Journal articles: 'Masks (electronics)'

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Wivanius, Nadhrah, Nur Sakinah Asaad, Heru Wijanarko, and Ira Zamzami. "DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT (DOE) LIQUID PHOTOIMAGEABLE SOLDER MASKS PCB PADA TEACHING FACTORY MANUFACTURING OF ELECTRONICS (TFME) POLITEKNIK NEGERI BATAM." JURNAL INTEGRASI 12, no. 1 (2020): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.30871/ji.v12i1.1987.

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Makalah ini mengkaji beberapa variabel untuk mencari paramater yang paling baik dalam proses pembuatan PCB. Kajian ini mengimplementasikan PCB dengan proses screen printing yang menggunakan aplikasi LPISM (Liquid Photoimageable Solder Masks). Dimana dalam prosesnya pelapisan PCB dilakukan dengan mengendalikan jumlah cairan solder masks dalam sekali pelapisan menggunakan parameter yang tepat menggunakan metode Design of Experiment (DoE). Metode DoE ini bertujuan untuk memperbaiki kualitas PCB dengan biaya seminimal mungkin. DoE pada LPISM diterapkan di Teaching Factory Manufaktur Elektronika Politeknik Negeri Batam dengan tujuan untuk melindungi jalur PCB agar tidak terhubung satu dan yang lainnya, memberikan takaran yang tepat, serta mengurangi penggunaan solder masks lamination. Sehingga, laboran di Teaching Factory, Politeknik Negeri Batam dapat memproduksi PCB yang menggunakan metode LPISM dengan kualitas sesuai standar. Dari hasil analisis, didapatkan sudut yang tepat untuk melakukan screen printing adalah antara 150 - 200 agar menghasilkan screen yang tidak rusak. Selain itu, proses oven dapat menipiskan solder masks hingga 70 – 80%. Sehingga dari hasil keseluruhan rangkaian percobaan, didapatkan data ke-24 yang dapat dijadikan rekomendasi karena telah sesuai dengan standar IPC-SM-840C, dengan hasil ketebalan solder masks yaitu 2,5 µm.

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Muluneh, Melaku, Bawul Kim, Gershon Buchsbaum, and David Issadore. "Miniaturized, multiplexed readout of droplet-based microfluidic assays using time-domain modulation." Lab Chip 14, no. 24 (2014): 4638–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4lc00819g.

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We have developed a miniaturized fluorescence detection platform for droplet based assays that can monitor multiple channels using only a single photodetector and no lenses. To accomplish this, we take advantage of the high bandwidth of electronics and encode the signal from each channel using distinct micropatterned masks.

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Tomczyk, Mariusz, Paweł Kubik, and Witold Waliszewski. "Optimization of the Ablative Laser Cutting of Shadow Mask for Organic FET Electrode Fabrication." Electronics 9, no. 12 (2020): 2184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9122184.

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This article presents an ablative method of cutting masks from ultra-thin metal foils using nanosecond laser pulses. As a source of laser radiation, a pulsed fiber laser with a wavelength of 1062 nm with the duration of pulses from 15 to 220 nanoseconds (ns), was used in the research. The masks were made of stainless-steel foil with thicknesses of 30 µm, 35 µm, and 120 µm. Channels of different lengths from 50 to 300 µm were tested. The possibilities and limitations of the presented method are described. The optimization of the cutting process parameters was performed using the experiment planning techniques. A static, determined complete two-level plan (SP/DC 24) was used. On the basis of the analysis of the test structures, we designed and produced precise shading masks used in the process of organic field effect transistor (OFET) electrode evaporation. The ablative method proved suitable to produce masks with canals of minimum lengths of 70 µm. It offers facile, fast, and economically viable shadow mask fabrication for organic electronics applications, which moreover might enable fast prototyping and circuit design.

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Kamali, Seyedeh Mahsa, Ehsan Arbabi, Hyounghan Kwon, and Andrei Faraon. "Metasurface-generated complex 3-dimensional optical fields for interference lithography." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 43 (2019): 21379–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1908382116.

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Fast, large-scale, and robust 3-dimensional (3D) fabrication techniques for patterning a variety of structures with submicrometer resolution are important in many areas of science and technology such as photonics, electronics, and mechanics with a wide range of applications from tissue engineering to nanoarchitected materials. From several promising 3D manufacturing techniques for realizing different classes of structures suitable for various applications, interference lithography with diffractive masks stands out for its potential to fabricate complex structures at fast speeds. However, the interference lithography masks demonstrated generally suffer from limitations in terms of the patterns that can be generated. To overcome some of these limitations, here we propose the metasurface-mask–assisted 3D nanofabrication which provides great freedom in patterning various periodic structures. To showcase the versatility of this platform, we design metasurface masks that generate exotic periodic lattices like gyroid, rotated cubic, and diamond structures. As a proof of concept, we experimentally demonstrate a diffractive element that can generate the diamond lattice.

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Romankiw, L. T. "A path: from electroplating through lithographic masks in electronics to LIGA in MEMS." Electrochimica Acta 42, no. 20-22 (1997): 2985–3005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0013-4686(97)00146-1.

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Elassy, Akau, Shiroma, Seo, and Ohta. "Low-Cost Rapid Fabrication of Conformal Liquid-Metal Patterns." Applied Sciences 9, no. 8 (2019): 1565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9081565.

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Patterned conformal conductive structures are used to realize flexible electronics for applications such as electronic skin, communication devices, and sensors. Thus, there is a demand for low-cost rapid fabrication techniques for flexible and stretchable conductors. Spray-coating of liquid metals is a prototyping method that is compatible with elastic substrates. In this work, UV-curable and polyimide masks were used to pattern sprayed liquid metal (LM). The effect of the spraying parameters on the thickness and conductivity of the LM was characterized. A minimum LM linewidth of 48 µm was achieved, along with a minimum gap width of 34 µm. A LM patch antenna and transmission line, which can potentially be used for communication systems, were demonstrated using this fabrication process.

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Vilà, Anna, Alberto Gomez, Luis Portilla, Marti Cirici, and Juan Ramon Morante. "Metal oxides as functional semiconductors. An inkjet approach." MRS Proceedings 1552 (2013): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2013.741.

