants are nevertheless capable of settling on historical flows where recruitment is overwhelmingly dominated by invasive plants. (3) By comparing two reference forests of La Réunion and Mauritius, we show that the Mauritian flying fox allows a much better recruitment of many plant species at Brise-Fer than the Réunion bulbul at Mare-Longue, except for large-seeded plants which regenerate poorly in both islands. An experiment finally shows how the persistence of fruit flesh alone can strongly limit tree recruitment, but that the latter can be modulated by introduced fauna. Our overall worrying results show the urgency to protect large native frugivores wherever they still exist and of encouraging their return where they had disappeared. At the same time, large-scale sowing should be envisaged in protected areas where the maintenance or even the return of native forest dynamics are imperative
Wong, Hee Kam Édith. "La diaspora chinoise aux Mascareignes : le cas de la Réunion." Paris, EHESS, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994EHES0008.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is the study of the Chinese minority in the Mascarenes, and more particularly in Reunion Island. It consists of an introduction and three main parts following chronological order. The introduction and three main parts following chronological order. The introduction gives a summary of previous studies in the matter, and presents an attempt to analyze the settling-down of a minority into a French creolophone colony, which would become a French overseas department en 1946. The first part is concerned with the period when the Chinese were first introduced in the island until the middle of the XIXth century, more precisely up to 1844 when indenture started. The second part deals with the formation and the organisation of the Chinese community between 1862 and 1946: the emphasis is put on the choices of professions, mainly in commerce winthin that society of plantation. The Chinese had no other choice but turn in on themselves, on their community life centrered around their associations and their intersular networks. The third part covers the period from 1946 until nowadays. It shows how greatly the status of the department influenced the evolution of the Chinese community by accelerating the integration process. The economic changes incited the Chinese to find new setting-in strategies, which deeply affected their social, political, religious and cultural life. The conclusion presents the contribution of the Chinese to Reunion Island history and proposes some prospects for the future
Julvez, Jean. "Anthropisation et paludisme : éco-épidémiologie historique du paludisme dans les archipels du sud-ouest de l'Océan Indien." Toulouse 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOU30257.
Full textAgathe, Henri. "La gestion de l'espace des territoires insulaires : contraintes et perspectives : une étude comparative des marchés fonciers des Mascareignes : Maurice, La Réunion et Rodrigues." Paris, EHESS, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006EHES0155.
Full textVeblenism helps construct a market theory that takes into account the role of institutions. It transcends the Marshallian perspective of partial equilibrium. Land markets depend on town and country planning which depends on various institutions like the land tenure or the economic structure. Planning does not solely imply a means of constraints in order to achieve orderly patterns of land use. Given the economic and ecological vulnerabilities of small island territories, it is a means to develop resilience and to attain sustainable development. In Mauritius and Reunion, land planning has enabled the transformation of the economic structure from mono-crop to diversified economies and it still constitutes a lever of economic diversification and growth. It is a means to surmount the Malthusian perspective because instead of inferring absolute scarcity of land in the Mascarenes, land is considered to be a strategic resource whose use has to be optimised by planning
Grosser, David. "Construction itérative de bases de connaissances descriptives et classificatoires avec la plate-forme à objets IKBS : application à la systèmatique des coraux des Mascareignes." La Réunion, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00003415/fr/.
Full textBois, Dominique. "Vazaha et autochtones sur la côte est de Madagascar : médiation et métissage entre 1854 et 1885." Paris 7, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA070147.
Full textHuyghues-Belrose, Vincent. "L'évangélisation du sud-ouest de l'Océan indien du XVe au XVIIIe siècle (Afrique orientale, Comores, Madagascar, Mascareignes)." Paris 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA010676.
Full textCantet, Christèle. "Mythes et figures de la belle créole dans la littérature de langue française : France, Mascareignes, Antilles française." La Réunion, 2005. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/05_17_Cantet_vol.pdf.
