Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Masculinisme'

As investigações aqui reunidas se encaixam nos âmbitos da sociologia cognitiva e, em menor medida, da sociologia da cultura. Seu objetivo principal é organizar e esclarecer alguns dos pro-blemas básicos colocados para o estudo sociológico da ignorância humana. Para alcançar esse objetivo, começo com uma discussão de ordem conceitual sobre a ignorância, encarando a ques-tão ontológica a respeito do que ela é, assim como a questão metodológica a respeito de como melhor apreendê-la de uma perspectiva sociológica. Esse passo ocupa a primeira parte da tese, e tais questões são enfrentadas mediante um diálogo crítico com a literatura disponível sobre a ignorância nas áreas da sociologia e da epistemologia. Na segunda parte da tese, busco pôr em movimento tais discussões teóricas, por meio de duas investigações empíricas ou estudos de caso independentes uma da outra. Tais investigações se baseiam em um amplo levantamento documental, centrado em duas diferentes correntes culturais, como prefiro chamá-las: a home-opatia e o masculinismo. O que justifica tomá-las como tópicos de um estudo sobre a ignorância humana é a circunstância de que, para que a homeopatia e o masculinismo sigam existindo como doutrinas \"vivas\" em torno das quais indivíduos diferentes se associam e que de fato orientam as tomadas de decisão de inúmeras pessoas que nelas tomam parte , é preciso que se perpetue a ignorância de certos fatos passíveis de serem conhecidos com alguma facilidade, no contexto atual. Espero que, ao escrutinar, em contexto, esses dois sistemas de crença am-bos insustentáveis, à luz do estoque de conhecimento hoje à nossa disposição , avancemos na compreensão da lógica interna da ignorância e de seu condicionamento social, em particular quando o que está em jogo é a persistência das más ideias; além disso, também espero que as investigações aqui apresentadas lancem alguma luz sobre os limites da abordagem sociológica da ignorância e de outros fenômenos cognitivos aparentados a ela.
The inquiries assembled here belong primarily to the field of cognitive sociology and, to a lesser extent, to the sociology of culture. Their main goal is to sort out and clarify some of the major problems pertaining a sociological approach to the topic of human ignorance. To reach said goal, I start with a conceptual discussion of ignorance, addressing the ontological question as to what ignorance is, as well as the methodological one as to how we should appropriately grasp it from a sociological point of view. This step comprises the first part of the thesis, and said questions are tackled by means of a critical exchange with the available literature on ignorance in the fields of sociology and epistemology. In the second part of the thesis, I endeavor to bring such theoretical discussion into play by presenting two independent empirical inquiries or case studies. These are grounded on a broad documentary research I conducted on two distinct cultural currents, as I call them: namely homeopathy and masculinism. The rationale behind the choice of the aforementioned subjects is that the perpetuation of ignorance of facts one could easily know given the cognitive resources presently available is key to the endurance of both homeopathy and masculinism as \"living\" doctrines as unique belief systems around which individuals coming from different backgrounds associate with each other, and which help to shape the decision making process of a number of those individuals. I hope that, through a detailed and context-sensitive scrutiny of each of these sets of ideas both of which, as I uphold, are greatly at odds with the stock of knowledge currently available to us some insight into the inner workings of ignorance and its social conditioning may be obtained, particularly when it comes to the persistence of unsound ideas; furthermore, I hope that the theoretical and empirical inquiries presented here may shed some light upon the limits of a sociological take on ignorance and other related cognitive phenomena.

La manosphère est un ensemble de groupes d'hommes masculinistes. Ils sont unis par leur enthousiasme pour l'évolution darwinienne, particulièrement au sujet des différences femmes/hommes. Dans cette recherche, l'appropriation masculiniste aux États-Unis et dans le monde anglophone des sciences évolutionnaires est étudiée sous trois angles. Premièrement, une quantification par sondage de la culture scientifique de ces hommes révèle des niveaux de connaissance et d'éducation scientifique dans le supérieur assez élevés. Deuxièmement, par l'analyse qualitative de discours, les appropriations idéologiques des sciences évolutionnaires dans la manosphère sont étudiées. Cette analyse révèle que les théories biologiques du comportement sont disproportionnément appliquées aux femmes, d'une manière simpliste, ce qui crée une vision totalement homogène du comportement féminin. De plus, ces militants en ligne créent leurs propres hypothèses évolutionnaires pour expliquer le monde à travers un prisme darwinien. Cependant, ces appropriations varient selon les communautés, en fonction de leurs objectifs et de leurs récits politiques. Au-delà de toutes ces variations, on retrouve dans chaque communauté la présence de biais misogynes et d'interprétations exagérées ou erronées des résultats de recherche provenant des sciences évolutionnaires. Enfin, pour mieux comprendre les mécaniques du phénomène, ce travail explore l'acquisition et la circulation des savoirs scientifiques dans la manosphère
The manosphere is a collection of antifeminist men's groups. They are united by their enthusiasm for Darwinian evolution, especially around issues of sex differences. This research examines U.S. and English-speaking manosphere appropriations of evolutionary science from three angles. Firstly, it assesses the scientific literacy of manospherians with a survey, revealing relatively high levels of college science education and scientific literacy. Secondly, through qualitative discourse analysis, it thoroughly reviews the appropriations of evolutionary science found in the manosphere. Overall, manospherians tend to disproportionately apply biological theories to women, making for a uniform and strongly deterministic view of female behavior. Moreover, they also create their own evolutionary hypotheses to make sense of the world through a Darwinian lens. Yet, appropriations of evolutionary science vary between manosphere communities, depending on their political aims and narratives. Running through all these appropriations however is a presence of misogynistic biases, as well as exaggeration and simplification of academic research results. To understand this phenomenon better, this work finally explores scientific knowledge circulation and acquisition in the manosphere

