Relevant bibliographies by topics / Masks, African

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Masks, African'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 14 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Masks, African"

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Hammer, Deborah Stokes. "Faces of Africa: African Masks." African Arts 20, no. 4 (August 1987): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3336642.

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Commodore-Mensah, PhD, RN, Yvonne, Cheryl Dennison Himmelfarb, PhD, ANP, RN, Charles Agyemang, PhD, MPH, and Anne E. Sumner, MD. "Cardiometabolic Health in African Immigrants to the United States: A Call to Re-examine Research on African-descent Populations." Ethnicity & Disease 25, no. 3 (August 5, 2015): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.18865/ed.25.3.373.

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<p> </p><p> In the 20th century, Africans in Sub-Saharan Africa had lower rates of cardiometabolic disease than Africans who migrated. How­ever, in the 21st century, beyond infectious diseases, the triple epidemics of obesity, diabetes and hypertension have taken hold in Africa. Therefore, Africans are acquiring these chronic diseases at different rates and different intensity prior to migration. To ensure optimal care and health outcomes, the United States practice of grouping all African-descent populations into the “Black/ African American” category without regard to country of origin masks socioeconomic and cultural differences and needs re-evalu­ation. Overall, research on African-descent populations would benefit from a shift from a racial to an ethnic perspective. To dem­onstrate the value of disaggregating data on African-descent populations, the epide­miologic transition, social, economic, and health characteristics of African immigrants are presented. <em>Ethn Dis. </em>2015;25(3):373- 380.</p>
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Hardin, Kris L., and Sidney L. Kasfir. "West African Masks and Cultural Systems." African Studies Review 34, no. 1 (April 1991): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/524272.

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Kovac, Senka. "A VIEW OF WEST AFRICAN MASKS." ЕтноАнтропоЗум/EthnoAnthropoZoom 1 (2000): 181–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.37620/eaz0010181k.

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Picton, John, and Sidney L. Kasfir. "West African Masks and Cultural Systems." African Arts 23, no. 1 (November 1989): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3336810.

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Flock, T. S. "Disguise: Masks and Global African Art." African Arts 50, no. 3 (September 2017): 85–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/afar_r_00361.

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Wolff, Rebecca. "Disguise: Masks and Global African Art." African Arts 50, no. 3 (September 2017): 86–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/afar_r_00362.

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Richards, Christopher. "Disguise: Masks and Global African Art." African Arts 50, no. 3 (September 2017): 88–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/afar_r_00363.

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Cameron, Elisabeth L. "Men Portraying Women: Representations in African Masks." African Arts 31, no. 2 (1998): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3337523.

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Salum, Marta Heloísa Leuba. "Discursive notes in front of African masks." Revista do Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia, no. 6 (December 12, 1996): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2448-1750.revmae.1996.109263.

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Procuramos aqui discutir algumas idéias e conceitos correntes na abordagem de máscaras africanas em catálogos e exposições. Fora de seu contexto de origem, e integradas no universo das coleções, o que significam “máscaras-antílope”, “máscaras representando um ser mítico”? Como poderíamos, em poucas palavras, explicar o que é “máscara ancestral”? Refletindo sobre isso numa perspectiva estético-antropológica, e na de quem as vê pela primeira vez, apresentamos vinte máscaras de madeira provenientes da África do acervo do Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia da Universidade de São Paulo, inéditas em sua grande maioria.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Masks, African"

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Amemate, Amelia AmeDela. "Black Bodies, White Masks?: Straight Hair Culture and Natural Hair Politics Among Ghanaian Women." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu157797167417396.

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Noble, Jonathan Alfred. "White Skin, Black Masks: On Questions of African Identity in Post-Apartheid Public Architectural Design, 1994-2006." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.504622.

