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Paśko-Koneczniak, Dorota Angelika. "Białoruskie elementy językowe w rosyjskiej gwarze staroobrzędowców mieszkających w regionie suwalsko-augustowskim." Acta Baltico-Slavica 38 (December 31, 2014): 207–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/abs.2014.022.
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Elements of the Belarusian language in the Russian dialect used by the Old Believers living in the Suwałki-Augustów regionThe article deals with the Belarusian elements in the Russian dialect of the Old Believers living in Poland. The Old Believers arrived in Poland in the second half of the 18th century. At present they live in the Suwałki-Augustów region in the north-eastern Poland. They inhabit mostly two villages in the county of Suwałki, namely Gabowe Grądy and Bór, which are very close to each other, and three towns: Augustów, Suwałki and Sejny. The dialect used by the Polish Old Believers represents the western Central Great Russian dialects characterized by akanie, the so-called Pskov group. They share features which are typical of Pskov. The dialect was also influenced by other north-eastern Belarusian dialects, that is, the ones which were closest to the areas originally inhabited by Old Believers, who migrated in phases. After each phase, their dialect came to reflect some new linguistic influences. A large number of lexemes directly borrowed from Polish, or via the Belarusian language, are found in this dialect, which is also characterized by other features common in Belarusian dialects or the Bulgarian language. By way of illustration, they include the following features: the prosthetic j-, prosthetic v-, the occurrence of the endings –im and –ym in the case of singular masculine adjectives in the locative, promotion of the endings –i and –y in the case of the plural masculine and neutral nouns in the nominative, and the occurrence of lexemes borrowed from the Belarusian language. Białoruskie elementy językowe w rosyjskiej gwarze staroobrzędowców mieszkających w regionie suwalsko-augustowskimArtykuł poświęcony jest problematyce białoruskich elementów językowych w rosyjskiej gwarze staroobrzędowców mieszkających w Polsce. Staroobrzędowcy pojawili się na terytorium Polski w drugiej połowie XVIII w. Obecnie mieszkają w regionie suwalsko-augustowskim w północno-wschodniej Polsce. Największe skupisko staroobrzędowców znajduje się w dwóch sąsiadujących ze sobą wsiach powiatu augustowskiego – Gabowych Grądach i Borze, oraz w miastach Augustów i Suwałki. Gwara polskich staroobrzędowców należy do narzecza zachodniego środkowowielkoruskich gwar akających, tzw. grupy pskowskiej i charakteryzuje się typowymi cechami pskowskimi. Na gwarę wpływały także północno-wschodnie gwary białoruskie, czyli gwary znajdujące się najbliżej terenów macierzystych staroobrzędowców. Migracja staroobrzędowców była etapowa i po każdym etapie ich gwara odzwierciedlała nowe wpływy językowe. W gwarze widoczna jest duża ilość leksemów zapożyczonych bezpośrednio z języka polskiego lub za pośrednictwem języka białoruskiego. Badana gwara charakteryzuje się cechami wspólnymi z gwarami białoruskimi lub językiem białoruskim, np. protetycznym j-, protetycznym v-, występowaniem końcówek –im, –ym w miejscowniku liczby pojedynczej w przymiotnikach rodzaju męskiego, upowszechnieniem końcówek –i, –y w mianowniku liczby mnogiej rzeczowników rodzaju męskiego i nijakiego, występowaniem leksemów zapożyczonych z języka białoruskiego.
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Versloot, Arjen. "Die Endungen -os/-as und -a des Nominativ/Akkusativ Plurals der a-Stämme im Altsächsischen." Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik 76, no. 4 (2016): 464–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18756719-12340052.
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The Old Saxon ending of the NAp of the masculine a-stems is generally -os in the larger sources Heliand and Genesis, appears as -as in minor texts, but faces competition from -a in minor texts in south-western sources. There are various hypotheses about the origin of the -a-ending, whether going back to the original Proto-Germanic accusative ending or being a borrowing from Franconian. An analysis of all 119 attested NAp forms of masculine -(j/w)a-stems from minor texts reveals that the ending -a arose in the late 9th century and found its roots indeed in the south-western region of the Lower Rhine Valley (Essen, Werden). The variant -os, next to geographically dominant -as, is only found in that region as well. The ending -a most likely spread from Lower Rhine Valley Franconian, where an intense contact existed between Franconian and Saxon, the former being the politically dominant variety. This borrowing was the first step in a total reshaping of Middle Low Saxon plural morphology, based on the Franconian pattern of masculine -e versus feminine -en.
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Bellamy, Kate, M. Parafita Couto, and Hans Stadthagen-Gonzalez. "Investigating Gender Assignment Strategies in Mixed Purepecha–Spanish Nominal Constructions." Languages 3, no. 3 (2018): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages3030028.
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Purepecha has no grammatical gender, whereas Spanish has a binary masculine–feminine system. In this paper we investigate how early sequential Purepecha–Spanish bilinguals assign gender to Purepecha nouns inserted into an otherwise Spanish utterance, using a director-matcher production task and an online forced-choice acceptability judgement task. The results of the production task indicate a strong preference for masculine gender, irrespective of the gender of the noun’s translation equivalent, the so-called “masculine default” option. Participants in the comprehension task were influenced by the orthography of the Purepecha noun in the -a ending condition, leading them to assign feminine gender agreement to nouns that are masculine in Spanish, but preferred the masculine default strategy again in the -i/-u ending condition. The absence of the “analogical criterion” in both tasks contrasts with the results of some previous studies, underlining the need for more comparable data in terms of task type. Our results also highlight how task type can influence the choices speakers make, in this context, in terms of the choice of grammatical gender agreement strategy. Task type should therefore be carefully controlled in future studies.
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Wunderlich, Dieter. "German noun plural reconsidered." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22, no. 6 (1999): 1044–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x99542222.
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German noun plurals not ending in -s are not as irregular as Clahsen suggests. Feminine nouns get the -n plural, unless they umlaut and are subject to a constraint that requires a reduced final syllable in the plural. Another regular class is masculine nouns ending in schwa, which are weakly inflected. It is suggested that more differentiated psycholinguistic experiments can identify these regularities.
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Kolibaba, Larysa. "The endings of accusative case of nouns in history of Ukrainian orthography." Ukrainska mova, no. 3 (2020): 28–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ukrmova2020.03.028.