This dissertation argues that the social and environmental problems we face are primarily the result of patriarchal or ‘malestream’ norms. These norms are constructed on hypermasculinist ways of being, thinking and doing that inhibit the growth and development of sustainable principles and practices. Responding to this assertion and following in the footsteps of deep ecology, social ecology and ecological feminism, the study brings masculinities concerns to the heart of the human/Nature relationship while also bringing concerns for society and the environment to the ways we think about men in the modern West. Further, it argues that if we are to achieve a truly sustainable future, then we must encourage men to reawaken their innate care. The dissertation declares that all men are born good and possess an infinite capacity to care and be caring. It is however recognised that these innate capacities for men to care and be caring are suppressed by ‘men’s oppression’ and that this oppression can prevent men from expressing their fullest humanness to the detriment of all Others and themselves. The dissertation recommends that men develop emotional competencies along with their intellect and intuition in order to authentically nurture the relational space between Others and themselves. Building on feminist care theory, a theoretical framework termed ecological masculinism is introduced, which facilitates modern Western men to care for and be caring towards society, Nature and the self—concurrently. The dissertation constructs a theoretical framework for ecological masculinism that is accompanied by a plurality of ecomasculine praxes. This ecologised masculinities theory and praxes instigates a new conversation in environmental philosophy that facilitates the rise of ‘ecomen’ who serve important roles in forging a deep green future for all of life on Earth.

La recherche se fait uniquement avec des hommes. Elle est axée sur les jeunes générations, les héritiers du féminisme des années 1970. Ceux qui ont moins de trente-six ans sont privilégiés. L'étude est réalisée dans trois milieux socio-culturels : milieu urbain, rural, péri-urbain. Dans un premier temps, il importe de relever les représentations immédiates que se font les enquêtés du féminisme. Quelle connaissance ont-ils du sujet ? Quel est l'héritage de l'antiféminisme ? Premier constat : la notion de féminisme est souvent intériorisée à défaut d'être revendiquée. Pourquoi et comment se produit cette intériorisation ? Quelle place occupent les représentations immédiates dans ce phénomène ? Ensuite, la réflexion vise à répertorier les résistances au féminisme. Si les enjeux du mouvement ne sont pas intériorisés ou s'ils sont critiqués, comment l'expliquer ? Le poids des repères traditionnels, les interactions avec le milieu socio-culturel ou avec les femmes ont me importance considérable. Au final, la recherche révèle que grâce au féminisme, les hommes ont changé. Leur expérience de l'égalité avec les femmes s'avère riche d'enseignement, de découverte de soi et de liberté. Elle permet d'explorer des facettes de la masculinité jusque-là inconnues ou refoulées. Elle oblige à se repositionner face aux femmes et aux modèles déjà institués. Elle impose une nouvelle donne dans les rapports de sexe et dans le rapport à soi qui marque un affranchissement : le féminisme a permis aux femmes de s'émanciper du modèle patriarcal, il permet aux hommes de s'en distancier, de dessiner les contours d'une nouvelle identité, d'un sujet masculin affranchi
The study population is exclusively French men. Specifically of concern is the younger generation of Frenchmen, the inheritors of 1970s feminism. Men under the age of thirty six are of particular interest. The study includes men from three socio-cultural groups: urban, rural and semi-urban. The first section consists of an exploration of the subjects' representation of feminism. What knowledge do they have of the topic? What role does antifeminism play? First observations: Notions of feminism are often interiorized but frequently unconsciously, that is, without a verbalized adherence to its principles. Why and how are feminist principles interiorized? What is happening in society that feminist ideas are interiorized but not acted upon? The second section addresses the resistance that exists to feminism both in French men and in French society in general. How to explain when the feminist cause has not been taken to heart or has been rejected? Traditional values, interactions with the socio-cultural environment or with women, ail have an important influence on how and if feminist values are interiorized. Finally, the study shows that due lo feminism, French men have changed their way of thinking. Their experience of equality with French women is an opportunity to enrich their sense of self as well as a chance to explore deferent facets of their masculinity that were previously unknown or repressed. Feminism obliges men to reposition themselves in their relationship with women as well as with existent models of social behavior. It imposes a new factor in sexual relations as well as in the relation to self-liberation: feminism permitted women to emancipate themselves from the model of patriarchy; it aIso allowed men to distance themselves from that same model, to create the contours of a new identity, a liberated masculine identity

[Truncated abstract] Conservative, incremental and modest approaches to redressing gendered workplace cultures have had limited success in challenging the demographic profile of densely masculinist workplaces. In this thesis I draw on a study of women in police work to argue that combating highly institutionalised, entrenched masculinist practices calls for more than modesty. Indeed the study shows that ambitious, even contentious, recommendations for new procedures can play an important role when the goal is tangible change in cultures where there is an excess of men. In conclusion I posit the need for some bold risk-taking, alongside incremental tactics, if the aim is to change the habits and practices of masculinist organisations . . . This dissertation maps that interventionist process across a four-year period. In assessing the role played by the feminist methodology I analyse what people can learn to see and say about organisational practices, how they participate in or seek to undermine various forms of teamwork, as well as how individual team members display their new understandings and behaviours. I conclude that the techniques for supporting women in authoritarian, densely masculinist workplaces should include some bold and highly visible ‘critical acts’, based on commitment from the top coupled to strongly motivated and highly informed teamwork.

