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1
Wunderlich, Dieter. "German noun plural reconsidered." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22, no. 6 (1999): 1044–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x99542222.
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German noun plurals not ending in -s are not as irregular as Clahsen suggests. Feminine nouns get the -n plural, unless they umlaut and are subject to a constraint that requires a reduced final syllable in the plural. Another regular class is masculine nouns ending in schwa, which are weakly inflected. It is suggested that more differentiated psycholinguistic experiments can identify these regularities.
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Obrador-Cursach, Bartomeu. "Phrygian mekas and the recently discovered New Phrygian inscription from Nacoleia." Indogermanische Forschungen 121, no. 1 (2016): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/if-2016-0010.
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Abstract The aim of the present paper is to argue for the interpretation of Phrygian mekas as an adjective meaning ‘great’ and inherited from PIE *méǵ-h2-, taking into account all its testimonies documented in the Phrygian corpus and accepting the theory of a Phrygian Lautverschiebung. Furthermore, through a new reading of the last lines of the recently discovered New Phrygian inscription from Nacoleia, where the accusative μεκαν can be read in agreement with the theonym Τιαν, a new interpretation of the apodosis of the New Phrygian inscription 25 is given. Finally, a comparison of the Phrygian and the Greek forms reveals a common innovation in the presence of the ending -s in the masculine nom. sg. despite the lack of the -λο- suffix in the Phrygian inflection of this word.
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Versloot, Arjen. "Die Endungen -os/-as und -a des Nominativ/Akkusativ Plurals der a-Stämme im Altsächsischen." Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik 76, no. 4 (2016): 464–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18756719-12340052.
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The Old Saxon ending of the NAp of the masculine a-stems is generally -os in the larger sources Heliand and Genesis, appears as -as in minor texts, but faces competition from -a in minor texts in south-western sources. There are various hypotheses about the origin of the -a-ending, whether going back to the original Proto-Germanic accusative ending or being a borrowing from Franconian. An analysis of all 119 attested NAp forms of masculine -(j/w)a-stems from minor texts reveals that the ending -a arose in the late 9th century and found its roots indeed in the south-western region of the Lower Rhine Valley (Essen, Werden). The variant -os, next to geographically dominant -as, is only found in that region as well. The ending -a most likely spread from Lower Rhine Valley Franconian, where an intense contact existed between Franconian and Saxon, the former being the politically dominant variety. This borrowing was the first step in a total reshaping of Middle Low Saxon plural morphology, based on the Franconian pattern of masculine -e versus feminine -en.
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Bellamy, Kate, M. Parafita Couto, and Hans Stadthagen-Gonzalez. "Investigating Gender Assignment Strategies in Mixed Purepecha–Spanish Nominal Constructions." Languages 3, no. 3 (2018): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages3030028.
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Purepecha has no grammatical gender, whereas Spanish has a binary masculine–feminine system. In this paper we investigate how early sequential Purepecha–Spanish bilinguals assign gender to Purepecha nouns inserted into an otherwise Spanish utterance, using a director-matcher production task and an online forced-choice acceptability judgement task. The results of the production task indicate a strong preference for masculine gender, irrespective of the gender of the noun’s translation equivalent, the so-called “masculine default” option. Participants in the comprehension task were influenced by the orthography of the Purepecha noun in the -a ending condition, leading them to assign feminine gender agreement to nouns that are masculine in Spanish, but preferred the masculine default strategy again in the -i/-u ending condition. The absence of the “analogical criterion” in both tasks contrasts with the results of some previous studies, underlining the need for more comparable data in terms of task type. Our results also highlight how task type can influence the choices speakers make, in this context, in terms of the choice of grammatical gender agreement strategy. Task type should therefore be carefully controlled in future studies.
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Kolibaba, Larysa. "The endings of accusative case of nouns in history of Ukrainian orthography." Ukrainska mova, no. 3 (2020): 28–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ukrmova2020.03.028.
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The second form of accusative is the ancient original grammatical feature of the Ukrainian language, based on the tradition of folklore. It penetrated to the literary language from the living national language, so it was most consistently preserved verbal colloquial speech and language of fiction. Folk origin of the second form of accusative is reflected by the semantics of nouns used with the ending -a (-я) – these are primarily the names of сoncrete household objects. Instead, nouns – names of abstract concepts of masculine, that it is difficult to personify, in a folk language not so much. Because of this, the functioning of abstract nouns in the form of accusative with the ending -a (-я) is limited. The main criterion that allows the second form of accusative case is semantic. It is based on the rules, presented in all editions of the academic «Ukrainian Spelling», but the register of nouns it was «let» to have this form was uneven, it was constantly narrowed, that predefined by socio-political conditions of functioning of the Ukrainian language at different time periods. Analysis of scientific and lexicographic sources from the beginning of the XX century and to this day it gives grounds to attribute the form of accusative case on -a (-я) to «repressed», artificially restricted in use. The difficult and regressive way of its normalization, besides lexicographic sources, is also attested by Ukrainian spellings of different years of publication. The most complete list of nouns – the names of uncreatures of masculine of the second declension and the most fundamental rule for their endings in accusative of singular, based on a well-defined semantic criterion, is given in the «Ukrainian spelling» of 1928. Only in this edition for nouns – names of uncreatures of masculine of the second declension that is the names of concrete objects, as only correct and only the possible ending is -a (-я). Also in it, among the nouns of masculine of the second declension, in particular and the names of uncreatures, the prepositional constructs of the second accusative case are presented. From the «Ukrainian Spelling» of 1933 to its most recent edition in 2019, the prescription for the use of accusative case with the ending -a (-я) has a form of a note (or rather – an exception) and fixes as normative two parallel morphological forms of accusative case of singular– on -a (-я) and with zero ending. Researches of modern scientists, based on theoretical and lexicographic work 20–30th of ХХ of century and the language practice of the Ukrainian people from ancient times to the present, formed an objective basis for the revival of this multi-hundred-year tradition of the Ukrainian language in all functional and stylistic spheres of everyday life of the Ukrainian language, taking into account that text of note in relation to the second form of accusative, offered in the new release of the «Ukrainian Spelling» in 2019, it is needed to correct and extend, in particular to give more detailed list of lexico-semantic groups of nouns, for that the second form of accusative is an organic morphological feature, substantially to complement the register of nouns-illustrations, change placed the sequence of disposition of wordforms with a zero ending and ending -а (-я) and the note itself transformed into a rule. Keywords: accusative case, the second form of accusative case, the second accusative, genitive case, nominative case, nouns – the names of uncreatures of masculine of the second declension, ending -а (-я), zero ending.
