Journal articles: 'Masculinity (Psychology) in literature'

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Todorova, Marija. "Beyond (Hyper)Masculinity." Boyhood Studies 15, no. 1-2 (December 1, 2022): 154–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/bhs.2022.15010210.

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This article gives an outline of stereotypical representation of the Balkans as a predominantly violent culture that legitimizes violence through the lenses of (hyper)masculinized characters represented in Croatian literature for young adults selected for translation into English. A representation of this stereotypical image can be found in one of the most recent translations of a contemporary novel for children from Croatia, Odohohol and Cally Rascal by Matko Sršen. Meanwhile, the second case study of this article focuses on the analysis of translated young adult literature that promotes or contests violent masculinities. The novel The Teacher of My Dreams by Miro Gavran portrays a more complex image of masculinity from the Western Balkans, promoting a depiction of an emotional, intellectual, and rational male.

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Adams, Tracy. "Faus Semblant and the Psychology of Clerical Masculinity." Exemplaria 23, no. 2 (April 2011): 171–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/104125711x12946752336226.

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Shek, Yen. "Asian American Masculinity: A Review of the Literature." Journal of Men's Studies 14, no. 3 (April 1, 2006): 379–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3149/jms.1403.379.

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Bankauskaitė, Gabija, and Raminta Stravinskaitė. "Masculinity in Algirdas Landsbergis's Short Stories." Respectus Philologicus 40, no. 45 (October 11, 2021): 122–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/respectus.2021.40.45.97.

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In interwar and post-war societies, men were required to show endurance, courage, and emotional stability, but their traumas, caused by the experience of war and the economic, political, and social realities of the post-war period, are just started to be analysed. Algirdas Jeronimas Landsbergis (1924–2004), a playwright, prose writer, editor, literary and theatre critic of the Lithuanian diaspora, conveys these themes in his work. The images of masculinity revealed in the texts help clarify the general experience of the society hidden in the works and understand what kind of masculinity prevailed in society after the world wars changed the lives of women and men. Using K. G. Jung’s theory of analytical psychology, the article analyses A. Landsbergis’ short stories, which literature researchers less studied. Texts are explored as reflections and shapers of society, and in the case of masculinity, it is discussed what is meant by the archetypes of masculinity recorded in the literature. Based on the work of R. L. Moore and D. Gillette and J. C. Campbell, the archetypes of the divine child, the child prodigy, the Oedipus child and the hero and mature masculinity – the king, warrior, magician and lover are distinguished.

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Lieven, Theo, Bianca Grohmann, Andreas Herrmann, Jan R. Landwehr, and Miriam van Tilburg. "The effect of brand design on brand gender perceptions and brand preference." European Journal of Marketing 49, no. 1/2 (February 9, 2015): 146–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-08-2012-0456.

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Purpose – This research aims to examine the impact of brand design elements (logo shape, brand name, type font and color) on brand masculinity and femininity perceptions, consumer preferences and brand equity. Design/methodology/approach – This research empirically tests the relation between brand design elements, brand masculinity and femininity and brand preferences/equity in four studies involving fictitious and real brands. Findings – Brand design elements consistently influenced brand masculinity and femininity perceptions. These, in turn, significantly related to consumer preferences and brand equity. Brand masculinity and femininity perceptions successfully predicted brand equity above and beyond other brand personality dimensions. Research limitations/implications – Although this research used a wide range of brand design elements, the interactive effects of various design elements warrant further research. Practical implications – This research demonstrates how markers of masculinity and femininity that are discussed in the evolutionary psychology literature can be applied to the brand design of new and existing brands. Originality/value – This research considers the impact of multiple brand design elements (logo shape, brand name, type font and color) and involves a wide range of brands and product categories.

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Erentzen, Caroline, Joshua A. Quinlan, and Raymond A. Mar. "Sometimes You Need More than a Wingman: Masculinity, Femininity, and the Role of Humor in Men's Mental Health Help-Seeking Campaigns." Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 37, no. 2 (February 2018): 128–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2018.37.2.128.

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The clinical literature has consistently documented that men seek help for mental health less often than do women, although they suffer from mental illness at comparable rates. This is particularly troublesome as depression and anxiety in men are more likely to manifest in substance abuse and suicidal behavior. This gender discrepancy in help-seeking may be explained by the social psychological literature on traditional masculinity, which has been associated with stigmatizing thoughts about mental illness and opposition to help-seeking. The present research explored this link between masculinity and mental health help-seeking, including the use of affiliative humor in public awareness messages about help-seeking for mental health. We hypothesized that incorporating light humor into this campaign might reframe help-seeking in a less threatening way, effectively circumventing the defensive reactions of masculine men. Across three studies, we presented young men with ads encouraging them to reach out to a friend suffering from anxiety or depression. Consistently, the perceived funniness of the ads predicted their persuasiveness without increasing stigma or trivializing the issue of mental health. Masculinity did not in fact predict stigmatizing and defensive thoughts about mental illness; rather, men's femininity emerged as the strongest and most consistent predictor of these reactions.

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Moore, Todd M., and Gregory L. Stuart. "A Review of the Literature on Masculinity and Partner Violence." Psychology of Men & Masculinity 6, no. 1 (January 2005): 46–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1524-9220.6.1.46.

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Vazquez-Nuttall, Ena, Ivonne Romero-Garcia, and Brunilda De Leon. "Sex Roles and Perceptions of Femininity and Masculinity of Hispanic Women: A Review of the Literature." Psychology of Women Quarterly 11, no. 4 (December 1987): 409–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1987.tb00915.x.

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This article evaluates the research conducted on sex roles and perceptions of femininity and masculinity of Hispanic women. It begins with a critical review of early social and anthropological studies in which the roles of Hispanic women before the advent of the women's movement in the 1960s are described. The paper continues with more recent psychosocial studies that question the traditional portrayal of male-female roles and allocation of power in Hispanic families. Finally, the studies on Hispanics that measure the psychological dimension of femininity and masculinity are reviewed and summarized in a table including authors, sample, methodology and results.

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Song, Kirsten Younghee, and Victoria Velding. "Transnational Masculinity in the Eyes of Local Beholders? Young Americans’ Perception of K-Pop Masculinities." Journal of Men’s Studies 28, no. 1 (April 3, 2019): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1060826519838869.