Cette recherche menee sur 800 sujets d'age variable (de 8 a 85 ans) s'interesse : 1) a l'evolution de l'age et du sexe, des representations de soi liees a l'internalite et a la masculinite feminite. 2) aux effets de ces representations de soi sur le jugement de conduites deviantes. On constate, avec l'age, que les auto-attributions de caracteristiques feminines progressent aux depens de celles masculines, ainsi qu'une augmentation puis, une diminution de l'internalite (les deux registres d'internalite, celui des renforcements positifs et celui des renforcements etant au depart non correles). D'autre part, les sujets ayant des perceptions de soi "unisexuees" (ou feminines, ou masculines), ou "internes", adoptent des jugements tres negatifs vis-a-vis des conduites deviantes. On a etudie egalement les effets, de la mise en avant des appartenances sexuelles, sur les representations de soi et les jugements. En definitive, on montre l'aspect dynamique (non irreductible aux appartenances sociales) et socio-normatif de l'internalite et de la masculinite feminite
This research which has been done on 800 subjects ages 8 to 85 deals with : 1) the evolution depending on age and sex of self-representation linked to internality, and to masculinity feminity. 2) the effects of the self-representation on the judgment of deviant behaviour. It is noted that, with age, the self-attribution of feminine characteristics increases at the expense of the masculine just as an increase, then a decrease of internality (the two registers of internality, the one concerning the positive reinforcements and the other concerning the negative reinforcements which are unconnected to begin with). Moreover, the subjects having unisexual self-perception (feminine or masculine), or internal self-perception, adopt extremely negative judgments towards deviant behaviour. We have also examined the effects of revealing of sex-type on self-representation and judments. Finally, we show the dynamic aspect (which connot be reduced to social group) and which is socio-normative of internality and of masculinity feminity

Masculinist constructions of Algerian history relegate women to symbolic roles. The texts by Algerian women writers studied in my thesis all use fiction to express agency and create empowerment through – or in spite of – these symbolic positions. My thesis is concerned with how fiction highlights and negotiates various manifestations of the tension created when authors engage with masculinist historical discourses by casting women in – and so perhaps validating – the roles that they are assigned within these same discourses. Chapter one defines what I am terming 'masculinist history' by analysing historical documents. Chapter two examines how, in Assia Djebar's La Femme sans sépulture, Leïla Marouane's La Jeune Fille et la Mère, and Maïssa Bey's Entendez-vous dans les montagnes ..., real-life freedom-fighters are fictionalised in a way that negotiates the tension between filling in the blanks of history and upholding discourses of martyrdom. The third chapter explores the more recent violence in Algeria, how Bey's Puisque mon coeur est mort and Marouane's Le Châtiment des hypocrites employ fiction to create sites of mourning that are otherwise unavailable because of the amnesty for crimes committed during this period – although the violent conclusions of the texts imply the limitations of fiction in this respect. Chapter four moves away from representations of women caught up in extraordinary circumstances and focuses on the everyday. This chapter investigates the figuration of the domestic as a site of female resistance to both patriarchal and colonial oppression – a figuration that simultaneously risks reinforcing women's symbolic position as bastions of tradition – in Djebar's Nulle part dans la maison de mon père and Bey's Bleu blanc vert. Finally, the fifth chapter inspects how Ahlam Mosteghanemi's Chaos of the Senses reconfigures her earlier fictional work in a way that spotlights female agency, and how Malika Mokeddem's autobiographical La Transe des insoumis does something similar, but in a much more personal way. Across the thesis I therefore conceptualise a history/fiction entre-deux that is not so much a space of emancipation as it is multiple spaces that allow for an exploration of agency within traditional – and often oppressive – female roles.

Les chromosomes sexuels humains partagent des sequences homologues, malgre leur grande dissemblance. Ils possedent a l'extremite terminale de leurs bras des regions dites pseudoautosomiques, qui sont identiques sur les deux chromosomes. Pendant la meiose male, la region pseudoautosomique des bras courts est le siege d'un crossing-over obligatoire et unique. Un echange anormal entre les chromosomes x et y parait etre a l'origine de l'inversion de sexe la plus frequente, la masculinite xx#y+. Au cours de cet echange, toute l'extremite du chromosome y, incluant le gene de determination sexuelle male sry, est transferee sur le chromosome x. L'objectif de mon travail etait d'elucider les bases moleculaires de cet echange. Par l'etude des points de cassure chromosomique chez deux hommes xx#y+, nous avons montre que les crossing-overs ectopiques a l'origine de l'inversion de sexe, se situaient dans des sequences fortement similaires sur les chromosomes sexuels. Ces memes sequences sont impliquees dans le rearrangement chromosomique de plusieurs autres hommes xx#y+, elles constituent donc des sites preferentiels de recombinaison ectopique (hot spots). L'analyse moleculaire chez un grand nombre de patients a permis de montrer que ces deux hot spots rendent compte de la moitie des cas de masculinite xx#y+ de classe 3, soit du quart des cas de masculinite xx#y+. Par ailleurs, la frequence de ces recombinaisons ectopiques semble determinee par la longueur et le degre de similitude des sequences impliquees dans ces hot spots. Enfin, chez tous les hommes xx#y+ de classe 3 etudies, les points de cassure ont le meme ordre sur les chromosomes x et y, suggerant l'existence d'autres hot spots de recombinaison. Ces crossing-overs ectopiques se produisent dans la region distale x-specifique xp22. 3, qui possede d'autres proprietes particulieres dues a la remanence de l'homologie avec le chromosome y. J'ai construit une carte physique detaillee de cette region a l'aide de yac. La localisation des sequences homologues sur le chromosome y a conduit a preciser certaines donnees sur l'evolution des chromosomes sexuels humains. Le positionnement sur la carte des points de cassure de patients porteurs de rearrangements chromosomiques dans la region, a permis d'affiner notablement la localisation du gene de la chondrodysplasie ponctuee recessive liee a l'x, et de proposer que ce gene est a penetrance incomplete