Full textExotic literature is rich with male and female figures who represent a newly- discovered world. They seem to convey both the dream and the reality of this world. Based on historical facts, authors build characters thanks to whom communication with the found land becomes possible. To investigate the myth of the Belle Creole in French literature helps us to understand what it stands for in this exotic imaginary world, but also what it means in the imaginary world of overseas French colonies. This research examines the timing and the details in which the myth emerged in literature as well as its evolution. Finally, we shall see how the myth persists in postcolonial literature
Mallet, Bertrand. "Rôle des facteurs écologiques dans le processus de spéciation en milieu insulaire. Effet de l'habitat et des pollinisateurs sur la diversification du faham (Jumellea spp., Orchidaceae) aux Mascareignes." Thesis, La Réunion, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LARE0020/document.
Full textMechanisms responsible for the establishment of reproductive isolation are little studied in island adaptive radiations. According to the theory of ecological speciation, reproductive isolation results from the ecologically-based divergent selection. By their unique characteristics, oceanic islands are ideal systems to study the role of ecological factors in the diversification of endemic lineages. This study focuses on the role of habitat and pollinators in restricting inter and intraspecific gene flow between populations of faham (Jumellea spp.), an orchid endemic to Mascarene Islands. To do this, patterns of phenotypic differentiation (floral traits), environmental differentiation (habitat, altitude, climate) and genetic differentiation (nuclear microsatellites) were compared. At the intraspecific level, the results show that gene flow restriction is mainly due to the colonization of different habitat types with no obvious role of pollinators. At the interspecific level, in addition to the role of habitat, pollinator shift seems to explain effective complete reproductive isolation. By placing these results into the continuum of speciation, it appears that reproductive isolation evolve initially in response to adaptation to different habitats and, in a second phase, would be enhanced by pollinator-driven divergent selection. Operationally, this study reviews the taxonomy of faham and proposes to define management units and priorities in terms of conservation
Dafreville, Stéphanie. "Diversité et structuration génétique des sapotacées endémiques de l'archipel des Mascareignes à différentes échelles spatiales et temporelles." Thesis, La Réunion, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LARE0033.
Full textMadagascar is among the top five priorities "hotspots" for global biodiversity conservation. In Madagascar, melliferous flora is diverse and abundant; the endemic honey bee Apis melliferaunicolor inhabits all areas regardless of the climatic conditions and topography. As other islands, Madagascar is fragile and susceptible to invasions of alien species. In 2010, Varroa destructor has been reported parasitizing A. m. unicolor. The ectoparasite is not only a serious threat to beekeeping in Madagascar but it may also alter ecosystems balance.The objectives of this thesis were i) to study the genetic diversity and population structure of both A. m. unicolor and V. destructor in Madagascar, ii) to estimate the impact of V. destructor on honey bee colonies, and iii) to investigate the hygienic behaviour of honey beeOur results confirm that all honey bees collected in Madagascar belonged to the African evolutionary lineage and more than 99% were identified as A. m. unicolor. Despite its lownuclear genetic diversity, two genetic clusters have been detected, corresponding to geographic regions.In Madagascar, only one genetic strain of V. destructor was detected, the Korean haplotype (K1-1) which is the most widespread lineage in the world and the one present in Africa. Genetic studies showed a higher proportion of homozygous genotype (69.5%) and also a high number of MLG (Multi- Locus Genotypes) in the High Lands compared to the East coast. The presence of particular MLG on the High Land reinforces the assumption of its introduction into the capital. The spread of V. destructor in Madagascar is relatively slow in comparison with those observed in African countries. Its presence remains confined to the High Land and the East coast. The impact of the parasite on A. m. unicolor was severe; with about 60% of colony losses in a year reported in 2012. Nevertheless, this is less than observed in Europe, where many more colonies died at the early stage of infestation.Based on the percentage of cleaned cells observed 6 hour after pin killing the brood, the efficiency of A. m. unicolor colonies to detect and uncap cells was comparable to those of Africanised hygienic honey bees and was much higher than those of European honey bees. In Madagascar, the detection of highly hygienic colonies of A. m. unicolor is a great opportunity to develop a programme of selection of tolerant honey bee strains
Samson, Guillaume. "Musique et identité à La Réunion : généalogie des constructions d'une singularité insulaire." Aix-Marseille 3, 2006. http://tel.univ.run.elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/06AIXSamson.pdf.