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This PhD examines issues of African identity raised by new public architectures of the early post-apartheid era (1994 - 2006). The study examines recent government buildings, public institutions and heritage sites, which call for an appropriate language of expression in response to post-apartheid society. The study also extends to various el It! ies fOi tl Ie desigl i COl i ipetition~ 'tvhiel. initiBteeJ these buileJiFl~s, BS B WBy of BFlBI~fSiFl~ different visions for the future of South African architecture, and in order to comment on why certain projects were selected and others rejected. In this way, a critical dialogue is established with the new public architecture: its competition process, the jurors' assessment, public and state aspirations, as well as media coverage. Questions of African identity are raised with reference to' Fanon's work in Black Skin, White Masks, where the perspective of the colonised black man is theorised under the' eye of white power. Fanon's philosophical enquiry opens political and poetic themes that are developed throughout the PhD, in particular, the play of identity implied by Fanon's . metaphor, 'black skin, white masks.' A pivotal assertion of the thesis argues that parallels can be drawn between social discourses, subjectivities and architecture. Questions are asked as to how post-colonial subject positions can achieve symbolic expression and recognition through architecture. These theoretical themes guide the primary research into selected architectural projects and their associated design competitions.
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Lopes, Mariana Conde Rhormens 1989. "Um olhar sobre as máscaras de Mapiko : apropriação técnica, simbólica e criativa da máscara." [s.n.], 2015. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/284992.

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Orientador: Matteo Bonfitto Júnior
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T19:13:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lopes_MarianaCondeRhormens_M.pdf: 23461527 bytes, checksum: 76e096e224a07e0a66981d51c2e10bcf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015
Resumo: O Mapiko é manifestação cultural do povo Maconde, originário da província de Cabo Delgado, norte de Moçambique. Mapiko é o nome dado à manifestação cultural tradicional e à máscara utilizada por ela. Tal manifestação mistura música, dança e cena. Rodeado de mistérios e segredos; ao som de batuques e cantos tradicionais, o mascarado realiza sua dança. A manifestação, tendo como base o imaginário do povo Maconde, apropria-se do mundo espiritual e cria a convicção da existência de ligação lógica entre o dançarino mascarado e as suas crenças. O Mapiko possibilita, através da arte, a representação dos diferentes modos de estar na vida espiritual, usando a força da sua história e do seu cotidiano, transmitindo em cada dança as suas convicções. Este trabalho aborda aspectos do Mapiko tais como sua origem, tradição, cantos, batuques, máscaras e especificidades da dança realizada pelo mascarado. A pesquisa também reflete sobre questões acerca dos segredos, mistérios e limites da pesquisa acadêmica sobre tal tradição. A tese inicia-se com a descrição do trabalho de campo realizado em Moçambique em 2014 e explora as descobertas e dificuldades encontradas. O trabalho propõe, portanto, ao leitor, um mergulho no universo do Mapiko, passeando entre mistérios, cores, aromas, imagens e sabores do povo Maconde. A tese é acompanhada por um DVD que contém um documentário sobre o Mapiko e o processo de aprendizagem vivenciado pela atriz-pesquisadora em Moçambique
Abstract: Mapiko is a cultural expression of Maconde¿s people original from Cabo Delgado¿s province on the north of Mozambique. Mapiko is the traditional cultural expression and the mask used on it. This expression brings together music, dance and scene. Surrounded by mystery and secrecy; to the sound of drums and traditional song, the masquerade holds his dance. The expression has its base on the imaginary of Maconde¿s people who appropriates the spiritual world, creating the belief of the existence of a logical link between the masquerade dancer and his beliefs. Trough art, Mapiko makes possible the representation of different ways of being in the spiritual life. It uses the power of its stories and its everyday aspects conveying in each dance its beliefs. The present work addresses the aspects of Mapiko such as its origins, tradition, songs, drumming, masks and particularities in the dance performed by the masquerade. The research also reflects on issues about the secrets, mystery and limits of the academic research about the theme. The dissertation begins with the description of the fieldwork in 2014 in Mozambique and explores its discoveries and difficulties. The work propose the reader to dive into Mapiko¿s universe, along with its mysteries, colours, aromas, images and flavours of Maconde¿s people. A DVD accompanies the dissertation which contains a documentary about Mapiko and the learning process experienced by the actress-researcher in Mozambique
Mestrado
Teatro, Dança e Performance
Mestra em Artes Visuais
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Famule, Olawole Francis. "Art and spirituality : the Ijumu northeastern-Yoruba egúngún /." Tucson, Arizona : University of Arizona, 2005. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu%5Fetd%5F1372%5F1%5Fm.pdf&type=application/pdf.