Gender representation is a frequently addressed field within media and communication studies in general and in the subject of TV advertising in particular. Previous research mainly focused on the detection of commonly exploited stereotypes that are used to portray women and men respectively. Much emphasize has been placed on the relationship between the sexes regarding social roles and professions, embedded in a cultural and ideological context. The purpose of this scientific work however is to examine how the construction of gender stereotypes in media takes place, which practices are used to connote meaning. Using a qualitative method, namely a visual discourse analysis, the aim of the study is to unveil subtle but also obvious symbols and characteristics that are used to represent feminine and masculine traits respectively in order to expand the current body of research. This proceeding marks an approach to have a closer look at the social interaction of females and males in TV advertisements in order to get an insight in the allocation of power and subsequently, social roles. Four TV advertisements are used as objects of investigation. As a theoretical fundament, the gender theories of sexism, masculinism and feminism are introduced. The findings suggest that the representation of women and men still follows strong patterns of stereotyping, not just on the level of role allocation but also on a behavioral level. However, the study comes to the conclusion that an asymmetric treatment of the sexes is not necessarily the result of gender stereotyping; in the case, both sexes are stereotyped similarly, not depicting either men or women dominating their counterparts in a global context.

Scholarship in the field of critical studies on men and masculinities rarely took into consideration the way in which men who identify in non-normative sexualities and genders are actively involved in the production of masculinity. The few works that explored this topic from the point of view of critical studies on men and on masculine people focused mainly on homosexual men and, to a lesser extent, on trans men to define if and to what extent they reproduce the gender norms around which the exaltation of masculinity is founded. The focal point that emerges from this literature is that, by internalizing the rules relating to masculinity, these subjectivities find themselves in a condition of irreconcilability between the urge to define themselves as masculine and the risk of being continually feminized because of their structural distance from the subject around to which these norms gravitate, that is the heterosexual man cisgender, giving for this reason place to contradictory forms of masculinity. Within this frame, men who identify in non-normative sexualities and genders do not seem to have an active role in the production of masculinity. Placed in a position of necessary exclusion from the field in which such production takes place, they can only reflect the dynamics or reject them, but also, in this case, they do not produce a significant transformation in gender norms. Starting from these considerations, I have built a research project aimed at problematizing the way in which the production of masculinity is articulated in the ways in which men who recognize themselves in a non-normative sexuality or genders give meaning and materiality to their identification. From a methodological point of view, the research was carried out by integrating three qualitative methods: (1) the analysis of 20 free diaries lasting 3-6 months, produced online by men aged between 20 and 29 years that identify in a non-normative gender or sexuality; (2) an ethnographic research, carried out over a period of 8 months within contexts where the presence of LGBTQ+ people was explicitly thematised; (3) a auto-ethnographic research, which was articulated both through the use of a personal diary and by retrieving previous personal documents. The analysis of the material highlighted 4 ways of configuring the process of production of masculinity. The configuration called "production of an ideal masculinity" is articulated through the production of a "real" masculinity which is placed defined as privileged over feminized positions. In the second configuration, "forms of identification with the feminine", femininity, constructed as an essentialized property, is positively valued as a compensation for negative aspects of masculinity. In the third configuration, "non-normative sexualities and genders as protest masculinities", the heterosexual and cisgender masculine subject is displaced from the hegemonic position in favour of masculinities rooted in an essentialized view of non-normative sexualities and genders. Finally, the fourth configuration, "disidentifications from masculinity", refers to practices of subjectivation which advance an instance of disarticulation of one's own identification as a man.
Nella letteratura afferente agli studi critici sugli uomini e sulle maschilità, emerge che negli approcci mainstream di questo ambito di ricerca solo raramente gli uomini che si identificano in sessualità e generi non normativi sono stati presi in considerazione come soggetti attivamente coinvolti nei processi di produzione della maschilità. I pochi lavori che hanno cercato di esplorare il tema dal punto di vista degli studi critici sugli uomini e sulle maschilità si sono focalizzati principalmente sugli uomini omosessuali e, in misura più ridotta, sugli uomini trans e hanno cercato di definire se e in quale misura essi riproducano le norme di genere intorno alle quali trova fondamento l’esaltazione della maschilità. Il punto focale che emerge da questa letteratura è che, interiorizzando le norme relative alla maschilità, queste soggettività si trovano in una condizione di inconciliabilità tra la spinta a definirsi come mascolini e il rischio di essere continuamente femminilizzati in ragione della propria strutturale distanza dal soggetto attorno a cui tali norme gravitano, cioè l’uomo eterosessuale cisgender, dando per questo motivo luogo a delle forme contraddittorie di maschilità. All’interno di questo frame, gli uomini che si identificano in una sessualità e/o in un genere non normativo non sembrano poter avere un ruolo attivo nel processo di produzione della maschilità. Posti in una posizione di necessaria esclusione dal campo in cui tale costruzione ha luogo, essi possono solo rispecchiarne le dinamiche o rifiutarle, ma anche in questo caso non producono una significativa trasformazione delle norme di genere. A partire da queste considerazioni, ho costruito un progetto di ricerca volto a problematizzare e complessificare lo sguardo rispetto a come i processi di produzione della maschilità si inseriscono e si articolano nei modi in cui gli uomini che si riconoscono all’interno di una sessualità e/o di un genere non normativo danno significato e materialità alla loro identificazione. Da un punto di vista metodologico, la ricerca è stata realizzata integrando tre metodi qualitativi: (1) l’analisi di 20 diari a tema libero della durata di 3-6 mesi, prodotti online da ragazzi di età compresa tra i 20 e i 29 anni che si identificano in un sesso e/o un genere non normativo; (2) un percorso di osservazione etnografica, realizzato in un arco temporale di 8 mesi all’interno di contesti in cui fosse esplicitamente tematizzata la presenza di persone LGBTQ+; (3) un lavoro autoetnografico, che si è articolato sia attraverso l’uso di un diario personale durante l’intero periodo di realizzazione della ricerca, sia recuperando precedenti documenti personali. A partire dall’analisi del materiale ho costruito 4 modi di configurare il processo di produzione della maschilità. La configurazione denominata “produzione di una maschilità ideale” si articola attraverso la produzione di un’area di “vera” maschilità collocata in una posizione di superiorità rispetto a collocazioni femminilizzate. Nella seconda configurazione, “forme di identificazione con il femminile”, la femminilità, costruita come una proprietà essenzializzata, viene valorizzata positivamente come una compensazione degli aspetti negativi della maschilità. Nella terza configurazione, “sessualità e generi non normativi come maschilità di protesta”, la figura del soggetto eterosessuale e cisgender viene destituita dalla sua posizione di fulcro gravitazionale della maschilità in favore di forme di maschilità radicate in una visione essenzializzata delle sessualità e dei generi non normativi. Infine, la quarta configurazione, “disidentificazioni dal maschile”, si riferisce alle pratiche si soggettivazione che avanzano un’istanza di disarticolazione della propria identificazione al maschile.