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The advancement in communication technology has created myriad online media sources through which people from different cultural backgrounds meet more frequently and easily than ever before. In this highly interconnected world, intercultural sensitivity has been the utmost important quality for global citizenship. Empirical literature on how gender norms operate across countries in the realm of a global circulation of media contents is limited. This study examines how young American individuals perceived masculinity embodied through Korean pop male band members’ bodies. Survey data suggest that U.S. cultural norms played a significant role in research participants’ ( N = 772) perception of Korean band members’ masculinity. Respondents perceived them neither highly masculine nor feminine. Such ambiguous gender images are similar to the stereotypes of Asian American males in the United States. Moreover, respondents’ perception of and evaluation of band members’ masculinity largely conform to what the concept of hegemonic masculinity suggests as ideal. Findings imply that participants construct the difference between Korean pop band members’ masculinity and the Western hegemonic masculinity ideal, and subsequently reproduce cultural distance.

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Dandapat, Sridipa, and Priyanka Tripathi. "Making Men out of Boys." Boyhood Studies 15, no. 1-2 (December 1, 2022): 80–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/bhs.2022.15010205.

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With Richa Jha and Gautam Benegal’s picturebook The Unboy Boy (2013), India acquired the notion of alternative masculinity in children’s literature for perhaps the first time, and initiated the depiction in picturebooks of male characters who love soft toys, cook, dance, and dress in a way considered feminine. This article turns the critical lens toward gender codes that form the basis for masculinity discourses. Primarily drawing on Connell’s concept of hegemonic masculinity, it explores how contemporary Indian picturebooks in English are challenging the representation of traditional masculinity. Through the lens of content analysis, this qualitative research adopts a multimodal approach and scrutinizes three other picturebooks: Abba’s Day (2017) by Sunaina Ali and Debasmita Dasgupta, Kali Wants to Dance (2018) by Aparna Karthikeyan and Somesh Kumar, and Guthli Has Wings (2019) by Kanak Shashi.

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Claussen, Caroline. "The WiseGuyz Program: Sexual Health Education as a Pathway to Supporting Changes in Endorsement of Traditional Masculinity Ideologies." Journal of Men’s Studies 25, no. 2 (August 5, 2016): 150–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1060826516661319.

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Given the growing interest in the impacts of gender ideology on adolescent boys’ well-being, there is a call for programs to support the development of healthy and positive constructs of masculinity. The WiseGuyz program at the Calgary Sexual Health Centre is a sexual health and healthy relationship program addressing the need for interventions that promote positive and healthy constructs of masculinity identified in the literature. Using the Male Role Norms Inventory Scale–Adolescent–revised (MRNI-A-r) standardized scale and focus groups, data were gathered from 52 adolescent boys enrolled in the WiseGuyz program. Results suggest that participation in the WiseGuyz program lessens boys’ endorsement of traditional masculinity ideologies, as indicated by changes in the MRNI-A-r and focus group data.

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Russo, Eva-Maria. "Economics and Psychology: The Negation of Masculinity in Keller's “Die drei gerechten Kammacher”." Seminar: A Journal of Germanic Studies 44, no. 1 (February 2008): 37–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/seminar.44.1.37.

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Domínguez, Juan Pablo Sánchez, CLAUDIA INÉS CAMPO, and LUBIA DEL CARMEN CASTILLO ARCOS. "HEGEMONIC MASCULINITY AND VIOLENCE IN GAY COUPLES: A PSYCHOANALYTIC READING." Ágora: Estudos em Teoria Psicanalítica 25, no. 1 (January 2022): 52–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-44142022001007.

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ABSTRACT: The initial purpose of this paper is to analyze the literature on hegemonic masculinity and its intersection with violence in intimate gay couples. As a result, it is identified that hegemonic masculinity is a historical, social and cultural construction that, in order to perpetuate its power over other masculinities “contaminated by the feminine”, employs diverse mechanisms of violence, sometimes imperceptible to those who experience it. Psychoanalytically oriented, a case is analyzed to obtain empirical information and to situate the reality of the phenomenon beyond heteronormative parameters, while offering a methodology to investigate the problem.

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Ramkissoon, Marina W., Patricia Anderson, and Junior Hopwood. "Measurement Validation of the Jamaican Macho Scale Among African American Males." Journal of Men’s Studies 25, no. 3 (February 1, 2017): 298–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1060826517693387.

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Measures of masculinities have expanded in recent decades to reflect greater diversity. A comparative reading of the literature suggests that African American men may endorse the same macho ideology shared by Afro-Jamaican men, which is captured by the Jamaican Macho Scale. The current article examines whether the Macho Scale is relevant to explaining masculinity among African American males using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis techniques. A sample of 203 African American male college students from a large university in the Eastern United States participated in a self-administered survey, which included the Macho Scale items. Results supported a two-factor model of macho ideology, specifically sexual dominance and virility, and procreative need, in the American context. Future research should examine understudied masculinity ideology constructs in the American setting and attempt to map the full content domain of African American masculinity ideologies.

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Steinfeldt, Jesse, Leslie A. Rutkowski, Thomas J. Orr, and Matthew C. Steinfeldt. "Moral Atmosphere and Masculine Norms in American College Football." Sport Psychologist 26, no. 3 (September 2012): 341–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.26.3.341.

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This study examined on-field antisocial sports behaviors among 274 American football players in the United States. Results indicated that moral atmosphere (i.e., teammate, coach influence) and conformity to masculine norms were significantly related to participants’ moral behavior on the field (i.e., intimidate, risk injury, cheat, intentionally injure opponents). In other words, the perception that coaches and teammates condone on-field antisocial behaviors—in addition to conforming to societal expectations of traditional masculinity—is related to higher levels of antisocial behaviors on the football field. In addition, conformity to traditional masculine norms mediated the relationship between moral atmosphere and on-field aggressive sports behaviors, suggesting a relationship between social norms and moral atmosphere. Results of this interdisciplinary endeavor are interpreted and situated within the extant literature of both the fields of sport psychology and the psychological study of men and masculinity. Sport psychologists can use results to design interventions that incorporate moral atmosphere and conformity to masculine norms in an effort to decrease aggressive sports behaviors in the violent sport of football.