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Caro Reina, Javier, and Jessica Nowak. "Diachronic development of gender in city names in Spanish." STUF - Language Typology and Universals 72, no. 4 (2019): 505–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/stuf-2019-0020.
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Abstract This paper examines the gender assignment rules that apply to city names in the history of Spanish, relying for the first time on extensive corpus-based material. The empirical data show that gender assignment changed from a referential principle that consistently assigned city names to the feminine (due to the feminine basic level noun for ‘city’) to a phonologically driven assignment rule, with city names ending in -a generally being assigned to the feminine (e.g. Barcelona) and those ending in -o or -C to the masculine (e.g. Toledo, Madrid). However, the overall picture is much more complicated than previously suggested in the literature since there is still a high degree of gender variation in Modern Spanish. The use of the feminine is still possible in city names ending in -o or -C. Interestingly, the change from referential to phonological gender assignment occurs first within the NP (mainly with quantifiers such as tod- o/-a ‘all-m/-f’). It is in this morphosyntactic context that city names with final -a most commonly shift from the feminine to the masculine gender. This case of “evasive gender” will be discussed from a typological perspective.
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LYSTER, ROY. "Predictability in French gender attribution: A corpus analysis." Journal of French Language Studies 16, no. 1 (2006): 69–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269506002304.
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This article presents a corpus analysis designed to determine the extent to which noun endings in French are reliable predictors of grammatical gender. A corpus of 9,961 nouns appearing in Le Robert Junior Illustré was analysed according to noun endings, which were operationalised as orthographic representations of rhymes, which consist of either a vowel sound (i.e., a nucleus) in the case of vocalic endings or a vowel-plus-consonant blend (i.e., a nucleus and a coda) in the case of consonantal endings. The analysis classified noun endings as reliably masculine, reliably feminine, or ambiguous, by considering as reliable predictors of grammatical gender any noun ending that predicts the gender of least 90 per cent of all nouns in the corpus with that ending. Results reveal that 81 per cent of all feminine nouns and 80 per cent of all masculine nouns in the corpus are rule governed, having endings that systematically predict their gender. These findings, at odds with traditional grammars, are discussed in terms of their pedagogical implications.
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Dammel, Antje. "Evaluative Wortbildung und Personenreferenz." Linguistik Online 107, no. 2 (2021): 145–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.13092/lo.107.7691.
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The word formation pattern [ __-i]N mask. in Alemannic mainly derives masculine agent nouns from verbs resulting in output semantics of ‘someone who notoriously acts in the manner of base verb’. I analyse the pattern as an instance of evaluative morphology embedded in a more general output oriented schema and propose a scenario how the pattern may have developed from an OHG hypochoristic pattern primarily used in names. In a qualitative and quantitative analysis of two dialect dictionaries on Zürich German and Bernese German I look into the possible lexical fillings of the pattern and derive areas of stereotypisation. As the products of the pattern are masculine nouns, it is of interest whether the lemmas are flanked with a feminine form or not, and if they are, whether the feminine form follows or precedes the masculine form or is added as a separate lemma without a masculine pendant. The analysis also includes neuter forms ending in -i listed in the dictionaries. As the masculine products of the pattern already reflect stereotyped behaviour, the feminine (and neuter) forms included in the dictionnaries are expected to sediment gender stereotypes to a high degree.
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Roberts, Marilyn. "Jane Austen and the Tradition of Masculine Benevolence." Eighteenth-Century Life 45, no. 1 (2021): 75–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00982601-8793945.
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During the long eighteenth century, benevolence was thought to be the greatest of all virtues. In her later novels especially, Jane Austen emphasized its primacy, showing that benevolence must be taught, practiced, and perfected through rigorous self-analysis and the repudiation of self-indulgence. The heroes of those novels tend to exercise benevolence in accordance with the duties of their profession, especially as described in the courtesy books of the period. Nevertheless, even if adept at helping the needy or extending kindness toward their peers, her central male characters do not find happiness until they discipline themselves to be more benevolent toward people of all ranks. Although the novels do not advocate a political solution for ending poverty, Austen suggests that her readers can improve society through benevolent action.
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Kleszczowa, Krystyna. "Pięćdziesiąt lat minęło. O polskim dopełniaczu liczby pojedynczej raz jeszcze." ANNALES UNIVERSITATIS PAEDAGOGICAE CRACOVIENSIS. STUDIA LINGUISTICA, no. 14 (December 15, 2019): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20831765.14.7.