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Guhrs, Tamara. "Nyau masquerade performance : shifting the imperial gaze." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002372.

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Nyau Masquerades have been studied by missionaries, anthropologists and religious specialists, but have seldom been documented by theatre and performance specialists. This dissertation argues for the acceptance of Ny au performance as a contemporary world theatre form rooted in tradition. Charting the uneasy relationship between the Nyau and those who have sought to record their performances, the author delineates a vivid dramaturgy of this art form. In doing so, the boundaries of what define theatre as it has traditionally been understood in dominant discourses are made more fluid. Nyau performances have been affected by Colonial processes in varied ways. They were banned by the former government of Northern Rhodesia and severely censored by Catholic Mission teachings in the former Nyasaland. Other forms of vilification have been more subtle. Information about performance in Africa has often been collected and arranged in ways which limit the understanding of these genres. Images of Africa which cluster around the notion of the 'Primitive Other' have enabled a representation of Ny au masking as a superstitious and outdated practice with no relevance for contemporary Africa. This work calls for a new examination of the Nyau, through the lens of local discourse as well as contemporary global understandings of performance. Chapter One examines the issue of primitivism and the ways in which Africa has historically been posited as the exotic Other to Europe. Chapter Two examines the Nyau ih terms of specific dramaturgical elements, adjusting previous misconceptions surrounding the theatr~ forms of Chewa and Nyanja people. Chapter Three is devoted to a discussion of space in ritual theatre and Nyau performance, while Chapter Four explores masking and questions of transformation and liminality. In conclusion, it is seen that the use of the mask is a metaphor for the suspension of rigid boundaries separating subject/object, self/other, ritual/theatre, a suspension which needs to take place before an enriched understanding of performance in Africa can be reached.
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Brownlee, Jonathan J. "Being and Otherness: Conceptualizing Embodiment in Africana Existentialist Discourse (The Bluest Eye, The Fire Next Time, and Black Skin, White Masks)." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1594134915974717.

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Van, Zyl Christa Engela. ""Swartsmeer" : 'n studie oor die stereotipering van Afrika en Afrikane in die populêre media /." Link to the online version, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/924.

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Meares, Christina Faye. "DISAPPEARING ACTS: THE MASS INCARCERATION OF AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2011. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/aas_theses/8.

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The growth in the number of black women in the prison system necessitates more research become rooted in an intersectional approach. This quantitative study will empirically apply intersectionality to address the unique circumstances of imprisoned black women by comparing and analyzing sentence convictions shared between black and white incarcerated women in Georgia. Drawing on 600 inmate profiles published by Georgia Department of Corrections, this study will address the statistical significance of race, class and gender on the length of sentence for incarcerated white and black women using regression models.
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Malatji, Edgar Julius. "The development and sustainability of indigenous African language newspapers : ba case study of Seipone, Nthavela and Ngoho News." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1755.

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Thesis (M.A. (Media Studies)) --University of Limpopo, 2014
There is a conspicuous importance of having newspapers that publish in the indigenous African languages for the indigenous population in a democratic dispensation. The indigenous African languages are key components of their respective cultures. The survival of the language is, in some way, dependent on the print media (newspapers) (Salawu, 2004:8). In addition, the indigenous language newspapers have cardinal roles of promoting previously marginalised languages, preserving indigenous cultures and upholding democracy. Nevertheless, these newspapers are struggling to sustain themselves in the print media industry. It is, therefore, critically important to examine the factors that adversely affect the sustainability of these newspapers.
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Vilain, Claire Armonie Stephanie. "The Significance of African Masking in African Spiritual Belief Systems: Ayitian Vodou." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2019. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/583090.