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Lasane, Terell P., William L. Howard, Alexander M. Czopp, Peter N. Sweigard, Gary G. Bennett, and Franklin Carvajal. "Hypermasculinity and Academic Goal-Setting: An Exploratory Study." Psychological Reports 85, no. 2 (October 1999): 487–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1999.85.2.487.

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The relation between gender-role percepts and academic goal-setting was explored. An inventory examining the aspects of masculinity that would facilitate or inhibit academic goal-setting was developed based on a literature review of how masculinity relates to academic behaviors. A diverse sample of students (120 male, 147 female, 14 not indicating sex) was measured on three aspects of sex and academic goal-setting behavior. Factor analysis confirmed the content validity of masculine factors having facilitative (Mastery Competitiveness) and inhibitory (Antisocial Competitiveness) academic properties. Regression analyses indicated that sex-role orientations (Competitiveness and Hypermasculinity) significantly predicted academic goal-setting behaviors ( R2 = .136). Finally, men scored higher than women on the subscales measuring Hypermasculinity and Antisocial or Competitiveness, while there were no sex differences on the Mastery Competitiveness subscale. The implications of these findings and suggestions for research are discussed.

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Bhattacharya, Rima. "Rewriting Immigrant Masculinities in Selected Works of Bharati Mukherjee." Journal of Men’s Studies 29, no. 3 (February 15, 2021): 278–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1060826521995125.

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The precedence of women over men in Bharati Mukherjee’s works reflects an attempt on her part to construct a feminine narrative as a means of countering the marginalized position that women usually occupy in mainstream traditional literature. This paper probes how with such displacement of female perspectives into an authoritative position, routinely prescribed for men, Mukherjee revises the suspiciously stable place occupied by male immigrant subjects in fictional writings. Employing the critical voices of several masculinity theorists, this paper explores how immigrant men’s conceptions of masculinity are reformulated and challenged by their migration processes. Seen in the light of gender oppression, the male characters, seem to occupy an ineffective and feminine narrative space even in powerful male stories of immigrant economic success written by Mukherjee. Finally, the paper probes how Mukherjee’s act of rewriting masculinity from inventive perspectives in her fictions introduces new, more egalitarian, and alternate models of manhood.

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Magodyo, Tapiwa, Michelle Andipatin, and Kyle Jackson. "The role of Xhosa traditional circumcision in constructing masculinity." South African Journal of Psychology 47, no. 3 (November 9, 2016): 344–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0081246316678176.

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Ulwaluko is a Xhosa word that refers to an initiation ritual. The purpose is to transform boys into men. Circumcision is one of the rituals performed. The ritual aims to instil good moral and social values. Due to socio-cultural shifts, the practice of Ulwaluko has changed and this has culminated in instances of criminal activity, drug abuse, risky sexual behaviours, and inhumane behaviours among some of the initiates. There has been a recent upsurge in research on Ulwaluko in South Africa. While many studies examined Ulwaluko from a constructionist framework, very few have focused on subject positions and how Ulwaluko contributes to the construction of masculinity in Xhosa men. Using social constructionist theory, the study employed a qualitative exploratory design and semi-structured interviews that were analysed using thematic decomposition analysis and positioning theory. Seven participants, from a university in Cape Town, aged from 19 to 32 were recruited using purposive sampling. The results of the study reflect the fluidity of masculinity as reported in literature. First, in some of the participants, Ulwaluko created an idealised masculine identity that was chiefly characterised by upholding ritual teachings and yet the same men were burdened by a prescriptive set of masculine role expectations. Second, through self-reflection and critical engagement, some men contested Ulwaluko resulting in the creation of rival masculinities and thus the study created spaces to rethink masculine identities.

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Clark, J. Michael. "HIV/AIDS, Aging, and Diminishing Abilities: Reconfiguring Gay Masculinity in Literature and Theology." Journal of Men's Studies 18, no. 2 (April 1, 2010): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3149/jms.1802.137.

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PIMENTEL, Adelma. "Violência doméstica praticada por homens detidos na Delegacia da Mulher de Belém." PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDIES - Revista da Abordagem Gestáltica 16, no. 2 (2010): 148–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18065/rag.2010v16n2.3.

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Qualitative research that reflects on the subjective processes and perceptions of domestic violence by detainees held at the Police Office for Women. The questions addressed were: what defines manhood? What models guided the formation of masculinity? What you liked and did not like to learn with models? How important is penis virility? What is the value of affection for the marital relationship? And violence was asked about the design of the informants. 10 questionnaires were administered to men with elementary schooling, first and second degree, all incomplete. Procedures we performed literature search, documentation and participant observation, obtaining the signature of the directors of the institution and subject to the consent search and open interviews with detainees who were willing to participate. Data are presented by using a code that includes both letters and numbers: Q1 to Q10. To collate the data analysis to the literature on masculinity and violence to the extent possible hermeneutic. The organization of the data was thematic. Results: the mother as a unique model for six informants; emphasis on domestic violence to the physical modality, which suggests that it was part of the socialization process of the informants, psychological violence was also quite cited. Conclusion: the informants’ perception of masculinity is still guided by the patriarchal perspective, domestic violence is a common practice not diminished by the passing of Law No. 11340/06 or Lei Maria da Penha.

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Walsh, Fintan. "Masculinity, psychoanalysis, straight queer theory: Essays on abjection in literature, mass culture, and film." Psychoanalysis, Culture & Society 14, no. 4 (November 12, 2009): 425–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/pcs.2009.24.

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Jafari, Fatemeh Mohammad, and Alireza Ameri. "Teacher immunity in professional identity: reflection on male ielts teachers’ homosocial fabrics in 2 iranian ethnographic institutions." Revista Tempos e Espaços em Educação 13, no. 32 (November 23, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.20952/revtee.v13i32.14857.

