Academic literature on the topic 'Masculine ending with -z'
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Journal articles on the topic "Masculine ending with -z"
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Paśko-Koneczniak, Dorota Angelika. "Białoruskie elementy językowe w rosyjskiej gwarze staroobrzędowców mieszkających w regionie suwalsko-augustowskim." Acta Baltico-Slavica 38 (December 31, 2014): 207–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/abs.2014.022.
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Elements of the Belarusian language in the Russian dialect used by the Old Believers living in the Suwałki-Augustów regionThe article deals with the Belarusian elements in the Russian dialect of the Old Believers living in Poland. The Old Believers arrived in Poland in the second half of the 18th century. At present they live in the Suwałki-Augustów region in the north-eastern Poland. They inhabit mostly two villages in the county of Suwałki, namely Gabowe Grądy and Bór, which are very close to each other, and three towns: Augustów, Suwałki and Sejny. The dialect used by the Polish Old Believers represents the western Central Great Russian dialects characterized by akanie, the so-called Pskov group. They share features which are typical of Pskov. The dialect was also influenced by other north-eastern Belarusian dialects, that is, the ones which were closest to the areas originally inhabited by Old Believers, who migrated in phases. After each phase, their dialect came to reflect some new linguistic influences. A large number of lexemes directly borrowed from Polish, or via the Belarusian language, are found in this dialect, which is also characterized by other features common in Belarusian dialects or the Bulgarian language. By way of illustration, they include the following features: the prosthetic j-, prosthetic v-, the occurrence of the endings –im and –ym in the case of singular masculine adjectives in the locative, promotion of the endings –i and –y in the case of the plural masculine and neutral nouns in the nominative, and the occurrence of lexemes borrowed from the Belarusian language. Białoruskie elementy językowe w rosyjskiej gwarze staroobrzędowców mieszkających w regionie suwalsko-augustowskimArtykuł poświęcony jest problematyce białoruskich elementów językowych w rosyjskiej gwarze staroobrzędowców mieszkających w Polsce. Staroobrzędowcy pojawili się na terytorium Polski w drugiej połowie XVIII w. Obecnie mieszkają w regionie suwalsko-augustowskim w północno-wschodniej Polsce. Największe skupisko staroobrzędowców znajduje się w dwóch sąsiadujących ze sobą wsiach powiatu augustowskiego – Gabowych Grądach i Borze, oraz w miastach Augustów i Suwałki. Gwara polskich staroobrzędowców należy do narzecza zachodniego środkowowielkoruskich gwar akających, tzw. grupy pskowskiej i charakteryzuje się typowymi cechami pskowskimi. Na gwarę wpływały także północno-wschodnie gwary białoruskie, czyli gwary znajdujące się najbliżej terenów macierzystych staroobrzędowców. Migracja staroobrzędowców była etapowa i po każdym etapie ich gwara odzwierciedlała nowe wpływy językowe. W gwarze widoczna jest duża ilość leksemów zapożyczonych bezpośrednio z języka polskiego lub za pośrednictwem języka białoruskiego. Badana gwara charakteryzuje się cechami wspólnymi z gwarami białoruskimi lub językiem białoruskim, np. protetycznym j-, protetycznym v-, występowaniem końcówek –im, –ym w miejscowniku liczby pojedynczej w przymiotnikach rodzaju męskiego, upowszechnieniem końcówek –i, –y w mianowniku liczby mnogiej rzeczowników rodzaju męskiego i nijakiego, występowaniem leksemów zapożyczonych z języka białoruskiego.
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Versloot, Arjen. "Die Endungen -os/-as und -a des Nominativ/Akkusativ Plurals der a-Stämme im Altsächsischen." Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik 76, no. 4 (2016): 464–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18756719-12340052.