Between 1915 and 2015, 83 women held seats in the Queensland Parliament. This thesis seeks to understand why the women Members of the Queensland Parliament are under-represented and less likely to hold leadership positions. Moreover, the narratives for these women have not been recorded or heard. This aims to understand this under-representation, and further, by developing qualitative and quantitative data, this thesis seeks to add to the existing literature on women’s experiences in parliament. Further, I argue gender can be understood within Bourdieu’s concept of capital (Bourdieu, 2002, 2001), as an additional category of capital and I posit that gender capital is a part of the explanation for the persistent under-representation of the women Members of the Queensland Parliament. By understanding capital, and gender capital, the data in this thesis outlines the masculinist culture of the Queensland Parliament and the political parties. The qualitative data, which included one-on-one, in-depth interviews and ethnography, defines the depths of the both implicit and explicit and masculinist culture, which remains one of the more pervasive barriers to women’s representation in the Queensland Parliament. This thesis includes qualitative data, from one-on-one, in-depth, semi-structured interviews with past and present women Members from the Queensland Parliament 1915-2015, and ethnography from the Queensland Parliament. From this data, I argue the culture in the Queensland Parliament is masculinist, and this sits within the wider masculinist cultural milieu. By applying Bourdieu’s concept of capital (1984, 2002) to gender, I argue men and women exist within the constraints of masculine and feminine capital. In a masculinist culture, with masculine as the default, and specifically in the example of the Queensland Parliament, where women are under-represented, women are marked by their bodies and their capital. Thus, women are judged in ways that men are not, and often perceived to be lacking capital. The Queensland Parliament is an unequal working environment, and despite the contemporaneous advances in women’s representation, the masculinist culture continues to be a barrier for women entering the Queensland Parliament. This thesis which draws on Bourdieu (1977, 1984, 1993, 2001, 2002), Huppatz (2006, 2009, 2012), Crawford and Pini (2010a) and Acker (1992, 2000, 2006a, 2006b, 2009) to understand how gender operates in male dominated industries. I argue gender inequality is a cultural issue, entrenched in our everyday lives, extending into the workplace. Gender is invisible for men, who have masculine capital in a masculinist setting, however, there remains a barrier for women whose skills and capital are under-appreciated and undervalued. Overall, this thesis draws on the quantitative data to indicate the success of Voluntary Party Quotas in the Queensland Parliament, which act as a counter to the masculinist culture of the political parties in the Queensland Parliament. Further, this thesis adds to the existing literature by including the concept of the stumbling trajectory. I argue women experience gender in ways that men do not, and this is reflected in the stumbling career trajectory. This research concludes that women do have ambition and drive to be included in pre-selection and positions of leadership, however this is tempered by outside gender-based factors such as motherhood, the traditional roles and expectations of women and internal party politics. By using Acker’s concept of male dominated workplaces (Acker, 1992, 2000, 2006a, 2006b, 2009) and Crawford and Pini’s (2010a) concept of the gendered parliament, the experiences of the women Members can be understood in terms of capital. Further, as re-worked by Huppatz (2012), Bourdieu’s concept of capital now includes gender capital, and this research also argues for the inclusion of gender capital while addressing the gap pertaining to gender and Bourdieu. The other significant contribution this thesis makes is the collection and collation of qualitative data from the women Members. Finally, this thesis acknowledges, the representation of women, and women in leadership, is moving in a positive direction. Examples of this lie in former Premier Bligh, Premier Palaszczuk, former Deputy Premier and current Treasurer Trad, former Leader of the Opposition and former Deputy Premier Sheldon, Deb Frecklington as Leader of the Opposition, The Honourable Leneen Forde, The Honourable Dame Quentin Bryce, and The Honourable Penelope Wensley. Future research may include the political parties, as there is no demarcation of the political parties, to avoid identification of the participants. Future research could also be directed specifically to pre- selection and gate-keepers within political organisations. Research investigating the hierarchical nature of the political parties would also be significant for women’s representation.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Hum, Lang & Soc Sc
Arts, Education and Law
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Sport has long been regarded as a masculine domain. In the past the literature has tended to focus on male athletes with respect to sensational or noteworthy performances, however little attention has been placed on the reasons why men participate in sport and the subsequent underpinning sociological implications of masculinity. This research investigated the lives of 12 elite level athletes competing in the three individually-oriented sports of triathlon, surf lifesaving and bodybuilding to attain a more comprehensive understanding of the relationship between male identity and sport, and the process of masculinisation experienced by men throughout the lifecourse. Further, it explored the notion that sport is becoming one of the primary sites for the construction of masculinity for men in contemporary Western society. During childhood these men quickly realised that athletic competition meant far more than merely winning or losing. Sporting success was interpreted as being accompanied by peer recognition, family attention and general acceptance by society. Future acknowledgment was therefore perceived as being contingent upon continued success. However, placing emphasis on sporting success can influence a man's development throughout the lifecourse as he undergoes changes during the transition from boyhood, through adolescence and on to adulthood. It is with respect to such changes that some of these men experienced crises in their lives. As young male athletes, they based their self-image and masculine identity largely around success-derived appreciation from others. Therefore, when failing to live up to the expectations of these people their self-perception was affected and they were faced with problems relating to self-image, masculine identity and relationships with others, both intimate and family-oriented. On the other hand, sport can offer its young male participants numerous pleasurable experiences and the opportunity to change various aspects of their lives. It is with respect to this element that the athletes' lives were explored to determine their motivation for participating in their particular sport and its subsequent relationship with masculinity. It was the subcultural environment of each sport which appealed to the men because it provided them with a support network and a form of safety mechanism in the event of a crisis. Therefore, feeling secure in their own subcultural environment had a positive impact on their masculine identity. Utilising lifecourse theory within a social-psychological perspective, this research was able to identify some of the changes that emerge throughout sportsmen's lives and the role that sport plays in the social construction of masculinity for these men. By using sport to identify the problems associated with masculine identity it provides a looking glass for the problems associated with the social construction of masculinity for contemporary men in Western society.