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As a new concept in language teacher psychology, language teacher immunity is a strong indicator of how teachers behave and respond in the face of disturbances which has a profound effect on teachers' profession. So, as it is apparent, research on language teacher immunity is in its embryonic stage and this qualitative study tried to fill the gap in the existing literature by using Retrodictive Qualitative Modeling to develop an in-depth understanding the experiences of five IELTS male teachers from two ethnographic sites. And due to research and critical studies into men and masculinity has originated as one of the most emerging areas of sociological investigation, on a macro-level of ethnography, this research study concentrated on male IELTS teachers to see the interpretations about masculinity, homosocial relations and desire to make their own professional identity and on the micro-level, the ethos varies at each institution. To achieve the research objectives and answer the questions of this ethnographic study, three data collection techniques were utilized to generate information, namely document collection, classroom observations, and interviews. The findings of this comparative ethnography revealed that in the IELTS situation, “the Visionary” and “The Spark plug” should be placed in two separate groups of immunity (productive and adaptive) to increase the categories of immunity to 5 in this context. So, by adding masculinity patterns, which changed from physicality into knowledge-discipline and socialization-patronage in this study, it was concluded that those who were in productive and adaptive immunity category were not homogeneous due to the fact that they were complicit and approached themselves to the hegemonic masculinity with slight changes that the researchers could not separate them in their immunity.

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Foster, Don. "The Truth and Reconciliation Commission and Understanding Perpetrators." South African Journal of Psychology 30, no. 1 (March 2000): 2–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/008124630003000102.

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This paper provides an analysis of perpetrators of gross violations of human rights based on material drawn from the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC). After reviewing broad trends in the literature, it analyses perpetrators' actions in terms of four broad areas: Contexts, perspectives, motives and causes, and neglected factors. Arguing for a primarily political understanding, and critical of psychological reductionism, the paper also covers other important factors notably social identities, language and ideology, the dynamics of situations and authoritarianism. It touches on the neglected areas of masculinity, special organisations, secrecy and emotions. Arguments are illustrated with quotations from TRC material.

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Castro, Aurelio. "Stories Told Together: Male Narratives of Non-Monogamous Bi+ and Heterosexual Men." Archives of Sexual Behavior 50, no. 4 (May 2021): 1461–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10508-021-02008-6.

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AbstractThe stories we tell about our identities and sexual orientations shape how we perform gendered scripts and negotiate relationships with significant others. Previous literature inquired the styles and outcomes of consensual non-monogamous (CNM) relationships, but more research is need on how CNM men resist or abide to hegemonic models of masculinity. To understand how constructions of masculinity and conceptualizations of sexual orientation are embedded in CNMs, the study analysed the stories of non-monogamous Bi+ and heterosexual men. Following a critical narrative approach, the study inquired the diverse conceptualizations of masculinity, sexual orientation and relationship practices in the narratives of 20 non-monogamous Bi+ and heterosexual identified men. The semi-structured in-depth narrative interviews (105 min on average) were analyzed via Nvivo 12 and explored their stories of desire and the sense-making process of being sexually oriented to one or more genders and to one or more partner/s. Engaging in non-monogamy was signified as a relevant insight from their personal stories and/or from adopting new concepts of desire beyond the “love as a zero-sum game.” The latter theme was also shared by many heterosexual participants that, when negotiating a non-monogamous agreement, signified their attractions to more than one person as part of their personal identity. Finally, the paper discusses how non-monogamous spaces can offer a positive and safe space for bisexuals/Bi+ people to explore and reaffirm their identities, constantly challenged by biphobia, invisibility, and erasure. Experiences and stories of Italian cisgender Bi+ and heterosexual men cannot be generalized to the whole spectrum of masculinities within CNM spaces, and the study lacks how other gendered and sexual subjectivities construct masculinity. Diverse stories and construction of sexuality and gender can lead to similar relationship preferences and understanding how we signify them can greatly improve our understanding of intimacies.

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Cook, Ellen Piel. "Psychological Androgyny." Counseling Psychologist 15, no. 3 (July 1987): 471–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011000087153006.

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Androgyny represents a combination of personality characteristics traditionally associated with men (masculine) and those associated with women (feminine). This critical review provides an overview of basic assumptions, measures, research topics, and results of research in the androgyny literature. In particular, research on developmental perspectives emphasizes the importance of focusing upon how individuals systematically maintain and modify their perceptions and experiences as men and women over the life span. The impact of client and practitioner femininity and masculinity upon the counseling process remains poorly understood. Researchers and practitioners alike should recognize the complexity of sex-role-related phenomena, including the importance of situational factors and the role of individual differences in accounting for sex role behavior and adjustment.

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West-Leuer, Beate. "The American Adam—caught between the myth of innocence and the guilt of perpetration." Organisational and Social Dynamics 22, no. 1 (June 19, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.33212/osd.v22n1.2022.1.

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The collective sense of male identity in the US is founded on a mythic hero that has permeated American literature since the nineteenth century: the American Adam. He is an innocent outsider, living free to conquer the “Wild West” within or—with the loss of the geographical frontier—beyond the national borders of the United States. Through the military machine, a man can release himself from the demands of society and recreate his sense of innocent masculinity. This male ego ideal con-tinues to be influential as the guiding principle for the political leadership of the USA. This is exemplified by psychoanalysing a documentary film about a Vietnam veteran and by an in-depth comparison of the “Adamic” quality of two recent presidents with two of Melville’s literary protagonists: Billy Budd and the Confidence-Man.

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Velasquez, Roberto J., Wendell J. Callahan, and Ricardo Carrillo. "Mmpi Profiles of Hispanic-American Inpatient and Outpatient Sex Offenders." Psychological Reports 65, no. 3 (December 1989): 1055–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1989.65.3.1055.

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The purpose of this study was to determine whether there were significant MMPI differences between 20 inpatient and 20 outpatient Hispanic-American sex offenders and whether their MMPI scores were consistent with those of nonHispanic (i.e., AngloAmericans) sex offenders as reported in the literature. It was hypothesized that Hispanic outpatients would obtain significantly lower scores than inpatients on the Depression and Social Introversion scales. The hypothesis was only partially supported on the latter. An unexpected finding was that outpatients obtained higher Masculinity-Femininity scores than inpatients. While multiple clinical-scale elevations were found for both groups, similarities between Hispanics and nonHispanics were found in over-all profile patterns. The results suggest that there is no “profile for an Hispanic sex offender” and that minimum levels of psychopathology may be reflected in the MMPI scores of Hispanic sex offenders.

