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1
Tomar, Anshu, Dilip Kumar Paul, and Pankaj Agarwal. "Correlation Between Computed Stress Response and Observed Damage of a Heritage Masonry Building." Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 12, no. 01 (March 2018): 1850002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793431118500021.
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There is a large number of historical brick masonry buildings vulnerable worldwide against seismic forces and required to be safeguarded. Therefore, a need arises for developing a cost-efficient and easily executable retrofitting strategy. To serve this purpose, a massive historical lime mortar brick masonry building: Forest Research Institute Dehradun has been analyzed in an uncracked form. A multifaceted assessment in the form of historical investigation about the building, geometrical reconnaissance survey, foundation soil characterization has been done. Material identification by means of laboratory testing, surveys and the literature indications has been carried out prior to numerical structural assessment. The structural assessment was carried out by using finite element method with masonry non-linearity defined by proper constitutive assumptions. The non-linear static pushover analysis has been carried out and the results were compared with existing in situ cracked conditions prevailing in the building. Comparisons of the expected seismic demand of uncracked structure with in situ existing damages were close which validated the damage to be seismically induced and confirm the vulnerability of such buildings to pervasive damages and a possibility of collapse against seismic loading.
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Nikolić, Željana, Luka Runjić, Nives Ostojić Škomrlj, and Elena Benvenuti. "Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Historical Masonry Buildings in Croatian Coastal Area." Applied Sciences 11, no. 13 (June 28, 2021): 5997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11135997.
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(1) Background: The protection of built heritage in historic cities located in seismically active areas is of great importance for the safety of inhabitants. Systematic care and planning are necessary to detect the seismic vulnerability of buildings, in order to determine priorities in rehabilitation projects and to continuously provide funds for the reconstruction of the buildings. (2) Methods: In this study, the seismic vulnerability of the buildings in the historic center of Kaštel Kambelovac, a Croatian settlement located along the Adriatic coast, has been assessed through an approach based on the calculation of vulnerability indexes. The center consists of stone masonry buildings built between the 15th and 19th centuries. The seismic vulnerability method was derived from the Italian GNDT approach, with some modifications resulting from the specificity of the buildings in the investigated area. A new damage–vulnerability–peak ground acceleration relation was developed using the vulnerability indexes and the yield and collapse accelerations of buildings obtained through non-linear static analysis. (3) Results: A seismic vulnerability map, critical peak ground accelerations for early damage and collapse states, and damage index maps for two return periods have been predicted using the developed damage curves. (4) Conclusions: The combination of the vulnerability index method with non-linear pushover analysis is an effective tool for assessing the damage of a building stock on a territorial scale.
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Cundari, G. A., G. Milani, G. Failla, F. Nucera, and A. Santini. "Two-Step Pushover Analysis of an Ancient Masonry Oil-Mill in the Southern Italy." Advanced Materials Research 133-134 (October 2010): 361–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.133-134.361.
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Historical masonry buildings located in the Southern Italy are usually built with irregular stones joined with mortar with poor mechanical properties. Therefore, piers and spandrels ultimate resistance is not always well predicted by simplified formulas suggested by codes of practice, which typically are tailored to regular patterns. In this framework, we present a two-step numerical model –within the equivalent frame approach assumption– for the pushover analysis of in-plane loaded historical masonry walls constituted by an irregular assemblage of stones. In Step I, ultimate bending moment-shear force strength domains of piers and spandrels are derived by means of a heterogeneous upper bound FE limit analysis and the results are stored in a database. Assessing the capacity of both piers and spandrels is crucial for correctly predicting the ultimate resistance of masonry walls acted upon by in-plane loads. Heterogeneous limit analysis is particularly suitable for computing failure loads, since it permits a distinct modeling of stones and mortar joints. Appropriate static and kinematic boundary conditions are set to account for the complex interaction of internal forces and deformed shapes of single elements. At Step II, a frame model of the masonry wall is assembled, where piers and spandrels are modeled as elastic Timoshenko beams. At each analysis step it is checked that the internal forces in each structural element are smaller than the failure loads stored in the database created at Step I. If the capacity is exceeded, suitable flexural hinges are introduced at the end of the structural elements. The resistance of the element is then set to zero when a limit chord rotation is exceeded. With the numerical tool developed, a real scale old masonry oil-mill located in the Southern Italy is analyzed in the inelastic range under increasing static loads.
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Formisano, Antonio, Nicola Chieffo, and Generoso Vaiano. "Seismic Vulnerability Assessment and Strengthening Interventions of Structural Units of a Typical Clustered Masonry Building in the Campania Region of Italy." GeoHazards 2, no. 2 (June 2, 2021): 101–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geohazards2020006.