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ABSTRACTInkjet printing provides an interesting technology for electronic devices, as it is a versatile minimum-waste cost-effective technique for direct writing on almost every surface without need of masks or sacrificial layers. Among the fields in which it has been tested, transparent and flexible electronics offer a variety of applications ranging from large-area roll-toroll (such as OLEDs for lighting or solar cells) to small low-consumption biocompatible devices such as biosensors.This work aims to present some advances in the field of semiconductors synthesized by sol-gel and patterned by inkjet printing. Chemical routes are used to obtain suitable inks, based on salts of Ga, In, Zn, Cu and Sn and solvents as methoxyethanol. Inkjet printing provides thin layers 20-300nm thick, with morphology strongly depending on the materials. Different thermal treatments are tested, and some chemical and optical characterization of the obtained layers allows optimizing the technology for each material.The effectiveness of the inks and the technique is demonstrated by the electronic behavior of thin-film transistors fabricated by the proposed technology. The different devices are compared, suggesting the properties of the different materials analyzed, as a step ahead in the development of a complete logic for such promising applications of the flexible electronics.

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Kuglics, Lajos, Attila Géczy, Karel Dusek, David Busek, and Balázs Illés. "Personal Air-Quality Monitoring with Sensor-Based Wireless Internet-of-Things Electronics Embedded in Protective Face Masks." Sensors 24, no. 8 (2024): 2601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24082601.

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In this paper, the design and research of a sensor-based personal air-quality monitoring device are presented, which is retrofitted into different personal protective face masks. Due to its small size and low power consumption, the device can be integrated into and applied in practical urban usage. We present our research and the development of the sensor node based on a BME680-type environmental sensor cluster with a wireless IoT (Internet of Things)-capable central unit and overall low power consumption. The integration of the sensor node was investigated with traditional medical masks and a professional FFP2-type mask. The filtering efficiency after embedding was validated with a head model and a particle counter. We found that the professional mask withstood the embedding without losing the protective filtering aspect. We compared the inner and outer sensor data and investigated the temperature, pressure, humidity, and AQI (Air Quality Index) relations with possible sensor data-fusion options. The novelty is increased with the dual-sensor layout (inward and outward). It was found that efficient respiration monitoring is achievable with the device. With the analysis of the recorded data, characteristic signals were identified in an urban environment, enabling urban altimetry and urban zone detection. The results promote smart city concepts and help in endeavors related to SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals) 3 and 11.

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ROMANKIW, L. T. "ChemInform Abstract: A Path: From Electroplating Through Lithographic Masks in Electronics to LIGA in MEMS." ChemInform 28, no. 48 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199748341.

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Lauer, Scott, Whitten Little, Thomas Ambrose, Jeff Conrad, and Tim Cowen. "Precision Patterned Thin Films without Photolithography: Additive Manufacturing of Printed Electronics." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2013, no. 1 (2013): 000927–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2013-thp55.

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Additive manufacturing is the application of layer manufacturing techniques to fabricate microelectronic products. These techniques differentiate themselves from incumbent technologies in that they only add material to build the device and are an alternative to subtractive technologies such as lithography that globally coat layers and then etch-away unrequired materials. In this paper we discuss an additive technology that performs material evaporation through shadow masks. This process has shown significant potential for the fabrication of chip packaging, microelectronic devices and circuitry; specifically, high density interposers, fine conductor lines and embedded components such as capacitors, resistors, and transistors. The process is compatible with a number of both rigid and flexible substrates and deposition materials. Examples of devices and lines that have been manufactured by this technique are shown and discussed. Preliminary test data shows line / space resolution that has reached 5 / 20 microns and better.

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Aditya Singh, Ayaan Shakil, Shrushti Pattar, et al. "Automatic thermal and mask screening system." international journal of engineering technology and management sciences 6, no. 6 (2022): 345–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.46647/ijetms.2022.v06i06.061.

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The work presented in this paper presents the design and development of a automatic thermal mask screening system. In recent times, the entire world has faced major difficulties with COVID virus for over 3 years. In order to avoid infection from the virus, we have been instructed to follow protocols like social distancing, wearing masks, temperature regulation and sanitization was required. But it was really a big problem to do so in a public place. The work presented here is the mini-project work of the second sem students of electronics & communication engineering department of Dayananda Sagar College of Engg., Bangalore

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Wong, Yih Haw, Gin Chong Lee, and Hock Kheng Sim. "RFID and Facemask Detector Attendance Monitoring System." International Journal on Robotics, Automation and Sciences 5, no. 2 (2023): 14–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33093/ijoras.2023.5.2.2.

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The article emphasizes the significance of attendance monitoring for safety during the COVID-19 pandemic and proposes an RFID-based solution coupled with face mask detection systems to address attendance challenges. The project aims to create a contactless monitoring system that ensures face mask compliance and provides real-time attendance data for data-driven decision-making. The article also covers various technology-related topics, including the historical usage of face masks, the development of attendance systems using biometric identification and electronic methods, and facial recognition technology's applications in surveillance and finance. It introduces XAMPP, a user-friendly web application development and testing tool, and presents an overview of the IC7408 chip used in digital electronics. The study's key findings show that increasing sample size and optimizing epochs and batch size improve face mask detection accuracy, while RFID scanner distance affects scanning delay and accuracy. The research provides valuable insights into the performance of the proposed attendance monitoring system.

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Abdelkader, Sobhy M., Donart Nayebare, Tamer F. Megahed, Ahmed M. R. Fath El-Bab, Mohamed A. Ismeil, and Omar Abdel-Rahim. "Development of low-cost micro-fabrication procedures for planar micro-thermoelectric generators based on thin-film technology for energy harvesting applications." PLOS ONE 19, no. 7 (2024): e0306540. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0306540.

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With the rapid proliferation of portable and wearable electronics, energy autonomy through efficient energy harvesting has become paramount. Thermoelectric generators (TEGs) stand out as promising candidates due to their silent operation, high reliability, and maintenance-free nature. This paper presents the design, fabrication, and analysis of a micro-scale TEG for powering such devices. A planar configuration was employed for its inherent miniaturization advantages. Finite element analysis using ANSYS reveals that a double-layer device under a 50 K temperature gradient generates an impressive open-circuit voltage of 1417 mV and a power output of 2.4 μW, significantly exceeding its single-layer counterpart (226 mV, 0.12 μW). Validation against the analytical model results yields errors within 2.44% and 2.03% for voltage and power, respectively. Furthermore, a single-layer prototype fabricated using paper shadow masks and sputtering deposition exhibits a voltage of 131 mV for a 50 K temperature difference, thus confirming the feasibility of the proposed design. This work establishes a foundation for developing highly efficient micro-TEGs for powering next-generation portable and wearable electronics.