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Sobennikov, Anatoly S. "Myth of Don Juan and Don Juan like a Psycho in the Drama of A.P. Chekhov’s “Fatherlessness”." Proceedings of Southern Federal University. Philology 2020, no. 2 (June 22, 2020): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/1995-0640-2020-2-18-26.

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In A.P.Chekhov’s drama «Fatherlessness» great attention is paid to the myth of Don Juan and its psychotype. The system of characters in literary context is studied in gender psychology aspect as well. In this process a violation of gender stereotypes and roles, feminity of male characters and masculinity of female ones is noted. The author opposes a scientific knowledge about a woman and a man with romantism in relations between the sexes in literature. It is declared that «Fatherlessness» is the first step to a new art antropology: the old socio-moral principal of typing gives place to a new one – individualization. Attempts of characters to identify themselves with «heroes» in living own life in accordance with literary images are discredited with the author’s irony. In the personal existence of the characters, in behavior men and women only their individual features become decisive and meaningful.

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Beel, Nathan, Charlotte Brownlow, Carla Jeffries, and Jan du Preez. "Counseling Men: Treatment Recommendations From Australian Men’s Therapists." Journal of Men’s Studies 28, no. 1 (July 15, 2019): 101–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1060826519861969.

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Many of the contemporary treatment recommendations and guides for adapting therapy for men originates from the context of the United States. This qualitative study invited 15 Australian therapists, who advertised themselves as working with men, to describe their recommendations for male-friendly counseling. Three themes and 14 subthemes were identified, each explained from an understanding of their male client group’s experiences and common male norms. The themes included ensuring a safe space, to enact masculinity-informed respect, and to enhance client awareness and motivation. Therapists’ suggestions for working with Australian men were congruent with recommendations in the existing literature; however, variations were noted in how traditionally masculine or feminine-consistent their emphasis was.

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Nowatzki, Robert. "Race, Rape, Lynching, and Manhood Suffrage: Constructions of White and Black Masculinity in Turn-of-the-Century White Supremacist Literature." Journal of Men’s Studies 3, no. 2 (November 1994): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106082659400300204.

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Reeder, Jurgen. "The Uncastrated Man: The Irrationality of Masculinity Portrayed in Cinema." American Imago 52, no. 2 (1995): 131–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/aim.1995.0005.

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Yu, Zhengjun, and Yitong Liu. "Space and Romance: a Study of Feminist Position in Miss Sophia’s Diary and Sealed Off." SHS Web of Conferences 123 (2021): 01007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202112301007.

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Interrogating two cases, Sealed Off and Miss Sophia’s Diary, this paper seeks to apply spatial narrative theories to extract two spatial dimensions, namely physical-space and subjective-space, and interpret the authoresses’ feminist positions based on their deliberate writing on intricate feminine consciousness and psychology that male writers would not be able to experience. The images of men in the novels are also analysed to expose the independent and rebellious consciousness of the two heroines based on the two novelists’ deconstruction of the male-centred portrayal of masculinity in female discourse. It has been found that for women whose consciousness is awakened to seek liberation, physical-space symbolises a double metaphor, offering the possibility of the birth of new women in China during the May Fourth period, but also a cage that imprisons women in their quest for independence; subjective-space more specifically represents the May Fourth new women’s confrontation and mortification with their pursuit of free love, and the deviation of both male and female stereotypes prevalent in traditional Chinese literature.

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Martin, Gretchen. "Staging Southern Manhood: Masquerade Culture and the Mask of Masculinity." Studies in American Humor 22 (January 1, 2010): 179–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/studamerhumor.22.2010.0179.

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Grassetti, Stevie N., Lila Pereira, and Breanna Wilhelmi. "The families in psychology project: Restructuring the field of psychology through inclusive leadership that recognises the importance of psychologists’ personal identities as parents." Psychology of Women and Equalities Section Review 2, no. 2 (2019): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpspowe.2019.2.2.53.

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The identity of ‘mother’ is incompatible with the masculinist structure of academia and the professional identities of ‘psychology trainee’ or ‘academic psychologist’ as they are currently conceived. Supporting mothers as psychology trainees and early career psychologists in academia may aid in generating innovative solutions to problems in the field. Accordingly, the Families in Psychology Project (FIPP) was developed as a grassroots network to lead the field of psychology in supporting trainees and early career professionals to integrate personal and professional identities. This leadership is particularly needed at this time, when women are the majority of students matriculating from psychology graduate training programmes and when the demographic make-up of the psychological workforce is more diverse than ever before. The current commentary reviews literature to provide a rationale for why the FIPP is necessary, further describes the FIPP, and identifies specific ways by which the FIPP supports trainees and early career professionals who are parents.

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Hamley, Logan, and Jade Le Grice. "He kākano ahau – identity, Indigeneity and wellbeing for young Māori (Indigenous) men in Aotearoa/New Zealand." Feminism & Psychology 31, no. 1 (February 2021): 62–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959353520973568.

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This article examines how dominant Eurocentric approaches to mental health are unable to address the diverse needs of young Māori men in Aotearoa/New Zealand. Drawing on current health inequities facing Māori and young Māori men in particular, this commentary explores how colonisation has impacted young Māori men in negative ways. Through shaping current health structures in Aotearoa/New Zealand, dominant Eurocentric approaches foreground individualised conceptualisations of Māori ill-health, and then apply predominantly Western therapies to resolve this. These approaches are ill-equipped to address the intergenerational and structural issues which are at the root of mental health disparities for young Māori men. This article adds to a growing body of Indigenous psychology literature that speaks to the inadequacies within (mental) health systems for addressing the ongoing challenges that Māori experience due to colonisation. It further highlights how the intersections among ethnicity/race, class, age and masculinity for Māori men are shaped by colonial discourses. These inadequacies reflect a broader issue of the constraints placed on Māori self-determination by the colonial systems of power in Aotearoa/New Zealand. The article closes by proposing some alternative approaches to supporting Māori wellbeing that centre the needs and aspirations of Māori.