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The Old Saxon ending of the NAp of the masculine a-stems is generally -os in the larger sources Heliand and Genesis, appears as -as in minor texts, but faces competition from -a in minor texts in south-western sources. There are various hypotheses about the origin of the -a-ending, whether going back to the original Proto-Germanic accusative ending or being a borrowing from Franconian. An analysis of all 119 attested NAp forms of masculine -(j/w)a-stems from minor texts reveals that the ending -a arose in the late 9th century and found its roots indeed in the south-western region of the Lower Rhine Valley (Essen, Werden). The variant -os, next to geographically dominant -as, is only found in that region as well. The ending -a most likely spread from Lower Rhine Valley Franconian, where an intense contact existed between Franconian and Saxon, the former being the politically dominant variety. This borrowing was the first step in a total reshaping of Middle Low Saxon plural morphology, based on the Franconian pattern of masculine -e versus feminine -en.
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Bellamy, Kate, M. Parafita Couto, and Hans Stadthagen-Gonzalez. "Investigating Gender Assignment Strategies in Mixed Purepecha–Spanish Nominal Constructions." Languages 3, no. 3 (2018): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages3030028.
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Purepecha has no grammatical gender, whereas Spanish has a binary masculine–feminine system. In this paper we investigate how early sequential Purepecha–Spanish bilinguals assign gender to Purepecha nouns inserted into an otherwise Spanish utterance, using a director-matcher production task and an online forced-choice acceptability judgement task. The results of the production task indicate a strong preference for masculine gender, irrespective of the gender of the noun’s translation equivalent, the so-called “masculine default” option. Participants in the comprehension task were influenced by the orthography of the Purepecha noun in the -a ending condition, leading them to assign feminine gender agreement to nouns that are masculine in Spanish, but preferred the masculine default strategy again in the -i/-u ending condition. The absence of the “analogical criterion” in both tasks contrasts with the results of some previous studies, underlining the need for more comparable data in terms of task type. Our results also highlight how task type can influence the choices speakers make, in this context, in terms of the choice of grammatical gender agreement strategy. Task type should therefore be carefully controlled in future studies.
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Wunderlich, Dieter. "German noun plural reconsidered." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22, no. 6 (1999): 1044–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x99542222.
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German noun plurals not ending in -s are not as irregular as Clahsen suggests. Feminine nouns get the -n plural, unless they umlaut and are subject to a constraint that requires a reduced final syllable in the plural. Another regular class is masculine nouns ending in schwa, which are weakly inflected. It is suggested that more differentiated psycholinguistic experiments can identify these regularities.
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Kolibaba, Larysa. "The endings of accusative case of nouns in history of Ukrainian orthography." Ukrainska mova, no. 3 (2020): 28–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ukrmova2020.03.028.
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The second form of accusative is the ancient original grammatical feature of the Ukrainian language, based on the tradition of folklore. It penetrated to the literary language from the living national language, so it was most consistently preserved verbal colloquial speech and language of fiction. Folk origin of the second form of accusative is reflected by the semantics of nouns used with the ending -a (-я) – these are primarily the names of сoncrete household objects. Instead, nouns – names of abstract concepts of masculine, that it is difficult to personify, in a folk language not so much. Because of this, the functioning of abstract nouns in the form of accusative with the ending -a (-я) is limited. The main criterion that allows the second form of accusative case is semantic. It is based on the rules, presented in all editions of the academic «Ukrainian Spelling», but the register of nouns it was «let» to have this form was uneven, it was constantly narrowed, that predefined by socio-political conditions of functioning of the Ukrainian language at different time periods. Analysis of scientific and lexicographic sources from the beginning of the XX century and to this day it gives grounds to attribute the form of accusative case on -a (-я) to «repressed», artificially restricted in use. The difficult and regressive way of its normalization, besides lexicographic sources, is also attested by Ukrainian spellings of different years of