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1968 saw the publication of Józefa Kobylińska’s monograph entitled Rozwój form dopełniacza liczby pojedynczej rzeczowników rodzaju męskiego w języku polskim [The development of the forms of the genitive singular of masculine nouns in the Polish language]. Whoever intends to write about the Polish masculine genitive singular cannot neglect this publication, especially so because the selection of the endings -a and -u still poses a problem for modern Poles. The author of the article intends to supplement the fragments of the monograph which refer to the sources of the vacillations in the selection of endings. She puts forward a thesis that the source of the ending -u in the genitive was not only the 2nd declension but also the forms of the dative of the 1st declension. The author continues to ask, why the ending -a was preserved by animate nouns. It turns out that among all the functions of the genitive (genetivus qualitatis, genetivus partitivus, genetivus absolutus) Saxon genitive was the prevailing one; a noun in the genitive indicated the possessor, and the latter was a person, less frequently an animal. Possessive form expressed by the dative (cf. Bogu rodzica) was not pure, it frequently connoted an existential function.
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Versloot, Arjen P. "The Riustring Old Frisian -ar Plurals: Borrowed or Inherited?" Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik 77, no. 1-2 (2017): 442–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18756719-12340084.
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Rolf Bremmer (2007) concludes that the language of the Old Frisian Riustring manuscripts shows traces of copying from texts written in other Old Frisian dialects, notably from the Ems region. The strongest indication for his hypothesis comes from the masculine plural ending-ar, which is the rule in Ems Old Frisian but the exception in R1 and absent from other Riustring manuscripts. In this contribution, Bremmer’s hypothesis is partly confirmed, but augmented with the reconstruction of an indigenous Riustring plural ending-arin masculinea-stem nouns denoting an animate subject, which appear substantially more often in the nominative. Nouns with a higher frequency of occurrence in the accusative take the plural ending-a. This is taken to reflect a former Proto-Frisian situation, with the ending-arin the nom. pl. of masculinea-stem nouns against-ain the acc. pl., similar to Old Norse. The earlier distribution had become lexicalised by the time of Riustring Old Frisian. Some of the attested instances, however, are better explained as remnants of a copying process from Ems Old Frisian.
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DĄBROWSKA, EWA. "Productivity and beyond: mastering the Polish genitive inflection." Journal of Child Language 32, no. 1 (2005): 191–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000904006609.
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This study charts the development of the genitive masculine inflection, one of the most irregular parts of the Polish case-marking system. 72 Polish children aged from 2;3 to 10;8 participated in a nonce word production experiment testing their ability to supply the genitive form and their sensitivity to the semantic factors determining the choice of ending. Results indicate that productivity, or the ability to supply the inflected form of some nonce words, emerges early: 78% of the two-year-olds were able to inflect at least one test item. However, mastery, or the ability to consistently supply the correct ending, takes considerably longer to develop, and adultlike levels of provision are not reached until about age 10;0.
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Coenen, Pascal, and Michael Frotscher. "The nominative/vocative plural of Vedic masculine a-stems in complex nominal expressions." Indogermanische Forschungen 125, no. 1 (2020): 165–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/if-2020-009.
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AbstractIn Vedic Sanskrit, masculine a-stem nominals exhibit two different forms of the nom/voc.pl, a short form (ending in ‑ās) and a long form (ending in ‑āsas). In this article, we will argue that the scope of this variation is not a single nominal but the entire noun phrase. This means that whereas the short form may occur several times in a noun phrase, the long form is either absent or occurs only once. From a functional point of view, complex noun phrases containing one long form are equivalent to simple noun phrases consisting of one long form. In contrast, complex noun phrases containing only short forms are equivalent to simple noun phrases consisting of one short form. The presence or absence of the long form marks the presence or absence of a certain linguistic feature, the exact nature of which still has to be determined. We will argue that in those cases in which two long forms occur in relative proximity to each other, they either have to, or at least can be interpreted as being part of two distinct noun phrases. In order to do so, we will apply morphological, semantic, syntactic as well as stylistic and metrical criteria.
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Fathira, Vina, and Diana Zuriati. "Students’ Perception of English Pronunciation Application in Pronouncing Ending –s." Lectura : Jurnal Pendidikan 12, no. 2 (2021): 194–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.31849/lectura.v12i2.7552.
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Using English Pronunciation in understanding ending –s is one technique to increase the students’ competence, focusing in pronunciation, like in pronouncing ending –s. In digital era, using English Pronunciation in understanding ending –s is the common technique since the students are actively getting involved in gadget. The researchers need in evaluating students’ perception on using English Pronunciation in understanding pronunciation of ending –s. The aim of this research is to investigate students’ perception about the use of English Pronunciation in understanding ending –s. The method employed in this research was qualitative, and it was explained descriptively. The third year semester students at STBA Persada Bunda that used this English Pronunciation application in understanding ending –s were the population as well as the sample of this research. There were 10 students of STBA Persada Bunda in academic year 2018/2019 involved in this study. To collect the data, all students were asked before using English Pronunciation in understanding ending –s from online application and offline one. Then, the researchers distributed six questions related to the students’ perception of using English Pronunciation in understanding ending –s by using interview with semi structured model. The result showed that, most of the third year students were pushed to use English Pronunciation in understanding ending –s in obtaining knowledge and joyful while learning process about voiced sounds, voiceless sound, and sibilant sound. In conclusion, the research about students perception is positive response by using English Pronunciation of pronouncing ending –s.
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Günther, Heidi. "The never-ending Story." JuKiP - Ihr Fachmagazin für Gesundheits- und Kinderkrankenpflege 03, no. 03 (2014): 102–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1378165.
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Gontarski, S. E. "AN END TO ENDINGS: Samuel Beckett's End Game(s)." Samuel Beckett Today / Aujourd'hui 19, no. 1 (2008): 419–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18757405-019001034.