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Pultz, Sabina, and Eva Goldfinger. "Being wrong the right way: A multiple case study of three transmasculine persons’ experience with the Danish health system." Theory & Psychology 30, no. 4 (May 1, 2020): 567–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959354320914956.

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This article examines how three transmasculine persons are subjectified in the Danish treatment system. Based on a multiple case study with three transmasculine persons, we analyse how the treatment system encourages them to perform a more traditional masculinity in order to be culturally intelligible and in order to be assessed as being eligible for treatment. We explore the struggle of subjectivity embedded in these practices. By investigating the concrete subjectification mechanisms and the ways these are dealt with by transmasculine persons, we support existing literature identifying the queer community as a strategic resource in regard to teaching new patients how to “be wrong the right way.” They do so by sharing knowledge about how best to manage the system in order to get closer to living the lives they want. The study contributes theoretically by shedding light on the subjectification processes producing not only boundaries between normal and abnormal (such as binary and nonbinary), but also between legitimate abnormal (binary transgender) and illegitimate abnormal (nonbinary transgender).

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Gumiandari, Septi, and Ilman Nafi'a. "WOMEN IN THE IDENTITY CRISIS OF FEMINISM; A CRITICAL ANALYSIS ON GENDER MOVEMENT BASED ON ISLAMIC PSYCHOLOGY PERSPECTIVE." HUMANISMA : Journal of Gender Studies 3, no. 1 (October 23, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.30983/humanisme.v3i1.1167.

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This paper attempted to analyze critically the women's movement that had been developing so far and tried to offer the ideology of the gender movement based on the values of humanism of Islamic Psychology. This study used a qualitative methodology with a literature approach. The results showed that (1) the male clone tendency in the women's movement had actually been predicted by various parties, including by the female activists. Because of the obsession to equalize the active role of women as equal to men, the women's movement was trapped in standardizing themselves with male masculinity figures. On one hand, they rejected male domination on women, but on the other hand the ambitions of their movements are directed towards seizing the dominant patriarchal system and violating it under the authority of women. Even though Islam places women in the frame of proportionally optimistic rational roles. That is, Islam does not make women fully pretend to be 'backward' entities so that it does not allow them to gain enlightenment and Islam rejects thoughts that are too optimistic to position 'front' women as the sole determinant of their lives and must be above men. Both of these views have reduced women to fall into the destruction or glorification of human quality by ignoring the greatness and power of Sunnatullah over the surrounding conditions; (2) Acording to the values of humanism of Islamic Psychology, the ideology of the gender movement should depart from the needs and be based on a) Women’s self-actualization rather than self-exploitation; b) Women’s Active participation rather than their mobilization and domestication. (c) Partnership rather than rivalism.

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Niyazova, Adina, and Zabira Madaliyeva. "Impact of Resilience on Psychological Well-Being." Journal of Intellectual Disability - Diagnosis and Treatment 10, no. 4 (August 31, 2022): 178–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/2292-2598.2022.10.04.3.

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Background: The issue of the individual's psychological well-being is one of the most interesting and relevant in psychology. Its study has implications not only for theoretical but also for many of the present practical challenges. This study explores predictors of psychological well-being, one of which is resilience. Objective: The purpose of the study is to analyse psychological well-being predictors and prove that resilience is one of its important predictors. Methods: To achieve the aim, a theoretical grounding of the key concepts was made, and an empirical study was carried out. The following techniques were used: the Ryff Scales of Psychological Well-Being, the Freiburg Personality Inventory and the Maddi's Hardiness Survey. Furthermore, at the empirical level, the characteristics of resilience among different age groups were recorded. Results: The study presents the results of a survey involving 150 people of different ages related to the profession of consulting psychologists. Furthermore, the study identified the following predictors of psychological well-being: resilience, femininity/masculinity, positive attitudes, emotional lability, irritability, and aggression. Conclusions: Based on the study of psychological and pedagogical literature and the study findings, it has been concluded that resilience should be considered a mechanism for achieving psychological well-being. The theoretical analysis described the concepts of "psychological well-being" and "resilience", providing their characteristics and factors.

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Winiewski, Mikołaj, Magdalena Budziszewska, and Magdalena Świder. "Differentiated content of verbal aggression: Effect of gender on insults in secondary schools in Poland." School Psychology International 40, no. 5 (August 15, 2019): 493–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143034319867745.

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A large body of literature shows that boys and girls experience different kinds of peer aggression. This difference is usually explained by the function of bullying depending on gender and age. In the present study, we used a mixed method called concept mapping to analyze the content structure of verbal aggression. We compared this structure between two levels of Polish schools—middle school and high school. Using experimental manipulation we tested whether the content of verbal invectives depends on the gender of the victim. Results showed six different types of verbal invectives. Middle school students listed substantially more in four out of the six categories. There were significant effects of the experimental manipulation of the victim's gender. When the male victim was primed there were significantly more sexual insults and when the female victim was primed there was substantially more ability-related verbal bullying. We interpret these results in the context of the development and norms of masculinity and femininity.

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Kunze, Peter C. "For the Boys: Masculinity, Gray Comedy, and the Vietnam War in “Slaughterhouse-Five”." Studies in American Humor 26 (January 1, 2012): 41–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/studamerhumor.26.2012.0041.

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Keesey, Douglas. ""Your Legs Must Be Singing Grand Opera": Masculinity, Masochism, and Stephen King's Misery." American Imago 59, no. 1 (2002): 53–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/aim.2002.0005.

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Robertson, Julia M., Barbara E. Kingsley, and Gina C. Ford. "Sexually Dimorphic Faciometrics in Humans From Early Adulthood to Late Middle Age: Dynamic, Declining, and Differentiated." Evolutionary Psychology 15, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 147470491773064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1474704917730640.