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The present paper aims at inspecting the structural behaviour of a typical masonry aggregate located in the historical centre of Cercola, a municipality in the province of Naples. The clustered building under study consists of four structural units mutually connected to each other made of tuff stone and deformable floors. Two distinct structural units, namely in heading and intermediate places, in both isolated and aggregate conditions, are examined to estimate the influence of structural positions on the global seismic response of the examined case study buildings. For this purpose, non-linear static analyses are performed using the 3MURI software. Pushover analyses are conducted to both evaluate the seismic behaviour of examined structural units and improve their earthquake performances while considering proper retrofit interventions on vertical and horizontal structures. The analysis results are plotted in terms of risk factor, stiffness, and ductility. Finally, a set of fragility functions are derived to point out the structural response of the case study buildings before and after retrofit interventions. From the achieved results, it is highlighted that retrofit interventions improve the structural performances of the buildings, especially those of structural units in aggregate conditions.
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Milani, Gabriele. "Editorial - New Trends in the Numerical Analysis of Masonry Structures." Open Civil Engineering Journal 6, no. 1 (November 16, 2012): 119–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874149501206010119.
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The Special Issue of The Open Civil Engineering Journal entitled “New trends in the numerical analysis of masonry structures” provides an insight into the most up-to-date nu-merical techniques used at academic and professional level to perform advanced structuralanalyses on masonry struc-tures. Masonry is a building material that has been used for more than ten thousand years. In many countries, masonry structures still amount to 30–50%of the new housing devel-opments. Also, most structures built before the 19th century and still surviving are built with masonry. Masonry is usu-ally described as a heterogeneous material formed by units and joints, with or without mortar, and different bond ar-rangements. Units are such as bricks, blocks, ashlars, adobes, irregular stones and others. Mortar can be clay, bitumen, chalk, lime/cement based mortar, glue or other. The almost infinite possible combinations generated by the geometry, nature and arrangement of units as well as the characteristics of mortars raise doubts about the accuracy of the term “ma-sonry”. Still, much information can be gained from the study of regular masonry structures, in which a periodic repetition of the microstructure occurs due to a constant arrangement of the units (or constant bond). The difficulties in performing advanced testing and pro-viding sufficiently general numerical models for this kind of structures are basically due to the innumerable variations of masonry typologies, the large scatter of in situ material prop-erties and the impossibility of reproducing all in a specimen. Therefore, most of the advanced numerical research carried out in the last decades concentrated in brick / block masonry and its relevance for design. Accurate modelling requires a comprehensive experimental description of the material, which seems mostly available at the present state of knowl-edge. From a numerical point of view, masonry behaviour is quite complex to model, exhibiting non-linearity very early during the loading process, with softening in both tension and compression, low ductility and differed deformations under sustained loads. In addition, masonry is the result of the assemblage of bricks or stones, where mortar is laid, with common geometric irregularities adding further complexity to the problem. The special issue collects ninepapers from experts in the field, including contributions of researchers from six differ-ent countries (Czech Republic, Iran, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland), either devoted to the utilization of non-standard numerical models for case-studies or presenting new approaches for the interpretation of masonry behaviour in presence of different kinds ofnon-linearity. The effort is always to put the knowledge beyond the existing state-of-the art. Karbassi and Lestuzzi [1]present a fragility analysis per-formed on unreinforced masonry buildings, conducted by means of the so called Applied Element Method (AEM), to define fragility curves of typical masonry buildings which may be regarded as representative of building classes. A se-ries of nonlinear dynamic analyses using AEM are per-formed for a 6-storey stone masonry and a 4-storey brick masonry building using more than 50 ground motion re-cords. The distribution of the structural responses and inter-storey drifts are finally used to develop spectral-based fragil-ity curves for the five European Macro-seismic Scale dam-age grades. In the second paper, Milani et al. [2]perform a detailed non-linear analysis (both pushover and limit analysis) on the San Pietro di Coppito bell tower in L’Aquila, Italy, trying to have an insight into the causes of the collapse occurred dur-ing the devastating 2009 earthquake. Sykora et al. [2]review several topics related to the ho-mogenization of transport processes occurring in historical masonry structures. Particular attention is paid to variations of temperature and moisture fields, whose contribution to structural damage usually far exceeds the effects of me-chanical loadings. The concept of Statistically Equivalent Periodic Unit Cell (SEPUC) is reviewed and utilized to deal with historic masonry and random patterns. Accepting SEPUC as a reliable representative volume element, a Fast Fourier Transform to both the SEPUC and large binary sam-ples of real masonry is used to tackle effective thermal con-ductivities problems. Fully coupled non-stationary heat and moisture transport problems are addressed next in the framework of a two-scale first-order homogenization, with emphases on the application of boundary and initial condi-tions at the meso-scale.
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Amari, Karima, Amina Abdessemed Foufa, Mustapha Cheikh Zouaoui, and Giuseppina Uva. "Seismic Vulnerability of Masonry Lighthouses: A Study of the Bengut Lighthouse, Dellys, Boumerdès, Algeria." Buildings 10, no. 12 (December 18, 2020): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings10120247.