Full textThe central problem of our research aims at estimating and at redefining the concept of musical creolisation and its application in the complex musical cultures of the Mascareignes. According to diachronical and comparative processes, we shall then delimit the methods through which the sega musical genre in Reunion Island set up and changed in all its diversity thanks to the correlation of socio-historical, musicological, linguistic and anthropological data. Indeed, this term ‘sega' first appeared in the eighteenth century to denote the music of the African slaves up to its last meanings as a specifically creole music, linked to the local identity and musical economy. We shall eventually try to understand the modalities through which musics at first associated with specific groups of people go from the strictly community sphere — often connected with religious practices claimed as having a Malagasy or Indian origin in particular — to the global society as well as the local and even international media sphere
Girault-Fruet, Arlette. "La topique de l'île dans les récits de voyages anciens sur la route française des Indes, notamment aux Mascareignes, aux XVIIème et XVIIIème siècles." La Réunion, 2009. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/09_07_fruet.pdf.
Full textEarly modern travel narratives endlessly put to the fore recurring narrative or descriptive configurations. The “Topic of the island” - that is, the whole system of commonplaces or topoï consistently and predictably present in these texts - neither determines perceptive or cognitive uniformity, nor prompts the reader's boredom, despite the lasting prejudice that it does so. In truth, a commonplace is a joint treasure, which each traveller appropriates by modifying any of its constitutive topical elements. The island thus described is “never quite the same, nor someone else”. This study of the “Topic of the island” demonstrates that insular representations partly relate to utopia, that referential reality is progressively invested with cultural meanings through the successive and various uses of topoï, and that these commonplaces are flexible material – they sometimes degrade into legendary, but they rarely disappear
Cauna, Alexandra de. "Des lieux et des liens : espace et dynamiques de l'interculturel dans les villes de Port-Louis (île Maurice) et de Saint-Denis (île de la Réunion)." Bordeaux 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BOR30021.
Full textBlöss-Widmer, Isabelle. "Migrations, emploi, développement : analyse comparée de l'île de la Réunion et de l'île Maurice." Paris 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA010645.
Full textStrijk, Joeri. "Species diversification and differentiation in the Madagascar and Indian Ocean Islands biodiversity hotspot." Toulouse 3, 2010. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/921/.
Full textThe Madagascar and Indian Ocean Islands biodiversity hotspot is renowned for its high levels of species diversity and endemism. Yet despite many hypotheses and a considerable literature, we still know relatively little about the mechanisms of species diversification within the region. Until recently, the major role for high levels of species diversity was attributed solely to breakup of East Gondwana and the isolation of Madagascar and India (120-160Mya). However, an increasing number of studies, employing recent advances in analytical methods, have shown that the origin for many groups post-dates the isolation of Madagascar. Furthermore, Madagascar is embedded in a wider geographical setting of oceanic and microcontinental islands that vary distinctly in origin, age and structure, and that are also home to highly diverse flora and fauna assemblages. Most of these islands are young (2-10My) and the high levels of endemism on these islands therefore can't be explained by Gondwanan vicariance, but only by recent long distance dispersal followed by extensive in-situ diversification processes. In addition, some groups of organisms show higher levels of diversity on young volcanic islands than on Madagascar, which runs counter to expectations given the greater surface area and habitat diversity of Madagascar. Taking into account the disparity in geological ages among the land fragments in the Indian Ocean, theory suggests that diversification on geologically young islands would have proceeded via high levels of diversification rates and rapid shifts over time after new ranges and habitat became available upon colonization. In this thesis we compare major plant lineages (Asteraceae, Myrsinaceae, Monimiaceae) that have undergone extensive diversification in the region. In each of these families we selected highly speciose genera that are characterized by single island endemism, phenotypic diversity and presence on Madagascar and a range of Indian Ocean islands. We found evidence of significant shifts in diversification rates and repeated long distance dispersals to Indian Ocean islands where Madagascar played a central role as a disperser source. .