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Faciometrics have widely been used in contemporary studies on gender-related behavioral traits, for example, perceived and actual aggression, co-operation and trustworthiness, prejudicial beliefs, unethical behavior, and achievement drive, as well as, but to a lesser degree, in nonhuman primates. For the large part, these studies have focused primarily on “student-aged” populations with little empirical scrutiny regarding the efficacy of applying these measures with older participants. This study therefore investigated sexual dimorphism across four age-groups (20s, 30s, 40s, and 50s) in 444 participants (225 men). The expected sexual dimorphism was seen in the youngest age group in three of the four indices. The facial width to height ratio, however, although most commonly used empirically, was not found to be significantly different between men and women, consistent with more recent literature. Importantly, as age increased, sexual dimorphism decreased, but this was not consistent across all measures of it. Rather, it is evident that differing measures of sexual dimorphism follow distinct developmental trajectories. The only single marker which remained significantly different across all age-groups was cheekbone prominence. Sexual dimorphic faciometrics are therefore dynamic, declining, and differentiated through adulthood. Consequently, it is concluded that care should be taken in using faciometrics in studies involving older populations and that more research is needed to understand the impact of these distinct faciometric trajectories in gender- and masculinity-related studies.

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Bouffard, Leana, and Amanda Goodson. "Sexual coercion, sexual aggression, or sexual assault: how measurement impacts our understanding of sexual violence." Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research 9, no. 4 (October 9, 2017): 269–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jacpr-05-2017-0292.

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Purpose Definitions of rape and sexual aggression have varied widely in the research literature, resulting in a wide range of estimates for perpetration and remaining questions as to the factors that may affect involvement in sexual violence. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach The current study uses a sample of college men to assess multiple forms of measurement of sexual aggression and theoretical predictors. Findings Findings indicate that the different measures of sexual aggression (broad vs narrow; hypothetical vs behavioral) are significantly correlated with each other. Additionally, many theoretical predictors (rape myths, low self-control, sexual entitlement, and pornography use) are consistently related to all measurement forms. However, some variables (masculinity, peer support for violence against women, sexual partners, and alcohol and drug use) are only related to broad measures of sexual aggression, and some are related only to hypothetical (i.e. certainty of apprehension) or behavioral measures (i.e. fraternity membership). Research limitations/implications Because of the chosen approach, the results may lack generalizability. Findings do, however, point to important considerations in defining sexual aggression moving forward. Practical implications Results point to the importance of aiming policy and programs at the particular characteristics that most consistently impact sexual aggression. Originality/value This paper addresses lingering questions about the impact of differences in definition and measurement on understanding sexual aggression.

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WADA, MINEKO, LAURA HURD CLARKE, and W. BEN MORTENSON. "‘I am busy independent woman who has sense of humor, caring about others’: older adults’ self-representations in online dating profiles." Ageing and Society 39, no. 5 (December 4, 2017): 951–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x17001325.

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ABSTRACTSimilar to their younger counterparts, older adults (age 60+) are increasingly turning to online dating sites to find potential romantic and sexual partners. In this paper, we draw upon qualitative data from a thematic analysis of 320 randomly selected online dating profiles posted by Canadian heterosexual older adults who self-identified as Asian, Black, Caucasian or Native American. In particular, we examined how the older adults’ self-presentations varied according to race/ethnicity, age and gender, and how the language they used to describe themselves and their preferred potential partners reflected and reinforced idealised images of ageing. Our analysis identified five primary ways in which the older adults portrayed themselves. They depicted themselves as active and busy with cultural/artistic, social and adventurous activities; and also as physically healthy and intellectually engaged. Third, they emphasised the ways in which they were productive through work and volunteer activities. Fourth, they accentuated their positive approach to life, identifying themselves as happy, fun-loving and humorous individuals. Finally, they highlighted their personable characteristics, portraying themselves as trustworthy and caring. We discuss our findings with a particular focus on gender differences, drawing on literature on masculinity and femininity, and also look at capital and power relations by considering the online dating setting as a field in the Bourdieusian sense.

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Fee, Anne, Sonja McIlfatrick, and Assumpta Ryan. "‘When it faded in her … it faded in me’: a qualitative study exploring the impact of care-giving on the experience of spousal intimacy for older male care-givers." Ageing and Society 41, no. 1 (August 13, 2019): 29–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x19000850.

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AbstractOlder male care-givers play an increasingly important role in informal care-giving, yet they have received little attention in the literature. The aim of this study was to explore the impact of care-giving on the experience of spousal intimacy for older male care-givers. Twenty-four older male care-givers, drawn from a region of the United Kingdom, participated in one-to-one interviews about their care-giving role. Thematic analysis was used to analyse data, and the study was underpinned by theories of masculinity. Three main themes were identified: (a) ‘Impact of care-giving on the experience of sexual intimacy’; (b) ‘Impact of care-giving on the experience of emotional intimacy’; and (c) ‘Not up for discussion’. When sexual intimacy declined, some older male care-givers prioritised emotional intimacy; some struggled with the decline; and some were reluctant to discuss the issue. Additionally, some care-givers reported that they had not received support from external support providers for declining sexual or emotional intimacy. Intimacy has been highlighted as important for care-givers given its link with care-giver wellbeing and quality of life. Results of this study suggest that sexual and emotional intimacy was an issue for older male care-givers, and that this issue should be considered by external support providers as part of a holistic assessment of need in order to tailor effective support.

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Rogatti Portero Ferrari, Irene, and Paulo Rennes Ribeiro. "A PSICOLOGIA JURÍDICA E A INTERVENÇÃO COM HOMENS AUTORES DE VIOLÊNCIA CONTRA A MULHER: (RE) CONSTRUINDO MASCULINIDADES." Diversidade e Educação 7, no. 2 (February 20, 2020): 129–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/de.v7i2.9546.