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G, Srikanth, Yadhuraj S. R, Subramanyam T K, Satheesh Babu Gandla, and Uma B V. "Fabrication and Analysis of Amorphous Silicon TFT." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 7, no. 2 (2017): 754. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v7i2.pp754-758.

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The display technology and large area electronics got momentum with the introduction of TFT devices. TFTs can be made using different semiconducting materials or organic conducting materials as the active layer. Each one of them differ in their performance depending on the material used for the active layer. In this paper, fabrication of amorphous silicon TFT using PECVD is carried out. Simulation of the a-Si: H TFT is also carried out with the dimensions similar to that of the masks used for the fabrication. The I<sub>d</sub>-V<sub>d</sub> plot for both the simulation and fabrication is obtained and studied.

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Ahmad, Habib, Zachary Engel, Muneeb Zia, et al. "Cascaded Ni hard mask to create chlorine-based ICP dry etched deep mesas for high-power devices." Semiconductor Science and Technology 36, no. 12 (2021): 125016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6641/ac3372.

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Abstract A highly selective cascaded Ni hard mask without stress and film damage issues suitable for the formation of deep vertical mesas for high-power devices is presented. A Cl2/BCl3/Ar inductively coupled plasma dry etch was used to investigate the effect of photoresist, and patterned Ni hard masks applied via four different methods on the etch rate of GaN, and mask selectivity. Strain in the e-beam only deposited Ni films produced low yield due to poor adhesion. Electroplated Ni showed rough mask morphology. Sputtered Ni left damage/chemically reacted layers on the GaN under the mask. A cascaded 50 nm e-beam evaporated Ni followed by 2 µm of sputtered Ni mask method improved the yield to 100%, achieved high selectivity and retained an undamaged GaN surface morphology. The cascaded Ni hard mask successfully achieved GaN mesas up to 13 µm. The dry etching rates of the photoresist, GaN and Ni masks were 250, 275 and 13 nm min−1, respectively giving an etch selectivity of the GaN/Ni hard mask of ∼20, much higher than the etch selectivity of 1.1 for the photoresist. Furthermore, yield of the cascaded Ni hard mask was 100% making it suitable for commercial high-power electronics.

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Lauer, Scott, Whitten Little, Pier Benci, Tim Schmitt, and John Mazurowski. "Additive Manufacturing of Fine Lines and Embedded Electronics for use in Chip Carriers and Microelectronic Systems." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2012, no. 1 (2012): 000946–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2012-wp53.

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Additive manufacturing is the application of layer manufacturing techniques to fabricate microelectronic products. These techniques differentiate themselves from incumbent technologies in that they only add material to build the device and are an alternative to subtractive technologies such as lithography that globally coat layers and then etch-away unrequired materials. In this paper we discuss an additive technology that performs material evaporation through shadow masks. This process has shown significant potential for the fabrication of chip packaging, microelectronic devices and circuitry; specifically, high density interposers, fine conductor lines and embedded components such as capacitors, resistors, and transistors. The process is compatible with a number of both rigid and flexible substrates and deposition materials. Examples of devices and lines that have been manufactured by this technique are shown and discussed. Preliminary test data shows line / space resolution that has reached 15 / 30 microns and better.

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Sarkar, Md Mosharrof Hossain, Md Ariful Islam, Md Abid Hasan Roni Bokshi, Sadiha Afrin, and Mehjabin Ashrafy Tinky. "Strategic Network Management for Modern Campuses: A Comprehensive Framework." Feb-Mar 2024, no. 42 (March 4, 2024): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.55529/jecnam.42.43.53.

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Campus handling of networks has become critical in the continuously changing world of higher education. This paper offers a thorough method for managing and safeguarding networks in a campus setting with multiple departments. Our approach focuses on four departments: the administrative, civil, computer science and engineering (CSE), and electrical and electronics engineering (EEE) departments. It combines multiple networking technologies to improve security and maximize speed. Network division using virtual LANs (VLANs), efficient IP address allocation using Variable Length Subnet Masks (VLSM), simplified network configuration using Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), dynamic routing using Routing Information Protocol version 2 (RIPv2), granular access control using Access Control Lists (ACLs), enhanced security using Network Address Translation (NAT), secure remote access using Secure Shell version 2 (SSHv2), and improved network resilience through Link Aggregation are the main components of our system.

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Uhljar, Luca Éva, and Rita Ambrus. "Electrospinning of Potential Medical Devices (Wound Dressings, Tissue Engineering Scaffolds, Face Masks) and Their Regulatory Approach." Pharmaceutics 15, no. 2 (2023): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15020417.

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Electrospinning is the simplest and most widely used technology for producing ultra-thin fibers. During electrospinning, the high voltage causes a thin jet to be launched from the liquid polymer and then deposited onto the grounded collector. Depending on the type of the fluid, solution and melt electrospinning are distinguished. The morphology and physicochemical properties of the produced fibers depend on many factors, which can be categorized into three groups: process parameters, material properties, and ambient parameters. In the biomedical field, electrospun nanofibers have a wide variety of applications ranging from medication delivery systems to tissue engineering scaffolds and soft electronics. Many of these showed promising results for potential use as medical devices in the future. Medical devices are used to cure, prevent, or diagnose diseases without the presence of any active pharmaceutical ingredients. The regulation of conventional medical devices is strict and carefully controlled; however, it is not yet properly defined in the case of nanotechnology-made devices. This review is divided into two parts. The first part provides an overview on electrospinning through several examples, while the second part focuses on developments in the field of electrospun medical devices. Additionally, the relevant regulatory framework is summarized at the end of this paper.

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Zaccagnini, Pietro, Marco Reina, Davide Arcoraci, et al. "Optimization of Laser-Induced Graphene Electrodes for High Voltage Micro-Supercapacitors." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 1 (2023): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-0213mtgabs.