Thiebaut, Rafaël. "Traite des esclaves et commerce néerlandais et français à Madagascar (XVIIè et XVIIIè siècles)." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01H102.
Full textThe slave trade on Madagascar provoked important changes in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, both politically, economically and socially. The Dutch and the French, present on Cape Colony and the Mascarene Islands, were important players in these commercial, but complex and symbolic, interactions. The transformations are detectable from the first contact onwards, not only in the great kingdoms of Sakalava and Betsimisaraka but also in the most secluded areas. However, commercial relations complexified in the longue durée. Indeed, a certain continuity is identifiable during this entire period. The maritime commerce, which played a primary role in these developments, concerned rice, cattle and slaves bartered for Spanish dollars, firearms and textiles. The slave trade disturbed the balance of powers and the economy of the Big Island. The volume of the trade, calculated from hundreds expeditions done by the Dutch and the French, was already very substantial before the middle of the eighteenth century
Cybèle, Marie Cathleen. "Une analyse socio-économique de la gestion et du contrôle des plantes envahissantes dans l’archipel des Mascareignes." Thesis, La Réunion, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LARE0004/document.
Full textBiological invasions contribute to the degradation of biodiversity globally. Invasive alien plants have impacted on natural resources management and have generated substantial costs of control and economic loss. Various management options have been put in place to control the level of invasions of targeted species. The public’s perception of invasive species varies among stakeholders. Controversies and conflicts emerged as a consequence of diverging opinions on the management of invasions. We conducted an inter-disciplinary study on the socio-ecological and economic dimensions related to the management of the invasive Rubus alceifolius, following a biological control programme in Réunion Island (France). Firstly, we carried out an economic analysis of the management options for R. alceifolius with future scenario on the cost of invasion. Secondly we assessed the impact of the recovery of native species post biological control. Thirdly a socio-anthropological investigation to understand the rationale behind controversies amongst stakeholders, was investigated. Lastly, a gap-analysis of the policy framework corresponding to a biological control programme was conducted. We found that the biological control programme of R. alceifolius was successful within the elevation limit of 800 m, from both an economic and ecological perspective. Given the shortfall in the decision-making process and implementation, this study demonstrated the crucial need to identify and involve stakeholders in all stages of a biological control programme. We concluded with key recommendations for successful biological programmes
Cuénin, Nicolas. "Dynamique de la restauration écologique de la forêt semi-xérophile de La Réunion." Thesis, La Réunion, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LARE0012.
Full textDry tropical forests are now among the most degraded habitats worldwide, particularly on islands. Réunion Island current dry forest is only represented by 1% of its original surface. The COREXERUN program was launched in 2009 to restore this habitat. More than 90,000 individuals of 48 native woody species have been planted. Although the choice and preparation of the site is important, plantations survival and growth vary according to the periods considered. While higher mortality during the first dry season is observed, the selected variables have little weight in explaining the data, as variability observed is mostly specific. The analysis of functional traits thus shows ontogenic variability as well as generalist and specialist strategies. Selecting certain values of functional traits and composition promotes survival during the first dry season. Although the results of COREXERUN are promising, the threat posed by exotic species such as Hiptage benghalensis on native habitats in Reunion then raises the question of the possibility of restoring sensus stricto island habitats. Although it does not offer "turnkey" tools for ecological restoration, many avenues are opened up during this thesis, going in the direction of optimising the choices and actions taken by managers in the restoration of SDTFs
Tang, Chao. "Model estimations of possible climate changes of surface solar radiation at regional scales over Southern Africa and the South West Indian Ocean." Thesis, La Réunion, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LARE0055/document.