publication. The most complete list of nouns – the names of uncreatures of masculine of the second declension and the most fundamental rule for their endings in accusative of singular, based on a well-defined semantic criterion, is given in the «Ukrainian spelling» of 1928. Only in this edition for nouns – names of uncreatures of masculine of the second declension that is the names of concrete objects, as only correct and only the possible ending is -a (-я). Also in it, among the nouns of masculine of the second declension, in particular and the names of uncreatures, the prepositional constructs of the second accusative case are presented. From the «Ukrainian Spelling» of 1933 to its most recent edition in 2019, the prescription for the use of accusative case with the ending -a (-я) has a form of a note (or rather – an exception) and fixes as normative two parallel morphological forms of accusative case of singular– on -a (-я) and with zero ending. Researches of modern scientists, based on theoretical and lexicographic work 20–30th of ХХ of century and the language practice of the Ukrainian people from ancient times to the present, formed an objective basis for the revival of this multi-hundred-year tradition of the Ukrainian language in all functional and stylistic spheres of everyday life of the Ukrainian language, taking into account that text of note in relation to the second form of accusative, offered in the new release of the «Ukrainian Spelling» in 2019, it is needed to correct and extend, in particular to give more detailed list of lexico-semantic groups of nouns, for that the second form of accusative is an organic morphological feature, substantially to complement the register of nouns-illustrations, change placed the sequence of disposition of wordforms with a zero ending and ending -а (-я) and the note itself transformed into a rule. Keywords: accusative case, the second form of accusative case, the second accusative, genitive case, nominative case, nouns – the names of uncreatures of masculine of the second declension, ending -а (-я), zero ending.
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Caro Reina, Javier, and Jessica Nowak. "Diachronic development of gender in city names in Spanish." STUF - Language Typology and Universals 72, no. 4 (2019): 505–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/stuf-2019-0020.
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Abstract This paper examines the gender assignment rules that apply to city names in the history of Spanish, relying for the first time on extensive corpus-based material. The empirical data show that gender assignment changed from a referential principle that consistently assigned city names to the feminine (due to the feminine basic level noun for ‘city’) to a phonologically driven assignment rule, with city names ending in -a generally being assigned to the feminine (e.g. Barcelona) and those ending in -o or -C to the masculine (e.g. Toledo, Madrid). However, the overall picture is much more complicated than previously suggested in the literature since there is still a high degree of gender variation in Modern Spanish. The use of the feminine is still possible in city names ending in -o or -C. Interestingly, the change from referential to phonological gender assignment occurs first within the NP (mainly with quantifiers such as tod- o/-a ‘all-m/-f’). It is in this morphosyntactic context that city names with final -a most commonly shift from the feminine to the masculine gender. This case of “evasive gender” will be discussed from a typological perspective.
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LYSTER, ROY. "Predictability in French gender attribution: A corpus analysis." Journal of French Language Studies 16, no. 1 (2006): 69–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269506002304.
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This article presents a corpus analysis designed to determine the extent to which noun endings in French are reliable predictors of grammatical gender. A corpus of 9,961 nouns appearing in Le Robert Junior Illustré was analysed according to noun endings, which were operationalised as orthographic representations of rhymes, which consist of either a vowel sound (i.e., a nucleus) in the case of vocalic endings or a vowel-plus-consonant blend (i.e., a nucleus and a coda) in the case of consonantal endings. The analysis classified noun endings as reliably masculine, reliably feminine, or ambiguous, by considering as reliable predictors of grammatical gender any noun ending that predicts the gender of least 90 per cent of all nouns in the corpus with that ending. Results reveal that 81 per cent of all feminine nouns and 80 per cent of all masculine nouns in the corpus are rule governed, having endings that systematically predict their gender. These findings, at odds with traditional grammars, are discussed in terms of their pedagogical implications.
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Dammel, Antje. "Evaluative Wortbildung und Personenreferenz." Linguistik Online 107, no. 2 (2021): 145–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.13092/lo.107.7691.