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The second form of accusative is the ancient original grammatical feature of the Ukrainian language, based on the tradition of folklore. It penetrated to the literary language from the living national language, so it was most consistently preserved verbal colloquial speech and language of fiction. Folk origin of the second form of accusative is reflected by the semantics of nouns used with the ending -a (-я) – these are primarily the names of сoncrete household objects. Instead, nouns – names of abstract concepts of masculine, that it is difficult to personify, in a folk language not so much. Because of this, the functioning of abstract nouns in the form of accusative with the ending -a (-я) is limited. The main criterion that allows the second form of accusative case is semantic. It is based on the rules, presented in all editions of the academic «Ukrainian Spelling», but the register of nouns it was «let» to have this form was uneven, it was constantly narrowed, that predefined by socio-political conditions of functioning of the Ukrainian language at different time periods. Analysis of scientific and lexicographic sources from the beginning of the XX century and to this day it gives grounds to attribute the form of accusative case on -a (-я) to «repressed», artificially restricted in use. The difficult and regressive way of its normalization, besides lexicographic sources, is also attested by Ukrainian spellings of different years of publication. The most complete list of nouns – the names of uncreatures of masculine of the second declension and the most fundamental rule for their endings in accusative of singular, based on a well-defined semantic criterion, is given in the «Ukrainian spelling» of 1928. Only in this edition for nouns – names of uncreatures of masculine of the second declension that is the names of concrete objects, as only correct and only the possible ending is -a (-я). Also in it, among the nouns of masculine of the second declension, in particular and the names of uncreatures, the prepositional constructs of the second accusative case are presented. From the «Ukrainian Spelling» of 1933 to its most recent edition in 2019, the prescription for the use of accusative case with the ending -a (-я) has a form of a note (or rather – an exception) and fixes as normative two parallel morphological forms of accusative case of singular– on -a (-я) and with zero ending. Researches of modern scientists, based on theoretical and lexicographic work 20–30th of ХХ of century and the language practice of the Ukrainian people from ancient times to the present, formed an objective basis for the revival of this multi-hundred-year tradition of the Ukrainian language in all functional and stylistic spheres of everyday life of the Ukrainian language, taking into account that text of note in relation to the second form of accusative, offered in the new release of the «Ukrainian Spelling» in 2019, it is needed to correct and extend, in particular to give more detailed list of lexico-semantic groups of nouns, for that the second form of accusative is an organic morphological feature, substantially to complement the register of nouns-illustrations, change placed the sequence of disposition of wordforms with a zero ending and ending -а (-я) and the note itself transformed into a rule. Keywords: accusative case, the second form of accusative case, the second accusative, genitive case, nominative case, nouns – the names of uncreatures of masculine of the second declension, ending -а (-я), zero ending.
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Caro Reina, Javier, and Jessica Nowak. "Diachronic development of gender in city names in Spanish." STUF - Language Typology and Universals 72, no. 4 (2019): 505–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/stuf-2019-0020.
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Abstract This paper examines the gender assignment rules that apply to city names in the history of Spanish, relying for the first time on extensive corpus-based material. The empirical data show that gender assignment changed from a referential principle that consistently assigned city names to the feminine (due to the feminine basic level noun for ‘city’) to a phonologically driven assignment rule, with city names ending in -a generally being assigned to the feminine (e.g. Barcelona) and those ending in -o or -C to the masculine (e.g. Toledo, Madrid). However, the overall picture is much more complicated than previously suggested in the literature since there is still a high degree of gender variation in Modern Spanish. The use of the feminine is still possible in city names ending in -o or -C. Interestingly, the change from referential to phonological gender assignment occurs first within the NP (mainly with quantifiers such as tod- o/-a ‘all-m/-f’). It is in this morphosyntactic context that city names with final -a most commonly shift from the feminine to the masculine gender. This case of “evasive gender” will be discussed from a typological perspective.
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LYSTER, ROY. "Predictability in French gender attribution: A corpus analysis." Journal of French Language Studies 16, no. 1 (2006): 69–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269506002304.
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This article presents a corpus analysis designed to determine the extent to which noun endings in French are reliable predictors of grammatical gender. A corpus of 9,961 nouns appearing in Le Robert Junior Illustré was analysed according to noun endings, which were operationalised as orthographic representations of rhymes, which consist of either a vowel sound (i.e., a nucleus) in the case of vocalic endings or a vowel-plus-consonant blend (i.e., a nucleus and a coda) in the case of consonantal endings. The analysis classified noun endings as reliably masculine, reliably feminine, or ambiguous, by considering as reliable predictors of grammatical gender any noun ending that predicts the gender of least 90 per cent of all nouns in the corpus with that ending. Results reveal that 81 per cent of all feminine nouns and 80 per cent of all masculine nouns in the corpus are rule governed, having endings that systematically predict their gender. These findings, at odds with traditional grammars, are discussed in terms of their pedagogical implications.
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Dammel, Antje. "Evaluative Wortbildung und Personenreferenz." Linguistik Online 107, no. 2 (2021): 145–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.13092/lo.107.7691.
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The word formation pattern [ __-i]N mask. in Alemannic mainly derives masculine agent nouns from verbs resulting in output semantics of ‘someone who notoriously acts in the manner of base verb’. I analyse the pattern as an instance of evaluative morphology embedded in a more general output oriented schema and propose a scenario how the pattern may have developed from an OHG hypochoristic pattern primarily used in names. In a qualitative and quantitative analysis of two dialect dictionaries on Zürich German and Bernese German I look into the possible lexical fillings of the pattern and derive areas of stereotypisation. As the products of the pattern are masculine nouns, it is of interest whether the lemmas are flanked with a feminine form or not, and if they are, whether the feminine form follows or precedes the masculine form or is added as a separate lemma without a masculine pendant. The analysis also includes neuter forms ending in -i listed in the dictionaries. As the masculine products of the pattern already reflect stereotyped behaviour, the feminine (and neuter) forms included in the dictionnaries are expected to sediment gender stereotypes to a high degree.
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Roberts, Marilyn. "Jane Austen and the Tradition of Masculine Benevolence." Eighteenth-Century Life 45, no. 1 (2021): 75–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00982601-8793945.
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During the long eighteenth century, benevolence was thought to be the greatest of all virtues. In her later novels especially, Jane Austen emphasized its primacy, showing that benevolence must be taught, practiced, and perfected through rigorous self-analysis and the repudiation of self-indulgence. The heroes of those novels tend to exercise benevolence in accordance with the duties of their profession, especially as described in the courtesy books of the period. Nevertheless, even if adept at helping the needy or extending kindness toward their peers, her central male characters do not find happiness until they discipline themselves to be more benevolent toward people of all ranks. Although the novels do not advocate a political solution for ending poverty, Austen suggests that her readers can improve society through benevolent action.
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Kleszczowa, Krystyna. "Pięćdziesiąt lat minęło. O polskim dopełniaczu liczby pojedynczej raz jeszcze." ANNALES UNIVERSITATIS PAEDAGOGICAE CRACOVIENSIS. STUDIA LINGUISTICA, no. 14 (December 15, 2019): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20831765.14.7.