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As it is in , the preoccupation of Samuel Beckett's is bluntly announced in its title. The play begins with Clov's announcing its end. Hamm will later summarize the play's opening words about ending as if beginnings and endings have not so much been reversed as redoubled, the play ending where it began, with its ending. One complication in this , then, is not that the play has no ending, but that it has too many, or that it has only endings. This paper then explores Beckett's game of perpetuated endings and its implications for theatre.
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Grošelj, Nada. "Enjambment and its realisation(s) in speech." Acta Neophilologica 35, no. 1-2 (2002): 101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/an.35.1-2.101-114.
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With regard to the question how enjambment should be rendered in the recitation of poetry, three conflicting approaches may be identified: continuing into the next line without marking the line-ending at all; making a break in the intonation and rhythm at the line-ending; and finally, acknowledging the -line-ending by merely introducing a short pause without any intomition changes. Each of these renditions has different consequences for the listener's perception of the text. This paper reviews the three approaches and their implications, concluding that the most important criterion for the preference of one approach over another is the type of verse (free vs. metrical) in a given text.
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Stöckle, M. "pT1 G3-Blasenkarzinom - Never Ending Story." Aktuelle Urologie 28, no. 05 (1997): 237–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1054281.
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Bein, Berthold, and Jens Scholz. "Perioperatives Flüssigkeitsmanagement - A never ending story?" AINS - Anästhesiologie · Intensivmedizin · Notfallmedizin · Schmerztherapie 47, no. 07/08 (2012): 468–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1323567.
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Loevy, Katharine. "The Ikhwan al-Safa’’s Animal Accusers:." Environmental Philosophy 16, no. 2 (2019): 319–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/envirophil201873076.
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In the tenth-century Iraqi fable, The Case of the Animals versus Man Before the King of the Jinn, the animals take the human beings to court for mistreatment. The humans ultimately win the case, but not without the animals presenting a series of arguments that continue to resonate despite the ending of the trial. The following essay provides an analysis of a number of these arguments insofar as they contest human abuses of animals within the context of enslavement. It offers evidence on both philosophical and historical grounds for why we need to rethink the received interpretation of the fable’s controversial ending.
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Turlier, Marie-France, Josiane Alabouvette, and Diane Doulain-Douvier. "La morphogenèse florale chez le pétunia. III. Déviations dans le programme organogène chez un mutant femelle stérile." Canadian Journal of Botany 69, no. 4 (1991): 866–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-112.
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A monogenic mutant of Petunia hybrida R-n57 exhibits flowers with abnormal gynoecium: various malformations, such as the opening of the style and the nonprotection of ovules, or the masculinization with development of pollen sacs, anthers, and male gametophyte growing with or within ovules. The same type of abnormalities happens over and over along one inflorescential axis so that an ontogenic analysis can be conducted. Some assumptions are supported by the histocytological study: a few punctual modifications of the normal organogenesis program, recently established, and one new stage ending at the masculine or abnormal gynoecium, with homeotic members, are involved. Relations between the deflected development and female sterility are argued. Key words: flower, teratology, morphogenesis, mutant, Petunia.
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Prieto, Sheila Fling Maria M., and Shirley M. Rosenwasser. "PERCEPTIONS OF SAME-VERSUS CROSS-SEX-TYPED PHYSICAL STANCE." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 14, no. 2 (1986): 183–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1986.14.2.183.
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Seventy-five undergraduates did semantic differential ratings on one of four pictures: a male or female in a “masculine” or “feminine” stance as described by Wex (1979). The results generally supported the four hypotheses. The “masculine” stance was perceived as (1) more masculine (p < .000) as well as (2) more potent (p < .000), active (p < .000), happy (p < .05), and well-adjusted (p < .05) than the ‘feminine’ stance. (3) The cross-sex-typed stance was seen as less heterosexual, than the same-sex typed one (p < .05). (4) Interactions on masculinity, potency, activity (p s < .0001), happiness, adjustment (p s < .05), and successfulness (p < .07) indicated that the cross-sex-typed male tended to be rated less favorably but the cross-sex-typed female more favorably than their same-sex-typed counterparts. A bias against “masculine” personality traits in females (Broverman et al., 1972) thus did not hold true for physical stance.
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Ogorodnikova, Lydia, and Yulia Ryndina. "Negative constructions with “Hem” (no) influencing the choice of the genitive form of nouns." SHS Web of Conferences 69 (2019): 00086. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20196900086.
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The article presents a further study of the genitive case variant inflection distribution in inanimate masculine nouns, found in fiction and journalistic texts of the second half of the 18th century. The focus is on the double negation in impersonal-predicative constructions with the word “no”. The relevance of the study is due to the persistent ambiguity of the choice of the genitive case form of words. The novelty is due to the literary sources created during the norm-establishing phase of the Russian literary language development. The article describes forms of the genitive case that have existed in the Russian language for a long time. The authors interpret the mechanism for choosing the genitive case by the authors of fiction and journalistic texts. The authors argue that a negative construct as a syntactic factor has little effect on the choice of the genitive case. The article discusses results of the comparative analysis of noun forms with A- and y-endings. In all types of negative constructions, the A-ending predominates, whereas the y-ending is observed in adverbial constructions and emphatic negations. A classification of structural types of negative sentences with genitive forms was developed.
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Klein, Andreas, and Kristin Kopf. "Der s-Plural im Alemannischen." Linguistik Online 98, no. 5 (2019): 31–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.13092/lo.98.5928.