Full textChanges in Surface Solar Radiation (SSR) have the potential to significantly impact diverse aspects of the climate system, and notably the socio-economic development of any nation. To identify the possible impacts of climate change on SSR at regional scales (~50 km) over Southern Africa and the South West Indian Ocean (SA-SWIO; 0-40°S ; 0- 100°E) up to the end of the 21st century, a slice downscaling experiment consisting of simulations covering three temporal windows: a) the present 1996-2005; b) the future 2046-2055 and 2090-2099 conducted with the Regional Climate Model (RCM) RegCM version 4, driven by the European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) ERA-Interim reanalysis (ERAINT, only present) and 2 Global Climate Model (GCMs: HadGEM2-ES and GFDL-ESM2M) from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) under RCP8.5 scenario, are performed and evaluated. Since the slice simulation is of limited temporal coverage, number of regional and driven global models and climate change forcings, mainly because of the limit of available computational resources, the study towards a comprehensive knowledge of SSR changes in context of climate change is thus extended: an ensemble consisting of outputs from 20 regional climate downscaling realisations based on 5 RCMs that participated in the Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) program (CORDEX-Africa) along with their 10 driving GCMs from CMIP5 covering southern Africa (0-40°S; 0- 100°E) during the period of 1990-2099 is analyzed under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 up to 2099.The slice experiment indicates that 1) RegCM4 simulates present-day seasonal climatology, (surface air temperature, precipitation and SSR) quite well, but has a negative total cloud cover bias (about -20% in absolute percentage) when forced by the ERAINT and the two GCMs. 2) Internal variability of RegCM4-simulated annual means SSR (about 0.2 W/m2) is of one order smaller than the model bias compared with reference data. 3) RegCM4 simulates SSR changes in opposite signs when driven by the different GCMs under RCP8.5 scenario. 4) Electricity potential calculated using first-order estimation based on the RegCM simulations indicates a change less then 2% to 2099 with respect on present level.It is also found from the ensemble study that: 1) GCMs ensemble generally overestimates SSR by about 1 W/m2 in austral summer (December, January, and February, short as DJF) and 7.5 W/m2 in austral winter (June, July and August, short as JJA), while RCMs ensemble mean shows underestimations of SSR by about -32 W/m2 and -14 W/m2 in summer and winter seasons respectively when driven by GCMs. 2) Multi-model mean projections of SSR change patterns simulated by the GCMs and their embedded RCMs are fairly consistent. 3) GCMs project, in their multi-model means, a statistically significant increase of SSR of about 8 W/m2 in RCP4.5 and 12 W/m2 in RCP8.5 by 2099 over Centre Southern Africa (SA-C) and a highly confident decreasing SSR over Eastern Equatorial Africa (EA-E) of about -5 W/m2 in RCP4.5 and -10 W/m2 in RCP8.5 during the DJF season. RCMs simulate SSR change with statistical confidence over SA-C and EA-E area as well with a little spatial extension compared to GCMs. However, in the JJA season, an increase of SSR is found over EA-E of about 5 W/m2 by 2099 under RCP4.5 and 10 W/m2 under RCP8.5, of similar amplitudes in both the GCMs and RCMs simulations. 4) Significant cloudiness decrease (about -6 % to 2099) is found over continent of SA for GCMs and also shown in RCMs. 5) Larger SSR changes are found in the RCP8.5 scenario than in the RCP4.5 scenario in 2099, with about 2.5 W/m2 enhanced changes in GCMs and about 5 W/m2 in RCMs. 6) Either the biases or the changes pattern of SSR are overall correlated with the patterns of total cloud cover from RCMs in CORDEX-Africa program (for RegCM4 as well). The slice experiment indicates that