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1968 saw the publication of Józefa Kobylińska’s monograph entitled Rozwój form dopełniacza liczby pojedynczej rzeczowników rodzaju męskiego w języku polskim [The development of the forms of the genitive singular of masculine nouns in the Polish language]. Whoever intends to write about the Polish masculine genitive singular cannot neglect this publication, especially so because the selection of the endings -a and -u still poses a problem for modern Poles. The author of the article intends to supplement the fragments of the monograph which refer to the sources of the vacillations in the selection of endings. She puts forward a thesis that the source of the ending -u in the genitive was not only the 2nd declension but also the forms of the dative of the 1st declension. The author continues to ask, why the ending -a was preserved by animate nouns. It turns out that among all the functions of the genitive (genetivus qualitatis, genetivus partitivus, genetivus absolutus) Saxon genitive was the prevailing one; a noun in the genitive indicated the possessor, and the latter was a person, less frequently an animal. Possessive form expressed by the dative (cf. Bogu rodzica) was not pure, it frequently connoted an existential function.
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Versloot, Arjen P. "The Riustring Old Frisian -ar Plurals: Borrowed or Inherited?" Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik 77, no. 1-2 (2017): 442–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18756719-12340084.
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Rolf Bremmer (2007) concludes that the language of the Old Frisian Riustring manuscripts shows traces of copying from texts written in other Old Frisian dialects, notably from the Ems region. The strongest indication for his hypothesis comes from the masculine plural ending-ar, which is the rule in Ems Old Frisian but the exception in R1 and absent from other Riustring manuscripts. In this contribution, Bremmer’s hypothesis is partly confirmed, but augmented with the reconstruction of an indigenous Riustring plural ending-arin masculinea-stem nouns denoting an animate subject, which appear substantially more often in the nominative. Nouns with a higher frequency of occurrence in the accusative take the plural ending-a. This is taken to reflect a former Proto-Frisian situation, with the ending-arin the nom. pl. of masculinea-stem nouns against-ain the acc. pl., similar to Old Norse. The earlier distribution had become lexicalised by the time of Riustring Old Frisian. Some of the attested instances, however, are better explained as remnants of a copying process from Ems Old Frisian.
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DĄBROWSKA, EWA. "Productivity and beyond: mastering the Polish genitive inflection." Journal of Child Language 32, no. 1 (2005): 191–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000904006609.
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This study charts the development of the genitive masculine inflection, one of the most irregular parts of the Polish case-marking system. 72 Polish children aged from 2;3 to 10;8 participated in a nonce word production experiment testing their ability to supply the genitive form and their sensitivity to the semantic factors determining the choice of ending. Results indicate that productivity, or the ability to supply the inflected form of some nonce words, emerges early: 78% of the two-year-olds were able to inflect at least one test item. However, mastery, or the ability to consistently supply the correct ending, takes considerably longer to develop, and adultlike levels of provision are not reached until about age 10;0.
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Coenen, Pascal, and Michael Frotscher. "The nominative/vocative plural of Vedic masculine a-stems in complex nominal expressions." Indogermanische Forschungen 125, no. 1 (2020): 165–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/if-2020-009.
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AbstractIn Vedic Sanskrit, masculine a-stem nominals exhibit two different forms of the nom/voc.pl, a short form (ending in ‑ās) and a long form (ending in ‑āsas). In this article, we will argue that the scope of this variation is not a single nominal but the entire noun phrase. This means that whereas the short form may occur several times in a noun phrase, the long form is either absent or occurs only once. From a functional point of view, complex noun phrases containing one long form are equivalent to simple noun phrases consisting of one long form. In contrast, complex noun phrases containing only short forms are equivalent to simple noun phrases consisting of one short form. The presence or absence of the long form marks the presence or absence of a certain linguistic feature, the exact nature of which still has to be determined. We will argue that in those cases in which two long forms occur in relative proximity to each other, they either have to, or at least can be interpreted as being part of two distinct noun phrases. In order to do so, we will apply morphological, semantic, syntactic as well as stylistic and metrical criteria.
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Hunter, Rosemary. "Law’s (Masculine) Violence: Reshaping Jurisprudence." Law and Critique 17, no. 1 (2006): 27–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10978-006-0002-z.
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Stafecka, Anna. "Latvian dialects in the 21st century: old and new borders." Acta Baltico-Slavica 39 (December 31, 2015): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/abs.2015.001.
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Latvian dialects in the 21st century: old and new borders Although historical regional dialects are still relatively well preserved in Latvia, nowadays one can no longer speak of dialects and sub-dialects in the traditional sense because, due to changes of administrative borders, the traditional sub-dialects are subject to attrition and gradual loss. In particular, the contact zone of Central and High Latvian dialect has changed markedly. The border of High Latvian dialect has moved to the east. Since 2013, a project “Latvian Dialects in the 21st Century: a Sociolinguistic Aspect” is being carried out in order to gain an insight into contemporary Latvian dialect situation, analyzing at least three sub-dialects in each dialect.However, we can speak of dialect borders in another aspect. For instance, the borders between the preservation of dialectal features and the impact of standard language, as well as the borders of maintenance of sub-dialectal feature among the speakers of different age groups. Attention is also paid to the use of sub-dialects in central and peripheral parts of territories. The first research results showed that people who live further from the centre use the sub-dialect more often – especially in communication with family members (including the younger generation), relatives and neighbours.The preliminary results show a different situation among dialects. In the sub-dialects of the Middle dialect, which is closest to Standard Latvian, the borderline between sub-dialect and standard language has almost disappeared, since the informants practically do not feel any difference between them.In the Livonianized dialect, there are several features that are still more or less present in the speech of all generations – generalization of masculine gender, reduction of word endings, etc. However, in this dialect, too, the language used by younger speakers is gradually losing the dialectal features.The situation differs in various sub-dialect groups of High Latvian dialect. The Selonian sub-dialects spoken in Zemgale show traces of dialectal features (syllable tones, irregular vowel shifts, etc.); they are found mainly in the speech of older generation. The Latgalian sub-dialects in Vidzeme are mainly spoken by older respondents and usually among family members; while in public spaces the sub-dialects practically cannot be heard. However, many dialectal features have been retained