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It is commonly agreed that the plural -s has become a part of Standard German inflection, yet in dialects such as Alemannic it is often seen as an intruder. We challenge this view based on data from a written survey amongst speakers of Swiss German dialects. Our analysis of pluralised loanwords (e. g. Mango) and abbreviations (e. g. WG ‘flat share’) shows a strong effect of both speakers’ age and grammatical gender that points towards a progressive integration of the plural -s into the dialectal system.
 While masculine and neuter nouns can express number syntagmatically (using articles that differ in singular and plural), feminine nouns rely heavily on suffixes (as the definite article is d’ in both cases). A comparison of the -s plural with traditional dialectal plurals shows clear advantages for -s plurals in both cue strength (output) and scope (input) of the plural schema. We argue that it is due to this that feminine nouns show a significantly higher percentage of -s plurals compared with masculine and neuter nouns in speakers aged 25 and above. The difference disappears for younger speakers while the overall number of -s plurals increases drastically. Combined, we have an apparent time scenario that shows how the -s plural is first borrowed with nouns that rely on overt plural markers, and later spreads to most loans and other words with non-native structure.
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Siedentopf, F., and H. Kentenich. "Der chronische Unterbauchschmerz - a never ending story?" Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde 64, no. 12 (2004): 1351–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2004-830577.
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Fauveau, Vincent, Britt McKinnon, and Yves Bergevin. "Towards Ending Preventable Maternal Deaths by 2035." Seminars in Reproductive Medicine 33, no. 01 (2015): 023–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1395275.
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Peretti, Vincenzo, Katiuska Satué, Francesca Ciotola, et al. "An Unusual Case of Testicular Disorder in Sex Development of Arabian Mare (64,XX SRY-Negative)." Animals 10, no. 11 (2020): 1963. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10111963.
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A 3-year-old Arabian mare underwent medical examinations due to the presence of abnormalities of the reproductive apparatus and stallion behavior (nervous temperament, aggressiveness, masculine attitude). During the clinical visit, an anovulvar distance shorter than normal was observed; moreover, vulvar lips were dorsally fused except for the lower neckline, showing a blind ending from which a penis-like structure protruded. The ultrasound examination revealed the presence of a cervix and corpus of a uterus, hypoplastic uterine horns, and small gonads with an echogenicity similar to a testis. Blood testosterone levels ranged from 0.4 to 0.6 ng/mL. Cytogenetic analysis showed a normal female karyotype (2n = 64,XX), while PCR amplification of SRY and ZFY genes revealed the absence of a Y chromosome. At necroscopic examination, internal genitalia arising from the genital ridge in the form of masculine type structures were found, while those deriving from the Mullerian ducts were of feminine type. In addition, an infundibular portion of the salpinx at the cranial pole of the gonads was found. This is the first case in equine species of DSD 2n = 64,XX SRY-negative, with the simultaneous presence of male (hypoplastic testicles, epididymal portions, and a penis-like structure) and female (cervix, horn and body of a hypoplastic uterus) genital structures.
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Fathira, Vina, and Silvia Utami. "Implementing an android-based Learning Media Application to Improve Learners' Ability in Pronouncing Ending-s." J-SHMIC : Journal of English for Academic 6, no. 2 (2019): 14–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/jshmic.2019.vol6(2).3555.
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This research was done based on the needs to improve the learners’ ability in pronunciation of ending –s by using android based application. Android based becomes popular in this era since gadget applies many applications to improve English language proficiency. The aim of the research is to implement the application on android based to improve the learners’ ability in pronouncing ending –s and to find the influencing factors of the improvement. The method of this research was qualitative. This Classroom Action Research was conducted at eight second-year-learners in academic year 2018/2019 at STIBA Persada Bunda Pekanbaru. There were tests, fieldnotes, observation, and interview used in the data collecting techniques in this research. The result shows that implementing the application existed on android based learning media to improve learners’ ability in pronouncing ending –s has significantly improved. It can be seen that the learners’ ability in pronouncing ending –s are at the “fairly good” level category with score 56,67 increases to the “good” level category with score 73,75. Some influential factors towards the learners’ improvement were affected by the students’ willingnes to practice differentiating the base form of word given and continuous listening practice to the application which was aimed to obtain the information during the teaching-learning process. In conclusion, the implementation of application on android based can improve the learners’ ability in pronouncing ending –s.
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Meining, A., and M. Bajbouj. "Endoskopische Antirefluxtherapie - „Unhappy Ending” oder „Beginn des Neubeginns”?" Zeitschrift für Gastroenterologie 44, no. 08 (2006): 943–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-926844.
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Silva, L., A. Mansur, E. Bocchi, N. Stolf, and G. Bellotti. "Unsuspected Rheumatic Fever Carditis Ending in Heart Transplantation." Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeon 42, no. 03 (1994): 191–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1016486.
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Orlović, Jovan, Biljana Miljković-Selimović, Marina Dinić, and Ljiljana Ristić. "Resistance in Staphylococcus Aureus: The Never-Ending Story." Acta Facultatis Medicae Naissensis 33, no. 3 (2016): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afmnai-2016-0017.
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Summary Combating Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infections using antibacterial drugs is actually an ongoing effort to overcome resistance mechanism of this microorganism. In this paper, we discussed (1) the mechanisms of resistance to some of the most commonly used antimicrobial agents in the treatment of S. aureus: methicillin, vancomicyn and quinolones. In addition, (2) efflux pump mechanisms involved in maintaining homeostasis in the presence of compounds that inhibit S. aureus growth and reproduction, as well as mechanisms of resistance to a number of antibiotics, have been reviewed.