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With the development of grid-based distributed sensing with low-power electronics, the need for delocalized power supplies, Energy Storage Devices (ESDs) are moving toward miniaturized scales. Among ESDs, micro-supercapacitors (µSC) are currently under development as an alternative or complementary power supply/backup to batteries. Laser-induced graphene (LIG) is an emerging technology based on the laser conversion of polymers into graphene-based conductive materials. Polyimide (PI) is the most investigated polymer, moreover, it finds several applications in the electronics field. Laser scribing of polymers fastens the device processing reducing the number of wet chemistry steps carried out to fabricate micro-devices. PI Kapton foils of 125 µm thickness were used as substrate materials to produce LIG samples. A CO2 laser was exploited to convert polymeric samples and to pattern hard masks to print devices of optimized geometry and material properties. Further, electrodeposition processes can be used to increase the material capacity by depositing transition metal oxides with pseudocapacitive features. Among them, maganese oxide can be electrodeposited anodically without recurring to any thermal step. Tuning the LIG storage mechanism, and combining them, allows several degrees of freedom to design devices able to work in organic electrolyte environments in voltage windows ranging from 2.5 V up to 4.5 V. Moreover, optimization of electrode charges allows for improving the overall device lifetime and energetic efficiency.

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R. Sabity, Mowj, and Ghusoon M. Ali. "PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF PD/ZNO BASED FLEXIBLE UV MSM PHOTODETECTORS." Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development 26, no. 5 (2022): 98–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.31272/jeasd.26.5.9.

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Flexible electronics and optoelectronics devices attract further attention in recent years. In this paper, we present the fabrication and photodetection properties of a flexible metal-semiconductor-metal UV photodetector based on a thin ZnO film with Pd Schottky electrodes. The active ZnO layer was created using a hydrothermal method on ITO/PET flexible substrates. Palladium employed as back-to-back Schottky contacts. Metal masks are designed and used to deposit palladium via thermal evaporation. To demonstrate the impact of ZnO on flexible substrates, the structural, optical, and electrical characteristics of the produced films were examined and assessed. I-V characteristics under dark and illumination conditions for a device were measured using a voltage range of -2.8 V to 2.8 V. The measured data were used to calculate device parameters and photodetection properties. Such as ideality factor, barrier height, saturation current, detectivity, responsivity, contrast-ratio, and efficiency. The proposed device exhibited a gain (efficiency of 200%} caused by trapping hole carrier at the ZnO-Pd interface.

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Benitez-Garcia, Gibran, Lidia Prudente-Tixteco, Luis Carlos Castro-Madrid, et al. "Improving Real-Time Hand Gesture Recognition with Semantic Segmentation." Sensors 21, no. 2 (2021): 356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21020356.

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Hand gesture recognition (HGR) takes a central role in human–computer interaction, covering a wide range of applications in the automotive sector, consumer electronics, home automation, and others. In recent years, accurate and efficient deep learning models have been proposed for real-time applications. However, the most accurate approaches tend to employ multiple modalities derived from RGB input frames, such as optical flow. This practice limits real-time performance due to intense extra computational cost. In this paper, we avoid the optical flow computation by proposing a real-time hand gesture recognition method based on RGB frames combined with hand segmentation masks. We employ a light-weight semantic segmentation method (FASSD-Net) to boost the accuracy of two efficient HGR methods: Temporal Segment Networks (TSN) and Temporal Shift Modules (TSM). We demonstrate the efficiency of the proposal on our IPN Hand dataset, which includes thirteen different gestures focused on interaction with touchless screens. The experimental results show that our approach significantly overcomes the accuracy of the original TSN and TSM algorithms by keeping real-time performance.

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Broccoli, Alessia, Anke R. Vollertsen, Pauline Roels, Aaike van Vugt, Albert van den Berg, and Mathieu Odijk. "Nanoparticle Printing for Microfluidic Applications: Bipolar Electrochemistry and Localized Raman Sensing Spots." Micromachines 14, no. 2 (2023): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14020453.

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The local integration of metal nanoparticle films on 3D-structured polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based microfluidic devices is of high importance for applications including electronics, electrochemistry, electrocatalysis, and localized Raman sensing. Conventional processes to locally deposit and pattern metal nanoparticles require multiple steps and shadow masks, or access to cleanroom facilities, and therefore, are relatively imprecise, or time and cost-ineffective. As an alternative, we present an aerosol-based direct-write method, in which patterns of nanoparticles generated via spark ablation are locally printed with sub-mm size and precision inside of microfluidic structures without the use of lithography or other masking methods. As proof of principle, films of Pt or Ag nanoparticles were printed in the chambers of a multiplexed microfluidic device and successfully used for two different applications: Screening electrochemical activity in a high-throughput fashion, and localized sensing of chemicals via surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The versatility of the approach will enable the generation of functional microfluidic devices for applications that include sensing, high-throughput screening platforms, and microreactors using catalytically driven chemical conversions.

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Samardak, Alexander, Margarita Anisimova, Aleksei Samardak, and Alexey Ognev. "Fabrication of high-resolution nanostructures of complex geometry by the single-spot nanolithography method." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 6 (April 17, 2015): 976–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.6.101.

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The paper presents a method for the high-resolution production of polymer nanopatterns with controllable geometrical parameters by means of a single-spot electron-beam lithography technique. The essence of the method entails the overexposure of a positive-tone resist, spin-coated onto a substrate where nanoscale spots are exposed to an electron beam with a dose greater than 0.1 pC per dot. A single-spot enables the fabrication of a nanoring, while a chain of spots placed at distance of 5–30 nm from each other allows the production of a polymer pattern of complex geometry of sub-10 nm resolution. We demonstrate that in addition to the naturally oxidized silicon substrates, gold-coated substrates can also successfully be used for the single-spot nanopattering technique. An explanation of the results related to the resist overexposure was demonstrated using Monte Carlo simulations. Our nanofabrication method significantly accelerates (up to 10 times) the fabrication rate as compared to conventional lithography on positive-tone resist. This technique can be potentially employed in the electronics industry for the production of nanoprinted lithography molds, etching masks, nanoelectronics, nanophotonics, NEMS and MEMS devices.

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Cheng, Yang, Chuanxun Chen, Lin Liu, Jie Cao, Yingying Xu, and Qun Hao. "A Compact Two-Dimensional Varifocal Scanning Imaging Device Actuated by Artificial Muscle Material." Biomimetics 8, no. 1 (2023): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8010120.