in the speech of middle and even younger generations. The most stable are the sub-dialects spoken in Latgale because of their use not only in everyday speech but also in cultural activities. The presence of the Latgalian written language, too, helps to maintain local sub-dialects; it is also used in Roman Catholic church services in Latgale. In Latgale, the sub-dialects are spoken by all generations. However, the younger people sometimes use the standard language to communicate among themselves.This study provides new facts and might be the basis for further research. It might allow to predict the development of native language and its dialects as an important component of national and local identity respectively. Comparative analysis of material acquired at different periods allows us to conclude which dialectal features are more viable and which are more likely to change and disappear. Dialekty łotewskie w wieku XXI: stare i nowe granice Choć na Łotwie wciąż stosunkowo dobrze zachowały się historyczne dialekty lokalne, nie można już obecnie mówić o dialektach i gwarach w tradycyjnym znaczeniu. Zmiany granic administracyjnych sprawiły bowiem, że tradycyjne gwary ulegają dziś zatarciu i stopniowo zanikają. Znacząco zmieniło się zwłaszcza usytuowanie strefy styku dialektów środkowego i górnołotewskiego; granica zasięgu tego ostatniego przesunęła się na wschód. Kwestiom tym poświęcono projekt „Dialekty łotewskie w XXI wieku: aspekt socjolingwistyczny”, w ramach którego od 2013 r. badana jest sytuacja socjolingwistyczna gwar na współczesnej Łotwie. Analizowane są przynajmniej trzy gwary w obrębie każdego z dialektów.Pojęcie granicy ma jednak zastosowanie do opisu innych aspektów badań dialektologicznych. Można na przykład mówić o granicy między zachowaniem cech dialektów a wpływami języka literackiego, jak również o granicach podtrzymywania cech gwarowych w mowie użytkowników należących do różnych grup wiekowych. Badaniu poddano także kwestię używania gwar w centralnych i peryferyjnych częściach rejonu ich występowania. Wstępne wyniki sugerują, że ludzie mieszkający dalej od centrum używają gwary częściej – zwłaszcza w komunikacji z członkami rodziny (w tym z młodszego pokolenia), z krewnymi i z sąsiadami.Wstępne wyniki badań wskazują także na zróżnicowaną sytuację poszczególnych dialektów. Na obszarze występowania gwar dialektu środkowego, najbliższego literackiej łotewszczyźnie, niemal zanikło rozgraniczenie między gwarami a językiem literackim, skoro różnicy takiej nie odczuwają sami informatorzy.W dialekcie liwońskim występuje kilka cech dialektalnych, obecnych jeszcze w większym lub mniejszym stopniu w mowie wszystkich pokoleń, jak uogólnienie rodzaju męskiego czy redukcja wygłosu. Jednakże i tutaj język, którym posługują się młodsi użytkownicy, stopniowo traci cechy dialektalne.Inna sytuacja panuje w grupach gwarowych dialektu górnołotewskiego. Gwary selońskie z Semigalii wykazują ślady cech dialektalnych (tonalność sylab, nieregularne przesunięcia samogłosek itd.); występują one przede wszystkim w mowie starszego pokolenia. Gwarami łatgalskimi z Widzeme posługują się z kolei głównie starsi respondenci, zwykle w gronie najbliższej rodziny; gwar tych praktycznie nie słyszy się natomiast w przestrzeni publicznej. Wiele cech dialektalnych zachowało się tu jednak także w mowie średniego, a nawet młodszego pokolenia. Najstabilniejsze okazały się gwary Łatgalii, co wiąże się z ich użyciem nie tylko w mowie codziennej, lecz również w działalności kulturalnej. Zachowaniu gwar sprzyja także istnienie łatgalskiego języka pisanego, jak również używanie miejscowego języka podczas nabożeństw Kościoła katolickiego. Wszystko to sprawia, że w Łatgalii gwarami posługują się przedstawiciele wszystkich pokoleń. Jednakże i tutaj ludzie młodsi niekiedy komunikują się między sobą w języku literackim.Studium to jest prezentacją nowych danych i jako takie może stanowić podstawę dalszych badań. Badania takie mogłyby umożliwić prognozowanie tego, jak rozwijać się będą język łotewski oraz jego dialekty jako ważne składniki odpowiednio narodowej i lokalnej tożsamości Łotyszy. Analiza porównawcza materiałów zebranych w różnych okresach pozwala na wyciąganie wniosków co do tego, które cechy dialektalne wykazują większą żywotność, które zaś prawdopodobnie ulegną zmianie lub zanikowi.
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Drevet, J. R. "Les approches épididymaires de la contraception masculine." Basic and Clinical Andrology 22, no. 3 (2012): 141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12610-012-0186-z.
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Mieusset, R., and J. C. Soufir. "Des nouvelles très concrètes de la contraception masculine." Basic and Clinical Andrology 19, no. 3 (2009): 133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12610-009-0033-z.
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Kung, Karson T. F. "Preschool Gender-Typed Play Behavior Predicts Adolescent Gender-Typed Occupational Interests: A 10-Year Longitudinal Study." Archives of Sexual Behavior 50, no. 3 (2021): 843–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10508-021-01976-z.
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AbstractThere are significant gender differences in both play behavior and occupational interests. Play has been regarded as an important medium for development of skills and personal characteristics. Play may also influence subsequent preferences through social and cognitive processes involved in gender development. The present study investigated the association between gender-typed play behavior in early childhood and gender-typed occupational interests in early adolescence. Participants were drawn from a British longitudinal population study, the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Participants were recruited based on their parent-reported gender-typed play behavior assessed at age 3.5 years. There were 66 masculine boys and 61 masculine girls, 82 feminine boys and 69 feminine girls, and 55 randomly selected control boys and 67 randomly selected control girls. At age 13 years, the participants were administered a questionnaire assessing their interest in gender-typed occupations. It was found that masculine children showed significantly more interest in male-typical occupations than did control or feminine children. Compared with control children, feminine children had marginally significantly lower interest in male-typical jobs. Masculine children also had significantly lower interest in female-typical jobs than did control or feminine children. The associations were not moderated by gender and were observed after taking into account sociodemographic background, parental occupations, and academic performance. The degree of gender-typed play shown by preschoolers can predict their occupational interests 10 years later following transition into adolescence. Childhood gender-typed play has occupational implications that transcend developmental stages.
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Turlier, Marie-France, Josiane Alabouvette, and Diane Doulain-Douvier. "La morphogenèse florale chez le pétunia. III. Déviations dans le programme organogène chez un mutant femelle stérile." Canadian Journal of Botany 69, no. 4 (1991): 866–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-112.
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A monogenic mutant of Petunia hybrida R-n57 exhibits flowers with abnormal gynoecium: various malformations, such as the opening of the style and the nonprotection of ovules, or the masculinization with development of pollen sacs, anthers, and male gametophyte growing with or within ovules. The same type of abnormalities happens over and over along one inflorescential axis so that an ontogenic analysis can be conducted. Some assumptions are supported by the histocytological study: a few punctual modifications of the normal organogenesis program, recently established, and one new stage ending at the masculine or abnormal gynoecium, with homeotic members, are involved. Relations between the deflected development and female sterility are argued. Key words: flower, teratology, morphogenesis, mutant, Petunia.