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Vanskike, Elliott. "Consistent Inconsistencies: The Transvestite Actress Madame Vestris and Charlotte Brontë's Shirley." Nineteenth-Century Literature 50, no. 4 (1996): 464–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2933924.
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In this paper I propose the transvestite actress Madame Vestris as an interpretive doppelgänger for the title character in Charlotte Brontë's novel Shirley. Vestris crossed gender lines not only in her cross-dressed performances on the Victorian stage but also in her incursion into the male-dominated realm of theater ownership. In this way she is like Shirley Keeldar, the fiercely independent female factory owner whom Brontë consistently depicts in masculine terms. Most critics read Shirley as a narrative and thematic fiasco because the protofeminist momentum that the novel accumulates from Brontë's portrayal of an independent, headstrong female character is brought to a halt when Shirley subjugates herself to a meek and weasly man. The ending of the novel has been almost unanimously dismissed as Brontë's submission to the very patriarchal culture that she set out to critique when she created the character of Shirley Keeldar. However, far from being the low point of Brontë's writing, the ending of the novel elevates the writing into a high satirical mode that only serves to intensify Brontë's criticism of society's treatment of women. Through reading Shirley by means of the narrative and gender disruptions that Vestris's performances staged, we can understand this curious narrative reversal at the end of the novel as a motivated strategy on the part of Brontë, not a lapse of craft.
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Pérez-Tattam, Ezeizabarrena, Stadthagen-González, and Mueller Gathercole. "Gender Assignment to Spanish Pseudowords by Monolingual and Basque-Spanish Bilingual Children." Languages 4, no. 3 (2019): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages4030058.
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This study examines gender marking in the Spanish of Basque-Spanish bilingual children. We analyze data collected via a production task designed to elicit 48 DPs, controlling for gender of referents and for number and types of morphological cues to grammatical gender. The goals were to determine the extent to which participants rely on biological cues (female referent =>FEM gender, male referent =>MASC gender) and morpho-phonological cues (-a ending =>FEM, -o ending =>MASC, others =>MASC or FEM) to assign gender to pseudowords/novel words; and whether bilinguals’ language dominance (Spanish strong/weak) has an effect. Data were collected from 49 5- to 6-year-old Spanish-speaking children—28 monolingual L1 Spanish (L1Sp) and 21 Basque-dominant (L1 Basque-L2 Spanish) bilinguals (BDB). Results reveal a general preference for MASC gender across conditions, especially in BDB children, who produced masculine modifiers for 83% of items, while the L1Sp children did so for only 63% of items. Regression analyses show that for both groups, morphological cues have more weight than the nature of the referent in participants’ assignment of gender to novel words, and that the L1Sp group is more attentive to FEM morphological markers than the BDB group, pointing towards the existence of differences in the strength of cue-patterns for gender marking.
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Holme, Øyvind, and Michael Bretthauer. "Pain and sedation during colonoscopy – a never ending story." Endoscopy International Open 04, no. 05 (2016): E538—E539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-106085.
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NAKANO, TAKAFUMI. "Mandatory changes of specific names to agree in gender with Talitriator Methuen, 1913, which is masculine (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Talitridae)." Zootaxa 4483, no. 1 (2018): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4483.1.8.
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The genus Talitriator Methuen, 1913 was originally erected for T. eastwoodae Methuen, 1913, a talitrid amphipod or “land-hopper” from South Africa that was fixed as the type species of this genus by monotypy. Talitriator now includes seven species of land-hopper inhabiting South Africa as well as Saint Helena and Ascension islands in the Southern Atlantic (Stock & Biernbaum 1994; Griffiths 1999; Horton et al. 2018). Although Methuen (1913) did not explicitly explain the etymology of the generic name, it obviously combines the name of the talitrid type genus Talitrus Bosc, 1802 (stem: Talitr-; from Latin talitrum, a rapping or flick of a finger: Jaeger 1962), with the connecting vowel “i” and the Latin masculine agentive suffix “-ator”. On account of the final suffix, the gender of the name Talitriator is masculine. Under Articles 31.2 and 34.2 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature [hereafter “the Code”] (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1999), a Latin adjective that is used as a species-group name must agree in gender with the generic name it is combined with. Article 34.2 further specifies that an incorrect gender ending must be changed (a “mandatory change”, as opposed to either an “emendation” or an “incorrect subsequent spelling”: cf. Article 33.1 of the Code). This gender-agreement rule has largely been ignored in publications concerning species of Talitriator, with adjectival names most often being spelled with the feminine suffix “-a” regardless of generic assignment.
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Jovanovic, Tamara, Dusica Filipovic-Djurdjevic, and Petar Milin. "The cognitive processing of the allomorphy in Serbian." Psihologija 41, no. 1 (2008): 87–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi0801087j.
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In this work, we explored cognitive status of suffix allomorphy of the masculine nouns in instrumental singular in Serbian language (eg. misom-misem; puzom-puzem). Allomorphy represents distinct variations in form of the morpheme which does not influence it?s function and meaning (cf. Lyons, 1968). Despite it?s frequent appearance in speech and language production, it has rarely been a subject of psycholinguistic explorations. First goal of this research was to determine whether the cognitive processing of allomorphic nouns has it?s specificities and second goal was to create the base for making and testing hypothesis regarding morphological and/or phonological factors that influence suffix alternation in forming of instrumental singular of masculine nouns. We conducted visual lexical decision experiment and applied a questionnaire created for the needs of investigating allomorphy in language production. Results showed that at least two processes influence cognitive processing of masculine nouns in instrumental singular: (a) certain morpho-phonological restrictions that influence appearance of the suffix-em, and (b) allomorphy - variations in suffix in instrumental singular. In addition, the findings indicate that allomorphy could be the consequence of the tendency to use more frequent suffix (-om), that eases the processing, and blocks the influence of the morpho-phonological restrictions.