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This paper presents a compact two-dimensional varifocal-scanning imaging device, with the capability of continuously variable focal length and a large scanning range, actuated by artificial muscle material. The varifocal function is realized by the principle of laterally shifting cubic phase masks and the scanning function is achieved by the principle of the decentered lens. One remarkable feature of these two principles is that both are based on the lateral displacements perpendicular to the optical axis. Artificial muscle material is emerging as a good choice of soft actuators capable of high strain, high efficiency, fast response speed, and light weight. Inspired by the artificial muscle, the dielectric elastomer is used as an actuator and produces the lateral displacements of the Alvarez lenses and the decentered lenses. A two-dimensional varifocal scanning imaging device prototype was established and validated through experiments to verify the feasibility of the proposed varifocal-scanning device. The results showed that the focal length variation of the proposed varifocal scanning device is up to 4.65 times higher (31.6 mm/6.8 mm), and the maximum scanning angle was 26.4°. The rise and fall times were 110 ms and 185 ms, respectively. Such a varifocal scanning device studied here has the potential to be used in consumer electronics, endoscopy, and microscopy in the future.

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Dong, Yide, Guangbin Dou, Zibiao Wei, et al. "Size-Effect-Based Dimension Compensations in Wet Etching for Micromachined Quartz Crystal Microstructures." Micromachines 15, no. 6 (2024): 784. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi15060784.

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Microfabrication technology with quartz crystals is gaining importance as the miniaturization of quartz MEMS devices is essential to ensure the development of portable and wearable electronics. However, until now, there have been no reports of dimension compensation for quartz device fabrication. Therefore, this paper studied the wet etching process of Z-cut quartz crystal substrates for making deep trench patterns using Au/Cr metal hard masks and proposed the first quartz fabrication dimension compensation strategy. The size effect of various sizes of hard mask patterns on the undercut developed in wet etching was experimentally investigated. Quartz wafers masked with initial vias ranging from 3 μm to 80 μm in width were etched in a buffered oxide etch solution (BOE, HF:NH4F = 3:2) at 80 °C for prolonged etching (>95 min). It was found that a larger hard mask width resulted in a smaller undercut, and a 30 μm difference in hard mask width would result in a 17.2% increase in undercut. In particular, the undercuts were mainly formed in the first 5 min of etching with a relatively high etching rate of 0.7 μm/min (max). Then, the etching rate decreased rapidly to 27%. Furthermore, based on the etching width compensation and etching position compensation, new solutions were proposed for quartz crystal device fabrication. And these two kinds of compensation solutions were used in the fabrication of an ultra-small quartz crystal tuning fork with a resonant frequency of 32.768 kHz. With these approaches, the actual etched size of critical parts of the device only deviated from the designed size by 0.7%. And the pattern position symmetry of the secondary lithography etching process was improved by 96.3% compared to the uncompensated one. It demonstrated significant potential for improving the fabrication accuracy of quartz crystal devices.

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Erdmann, Andreas. "Mask diffraction analysis and optimization for extreme ultraviolet masks." Journal of Micro/Nanolithography, MEMS, and MOEMS 9, no. 1 (2010): 013005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3302124.

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Tikhotskaya, Irina S. "Japan: Innovations in society under the influence of COVID-19." Asia and Africa Today, no. 5 (2022): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s032150750020168-6.

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Japan's model of anti-COVID strategy, rated as the most "toothless" in the world, has been shown to be highly effective, and through the use of innovative infection control measures the Tokyo Olympics was also successful. After a brief assessment of the country's course of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020-2021, the authors analyze the characteristics of innovations in Japan created under its influence and show that the pandemic, which itself is essentially an innovation, has inspired the Japanese to create original innovative products and solutions that are in demand in society. The world is well aware of Japan's achievements in the high-tech consumer electronics sector, in which, despite the increased competition, it strives to maintain its high position, using artificial intelligence as one of the main technologies. During pandemic, it has created not only applications for the medical industry, but also, as presented in the article, for humanoids already in use in the service industry. It is important for Japan to accelerate digitalization, an area in which it lags behind both because of traditional decision-making practices requiring approvals at every stage and the tradition of using hankoseals instead of personal signatures; and telework, which lies in the key to creating a sustainable society. Around the world, the contribution of start-ups in providing services and solutions unavailable to large corporations and governments has increased markedly, and Japan, a country that tends to rely more on familiar and verified action schemes, is no exception. Characterized by its rapid incorporation of the latest scientific and technological advances into everyday life, Japan has already offered a number of innovative solutions for safe living in the new reality created by the pandemic. The article considers the environment in which innovations are implemented gives examples of original startups: innovative protective masks, devices, and new ways to protect against the virus in the catering industry.

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Ratnayake Mudiyanselage, Vilanya, Kevin Lee, and Alireza Hassani. "Integration of IoT Sensors to Determine Life Expectancy of Face Masks." Sensors 22, no. 23 (2022): 9463. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22239463.

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Personal protective equipment (PPE) is widely used around the world to protect against environmental hazards. With the emergence of the COVID-19 virus, the use of PPE domestically has increased dramatically. People use preventive and protective mechanisms now more than ever, leading to the important question of how protective is the PPE that is being used. Face masks are highly recommended or mandatory during the time of the COVID-19 pandemic due to their protective features against aerosol droplets. However, an issue faced by many users of face masks is that they are entirely manual, with users having to decide for themselves whether their mask is still protective or if they should replace their mask. Due to the difficulty in determining this, people tend to overuse masks beyond their optimal usage. The research presented in this paper is an investigation of the viability of integrating IoT sensors into masks that are capable of collecting data to determine its usage. This paper demonstrates the usage of humidity and temperature sensors for the purpose of determining a mask’s usage status based on changes in these variables when a mask is put on and taken off. An evaluation was made on the usage of the two sensors, with the conclusion that a humidity sensor provides more accurate results. From this, we present a framework that takes into consideration the factors that affect a mask’s performance, such as time, humidity and temperature, to calculate the life expectancy of a mask.

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Pati, Y. C., and T. Kailath. "Phase-shifting masks for microlithography: automated design and mask requirements." Journal of the Optical Society of America A 11, no. 9 (1994): 2438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josaa.11.002438.

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Zhang, Lijuan, Xiaoxiao Jiang, Shuang Li, et al. "Stretchable electronic facial masks for photodynamic therapy." Nano Energy 123 (May 2024): 109407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2024.109407.

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Lee, Jieon, Kanghyun Lee, Jaehyun Yoon, et al. "How to evaluate the wearability of electronic air filtration masks." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 66, no. 1 (2022): 1678–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181322661297.