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Grigorieva, Tatyana M., та Svetlana V. Naumenko. "Prefixes with -з as Violations of the Russian Spelling System". Philology 18, № 9 (2020): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2019-18-9-9-18.
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The article describes the paradoxical case of Russian spelling – the spelling of the prefixes ending with ‑z (‑з), based on the phonetic principle which, without any reason, sets them apart from other prefixes ending with a consonant (pod-, nad-, ot-, ob-, v-, s-), according to the main phonological principle of Russian spelling. The analysis of numerous sentences concerning the spelling of these prefixes, which was discussed by spelling committees before and after the 1917 spelling reform, is carried out from the point of view of practicability and scientific validity. Rare archival materials were used in the article. It is concluded that it is necessary to bring the prefixes ending with consonants to the common denominator, since the spelling of the prefixes ending with ‑z violates the Russian system of writing.
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Ogorodnikova, Lydia, and Yulia Ryndina. "Negative constructions with “Hem” (no) influencing the choice of the genitive form of nouns." SHS Web of Conferences 69 (2019): 00086. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20196900086.
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The article presents a further study of the genitive case variant inflection distribution in inanimate masculine nouns, found in fiction and journalistic texts of the second half of the 18th century. The focus is on the double negation in impersonal-predicative constructions with the word “no”. The relevance of the study is due to the persistent ambiguity of the choice of the genitive case form of words. The novelty is due to the literary sources created during the norm-establishing phase of the Russian literary language development. The article describes forms of the genitive case that have existed in the Russian language for a long time. The authors interpret the mechanism for choosing the genitive case by the authors of fiction and journalistic texts. The authors argue that a negative construct as a syntactic factor has little effect on the choice of the genitive case. The article discusses results of the comparative analysis of noun forms with A- and y-endings. In all types of negative constructions, the A-ending predominates, whereas the y-ending is observed in adverbial constructions and emphatic negations. A classification of structural types of negative sentences with genitive forms was developed.
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Peretti, Vincenzo, Katiuska Satué, Francesca Ciotola, et al. "An Unusual Case of Testicular Disorder in Sex Development of Arabian Mare (64,XX SRY-Negative)." Animals 10, no. 11 (2020): 1963. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10111963.
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A 3-year-old Arabian mare underwent medical examinations due to the presence of abnormalities of the reproductive apparatus and stallion behavior (nervous temperament, aggressiveness, masculine attitude). During the clinical visit, an anovulvar distance shorter than normal was observed; moreover, vulvar lips were dorsally fused except for the lower neckline, showing a blind ending from which a penis-like structure protruded. The ultrasound examination revealed the presence of a cervix and corpus of a uterus, hypoplastic uterine horns, and small gonads with an echogenicity similar to a testis. Blood testosterone levels ranged from 0.4 to 0.6 ng/mL. Cytogenetic analysis showed a normal female karyotype (2n = 64,XX), while PCR amplification of SRY and ZFY genes revealed the absence of a Y chromosome. At necroscopic examination, internal genitalia arising from the genital ridge in the form of masculine type structures were found, while those deriving from the Mullerian ducts were of feminine type. In addition, an infundibular portion of the salpinx at the cranial pole of the gonads was found. This is the first case in equine species of DSD 2n = 64,XX SRY-negative, with the simultaneous presence of male (hypoplastic testicles, epididymal portions, and a penis-like structure) and female (cervix, horn and body of a hypoplastic uterus) genital structures.
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Soufir, J. C. "Contraception hormonale masculine par les androgènes seuls. Acquis et perspectives." Basic and Clinical Andrology 22, no. 3 (2012): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12610-012-0194-z.
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Geballe, Theodore H. "The Never-Ending Search for High-Temperature Superconductivity." Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism 19, no. 3-5 (2006): 261–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10948-006-0161-z.
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Obrador-Cursach, Bartomeu. "Phrygian mekas and the recently discovered New Phrygian inscription from Nacoleia." Indogermanische Forschungen 121, no. 1 (2016): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/if-2016-0010.
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Abstract The aim of the present paper is to argue for the interpretation of Phrygian mekas as an adjective meaning ‘great’ and inherited from PIE *méǵ-h2-, taking into account all its testimonies documented in the Phrygian corpus and accepting the theory of a Phrygian Lautverschiebung. Furthermore, through a new reading of the last lines of the recently discovered New Phrygian inscription from Nacoleia, where the accusative μεκαν can be read in agreement with the theonym Τιαν, a new interpretation of the apodosis of the New Phrygian inscription 25 is given. Finally, a comparison of the Phrygian and the Greek forms reveals a common innovation in the presence of the ending -s in the masculine nom. sg. despite the lack of the -λο- suffix in the Phrygian inflection of this word.
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Kodama, Koichi, Yoichi Iwasa, Isamu Motoi, Yasukazu Takase, and Katsuhiko Saito. "Urothelial carcinoma associated with a blind-ending bifid ureter." International Cancer Conference Journal 1, no. 3 (2012): 147–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13691-012-0028-z.
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Vanskike, Elliott. "Consistent Inconsistencies: The Transvestite Actress Madame Vestris and Charlotte Brontë's Shirley." Nineteenth-Century Literature 50, no. 4 (1996): 464–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2933924.
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In this paper I propose the transvestite actress Madame Vestris as an interpretive doppelgänger for the title character in Charlotte Brontë's novel Shirley. Vestris crossed gender lines not only in her cross-dressed performances on the Victorian stage but also in her incursion into the male-dominated realm of theater ownership. In this way she is like Shirley Keeldar, the fiercely independent female factory owner whom Brontë consistently depicts in masculine terms. Most critics read Shirley as a narrative and thematic fiasco because the protofeminist momentum that the novel accumulates from Brontë's portrayal of an independent, headstrong female character is brought to a halt when Shirley subjugates herself to a meek and weasly man. The ending of the novel has been almost unanimously dismissed as Brontë's submission to the very patriarchal culture that she set out to critique when she created the character of Shirley Keeldar. However, far from being the low point of Brontë's writing, the ending of the novel elevates the writing into a high satirical mode that only serves to intensify Brontë's criticism of society's treatment of women. Through reading Shirley by means of the narrative and gender disruptions that Vestris's performances staged, we can understand this curious narrative reversal at the end of the novel as a motivated strategy on the part of Brontë, not a lapse of craft.
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Pérez-Tattam, Ezeizabarrena, Stadthagen-González, and Mueller Gathercole. "Gender Assignment to Spanish Pseudowords by Monolingual and Basque-Spanish Bilingual Children." Languages 4, no. 3 (2019): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages4030058.