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Claiborne, Lise. "Travels With My Father." Qualitative Inquiry 23, no. 4 (2017): 257–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077800416686375.
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Barad’s diffractive methodology was used to explore one man’s encounter with Parkinson’s disease after long exposure to pesticides in home maintenance. The study moved from a realist account of relevant studies in toxicology, entomology, and neurology toward an onto-ethico-epistemological enquiry that asked how humans and insects live and work within the shared mattering of minerals, water, and time. Constructed memories of my father’s later life were explored within masculine discourses about protection of the family from invading insects and an intra-active reconsideration of the contradictions involved in the use of poison as both care and harm. New materialist theorizing took the focus from an exploration of the difference experienced by one fragile body toward a larger engagement with material and discursive forces, ending with questions about U.S. modernism and the tenaciousness of human subjectivities in a time of changing climate and movement of species around the globe.
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Vosters, Rik, and Gijsbert Rutten. "Three Southern shibboleths." Written Language and Literacy 18, no. 2 (2015): 260–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.18.2.05vos.
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Over the course of the long eighteenth century, a distinct Southern Dutch linguistic identity emerged in the region now known as Flanders, and spelling features are at the heart of this developing linguistic autonomy. By analyzing eighteenth- and early-nineteenth-century normative and metalinguistic comments about three highly salient spelling variables (the spelling of the long vowels a and u in closed syllables, the ending 〈-n〉 or 〈-ø〉 in masculine adnominals, and the orthographic representation of etymologically different e and o sounds), we will show how seemingly insignificant features increasingly came to be portrayed as representing an unbridgeable linguistic gap between the Northern and Southern Low Countries. At the time of the political reunion of both parts of the Dutch speaking territories (1815–1830), this perceived gap then gave rise to different voices rejecting or embracing these shibboleths of linguistic ‘Southernness’, indicating how spelling features came to represent conflicting identities.
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Goebel-Mahrle, Thomas, and Naomi L. Shin. "A corpus study of child heritage speakers’ Spanish gender agreement." International Journal of Bilingualism 24, no. 5-6 (2020): 1088–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006920935510.
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Objectives: This study investigates (a) whether child heritage speakers produce more gender mismatches in Spanish ( un piedra “a-masc. stone-fem.”) than monolingual children, (b) whether older child heritage speakers mismatch more than younger ones, and (c) linguistic contexts in which mismatches occur. Methodology: 3893 agreement forms were extracted from corpora of Spanish spoken by six monolingual children, ages 5–6 years, and three groups of US child heritage speakers: ten 5–6-year-olds, fifteen 7–8-year-olds, and twenty-one 9–11-year-olds. Data and analysis: Logistic regressions measured the impact of agreement form type, noun gender, noncanonical noun ending, and noun frequency on gender matching. One regression included 5–6-year-olds only (monolingual and heritage); the second included child heritage speakers only (5–11-year-olds). Findings: There were no significant differences between monolingual and heritage 5–6-year-olds; for these children, adjectives, direct object clitics, noncanonical nouns, and feminine nouns increased the likelihood of mismatches. Among the 5–11-year-old heritage speakers, direct object clitics referring to feminine nouns and noncanonical nouns increased the likelihood of mismatches. The 9–11-year-olds produced more gender mismatches referring to feminine nouns than the younger child heritage speakers, especially with direct object clitics. Originality: This corpus study provides evidence for high rates of gender matching and clarifies the contexts that increase the likelihood that children will mismatch. Implications: Gender matching remains an intact part of child heritage speakers’ Spanish grammars. The distribution of mismatches found provides evidence of a strong article–noun association and a weaker noun–direct object clitic association. The oldest child heritage speakers’ use of masculine clitic lo to refer to feminine nouns may reflect an association between English “it” and Spanish lo. More generally, the finding that mismatches tend to involve masculine forms referring to feminine nouns supports the idea that masculine is the default, unmarked form in Spanish.
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Guevremont, Amelie, and Bianca Grohmann. "Consonants in brand names influence brand gender perceptions." European Journal of Marketing 49, no. 1/2 (2015): 101–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-02-2013-0106.
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Purpose – This paper examines to what extent consonants in brand names influence consumers’ perceptions of feminine and masculine brand personality. Design/methodology/approach – Four experiments empirically test the influence of consonants on feminine and masculine brand personality. The experiments involve different sets of new brand names, variations regarding the consonants tested (the stops k and t, the fricatives f and s), as well as different locations of the focal consonant in the brand name. Findings – Consonants influence consumers’ brand perceptions: brand masculinity is enhanced by stops (rather than fricatives), and brand femininity is enhanced by fricatives (rather than stops). Consonants specifically affect feminine and masculine brand personality, but not other brand personality dimensions. Consumers’ responses to brand names and resulting brand gender perceptions (i.e. likelihood to recommend) were moderated by salience of masculinity or femininity as a desirable brand attribute. Practical implications – This research has implications for brand name selection: consonants are effective in creating a specifically masculine or a feminine brand personality. Originality/value – This research is the first to specifically link consonants and feminine/masculine brand personality. By specifically examining consonants, this research extends the marketing literature on sound symbolism that is characterized by a focus on vowels effects. This research is also the first to address whether the position of the focal phoneme in the brand name matters.
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Molesworth, Jesse M. ""A Dreadful Course of Calamities": Roxana 's Ending Reconsidered." ELH 74, no. 2 (2007): 493–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/elh.2007.0015.