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The word formation pattern [ __-i]N mask. in Alemannic mainly derives masculine agent nouns from verbs resulting in output semantics of ‘someone who notoriously acts in the manner of base verb’. I analyse the pattern as an instance of evaluative morphology embedded in a more general output oriented schema and propose a scenario how the pattern may have developed from an OHG hypochoristic pattern primarily used in names. In a qualitative and quantitative analysis of two dialect dictionaries on Zürich German and Bernese German I look into the possible lexical fillings of the pattern and derive areas of stereotypisation. As the products of the pattern are masculine nouns, it is of interest whether the lemmas are flanked with a feminine form or not, and if they are, whether the feminine form follows or precedes the masculine form or is added as a separate lemma without a masculine pendant. The analysis also includes neuter forms ending in -i listed in the dictionaries. As the masculine products of the pattern already reflect stereotyped behaviour, the feminine (and neuter) forms included in the dictionnaries are expected to sediment gender stereotypes to a high degree.
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Roberts, Marilyn. "Jane Austen and the Tradition of Masculine Benevolence." Eighteenth-Century Life 45, no. 1 (2021): 75–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00982601-8793945.
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During the long eighteenth century, benevolence was thought to be the greatest of all virtues. In her later novels especially, Jane Austen emphasized its primacy, showing that benevolence must be taught, practiced, and perfected through rigorous self-analysis and the repudiation of self-indulgence. The heroes of those novels tend to exercise benevolence in accordance with the duties of their profession, especially as described in the courtesy books of the period. Nevertheless, even if adept at helping the needy or extending kindness toward their peers, her central male characters do not find happiness until they discipline themselves to be more benevolent toward people of all ranks. Although the novels do not advocate a political solution for ending poverty, Austen suggests that her readers can improve society through benevolent action.
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Kleszczowa, Krystyna. "Pięćdziesiąt lat minęło. O polskim dopełniaczu liczby pojedynczej raz jeszcze." ANNALES UNIVERSITATIS PAEDAGOGICAE CRACOVIENSIS. STUDIA LINGUISTICA, no. 14 (December 15, 2019): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20831765.14.7.
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1968 saw the publication of Józefa Kobylińska’s monograph entitled Rozwój form dopełniacza liczby pojedynczej rzeczowników rodzaju męskiego w języku polskim [The development of the forms of the genitive singular of masculine nouns in the Polish language]. Whoever intends to write about the Polish masculine genitive singular cannot neglect this publication, especially so because the selection of the endings -a and -u still poses a problem for modern Poles. The author of the article intends to supplement the fragments of the monograph which refer to the sources of the vacillations in the selection of endings. She puts forward a thesis that the source of the ending -u in the genitive was not only the 2nd declension but also the forms of the dative of the 1st declension. The author continues to ask, why the ending -a was preserved by animate nouns. It turns out that among all the functions of the genitive (genetivus qualitatis, genetivus partitivus, genetivus absolutus) Saxon genitive was the prevailing one; a noun in the genitive indicated the possessor, and the latter was a person, less frequently an animal. Possessive form expressed by the dative (cf. Bogu rodzica) was not pure, it frequently connoted an existential function.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Masculine ending with -z"
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Klimtová, Barbora. "Skloňování maskulin s tvarotvorným základem zakončeným na obojetnou souhlásku v současné češtině." Master's thesis, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-313744.
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The thesis attemps to map the current situation of the variance process in masculines ended with epicene consonants -s and -z. Based on the description of the situation presented in language guides approximately since 1950s and with the help of Retrográdní slovník současné češtiny, the authoress compiled a list of masculines with this type of ending and afterwards she verified each noun via corpus databáze ČNK syn2010. To komplete the corpus results the authoress used the questionary survey on selected nouns. From acquired data there was set together a summary which should describe the current situation of this variance in these nouns.
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Zídek, Marija. "Rodina, výchova a rodičovství z perspektivy otců." Master's thesis, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-436674.
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The diploma thesis focuses on the perception of family, upbringing and parenthood from the perspective of fathers. The theoretical part of the thesis introduces key definitions and theoretical conceptions related to family, childrearing, parenthood and fatherhood, including historical changes in the perception of these concepts. Furthermore, functions of the family, the diversity of family roles, and relationships between family members are discussed in the context of current knowledge about gender aspects of family systems. The empirical part of the thesis is based on qualitative research design. The aim of the empirical part is to explore via in-depth interviews with young fathers how these fathers perceive and experience their role as fathers, whether and how they perceive social changes of the father's role and how they relate to these changes.