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This study examines gender marking in the Spanish of Basque-Spanish bilingual children. We analyze data collected via a production task designed to elicit 48 DPs, controlling for gender of referents and for number and types of morphological cues to grammatical gender. The goals were to determine the extent to which participants rely on biological cues (female referent =>FEM gender, male referent =>MASC gender) and morpho-phonological cues (-a ending =>FEM, -o ending =>MASC, others =>MASC or FEM) to assign gender to pseudowords/novel words; and whether bilinguals’ language dominance (Spanish strong/weak) has an effect. Data were collected from 49 5- to 6-year-old Spanish-speaking children—28 monolingual L1 Spanish (L1Sp) and 21 Basque-dominant (L1 Basque-L2 Spanish) bilinguals (BDB). Results reveal a general preference for MASC gender across conditions, especially in BDB children, who produced masculine modifiers for 83% of items, while the L1Sp children did so for only 63% of items. Regression analyses show that for both groups, morphological cues have more weight than the nature of the referent in participants’ assignment of gender to novel words, and that the L1Sp group is more attentive to FEM morphological markers than the BDB group, pointing towards the existence of differences in the strength of cue-patterns for gender marking.
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NAKANO, TAKAFUMI. "Mandatory changes of specific names to agree in gender with Talitriator Methuen, 1913, which is masculine (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Talitridae)." Zootaxa 4483, no. 1 (2018): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4483.1.8.
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The genus Talitriator Methuen, 1913 was originally erected for T. eastwoodae Methuen, 1913, a talitrid amphipod or “land-hopper” from South Africa that was fixed as the type species of this genus by monotypy. Talitriator now includes seven species of land-hopper inhabiting South Africa as well as Saint Helena and Ascension islands in the Southern Atlantic (Stock & Biernbaum 1994; Griffiths 1999; Horton et al. 2018). Although Methuen (1913) did not explicitly explain the etymology of the generic name, it obviously combines the name of the talitrid type genus Talitrus Bosc, 1802 (stem: Talitr-; from Latin talitrum, a rapping or flick of a finger: Jaeger 1962), with the connecting vowel “i” and the Latin masculine agentive suffix “-ator”. On account of the final suffix, the gender of the name Talitriator is masculine. Under Articles 31.2 and 34.2 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature [hereafter “the Code”] (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1999), a Latin adjective that is used as a species-group name must agree in gender with the generic name it is combined with. Article 34.2 further specifies that an incorrect gender ending must be changed (a “mandatory change”, as opposed to either an “emendation” or an “incorrect subsequent spelling”: cf. Article 33.1 of the Code). This gender-agreement rule has largely been ignored in publications concerning species of Talitriator, with adjectival names most often being spelled with the feminine suffix “-a” regardless of generic assignment.
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Claiborne, Lise. "Travels With My Father." Qualitative Inquiry 23, no. 4 (2017): 257–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077800416686375.
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Barad’s diffractive methodology was used to explore one man’s encounter with Parkinson’s disease after long exposure to pesticides in home maintenance. The study moved from a realist account of relevant studies in toxicology, entomology, and neurology toward an onto-ethico-epistemological enquiry that asked how humans and insects live and work within the shared mattering of minerals, water, and time. Constructed memories of my father’s later life were explored within masculine discourses about protection of the family from invading insects and an intra-active reconsideration of the contradictions involved in the use of poison as both care and harm. New materialist theorizing took the focus from an exploration of the difference experienced by one fragile body toward a larger engagement with material and discursive forces, ending with questions about U.S. modernism and the tenaciousness of human subjectivities in a time of changing climate and movement of species around the globe.
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Vosters, Rik, and Gijsbert Rutten. "Three Southern shibboleths." Written Language and Literacy 18, no. 2 (2015): 260–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.18.2.05vos.
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Over the course of the long eighteenth century, a distinct Southern Dutch linguistic identity emerged in the region now known as Flanders, and spelling features are at the heart of this developing linguistic autonomy. By analyzing eighteenth- and early-nineteenth-century normative and metalinguistic comments about three highly salient spelling variables (the spelling of the long vowels a and u in closed syllables, the ending 〈-n〉 or 〈-ø〉 in masculine adnominals, and the orthographic representation of etymologically different e and o sounds), we will show how seemingly insignificant features increasingly came to be portrayed as representing an unbridgeable linguistic gap between the Northern and Southern Low Countries. At the time of the political reunion of both parts of the Dutch speaking territories (1815–1830), this perceived gap then gave rise to different voices rejecting or embracing these shibboleths of linguistic ‘Southernness’, indicating how spelling features came to represent conflicting identities.
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Goebel-Mahrle, Thomas, and Naomi L. Shin. "A corpus study of child heritage speakers’ Spanish gender agreement." International Journal of Bilingualism 24, no. 5-6 (2020): 1088–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006920935510.
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Objectives: This study investigates (a) whether child heritage speakers produce more gender mismatches in Spanish ( un piedra “a-masc. stone-fem.”) than monolingual children, (b) whether older child heritage speakers mismatch more than younger ones, and (c) linguistic contexts in which mismatches occur. Methodology: 3893 agreement forms were extracted from corpora of Spanish spoken by six monolingual children, ages 5–6 years, and three groups of US child heritage speakers: ten 5–6-year-olds, fifteen 7–8-year-olds, and twenty-one 9–11-year-olds. Data and analysis: Logistic regressions measured the impact of agreement form type, noun gender, noncanonical noun ending, and noun frequency on gender matching. One regression included 5–6-year-olds only (monolingual and heritage); the second included child heritage speakers only (5–11-year-olds). Findings: There were no significant differences between monolingual and heritage 5–6-year-olds; for these children, adjectives, direct object clitics, noncanonical nouns, and feminine nouns increased the likelihood of mismatches. Among the 5–11-year-old heritage speakers, direct object clitics referring to feminine nouns and noncanonical nouns increased the likelihood of mismatches. The 9–11-year-olds produced more gender mismatches referring to feminine nouns than the younger child heritage speakers, especially with direct object clitics. Originality: This corpus study provides evidence for high rates of gender matching and clarifies the contexts that increase the likelihood that children will mismatch. Implications: Gender matching remains an intact part of child heritage speakers’ Spanish grammars. The distribution of mismatches found provides evidence of a strong article–noun association and a weaker noun–direct object clitic association. The oldest child heritage speakers’ use of masculine clitic lo to refer to feminine nouns may reflect an association between English “it” and Spanish lo. More generally, the finding that mismatches tend to involve masculine forms referring to feminine nouns supports the idea that masculine is the default, unmarked form in Spanish.
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Bonet, Eulàlia. "A challenge for Harmonic Serialism with Optimal Interleaving." Phonology 30, no. 3 (2013): 399–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675713000201.