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Gates, John M. "Book Review: The Never Ending War: Terrorism in the 80's." Armed Forces & Society 15, no. 2 (1989): 309–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095327x8901500222.
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Bonet, Eulàlia. "A challenge for Harmonic Serialism with Optimal Interleaving." Phonology 30, no. 3 (2013): 399–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675713000201.
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This paper examines two related phenomena from Catalan that pose a challenge to a proposal in McCarthy (2012) that combines Harmonic Serialism (HS) with the theory of Optimal Interleaving (OI) of Wolf (2009). The first phenomenon, found with stems ending in a sibilant, is the selection of a marked masculine allomorph only before the plural morph, also a sibilant, which prevents an OCP violation. The second, phrasal, phenomenon is restricted to one dialect of Catalan: the plural morpheme is not realised in prenominal position only when it would surface between two consonants. It is shown that, with some crucial modifications on the way spell-out proceeds, HS/OI can account for the two phenomena when they occur separately, but when they co-occur within the same phrase, wrong predictions are made, due to the one-change-at-a-time basic property of HS. These problems do not arise in a parallel OT approach.
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Lalbakhsh, Pedram. "Subverting Masculine Ideology and Monstrous Power Exertion in Doris Lessing‟s The Cleft." 3L: The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies 20, no. 3 (2014): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/3l-2014-2003-02.
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Shively, Charley. "Fone, Byrne R. S. Masculine Landscapes: Walt Whitman and the Homoerotic Text [review]." Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 10, no. 2 (1992): 84–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.13008/2153-3695.1361.
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Rawlings, P. "Book review. Misogynistic. Sordid images: the poetry of masculine desire. S. H. Clark." Essays in Criticism 46, no. 1 (1996): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eic/46.1.63.
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Nesset, Tore. "A long birth." Diachronica 37, no. 4 (2020): 514–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.18057.nes.
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Abstract This article investigates the diachronic development of Russian numeral constructions consisting of a paucal numeral (dva “two”, tri “three”, četyre “four”) followed by an adjective and a noun. Based on statistical analysis of more than 6,000 corpus examples, it is shown that a split took place in the second half of the twentieth century when feminine nouns developed a different agreement pattern from that of masculine and neuter nouns. This split is argued to represent the final step in a long “birth process” of gender-specific paucal constructions that started with the loss of the dual in the Middle Ages. It is suggested that we are witnessing a cascading effect, whereby the feminine pattern develops when the pattern for masculine and neuter nouns is approaching stabilization. The article furthermore includes a discussion of the hypothesis that “S-curves” represent a template for language change. While the documented changes resemble S-curves, the proposed analysis also addresses some general problems with testing the S-curve hypothesis empirically.
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Grigorieva, Tatyana M., та Svetlana V. Naumenko. "Prefixes with -з as Violations of the Russian Spelling System". Philology 18, № 9 (2020): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2019-18-9-9-18.
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The article describes the paradoxical case of Russian spelling – the spelling of the prefixes ending with ‑z (‑з), based on the phonetic principle which, without any reason, sets them apart from other prefixes ending with a consonant (pod-, nad-, ot-, ob-, v-, s-), according to the main phonological principle of Russian spelling. The analysis of numerous sentences concerning the spelling of these prefixes, which was discussed by spelling committees before and after the 1917 spelling reform, is carried out from the point of view of practicability and scientific validity. Rare archival materials were used in the article. It is concluded that it is necessary to bring the prefixes ending with consonants to the common denominator, since the spelling of the prefixes ending with ‑z violates the Russian system of writing.
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Josefsson, Gunlög. "Avokadosar och kepsar – ett epentetiskt s med olika funktioner." Språk och stil NF 28 (2018) (February 3, 2019): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33063/diva-376232.
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Two groups of words containing an s in the ending are discussed: firstly, non-standard plural forms ending in -sar, such as avokadosar ‘avocados’, frequently found in spoken Swedish, but deviating from the forms avokador or avokadoer, recommended by normative authorities, and secondly, so-called keps-words, traditionally analysed as English loan words, retaining the plural s, which, in some cases has been incorporated into the stem: cap + s → keps ‘hat’. The focus of interest is the role of the s. I argue that s in both groups is an epenthetic consonant. In sar-plurals, the s blocks hiatus, which is undesirable in Swedish. It also provides the syllable that follows with an onset and allows for the use of the default plural marker -ar. For keps-words I argue that s is epenthetic too, but in a different way. Prokosch’s law is important in Swedish phonology; basically, stressed syllables have to be long. When English short-syllable words, such as cap, are imported, they have to be adjusted accordingly. To supply the coda with an s – a reanalysis of the English plural marker –, is one way to achieve this. Not all keps-words can be explained this way, but the explanation holds for the majority of the examples.
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Holmes, Nigel. "Gaudia nostra: a hexameter-ending in elegy." Classical Quarterly 45, no. 2 (1995): 500–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000983880004355x.
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In an earlier article in Classical Quarterly, S. J. Harrison explored the varying frequency of hexameter-endings of the type discordia taetra, where a noun that ends in short a is followed by its epithet with the same termination. It appears from this that while most pre-Augustan poets allow a fairly high frequency of such verse-endings (e.g. Lucretius 1:130, Catullus 1:204), some Augustan poets and their imitators show a distinct tendency to avoid them (e.g. Vergil, Georgics 1:547), while some almost exclude them altogether (e.g. Ovid, Metamorphoses 1:4999, Statius, Thebaid 1:1948). The hexameters of elegiac poetry might be subject to the same restriction; the following are figures for elegy from Catullus to Martial.