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Electronic masks are wearable devices that can replace common disposable hygiene masks. Understanding user discomfort is important for proper electronic mask evaluation and design, but the method has not been standardized yet. This study presents evaluation methods that can qualitatively and quantitatively assess user discomfort caused by wearing an electronic mask. User interviews, surveys, and laboratory experiments were conducted. The ear band tension force and the facial contact pressure distribution were selected as quantitative evaluation metrics. The task was determined in consideration of various mask usage environments through user observation. The final evaluation method was applied to the comparative evaluation of the two masks. It is the first attempt to evaluate the wearability of the electronic mask, and this evaluation method could improve user convenience by using it for product development and improvement.

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Hirano, Ryoichi, Susumu Iida, Tsuyoshi Amano, et al. "Patterned mask inspection technology with projection electron microscope technique on extreme ultraviolet masks." Journal of Micro/Nanolithography, MEMS, and MOEMS 13, no. 1 (2014): 013009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.jmm.13.1.013009.

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Žalkauskaitė, Gintarė. "Features of idiolect in the punctuation of electronic mail." Lietuvių kalba, no. 5 (December 28, 2011): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lk.2011.22802.

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The article deals with the usage of punctuation marks in the emails of six different authors. Punctuation marks belong to the graphical level of a text, which makes the electronic discourse more distant from standard written language. As a result, a prediction is made that in the electronic communication punctuation marks may be used specifically. The aim of the article is to determine whether punctuation in electronic mail can be linked with the author's idiolect. The corpus of electronic messages under investigation consists of 65,090 words. In total, there are 13,548 punctuation marks used in it. In the present analysis of punctuation, an attempt is made to measure the total number of punctuation marks as well as the number of them as used by each author. In addition the situations in which each punctuation mark is used are also investigated. In the analysis of general tendencies in punctuation mark usage, it has been noted that many different punctuation marks are used in electronic messages. The most numerous marks have proved to be regular ones such as commas, full stops, question marks, dashes, suspension points, brackets, quotation marks, and exclamation marks. The punctuation marks that are used sparingly in traditional written language and electronic communication (various combinations of different punctuation marks, non-traditional variants of punctuation marks, slashes, semicolons) could have the identification value if they were used frequently by any of the authors in their texts.

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Wang, Wiehua, Mark R. Holl, and Daniel T. Schwartz. "Rapid Prototyping of Masks for Through-Mask Electrodeposition of Thick Metallic Components." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 148, no. 5 (2001): C363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.1360187.

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Pylaeva, E. Yu, D. V. Orlov, N. A. Marudenkov, et al. "Using of protective masks after the cancelling of the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions: Prospective cohort research." CHILDREN INFECTIONS 22, no. 3 (2023): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.22627/2072-8107-2023-22-3-27-32.

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The long-term using of protective masks, linked with the COVID-19 pandemic, could has a significant impact on people from negativism to addiction to use them. Aim: to assess the frequency of mask use after the canceling of restrictions depending on gender and behavioral characteristics, to assess the possible impact of not wearing masks on the incidence of COVID-19. Materials and Methods: We conducted a prospective longitudinal cohort study on the Moscow Metro from 03/15/22 to 04/11/2022. Three cohorts of passengers were identified: K1 — using masks, K2 — wearing masks with defection from rules and K3 — not using masks. The shares of cohorts were determined depending on gender, travel area, time of day, occupation (use of paper information carriers, electronic devices). The proportions, their confidence intervals were determined; the comparison of the significance of differences was carried out using the Pearson chi-square method. Results: we made 28672 observations covering 225 out of 348 metro stations (67.5%). Within 5 weeks (11—15 weeks of 2022 year), the proportion of passengers not using masks (K3) increased from 74% to 94.6%. Starting from the 2nd day, significant differences between men and women were identified. The largest share of K3 passengers was among those using electronic devices. Among those using paper, the trend towards the elimination of masks was the least pronounced. The decrease in passengers using masks in Moscow did not lead to an increase in the incidence of COVID-19. Conclusion: in the absence of legal restrictions, the decision to use masks is influenced by the gender and behavioral characteristics of passengers.

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Lin, Jingquan, J. Maul, N. Weber, et al. "Inspection of EUVL mask blank defects and patterned masks using EUV photoemission electron microscopy." Microelectronic Engineering 85, no. 5-6 (2008): 922–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mee.2008.01.087.

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Krivtsov, V., S. Arthur, J. Buckman, et al. "Characterisation of suspended and sedimented particulate matter in blue-green infrastructure ponds." Blue-Green Systems 2, no. 1 (2020): 214–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/bgs.2020.102.

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Abstract Blue-green infrastructure (BGI) ponds have an important function of alleviating flood risk and provide water quality improvements among other multiple benefits. Characterisation of bottom sediments and suspended particulate matter (SPM) is understudied, but is indispensable for assessing the ponds' functioning because of their role in biogeochemical cycling and pollutant adsorption. Here we report on the analysis of particle sizes and chemistry from multiple locations. The results have shown that SPM in these ponds includes particles of both biological and abiotic origin, and the in situ produced organic matter constitutes a major part of SPM. The relevance of biological processes is often overlooked, but a combination of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations and chemical analysis highlights its primary importance for characterisation of the particulate matter. A considerable proportion of both suspended and sedimented particulates is smaller than 100 microns. There is normally a large fraction of small silt-sized particles, and often a considerable proportion of very fine particles (clay-size). Although for some spectra unimodal distribution has been observed, in many cases the revealed particle size distribution (PSD) was bimodal, and in some instances more than two modes were revealed. A complex PSD would be expected to result from a combination of simple unimodal distributions. Hence the multimodality observed may have reflected contributions from different sources, both abiotic and biological. Furthermore, many smaller particles appear to be interconnected by detrital matter. Among chemical elements routinely detected within the SPM in significant concentrations were Si, Al, Ca, Mg, Fe, K, Mn, P, Cl and S. In a number of cases, however, there were less expected elements such as Ti, Y, Mo, Cr and even Au; these may have reflected the effect of car park and road runoff and/or industrial pollution. Most of these elements (except Mo and Au) and up to 30 others were also routinely detected in sediment samples. Such pollutants as Co, Cu, Ni, Zn and As were detected in bottom sediments of all ponds. There were a number of correlations between pollutants in sediments and the particle's median diameter. However, aggregation leads to large low density flocks and masks correlation of chemicals with SPM particle size. Statistical associations among the elements aided the understanding of their sources and pathways, as well as the underlying biological and abiotic processes. Specifically, our analysis implicated contributions from such sources as allochthonous and autochthonous detritus, roadside and industrial pollution, biologically induced precipitation, and discarded electronics. Elevated levels of rare earth elements (REE) and other trace elements open a possibility of their recovery from the sediments, which should be considered among the multiple benefits of BGI.