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African American Studies
M.L.A.
The significance of the removal of the “White Mask” in Ayitian Vodou is to provide an Afrocentric analysis regarding the detriment of Catholicism/Protestantism has inflicted on African agency in Ayiti. The Practice of Ayitian Vodou derives from a variety of West African Spiritual Belief Systems like the Yoruba, Kongo, and Dahomean. During the imperialist era in Ayiti, Ayitians utilized biblical figures to hide their African gods in order to partake in Ayitian Vodou overtly. Due to classism, colorism, racism, and white domination, the camouflage aspect of Ayitian Vodou became a permanent component within Ayitian Vodou. This study proposes that scholars should rely on the method of Masking rather than the popular notion of Double Consciousness in examining African phenomena. W.E.B. Dubois coined Double Consciousness, which does not accurately explain or articulate how African people endured the institution of mental and physical enslavement. Double Consciousness derives from a Eurocentric ideology that operates from depriving African people of their history, culture, perspective, and personal development.
Temple University--Theses
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Books on the topic "Masks, African"

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Maria, Kecskési, and Vajda László 1923-, eds. African masks: The Barbier-Mueller collection. Munich: Prestel, 2007.

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Stelzig, Christine. Can you spot the leopard?: African masks. Munich: Prestel, 2006.

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Stelzig, Christine. Can you spot the leopard?: African masks. Munich: Prestel, 1997.

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Duarte, Ricardo Teixeira. Máscaras =: Masks. [Seville?]: Comissário Geral de Moçambique, 1992.

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Allan, Leary, West Midlands Area Museum Service., and Mead Gallery, eds. African vision. [Bromsgrove]: West Midlands Area Museum Service, 1988.

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Renaut, Thomas. Masques: Esprits d'Afrique = spirits of Africa. Paris: Asa, 2000.

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Maria, Kecskési, Vajda László 1923-, Gabriel John William, Collection Barbier-Müller, and Haus der Kunst München, eds. African masks from the Barbier-Mueller Collection, Geneva. Munich: Prestel, 1998.

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Meyer, Laure. Black Africa: Masks, sculpture, jewelry. Paris: Terrail, 2007.

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Meyer, Laure. Black Africa: Masks, sculpture, jewelry. Paris: Terrail, 1992.

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Finley, Carol. The art of African masks: Exploring cultural traditions. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications Co., 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Masks, African"

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Peterson, James Braxton. "Verbal and Spatial Masks of the Underground." In The Hip-Hop Underground and African American Culture, 19–39. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137305251_2.

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Goldsmith, Meredith. "Of Masks, Mimicry, Misogyny, and Miscegenation: Forging Black South African Masculinity in Bloke Modisane’s Blame Me on History." In African Masculinities, 109–20. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403979605_7.

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Mulamula, Ambassador Liberata, and Ashad Sentongo. "An African regional perspective on prevention." In Preventing Mass Atrocities, 144–55. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. |: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315665931-11.

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Joseph, Teresa. "Mediated Interventions in South Africa." In Mahatma Gandhi and Mass Media, 47–96. London: Routledge India, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003106203-3.

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Omotoso, Sharon Adetutu. "African Women and the Mass Media." In The Palgrave Handbook of African Women's Studies, 1–17. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77030-7_51-1.

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Moody-Ramirez, Mia, and Jannette L. Dates. "Film, Print, and Broadcast Representations of African Americans." In The Obamas and Mass Media, 8–15. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137404930_2.

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Schmied, Josef J. "Beyond recipes, beyond Maks, beyond Africa. Texts, text-types, text collections and African realities." In Varieties of English Around the World, 141. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/veaw.g19.13sch.

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Moody-Ramirez, Mia, and Jannette L. Dates. "Images of African Americans in Advertising, PR, and Social Media." In The Obamas and Mass Media, 49–58. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137404930_5.

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Wasserman, Herman. "Media Ethics Theories in Africa." In The Handbook of Media and Mass Communication Theory, 781–97. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118591178.ch42.