The aim of this thesis is to describe some central conceptual ideas expressed in the language of six computer interested boys. The starting-point is the philosophy of language of Ludwig Wittgenstein, where language is seen as something deeply integrated in our practices, traditions and culture. The use of our language shows its meaning. The material consists of 18 months of observations in the computer room of a secondary school and a series of three deep-interviews with each one of the boys over a period of three years. The computer has a central function in their identity work. Within our culture, this object - with its structure and its ways of operating - has become a metaphor for human thinking. It offers freedom and control. The discussions involved in this work and its form of representation problemize some of the fundamental assumptions of linguistics and the humanities. The three portraits (chapters 3-5) are to be understood as meaningful examples, while the persons portrayed are to be seen as symbols, inviting the reader to reflect over our culture and our practices. The fostering into the computer world and the ways of looking at the world are shown through the "personal voice", each followed by an interpretation linked to the theories and results of other researchers. In the boys' ways of using language there are differences and similarities. Learning, growing, creating, signifying 'freedom', can be seen as central notions in the identity work of one of them. With another of the boys there is a strong resemblance in his talking of computers and of his personal God; he "fixes" the world through dividing-lines, strong recommendations, further emphasized through the frequent use of the verb ska (shall, should). In the third portrait it is evident that the boy's abundance of words and narrative-making is a strategy of preventing nearness and to be able both to control the interview situation and to intensify the here and now. "Going deep" into computers make certain assumptions about the world more essential than others. Central concepts explicit in their common language game are logic, power and control (chapter 7). There is a common tendency to hierarchize and dichotomize the world; upper/under world, outer/inner world, logic/feeling, we/they, right/wrong. Stability can be seen as a summarizing notion. The deeper significance of their feeling of safety and control in the computer world is a fostering both into male dominance and into a dominant way of thinking about knowledge as something primarily logical, controllable and possible to account for. This masculinist language game is confirmed in different ways: individually, in the group and at a more subtle and symbolic level.