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Mishra, Akshita, Soumen Saha, Henam Sylvia Devi, Abhisek Dixit, and Madhusudan Singh. "High resistive state retention in room temperature solution processed biocompatible memory devices for health monitoring applications." MRS Advances 4, no. 24 (2019): 1409–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2019.161.

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AbstractWearable and bio-implantable health monitoring applications require flexible memory devices that can be used to locally store body vitals prior to transmission or to support local data processing in distributed smart systems. In recent years, non-volatile resistive random access memories composed of oxide-based insulators such as hafnium oxide and niobium pentoxide have attracted a great deal of interest. Unfortunately, hafnium and niobium are not low-cost materials and may also present health challenges. In this work, we have explored the alternative of using titanium dioxide as the insulating oxide using a low-cost solution-phase deposition process. Aqueous sol deposited thin films were deposited on standard RCA-cleaned commercial thermal silicon dioxide (500 nm) wafer (500 µm). Patterned bottom contacts Cr/Au (∼200/300 Å) using shadow masks were deposited on the substrate using successive DC sputtering, and thermal evaporation, respectively at 5 X 10-6 Torr. A sol was prepared using titanium (IV) butoxide as precursor hydrolysed under water and ethanol to form a colloidal solution (sol) at 50°C under constant stirring. Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD) scans of calcined (from sol at 750°C) nanoparticles show a mixture of anatase and rutile phases, confirming the composition of the material. The sol was slowly cooled to room temperature before being spin coated at low rotational speeds on to the substrate in multiple steps involving several spin coating and drying steps to form a uniform film. Top contacts (Ag) of thickness (∼500 Å) were deposited on the sol-deposited thin films using thermal evaporation. The resulting devices were coated with a thick layer of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) using a 10:1 ratio of base elastomer and curing agent respectively. After drying the PDMS, resistance measurements were carried out. A high resistance state was detected prior to electroforming in the air at ∼5 MΩ which remains nearly unchanged (∼4.3 MΩ) when dipped in a ∼7.4 pH phosphate buffer solution (equivalent to human blood’s pH (reference average value ∼7.4 pH)). Unencapsulated devices (UM1) were further characterized in air using a Keithley 4200-SCS semiconductor parameter analyzer in dual sweep mode to observe repeatable hysteresis behavior with a large difference between trace and retrace R-V characteristics (∼50±3% over a pristine device), which compares favorably with recent data in the literature on high-performance sputtered TiO2 memristors. Unchanged retention ratio using biocompatible device materials and encapsulation suggests that these devices can be used for biomedical implantable sensor electronics.

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Wu, Hao, Wenbin Gao, Xiangrong Xu, and Sixiang Xu. "Semiautomatic Mask Generating for Electronics Component Inspection." IEEE Transactions on Components, Packaging and Manufacturing Technology 10, no. 12 (2020): 2099–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcpmt.2020.3033837.

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40

Yook, Se-Jin, Heinz Fissan, Christof Asbach, et al. "Experimental Investigations on Particle Contamination of Masks Without Protective Pellicles During Vibration or Shipping of Mask Carriers." IEEE Transactions on Semiconductor Manufacturing 20, no. 4 (2007): 578–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsm.2007.907635.

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41

Lifka, Sebastian, Ivan Ponomarev, Agnes Weth, David Baumgartner, Bernd Lamprecht, and Werner Baumgartner. "A simple and cheap aerosol penetrometer for filter testing using an electronic cigarette." Open Research Europe 1 (March 24, 2021): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.13087.1.

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Background: During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic face masks grew in importance as their use by the general population was recommended by health officials in order to minimize the risk of infection and prevent further spread of the virus. To ensure health protection of medical personal and other system relevant staff, it is of considerable interest to quickly test if a certain lot of filtering facepiece masks meets the requirements or if the permeability changes under different conditions. As certified penetrometers are rather expensive and were difficult to obtain during the COVID-19 pandemic, we describe two quite simple and cheap methods to quickly test the filter permeability based on an electronic cigarette. Methods: The first method uses a precision scale, the second method uses a light scattering detector to measure the filter penetration. To make sure these two methods yield reliable results, both were tested with freshly cut filter samples covering the range of approx. 2 % to 60 % permeability and compared to the results of a certified penetrometer. Results: The comparison of the two methods with the certified penetrometer showed a good correlation and therefore allow a quick and rather reliable estimation of the permeability. Conclusions: Several examples about the use of faulty masks and the resulting health risks show that simple, fast, cheap and broadly available methods for filter characterization might be useful in these days.

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Lifka, Sebastian, Ivan Ponomarev, Agnes Weth, David Baumgartner, Bernd Lamprecht, and Werner Baumgartner. "A simple and cheap aerosol penetrometer for filter testing using an electronic cigarette." Open Research Europe 1 (October 28, 2021): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.13087.3.

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Background: During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic face masks grew in importance as their use by the general population was recommended by health officials in order to minimize the risk of infection and prevent further spread of the virus. To ensure health protection of medical personnel and other system relevant staff, it is of considerable interest to quickly test if a certain lot of filtering facepiece masks meets the requirements or if the penetration changes under different conditions. As certified penetrometers are rather expensive and were difficult to obtain during the COVID-19 pandemic, we describe two quite simple and cheap methods to quickly test the filter penetration based on an electronic cigarette. Methods: The first method uses a precision scale, the second method uses a light scattering detector to measure the filter penetration. To make sure these two methods yield reliable results, both were tested with freshly cut filter samples covering the range of approx. 2 % to 60 % filter penetration and compared to the results of a certified penetrometer. Results: The comparison of the two methods with the certified penetrometer showed a good correlation and therefore allow a quick and rather reliable estimation of the penetration. Conclusions: Several examples about the use of faulty masks and the resulting health risks show that simple, fast, cheap and broadly available methods for filter characterization might be useful in these days.