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This paper examines two related phenomena from Catalan that pose a challenge to a proposal in McCarthy (2012) that combines Harmonic Serialism (HS) with the theory of Optimal Interleaving (OI) of Wolf (2009). The first phenomenon, found with stems ending in a sibilant, is the selection of a marked masculine allomorph only before the plural morph, also a sibilant, which prevents an OCP violation. The second, phrasal, phenomenon is restricted to one dialect of Catalan: the plural morpheme is not realised in prenominal position only when it would surface between two consonants. It is shown that, with some crucial modifications on the way spell-out proceeds, HS/OI can account for the two phenomena when they occur separately, but when they co-occur within the same phrase, wrong predictions are made, due to the one-change-at-a-time basic property of HS. These problems do not arise in a parallel OT approach.
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Zhao, Dan, Gaoxiang Wang, Chunrui Li, and Li Meng. "Bilateral masculine mastoplasia associated with imatinib mesylate: A case report and literature review." Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology [Medical Sciences] 31, no. 1 (2011): 145–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11596-011-0167-z.
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Sakamoto, Hirotaka. "The gastrin-releasing peptide system in the spinal cord mediates masculine sexual function." Anatomical Science International 86, no. 1 (2010): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12565-010-0097-z.
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Jategaonkar, Priyadarshan Anand, Smita Priyadarshan Jategaonkar, and Sudeep Pradeep Yadav. "ZEAL: “Z” ending abdominal laparoscopy - a simple and effective technique for port insertion." Hellenic Journal of Surgery 88, no. 1 (2016): 55–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13126-016-0284-z.
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Mycawka, Mirosława. "Formacje z sufiksem -s typu normals, terytorials, totals." LingVaria, no. 1(29) (May 16, 2020): 75–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/lv.15.2020.29.05.
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FORMATIONS WITH THE -S SUFFIX: NORMALS, TERYTORIALS, TOTALS
 In recent years, there appeared in Polish a series of words ending in -als. One of them is the word millennials, a lexical borrowing from English, which has been depluralized in Polish and is represented by the forms millennials – milllennialsi. Other words with a similar structure include lokals, normals, naturals, specjals, terytorials, totals. A part of them have arisen as a result of word-formation with the English suffix -s. The paper contains an analysis of these words, and attempts to answer the question how these words were created, and in what meanings they function in contemporary Polish.
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Sánchez, Francisco J., and Eric Vilain. "“Straight-Acting Gays”: The Relationship Between Masculine Consciousness, Anti-Effeminacy, and Negative Gay Identity." Archives of Sexual Behavior 41, no. 1 (2012): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10508-012-9912-z.
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Balam, Osmer, Usha Lakshmanan, and María del Carmen Parafita Couto. "Gender Assignment Strategies Among Simultaneous Spanish/English Bilingual Children from Miami, Florida." Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics 14, no. 2 (2021): 241–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/shll-2021-2045.
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Abstract We examined gender assignment patterns in the speech of Spanish/English bilingual children, paying particular attention to the influence of three gender assignment strategies (i.e., analogical gender, masculine default gender, phonological gender) that have been proposed to constrain the gender assignment process in Spanish/English bilingual speech. Our analysis was based on monolingual Spanish nominals (n = 1774), which served as a comparative baseline, and Spanish/English mixed nominal constructions (n = 220) extracted from oral narratives produced by 40 child bilinguals of different grade levels (second graders vs. fifth graders) and instructional programs (English immersion vs. two-way bilingual) from Miami Dade, Florida. The narratives, available in the CHILDES database (MacWhinney, Brian. 2000. The CHILDES project: Tools for analyzing talk, 3rd edn. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates), were collected by Pearson, Barbara Z. 2002. Narrative competence among monolingual and bilingual school children in Miami. In D. Kimbrough Oller & Rebecca E. Eilers (eds.), Language and literacy in bilingual children, 135–174. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters. Results revealed that in Spanish nominal constructions, children across both instructional programs and grade levels evinced native-like acquisition of grammatical gender. In mixed nominals, children overwhelmingly assigned the masculine gender to English nouns. Notably, irrespective of schooling background, simultaneous Spanish/English bilingual children used the masculine default gender strategy when assigning gender to English nouns with feminine translation equivalents. This suggests that from age seven, simultaneous Spanish/English child bilingual acquisition of grammatical gender is characterized by a predisposition towards the employment of the masculine default gender strategy in bilingual speech.
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Lénel, Pierre. "Pour en finir avec la domination masculine, de A à Z, I. Löwy, C. Marry." Sociologie du travail 50, no. 4 (2008): 558–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/sdt.20182.
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Cremin, Ciara. "Feminine Praxis." Counterfutures 8 (March 18, 2020): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/cf.v8i0.6453.
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Dresses and skirts are emblematic of a feminine style and also of women’s subordination to men. But the fashion these days for what is erroneously called gender-neutral or unisex clothing is neither a sign of progress nor of victory of feminists against patriarchy. For while in protest of their physical and symbolic impositions women were abandoning feminine affect and apparel, without the political motive and under no pressure to do likewise, men enacted no equivalent abandonment of masculinity. With femininity subtracted out, the style men are habituated to wearing became gender neutral by default and nothing was or is sacrificed by men to achieve it. The process of becoming a man is an aversion therapy in anything held as feminine. This article centres on what I call a ‘feminine praxis’, a practice of thought and action with the aim of ending masculine domination. The idea, and what it entails, is unpacked through a range of theoretical sources and interventions germane to the topic, including Marxist, feminist, and queer theory.
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Swan, Oscar. "Facultative Animacy in Polish." Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies, no. 606 (January 1, 1988): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/cbp.1988.104.
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INTRODUCTION. 'Grammatical' gender is a largely semantically empty noun trait whose existence is typically revealed through the triggering of agreement rules on the part of items in a sentence with which the noun is in construction. For example, the fact that the Latin word res is feminine in gender requires that the modifying adjective public- take the feminine ending -a. 'Natural' gender refers to perceptual categories with which people tend to view reality- male, female, animate, concrete, abstract, and so onwhich may have means of formal expression in a language. Present-day Polish provides an illustration of the process by which a natural gender can become "grammaticized" by the extension of a formal marker of natural gender to nouns outside the range of the natural gender category, making the feature referentially unpredictable. In Polish, the Genitive=Accusative feature of masculine nouns, traditionally a sign of referential animacy, is being applied more and more to concrete nouns of all sorts, gradually turning the category 'animate' from a natural into a purely grammatical gender designation.
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SZAGUN, GISELA, BARBARA STUMPER, NINA SONDAG, and MELANIE FRANIK. "The acquisition of gender marking by young German-speaking children: Evidence for learning guided by phonological regularities." Journal of Child Language 34, no. 3 (2007): 445–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000906007951.