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Henrich, R., T. J. J. Hanebuth, Y. Cherubini, S. Krastel, R. Pierau, and C. Zühlsdorff. "Climate-Induced Turbidity Current Activity in NW-African Canyon Systems." In Submarine Mass Movements and Their Consequences, 447–59. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3071-9_37.

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Conference papers on the topic "Masks, African"

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Cap, Constant. "The Importance of Participation and Inclusion in African Urbanization. A focused look at Transport and Housing Projects." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/dmcz6151.

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According to the World Bank (2015) Africa’s urbanization rate has surpassed other parts of the world. It is believed that by 2030, over 50% of Africans will reside in Urban Centres. Kenya is among the African counties that has experienced a tremendous increase in her urban population. This is most visible in the capital, the primate city of Nairobi. The growth has led to increased pressure on basic needs like housing, transport, water, education and security. Coupled with unequal economic development and social benefits, the result has been the tremendous expansion of informal sectors across fields. To respond to some of this pressure, the central government has vowed initiate large projects in housing, transport, water and others (Republic of Kenya, 2018). Newly enacted legislation also provides for the establishment of multi-sectoral urban boards to oversee the delivery of some services. Among the major projects coming up include Affordable Housing schemes and Mass Rapid Transport investments such as Bus Rapid Transit and expanded commuter rail systems. However, experience from the past both in Nairobi and other Cities has taught us the importance of inclusion, empathy and participation in such projects. Recent times have shown that public projects tend to ignore these and other key elements leading to massive failure of investment. The paper investigates case studies from similar projects in other parts of Africa, Bus Rapid Transit Projects in Lagos, Dar es Salaam and South African Cities; past Slum Upgrading and Housing Projects in Nairobi and other parts of the continent. The research methods also involve data collection on inclusion and participation from those who are affected directly by these proposed projects as well as the impacts that previous projects have had. The results from the study show that without proper communication and participation there are several misunderstandings on liveable spaces in cities. These include misinterpretations of the challenge’s citizens face, on the intentions of proposed solutions as well as the socioeconomic decision-making process of citizens. The implication of this leaves an unhealthy competition between existing informal ‘structures’ in various sectors against the new government driven proposals. The results are that those meant to benefit end up not being the primary beneficiaries. In conclusion, the role of putting people primarily as the centre objective of planning remains critical and key. For African planners, diverting from this will increase the existing inequalities and lead to further social divisions.
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Bakay, L., M. Dubois, P. Viarouge, and J. Ruel. "Mass-losses relationship in an optimized 8-pole radial AMB for Long Term Flywheel Energy Storage." In AFRICON 2009 (AFRICON). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/afrcon.2009.5308164.

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Schonhoff, M., U. Hilleringmann, and J. de Boor. "Mass production of magnesium silicide as a TEG material." In 2017 IEEE AFRICON. IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/afrcon.2017.8095620.

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Hassan, Nazmier, Shaniel Davrajh, and Glen Bright. "Prioritization of part scheduling with modular quality control in hybrid manufacturing cells for mass customization." In AFRICON 2011. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/afrcon.2011.6072168.

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Ekwueme, Omanwa Ifeoma, and Ibrahim Mohammed. "African media ethics and social responsibility in the digital age." In Annual International Conference on Journalism & Mass Communications. Global Science & Technology Forum (GSTF), 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/2301-3729_jmcomm12.72.

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Yacim, Joseph, and Douw Bosho. "COMPARISON OF MASS APPRAISAL MODELS FOR EFFECTIVE PREDICTION OF PROPERTY VALUES." In 16th African Real Estate Society Conference. African Real Estate Society, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.15396/afres2016_151.

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Desaubliaux, G., E. Portier, N. Fernandes, D. Achache, and S. Benkhenouche. "Sedimentology of the Cambro-Ordovician of the Bled El Mass Outcrops." In 2nd EAGE North African/Mediterranean Petroleum & Geosciences Conference & Exhibition. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.11.a15.

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Andrade, L. "Mass Transport Complexes and Tectonic Control Offshore Tanzania." In First EAGE Eastern Africa Petroleum Geoscience Forum. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201414456.