Diss. Umeå : Univ., 1992

digitalisering@umu

Feministische Staatstheorie analysiert den Staat in seinen vergeschlechtlichten und vergeschlechtlichenden Dimensionen. Konzepte des Kanons der Politikwissenschaft (wie Gesellschaftsvertrag, Staatsbürgerschaft, Recht, Gewalt) werden erweitert, indem deren Vergeschlechtlichung sichtbar gemacht wird. Ebenso werden neue Konzepte wie bspw. Maskulinismus, Privatheit, Reproduktions- und Verwandtschaftspolitiken in die Staatstheorie aufgenommen, um staatliche Machtausübung umfassend theoretisieren zu können.

In general, constructions are one of the most male-dominated industries. While the international literature has recently started to pay attention to the experiences of its female workforce, Italian scholars still seem to underestimate not only the importance of this topic, but also the career choices made by women in male-intensive industries. Therefore, this thesis investigates the occupational trends, working conditions, and career choices of women working in the Italian building industry to understand the motivations, challenges, coping strategies, and narratives associated with gender relations on- and off-sites. The research was carried out relying on a qualitative approach informed by gender studies and intersectional theories, with the ambition of overcoming the limits of previous studies and making “masculinity” visible within the gender(ed) relational dynamics. Due to its exploratory nature, semi-structured interviews were conducted with male and female workers, professionals, and entrepreneurs of the Italian construction industry; alongside, participant observation was carried out on sites and online (Instagram), embracing the quasi- or rapid- ethnographic method. Findings contributes to the literature by bringing under the spotlight the trends and experiences of women working in construction together with their strategies to counteract gender discrimination – thus filling a gap in the Italian literature and providing the foundation for future research. Moreover, the role of hegemonic masculinity within the gender(ed) relations taking place on- and off-site is made evident, together with its attempts at (in)directly excluding women’s and non-binary people from the industry, especially through the “romanticization” to which “feminine” niches of production (e.g., restoration) are exposed to “justify” women’s presence as sites workers.

La truite arc-en-ciel a un déterminisme du sexe strictement génétique de type XX/XY. Pourtant des femelles génétiques se sont spontanément masculinisées après une gynogénèse endomitotique. Ce phénotype masculinisé à pénétrance incomplète serait dû à une mutation inconnue appelée « mal ». Afin d'identifier le gène causal porteur de cette mutation, une meilleure caractérisation de son phénotype est nécessaire. Pour cela, nous avons procédé à la caractérisation du phénotype gonadique en utilisant à la fois des approches histologiques et moléculaires. Tous les animaux XXmal présentent une différenciation sexuelle très perturbée autant sur le plan histologique que sur le plan de leurs profils d'expression géniques. Parmi ces perturbations, l'inhibition de l'expression du gène de l'aromatase gonadique (cyp19a1a), une enzyme de synthèse des œstrogènes, pourrait être un facteur explicatif de cette masculinisation. De plus des températures d'élevage élevées (18°C) augmentent fortement la masculinisation de ces animaux XXmal. Enfin, la croissance des animaux XXmal est affectée négativement selon le degré de perturbation. En conséquence, la masculinisation de ces animaux serait le résultat d'une dérégulation profonde en amont du gène cyp19a1a, avec comme conséquence une instabilité précoce de la différenciation ovarienne suivie par la masculinisation effective d'une partie des animaux XXmal. Cette instabilité serait amplifiée par des températures élevées qui affecteraient à la fois le développement global des animaux XXmal et la transcription de cyp19a1a. Nos résultats suggèrent fortement que le phénotype "mal" est plus complexe qu'un simple phénotype "femelle masculinisée"
Rainbow trout has a strict genetic XX/XY sex determination system. However spontaneous masculinization has been observed in genetic females (XX) obtained through endomitotic gynogenesis. The masculinized phenotype does not affect all adult animals and would be the consequence of an uncharacterized mutation named « mal ». In order to identify the causal gene harboring this mutation, a better characterization of this phenotype is needed. For this, we characterized the gonadal phenotype using both histological and molecular approaches. All XXmal animals have a highly disturbed sex differentiation based on results from histology and gene expression profiles. Among these perturbations the inhibition of the expression of ovarian form of aromatase gene (cyp19a1a) encoding the enzyme needed for estrogen synthesis, could be an explanation for this masculinization. Moreover high rearing temperatures (18°C) increase the masculinization of these XXmal animals. And surprisingly, the growth of these XXmal animals was negatively affected especially for those having an adult masculinized phenotype. These results suggest that the XXmal masculinization is the result of a deep perturbation upstream from the transcription of cyp19a1a gene, with as consequence a precocious unstable ovarian differentiation followed by an active masculinization of only some of these XXmal animals. This precocious unstable ovarian differentiation would be amplified by high temperatures that would affect the development of the XXmal animals and the transcription of the cyp19a1a gene. Our results also suggest that the "mal" phenotype is more complex than a simple "masculinized female" phenotype