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ABSTRACTThe acquisition of noun gender on articles was studied in a sample of 21 young German-speaking children. Longitudinal spontaneous speech data were used. Data analysis is based on 22 two-hourly speech samples per child from 6 children between 1 ; 4 and 3 ; 8 and on 5 two-hourly speech samples per child from 15 children between 1 ; 4 and 2 ; 10. The use of gender marked articles occurred from 1 ; 5. Error frequencies dropped below 10% by 3 ; 0. Definite and indefinite articles were used with similar frequencies and error rates did not differ in the two paradigms. Children's errors were systematic. For monosyllabic nouns and for polysyllabic nouns ending in -el, -en and -er errors were more frequent for nouns which did not conform to the rule that such nouns tend to be masculine. Furthermore, children erred in the direction of the rule overgeneralizing der. Correct gender marking was also associated with adult frequency of noun use. The present data is evidence for the early use of phonological regularities of noun structure in the acquisition of gender marking.
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Hock, Wolfgang. "Pronominierte Nominalformen im Altlitauischen." Indogermanische Forschungen 121, no. 1 (2016): 365–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/if-2016-0019.
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Zusammenfassung In Old Lithuanian texts (16-17 century), there are more than a hundred definite forms of adjectives and participles with unshortened pronominal ending -jie in the masculine nominative plural, e. g. baiſuſghie ‘the dreadful (errors)’ or mirßtąghie ‘the dying’ instead of modern Lithuanian forms like gerieji ‘the good’. Stang (1966: 237) supposed a complementary distribution - “-ji stands after -ie-, -jie in the other cases” - and explained the shortening as dissimilation process. However, dissimilation provides a solution only for -ie-ji, whereas in Stang’s framework -jíe with acute intonation should generally have been shortened in polysyllabic forms. It can be shown that the complementary distribution stated by Stang holds true for Old Lithuanian in general. Dissimilation seems to be the best explanation for *-ie-jie > -ie-ji, but it remains uncertain if this process affected other paradigmatic forms as well. It is proposed that definite forms became grammaticalized after monosyllabic forms with íe and úo underwent circumflexion. Only after subsequent univerbation, dissimilation or Leskien’s Law took place.
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Varlokosta, Spyridoula, and Michaela Nerantzini. "Grammatical Gender in Specific Language Impairment: Evidence from Determiner-Noun Contexts in Greek." Psychology: the Journal of the Hellenic Psychological Society 20, no. 3 (2020): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/psy_hps.23545.
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Τhe present study investigates whether Greek-speaking children with Specific Language Impairment (SLI) face difficulties in the acquisition of gender in determiner-noun contexts, as expressed via agreement οn the determiner. The results of an elicitation task with real and novel nouns showed that children with SLI (a) show difficulties primarily with masculine and feminine gender marking, and do not use prototypicality of the noun suffix, as typically developing children do, to mark the gender on the determiner in conditions with real nouns, and (b) do not use, with the same consistency as typically developing children do, the noun ending as a cue to mark the gender value on the determiner in conditions with novel nouns. It is argued that although grammatical gender is considered an intrinsic lexical property of the noun, it is not learned by children with SLI along with other lexical features of the noun. Moreover, when lexical information is not provided in the nouns, children with SLI cannot process morphology cues, such as the inflectional suffixes on the nouns, as consistently as typically developing children do.
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Boothroyd, Lynda G., and Gayle Brewer. "Self-Reported Impulsivity, Rather than Sociosexuality, Predicts Women’s Preferences for Masculine Features in Male Faces." Archives of Sexual Behavior 43, no. 5 (2013): 983–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10508-013-0204-z.
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Naha, Anindita, Anindita Naha, and Dr Mirza Maqsood Baig. "Study Of Arthurian Romances: With Emphasis To Thomas Malory." Think India 22, no. 3 (2019): 527–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/think-india.v22i3.8319.
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The expedition on Malory’s Morte d’Arthur emphasis on the masculine activity of chivalry—fighting, questing, ruling— while parallelly reflects the chivalric enterprise as impossible in absence of the feminine in a subjugated position. The medieval romance text of Malory differs from other Arthurian romance literature in the explicit legislation (as opposed to implicit coding) of chivalric values, most notably in the swearing of the Pentecostal Oath, an event unique to Malory’s text. This paper emphasis on the way the institution of the Oath defines and sharpens specific ideals of masculine and feminine gender identities in the Arthurian community, arguing that a compulsion to fulfill these ideals drives the narrative of the Morte d’ Arthur forward to its inevitable ending. Thus, the function of gender in the Morte d’Arthur can only be adequately explored in a book that traces in depth the development of gender constraints from the beginning of the “Tale of King Arthur” to the “Day of Destiny” and its aftermath. One reason the Morte d’Arthur merits a sustained study in terms of gender is due to its status as the most comprehensive and sustained medieval treatment of the Arthurian legend by a single author. This text is about the famous fiction stories about legendary King Arthur, his life and death predominantly compose the spine of Malory’s tale. There are, as well, other passages and tales, in which Arthur is not in the centre of the plot. Stories were translated by Malory from French models, reflects the major branch of author’s all sources. most famous fiction stories about legendary King Arthur, whose life and death predominantly compose the spine of Malory’s tale. There are, as well, other passages and tales, in which Arthur is not in the centre of the plot.
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Baumann, Andreas, Christina Prömer, and Nikolaus Ritt. "Word form shapes are selected to be morphotactically indicative." Folia Linguistica 40, no. 1 (2019): 129–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/flih-2019-0007.
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Abstract This paper explores the hypothesis that morphotactically ambiguous segment sequences should be dispreferred and selected against in the evolution of languages. We define morphotactically ambiguous sequences as sequences that can occur both within morphemes and across boundaries, such as final /nd/ or /mz/ in ModE, which occur in simple forms like wind or alms and in complex ones like sinned or seems. We test the hypothesis in two diachronic corpus studies of Middle and Early Modern English word forms ending in clusters of sonorants followed by /d/ or /t/ and /s/ or /z/. These clusters became highly frequent after the loss of unstressed vowels in final syllables and were highly ambiguous when they emerged. Our data show that the ambiguity of these final clusters was indeed reduced so that the distribution of the final clusters became increasingly skewed: clusters ending in voiceless coronals became significantly clearly indicative of simple forms, while clusters ending in voiced ones came to signal inflectional complexity more reliably.
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Brochard, Laurent. "Research, a never-ending jigsaw puzzle. Two new series in Intensive Care Medicine." Intensive Care Medicine 32, no. 12 (2006): 1923–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00134-006-0468-z.
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Żmihorski, Michał, Paweł Sienkiewicz, and Piotr Tryjanowski. "Never ending story: a lesson in using sampling efficiency methods with ground beetles." Journal of Insect Conservation 17, no. 2 (2012): 333–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10841-012-9514-z.
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