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Onguny, Philip Oburu. "Vernacular Radios and Conflict Framing in Africa: Perspectives on Kenya." In Annual International Conference on Journalism & Mass Communications. Global Science & Technology Forum (GSTF), 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/2301-3729_jmcomm12.35.

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Kroner, C., H. Pflug, S. Werth, A. Güntner, B. Creutzfeldt, P. Fourie, and Ph Charles. "Signals of Mass Redistribution Observed at the South African Geodynamic Observatory Sutherland." In 11th SAGA Biennial Technical Meeting and Exhibition. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.241.krone_paper.

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Reports on the topic "Masks, African"

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Gompert, David C., Courtney Richardson, Richard L. Kugler, and Clifford H. Bernath. Learning from Darfur. Building a Net-Capable African Force to Stop Mass Killing. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada450148.

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Lazonick, William, Philip Moss, and Joshua Weitz. The Unmaking of the Black Blue-Collar Middle Class. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp159.

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In the decade after the Civil Rights Act of 1964, African Americans made historic gains in accessing employment opportunities in racially integrated workplaces in U.S. business firms and government agencies. In the previous working papers in this series, we have shown that in the 1960s and 1970s, Blacks without college degrees were gaining access to the American middle class by moving into well-paid unionized jobs in capital-intensive mass production industries. At that time, major U.S. companies paid these blue-collar workers middle-class wages, offered stable employment, and provided employees with health and retirement benefits. Of particular importance to Blacks was the opening up to them of unionized semiskilled operative and skilled craft jobs, for which in a number of industries, and particularly those in the automobile and electronic manufacturing sectors, there was strong demand. In addition, by the end of the 1970s, buoyed by affirmative action and the growth of public-service employment, Blacks were experiencing upward mobility through employment in government agencies at local, state, and federal levels as well as in civil-society organizations, largely funded by government, to operate social and community development programs aimed at urban areas where Blacks lived. By the end of the 1970s, there was an emergent blue-collar Black middle class in the United States. Most of these workers had no more than high-school educations but had sufficient earnings and benefits to provide their families with economic security, including realistic expectations that their children would have the opportunity to move up the economic ladder to join the ranks of the college-educated white-collar middle class. That is what had happened for whites in the post-World War II decades, and given the momentum provided by the dominant position of the United States in global manufacturing and the nation’s equal employment opportunity legislation, there was every reason to believe that Blacks would experience intergenerational upward mobility along a similar education-and-employment career path. That did not happen. Overall, the 1980s and 1990s were decades of economic growth in the United States. For the emerging blue-collar Black middle class, however, the experience was of job loss, economic insecurity, and downward mobility. As the twentieth century ended and the twenty-first century began, moreover, it became apparent that this downward spiral was not confined to Blacks. Whites with only high-school educations also saw their blue-collar employment opportunities disappear, accompanied by lower wages, fewer benefits, and less security for those who continued to find employment in these jobs. The distress experienced by white Americans with the decline of the blue-collar middle class follows the downward trajectory that has adversely affected the socioeconomic positions of the much more vulnerable blue-collar Black middle class from the early 1980s. In this paper, we document when, how, and why the unmaking of the blue-collar Black middle class occurred and intergenerational upward mobility of Blacks to the college-educated middle class was stifled. We focus on blue-collar layoffs and manufacturing-plant closings in an important sector for Black employment, the automobile industry from the early 1980s. We then document the adverse impact on Blacks that has occurred in government-sector employment in a financialized economy in which the dominant ideology is that concentration of income among the richest households promotes productive investment, with government spending only impeding that objective. Reduction of taxes primarily on the wealthy and the corporate sector, the ascendancy of political and economic beliefs that celebrate the efficiency and dynamism of “free market” business enterprise, and the denigration of the idea that government can solve social problems all combined to shrink government budgets, diminish regulatory enforcement, and scuttle initiatives that previously provided greater opportunity for African Americans in the government and civil-society sectors.
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Family planning and youth in West Africa: Mass media, digital media, and social and behavior change communication strategies. Population Council, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh14.1115.

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