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43

Lifka, Sebastian, Ivan Ponomarev, Agnes Weth, David Baumgartner, Bernd Lamprecht, and Werner Baumgartner. "A simple and cheap aerosol penetrometer for filter testing using an electronic cigarette." Open Research Europe 1 (July 7, 2021): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.13087.2.

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Background: During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic face masks grew in importance as their use by the general population was recommended by health officials in order to minimize the risk of infection and prevent further spread of the virus. To ensure health protection of medical personal and other system relevant staff, it is of considerable interest to quickly test if a certain lot of filtering facepiece masks meets the requirements or if the penetration changes under different conditions. As certified penetrometers are rather expensive and were difficult to obtain during the COVID-19 pandemic, we describe two quite simple and cheap methods to quickly test the filter penetration based on an electronic cigarette. Methods: The first method uses a precision scale, the second method uses a light scattering detector to measure the filter penetration. To make sure these two methods yield reliable results, both were tested with freshly cut filter samples covering the range of approx. 2 % to 60 % filter penetration and compared to the results of a certified penetrometer. Results: The comparison of the two methods with the certified penetrometer showed a good correlation and therefore allow a quick and rather reliable estimation of the penetration. Conclusions: Several examples about the use of faulty masks and the resulting health risks show that simple, fast, cheap and broadly available methods for filter characterization might be useful in these days.

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44

Sculpher, M. R. "Advanced Solder Masks." Circuit World 12, no. 3 (1986): 9–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb043813.

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Ara, Fauzia, Shweta Sulabh, Preethi G, Sripriya P, Gira Sulabh, and Aarti Agarwal. "Assessment of mask associated dry eye among doctors and medical students at a tertiary care centre." Indian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 9, no. 4 (2023): 546–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijceo.2023.103.

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When faced with outbreaks of infectious respiratory diseases in the past, the use of face masks has often been mandated. The world collectively experienced the devastating COVID-19 pandemic, which originated in Wuhan, China, in October 2019 and rapidly spread across the globe. Wearing face masks became the primary defense against infection. However, during this period, many individuals reported experiencing symptoms of dry eye. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between mask usage and dryness among healthcare workers.A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted using an online survey, which included a modified version of the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire. Electronic consent was obtained to gather information about the occurrence of dryness while wearing masks.Among the 284 participants, females exhibited a higher OSDI score (12.5) compared to males. Notably, individuals with pre-existing dry eye conditions had a significantly higher OSDI score (23.96) when wearing face masks. Across different age groups, no significant variations were observed. In terms of the duration of face mask use, those who wore masks for less than 4 hours and more than 6 hours had an OSDI score of 12.5, whereas individuals wearing masks for 4 to 6 hours had a score of 8.3.Wearing face masks may pose a risk for dryness, particularly among females, and can exacerbate dryness symptoms in individuals with pre-existing dry eye conditions.

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Fontana, Gianmauro, Maurizio Calabrese, Leonardo Agnusdei, Gabriele Papadia, and Antonio Del Prete. "SolDef_AI: An Open Source PCB Dataset for Mask R-CNN Defect Detection in Soldering Processes of Electronic Components." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 8, no. 3 (2024): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8030117.

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The soldering process for aerospace applications follows stringent requirements and standards to ensure the reliability and safety of electronic connections in aerospace systems. For this reason, the quality control phase plays an important role to guarantee requirements compliance. This process often requires manual control since technicians’ knowledge is fundamental to obtain effective quality check results. In this context, the authors have developed a new open source dataset (SolDef_AI) to implement an innovative methodology for printed circuit board (PCB) defect detection exploiting the Mask R-CNN algorithm. The presented open source dataset aims to overcome the challenges associated with the availability of datasets for model training in this specific research and electronics industrial field. The dataset is open source and available online.

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Claus, Paul. "The electronic register of international marks at WIPO." World Patent Information 13, no. 1 (1991): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0172-2190(91)90245-z.

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Ismayilova, N. A., and H. S. Orudzhev. "First-Principles Calculation of Electronic Structure and Effective Mass of a TlInS$_{2}$ Crystal." METALLOFIZIKA I NOVEISHIE TEKHNOLOGII 38, no. 8 (2016): 1019–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mfint.38.08.1019.

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Saifullin, M. A., E. A. Kol’tsova, Ya A. Simonova, et al. "Use of Personal Protection Equipment by Moscow Subway Passengers under Conditions of COVID-19 Pandemic." Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections, no. 4 (January 27, 2022): 128–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21055/0370-1069-2021-4-128-136.

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The Subway is the most important means of transport in Moscow. The active flows of passengers in the metro can contribute to the spread of infectious diseases with airborne and contact mechanisms of transmission, including the coronavirus infection COVID-19. The aim of the study was to assess the level of adherence to the use of personal protective equipment (facial masks, gloves) by passengers of the Moscow Subway. Materials and methods. A prospective study based on a visual assessment of passengers in a rolling stock of the Moscow subway, with division into cohorts of those using masks and gloves (K1), using only masks (K2), using masks in violation of the rules of use (K3) and not using personal protection equipment (K4) was conducted. Observations were carried out during the 42nd and 43rd weeks of 2020 in various subway clusters with a division in time into morning, afternoon and evening hours. Additionally, passengers were ranked into groups by occupation during the trip. Statistical processing included the identification of frequencies, their 95 % confidence intervals. To compare the significance of differences in the prevalence of features in paired groups, the methods of 4-field tables (χ2 Pearson) were used. Results and discussion. 18053 observations were validated, covering 61.3 % of stations. Men accounted for 54.7 % (9867). During the observation period, the following shares were established: K1 – 5.2 % (95 % CI 4.9–5.5), K2 – 51.9 % (95 % CI 51.2–52.7), K3 – 26.9 (95 % CI 26.2–27.6), K4 – 16 % (95 % CI 15.4–16.6). The level of adherence to the proper use of PPE is significantly lower among men. Land lines have the lowest proportion of passengers using PPE. Among passengers using electronic devices and paper media, a higher proportion of those wearing masks with violation of the rules of use, compared to passengers without activities, was established. Among passengers using electronic devices, the proportion of those using gloves is the lowest. Within two weeks of follow-up, a significant increase in the frequency of PPE use was revealed.

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Tang, Chen, Tao Gao, Si Yan, Linlin Wang, and Jian Wu. "The oriented spatial filter masks for electronic speckle pattern interferometry phase patterns." Optics Express 18, no. 9 (2010): 8942. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.18.008942.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Masks (electronics)'

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