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Šmejkalová, Jana. "Komparace zkušeností aktérů a aktérek české komunální politiky z genderové perspektivy." Master's thesis, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-435415.
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Although the representation of women in terms of the Czech local politics is higher than on regional and state level, still their total number does not reach the participation of men by far. In addition, women are more present on lower decision-making positions of local politics. It is possible to say that women are disadvantaged by the current political and social environment. The qualitative research used in the present paper focuses itself on the reflections of male and female politicians regarding their participation in local politics, whereas their consensus and differences in opinions are monitored especially in regards to such topics as mandatory gender quotas, position of men and women in the local politics, discrimination, and distribution of political agenda as per gender. It has been demonstrated that "the second shift" is the most important factor in the eyes of both male and female politicians, making the involvement of women in the local politics much more difficult. Stereotyped statements of politicians of both genders illustrate the image of the local politics as a significantly male dominated enviroment, where a woman can prove herself only after winning the imaginary battle with the whole system (and after overcoming the intra-party barriers) and for the price of a demanding...
Books on the topic "Masculine ending with -z"
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Catherine, Marry, ed. Pour en finir avec la domination masculine: De A à Z. Empêcheurs de penser en rond, 2007.
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Caputi, Jane. Call Your "Mutha". Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190902704.001.0001.
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The proposed new geological era, The Anthropocene (a.k.a. Age of Humans, Age of Man), marking human domination of the planet long called Mother Earth, is truly The Age of the Motherfucker. The ecocide of the Anthropocene is the responsibility of Man, the Western- and masculine-identified corporate, military, intellectual, and political class that masks itself as the exemplar of the civilized and the human. The word motherfucker was invented by the enslaved children of White slave masters to name their mothers’ rapist/owners. Man’s strategic motherfucking, from the personal to the planetary, is invasion, exploitation, spirit-breaking, extraction and toxic wasting of individuals, communities, and lands, for reasons of pleasure, plunder, and profit. Ecocide is attempted deicide of Mother Nature-Earth, reflecting Man’s goal to become the god he first made in his own image. The motivational word Motherfucker has a flip side, further revealing the Anthropocene as it signifies an outstanding, formidable, and inexorable force. Mother Nature-Earth is that “Mutha’ ”—one defying translation into heteropatriarchal classifications of gender, one capable of overwhelming Man, and not the other way around. Drawing upon Indigenous and African American scholarship; ecofeminism; ecowomanism; green activism; femme, queer, and gender non-binary philosophies; literature and arts; Afrofuturism; and popular culture, Call Your “Mutha’ ” contends that the Anthropocene is not evidence of Man’s supremacy over nature, but that Mother Nature-Earth, faced with disrespect, is going away. It is imperative now to call the “Mutha’ ” by decolonizing land, bodies, and minds, ending rapism, feeding the green, renewing sustaining patterns, and affirming devotion to Mother Nature-Earth.
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White, Miles. Real Niggas. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036620.003.0005.
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This chapter discusses the performance of blackness and masculinity in hip-hop performance, the trope of the bad nigger and the notion of the hard man, and how African American performers have engaged the sign of blackness in both pejorative and empowering ways. For young males—blacks, whites, indeed of many racial and ethnic stripes—hardcore rap transformed black males from the 'hood into totemic performers of a powerful masculine authenticity and identity at a time in which there appeared to be few real men left. The chapter also discusses the crack cocaine epidemic in the 1980s and how the intrusion of gang and drug cultures contributed to the transformation of hip-hop culture, the performance of masculinity within that culture, and the influence of a number of seminal artists including Run-DMC, N.W.A., Public Enemy, and Jay-Z.
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Ferreira, Eliel Alves, and João Vicente Zamperion. Excel: Uma ferramenta estatística. Brazil Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-400-5.