La truite arc-en-ciel a un déterminisme du sexe strictement génétique de type XX/XY. Pourtant des femelles génétiques se sont spontanément masculinisées après une gynogénèse endomitotique. Ce phénotype masculinisé à pénétrance incomplète serait dû à une mutation inconnue appelée " mal ". Afin d'identifier le gène causal porteur de cette mutation, une meilleure caractérisation de son phénotype est nécessaire. Pour cela, nous avons procédé à la caractérisation du phénotype gonadique en utilisant à la fois des approches histologiques et moléculaires. Tous les animaux XXmal présentent une différenciation sexuelle très perturbée autant sur le plan histologique que sur le plan de leurs profils d'expression géniques. Parmi ces perturbations, l'inhibition de l'expression du gène de l'aromatase gonadique (cyp19a1a), une enzyme de synthèse des œstrogènes, pourrait être un facteur explicatif de cette masculinisation. De plus des températures d'élevage élevées (18°C) augmentent fortement la masculinisation de ces animaux XXmal. Enfin, la croissance des animaux XXmal est affectée négativement selon le degré de perturbation. En conséquence, la masculinisation de ces animaux serait le résultat d'une dérégulation profonde en amont du gène cyp19a1a, avec comme conséquence une instabilité précoce de la différenciation ovarienne suivie par la masculinisation effective d'une partie des animaux XXmal. Cette instabilité serait amplifiée par des températures élevées qui affecteraient à la fois le développement global des animaux XXmal et la transcription de cyp19a1a. Nos résultats suggèrent fortement que le phénotype "mal" est plus complexe qu'un simple phénotype "femelle masculinisée".

Le mouvement des femmes québécois a connu des transformations importantes au cours des dernières décennies. Plusieurs causes ont été mises de l’avant pour expliquer ces changements, telles que la mondialisation, le néolibéralisme ou des causes internes. Dans les années 1980, nous observons une montée de l’antiféminisme au Québec et l’émergence de sa forme masculiniste. Ce phénomène a modifié le contexte dans lequel évolue le mouvement des femmes. L’objectif de ce mémoire est d’analyser les répercussions de l’antiféminisme sur les transformations du mouvement des femmes. Afin d’analyser les interactions entre le mouvement des femmes et le masculinisme, nous étudions les discours antiféministes dans les médias de 1985 à 2009. Plus précisément, nous analysons les thématiques masculinistes contenues dans La Presse et Le Soleil durant cette période. Par la suite, nous analysons diverses publications (rapports d’activités, la Petite Presse et le Féminisme en bref) de la Fédération des femmes du Québec dans le but de voir si le mouvement des femmes a modifié ses analyses, ses stratégies et ses actions en réaction à cette montée de l’antiféminisme. Finalement, à l’aide de la théorie de la mobilisation des ressources et de l’approche des contre-mouvements, nous étudions les interactions entre le mouvement des femmes et son contre-mouvement, soit l’antiféminisme. Nous arrivons à la conclusion qu’il existe véritablement des interactions entre ceux-ci et que la montée de l’antiféminisme a eu des répercussions sur le mouvement des femmes, qui ont modifié ses analyses, ses stratégies et ses actions.
The women’s movement in Quebec has known significant transformations during the last decades. Several causes have been put forward to explain these changes, such as globalization, neoliberalism or internal causes. In the 1980s, there has been a backlash against the women’s movement in the province of Quebec and a specific form of anti-feminism emerged, masculinism. This backlash has changed the context in which the women’s movement has evolved. The objective of this thesis is to analyze the impact of anti-feminism on the transformations of the women’s movement. In order to analyze the interactions between the women’s movement and anti-feminism, we study the anti-feminist discourse in the media from 1985 to 2009. First, we analyze the masculinist’s thematics contained in the newspapers La Presse and Le Soleil during this period. Second, we analyze various publications (annual reports, la Petite Presse and le Féminisme en bref) of the Fédération des femmes du Québec in order to see if the women’s movement has changed its analysis, strategies and actions in response to this backlash. Finally, using the theory of resource mobilization and the countermovements’ approach, we study the interactions between the women’s movement and masculinism. We come to the conclusion that there are interactions between the women’s movement and the countermovement (anti-feminism). Furthermore, we see that the emergence of anti-feminism has changed the analysis, strategies and actions of the women’s movement in response to this backlash.

Seigneur Dildoe, as this dissertation will contend, was a fixture in Restoration literature and culture (1660-1700). But what was his provenance, by what means did he travel, and why did he come? This dissertation provides a literary history of the fascinating and highly irreverent dildo satire tradition, tracing the dildo satire’s long and winding progress from antiquity to Restoration England, where the tradition reached its early modern zenith. Adding breadth, context, and texture to existing treatments of the trope’s political and sexual potency, this dissertation investigates the dildo satire’s roots in both Greek comedy (Aristophanes, Herodas) and Latin invective (Martial, Juvenal), its influential association in early modern Italy with Catholicism and monastic life (Aretino), and its introduction in early modern England (Nashe), where it cropped up in the works of a surprising number of literary giants (Shakespeare, Jonson, Donne, Marvell). In Restoration England, we find in the satiric dildos of Butler, Rochester, and the contextually rich “Seigneur Dildoe” articulations of a dildo gone viral: the mock-heroic Seigneur deployed as a politically central motif symptomatic of its society’s acute patriarchal fissures. Throughout I argue that the dildo satire’s longevity is due not to a uniformity of purpose or signification (misogynist, anti-Catholic, emasculating, or otherwise), but to its innate versatility and ambiguity as a fugitive sexual and political figure. I also argue that what does in fact unite the satiric dildo’s variety of contingent ends, against what has been assumed in the scholarship, is its status as a markedly anti-Phallic figure.
Graduate
2018-01-09
0401
0733
missmenno.sf@gmail.com