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RESUMOO objetivo deste estudo foi realizar a revisão sistemática da literatura para discutir a implementação de um programa de educação sexual para os homens condenados por violência contra a mulher, que seja desenvolvido pelos psicólogos jurídicos que atendam essa população. Foram utilizados estudos produzidos entre 2010 e 2018. Os resultados apontam que a judicialização deste tipo de violência é insuficiente para proteger efetivamente a mulher por não ser capaz de transformar antigas concepções de gênero e masculinidades violentas. Faz-se necessário uma intervenção que possibilite ao homem a desconstrução de paradigmas fundamentados em discriminação de gênero e da ideia vigente de masculinidade. Sugere-se que o psicólogo jurídico adote esta estratégia de trabalho para reduzir os números de reincidência. Concluí-se que são necessárias novas pesquisas que apontem os melhores meios de instrumentalizar este programa para nortear e enriquecer novas práticas.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Violência de gênero. Psicologia jurídica e masculinidades. Intervenção com agressor.RESUMENEl objetivo de este estudio fue llevar a cabo una revisión sistemática de la literatura para discutir la implementación de un programa de educación sexual para hombres condenados por violencia contra las mujeres, desarrollado por los psicólogos jurídicos que atienden a estes hombres. Se utilizaron estudios producidos entre 2010 y 2018. Los resultados muestran que la judicialización de este tipo de violencia es insuficiente para proteger eficazmente a las mujeres porque no pueden transformar viejos conceptos de género y masculinidades violentas. Es necesaria una intervención para que los hombres puedan deconstruir paradigmas basados en la discriminación de género y la idea predominante de masculinidad. Se sugiere que el psicólogo jurídico adopte esta estrategia de trabajo para reducir el número de reincidencia. Se concluyó que se necesita más investigación para señalar las mejores formas de utilizar este programa para guiar y enriquecer nuevas prácticas.PALABRAS-CLAVE: Violencia de género. Psicología legal e masculinidades. Intervención de agresores. ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review of the literature to discuss the implementation of a sex education program for men convicted of violence against women, which may be devoloped by the legal psychologists who provide services to this population. Studies produced between 2010 and 2018 were used. The results show that the judicialization of this type of violence is insufficient to effectively protect women because they are not able to transform old concepts of gender and violent masculinities. An intervention is necessary to enable men to deconstruct paradigms based on gender discrimination and the prevailing idea of masculinity. It is suggested that the legal psychologist adopts this work strategy to reduce the number of recidivism. It was concluded that further research is needed to point out the best ways to use this program to guide and enrich new practices.KEYWORDS: Gender violence. Legal psychology. Intervention with male offenders. Masculinities.

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Hobbs, Alex. "Masculinity Studies and Literature." Literature Compass 10, no. 4 (March 19, 2013): 383–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lic3.12057.

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Rísquez, Angélica. "Efectos de las diferencias interculturales sobre el desarrollo de carrera y la orientación vocacional: un estudio empírico de los factores que influyen en la motivación hacia el trabajo de trabajadores irlandeses y españoles." REOP - Revista Española de Orientación y Psicopedagogía 15, no. 1 (February 2, 2014): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/reop.vol.15.num.1.2004.11618.

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RESUMENEn una era marcada por la globalización y en la que cada vez es más común buscar oportunidades laborales fuera de las fronteras nacionales, las diferencias interculturales pueden proporcionar información muy relevante a investigadores y orientadores involucrados en un contexto multicultural. Este artículo reúne evidencia empírica sobre las diferencias en motivación laboral entre dos muestras de trabajadores irlandeses y españoles; y apoya el argumento culturalista de que gran parte de la literatura sobre desarrollo de la carrera y orientación vocacional está fundamentada en creencias ingenuas acerca de la homogeneidad de los valores relacionados con el trabajo alrededor del mundo. Se han utilizado varios modelos teóricos para interpretar las actitudes de los trabajadores: las dimensiones culturales propuestas por Hofstede (1980) (distancia con la autoridad, evitación de la incertidumbre, individualismo versus colectivismo y masculinidad-feminidad); el concepto de Schwartz de sociedades de dominio (1997); los hallazgos de Super en su estudio de la importancia del trabajo (1979) y la teoría de motivación de valor-expectativa (Porter & Lawlar, 1968). Se distribuyó una escala de motivación a una muestra aleatoria de 110 empleados a tiempo completo de diferentes organizaciones y diferentes características (57 irlandeses y 53 españoles). Los resultados indican que los trabajadores irlandeses muestran mayores niveles de motivación respecto a las variables de reconocimiento social, mantenimiento del auto-concepto y poder; en comparación con la muestra de trabajadores españoles. Estos tres valores laborales se ajustan a las dimensiones de masculinidad e individualismo de Hofstede, y al concepto de dominio propuesto por Schwartz. En otras palabras, las respuestas de los trabajadores irlandeses que participaron en este estudio se ajustan al concepto de ética del trabajo, es decir, la noción de que el trabajo no es solo respetable sino también virtuoso, y que la ocupación juega un papel muy importante en la identidad personal del individuo (Ferraro, 1990). En contraste, los trabajadores españoles pueden tener mayor tendencia a percibir su trabajo como un medio de supervivencia más que una fuente de dignidad o valía personal, mientras que buscan otras fuentes de identidad y de aprobación externas a este. Las implicaciones de estos hallazgos en cuestiones relacionadas con el desarrollo de la carrera y la orientación vocacional son múltiples, y están relacionadas con: (a) el uso potencial del instrumento para provocar una discusión más profunda del impacto de las diferencias interculturales; (b) la necesidad de promover prácticas flexibles y centradas en el cliente, y de formar a profesionales culturalmente competentes; y (c) un nuevo paradigma que se aleje de la concepción tradicional de desarrollo de la carrera para acercarse a un concepto más integral de desarrollo personal a través del trabajo y otros roles vitales, con todas las implicaciones prácticas que ello conlleva.ABSTRACTIn age of globalisation, when career opportunities are increasingly sought across national boundaries, cross-national differences may provide valuable insight both for researchers and counsellors practising in a multi-cultural context. This paper gathers empirical evidence of the cross-cultural differences between two samples of Irish and Spanish workers, supporting the culturalist claim that much of the literature in career development and vocational counselling is underpinned by naïve believes about the homogeneity of work related values around the world. A motivation scale was distributed to a random sample of 110 full-time employees of different companies and backgrounds (57 Irish and 53 Spanish). The results indicate that Irish workers are more motivated by social recognition, self-concept maintenance and power than their Spanish counterparts. These work-related values conform to Hofstedes dimensions of masculinity and individualism, and to Schwartzs concept of mastery. The implications of these findings for career development and vocational counselling are discussed.

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Idle, Jeremy. "McIlvanney, masculinity and Scottish literature." Scottish Affairs 2 (First Series, no. 1 (February 1993): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/scot.1993.0008.

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Barren, James W. "Reviewing Masculinity." Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews 41, no. 4 (April 1996): 372–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/002886.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Masculinity (Psychology) in literature'

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