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This study aims to present the concepts and methods of statistical analysis using the Excel software, in a simple way aiming at a greater ease of understanding of students, both undergraduate and graduate, from different areas of knowledge. In Excel, mainly Data Analysis Tools will be used. For a better understanding, there are, in this book, many practical examples applying these tools and their interpretations, which are of paramount importance. In the first chapter, it deals with introductory concepts, such as introduction to Excel, the importance of statistics, concepts and definitions. Being that in this will be addressed the subjects of population and sample, types of data and their levels of measurement. Then it brings a detailed study of Descriptive Statistics, where it will be studied percentage, construction of graphs, frequency distribution, measures of central tendency and measures of dispersion. In the third chapter, notions of probability, binomial and normal probability distribution will be studied. In the last chapter, Inferential Statistics will be approached, starting with the confidence interval, going through the hypothesis tests (F, Z and t tests), ending with the statistical study of the correlation between variables and simple linear regression. It is worth mentioning that the statistical knowledge covered in this book can be useful for, in addition to students, professionals who want to improve their knowledge in statistics using Excel.
Book chapters on the topic "Masculine ending with -z"
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Pease, Bob. "Reconstructing Masculinity or Ending Manhood? The Potential and Limitations of Transforming Masculine Subjectivities for Gender Equality." In Alternative Masculinities for a Changing World. Palgrave Macmillan US, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137462565_2.
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"Macho / Masculine / Masculinist." In An A-Z of Feminist Theology. Bloomsbury Academic, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781474289689.86.
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"IRREGULAR NOUNS Zero-ending genitive plural of masculine nouns." In Intermediate Russian. Routledge, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203184301-54.
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"Berufe. Asking about occupations and who works where. Masculine and feminine forms of professions. Plural verb ending -en. Im/zum/zur." In Let's Talk German. Routledge, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315832579-15.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Masculine ending with -z"
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Noguchi, Mary Goebel. "The Shifting Sub-Text of Japanese Gendered Language." In GLOCAL Conference on Asian Linguistic Anthropology 2020. The GLOCAL Unit, SOAS University of London, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47298/cala2020.12-2.
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Sociolinguists (Holmes 2008; Meyerhof 2006) assists to describe the Japanese language a having gender exclusive elements. Personal pronouns, sentence-ending particles and lexicon used exclusively by one gender have been cataloged in English by researchers such as Ide (1979), Shibamoto (1985) and McGloin (1991). While there has been some research showing that Japanese women’s language use today is much more diverse than these earlier descriptions suggested (e.g. studies in Okamoto and Smith 2004) and that some young Japanese girls use masculine pronouns to refer to themselves (Miyazaki 2010), prescriptive rules for Japanese use still maintain gender-exclusive elements. In addition, characters in movie and TV dramas not only adhere to but also popularize these norms (Nakamura 2012). Thus, Japanese etiquette and media ‘texts’ promote the perpetuation of gender-exclusive language use, particularly by females. However, in the past three decades, Japanese society has made significant shifts towards gender equality in legal code, the workplace and education. The researcher therefore decided to investigate how Japanese women use and view their language in the context of these changes. Data comes from three focus groups. The first was conducted in 2013 and was composed of older women members of a university human rights research group focused on gender issues. The other two were conducted in 2013 and 2019, and were composed of female university students who went through the Japanese school system after the Japan Teachers’ Union adopted a policy of gender equality, thus expressing interest in gender issues. The goal was to determine whether Japanese women’s language use is shifting over time. The participants’ feelings about these norms were also explored - especially whether or not they feel that the norms constrain their ability to express themselves fully. Although the new norms are not yet evident in most public contexts, the language use and views of the participants in this study represent the sub-text of this shift in Japanese usage.
Reports on the topic "Masculine ending with -z"
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Rose, J. PEPCO turbo-Z battery charger system. Technical progress report, calendar quarter ending March 31, 1998. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/595609.
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Technical Progress Report for PEPCO: Turbo-Z Battery Charging System. Calendar Quarter Ending March 31, 1999. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/765714.
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