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In Algeria, lighthouses are an essential element of the maritime landscape and constitute a substantial part of the local historical and cultural heritage, marked by a great variety of styles, architecture, geometrical forms, and materials. The study presented falls into the general context of pre- and post-seismic conservation of Algerian lighthouses, since all these stone masonry buildings are situated in areas characterized by a medium–high seismic hazard. In the paper, a relevant example has been analyzed: the Bengut Lighthouse, which has been classified as “National Heritage” by the Algerian Ministry of Culture and has been severely damaged by the Boumerdès that occurred on 21 May 2003. After an overview of historical lighthouses in Algeria and their morpho-typological classification, the case study of the lighthouse at Cap Bengut is presented, showing the results of a detailed survey of the geometric and constructive features and of the actual cracking and damage pattern. First, based on the critical analysis of this knowledge framework, a preliminary qualitative evaluation of the seismic vulnerability has been made, analyzing and classifying the set of local and global failure modes coherently with the observed structural pathologies and damages. Then, numerical modeling has been implemented in TreMuri computer code, performing a set of pushover analyses. This allowed the investigation of the criticalities in the response of the building to seismic actions, characterization of the dynamic behavior, and comparison with the actual observed damages, which are discussed, providing an interpretation of the global and local failure modes. Based on the results of the visual assessment and numerical analysis, guidelines for the retrofitting intervention have been proposed, by considering, on the one hand, the objective of effectively mitigating the elements of vulnerability pointed out by the results and, on the other, the main principles of conservation and restoration. The presented study and its results, in perspective, are intended to provide a basis for developing risk and vulnerability analysis of typological classes of historical lighthouses at a large scale.
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Su, Qi Wang, Yang Xia, and Shi Chun Zhao. "An Equivalent Frame Model for Seismic Analysis of Existing Masonry Building." Advanced Materials Research 255-260 (May 2011): 2478–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.255-260.2478.
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Collapse safety is the most important objective of performance-based seismic design. Buildings should have enough safety margin to avoid collapse during severe or mega earthquake. However, current Chinese seismic design code does not have explicit design specification or quantitative evaluation for collapse-resistant capacity. Take a two-story masonry building as an example, an equivalent frame model for pushover and incremental dynamic analysis are established, and the comparison are also studied. In addition, the fragility curves can also be obtained. The analysis results show that the results of plastic hinge mainly appear in ground floor wall between windows and doors. Moreover, the analysis result has good uniformity with seismic damage. Judging from the failure mechanism, pushover and incremental dynamic analysis have very good similarity. In addition , they show elastic deformation is very small and brittleness is very apparent of the masonry building.Seismic vulnerability analysis shows that the significant damage and the near collapse curves are very close to each other .This mean that , once the significant damage limit state is reached ,only small PGA increments are need for reaching the near collapse limit state.
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Shehu, Rafael. "Implementation of Pushover Analysis for Seismic Assessment of Masonry Towers: Issues and Practical Recommendations." Buildings 11, no. 2 (February 16, 2021): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11020071.
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Seismic assessment is a paramount issue and a valuable instrument towards the conservation of vulnerable structures in seismic prone regions. The past seismic events have highlighted the vulnerability of masonry towers that is exhibited by severe structural and nonstructural damages or even collapses. The preservation of existing structures, mainly focused on the built heritage, is emerging and imposing substantial enhancements of numerical methods, including pushover analysis approaches. The accuracy of the estimated seismic capacity for these structures is correlated with the assumed strategies and approximations made during the numerical modeling. The present paper concerns those aspects by exploring the limitations and possibilities of conceiving pushover analysis in the finite element method environment. The most crucial target is tracing in a pushover capacity curve the corresponding initiation of structural damages, maximum load-bearing capacity, and the ultimate displacement capacity. Different recommendations for achieving this target have been proposed and illustrated for practical utilization. Three representative geometrical towers, adopting three different materials and five different load patterns, are investigated in this study. The load pattern’s role and necessity of the displacement-like control approach for the pushover analysis are exploited. This paper highlights the load-bearing capacity overestimation when the force-controlled are implemented. The material model influences the achievement of softening branch with a distinguishable displacement capacity.
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Shrestha, Jagat Kumar. "Response Reduction Factor for Mansory Buildings." Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 19, no. 1 (July 1, 2020): 196–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v19i1.29802.
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Most of the seismic codes used today incorporate the nonlinear response of a structure by providing an appropriate response reduction factor so that a linear elastic force-based approach can be used in designs. This study focuses on evaluating the response reduction factor for masonry buildings with different mechanical properties, which are used in modern codes to scale down the elastic response of the structure. Using a similar frame-approach, a nonlinear static pushover analysis is carried out on the analytical models of masonry building in finite element analysis software SAP2000v20.0.0. The response reduction factor components, flexibility, and over strength were computed from the results obtained from the nonlinear static pushover analysis. Finally, the response reduction factor is evaluated for different masonry buildings. It is concluded that the R-value given in IS: 1893-2016 for unreinforced masonry is not recommended for random rubble stonemasonry buildings in mud mortar.
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Doiphode, Dr G. S., and Vaibhav Dhndhukiya. "Performance Based Seismic Assessment of Masonry Infilled RCC Building with Diaphragm Discontinuity." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology 10, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 214–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.b2090.1210220.
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In multistoreyed RCC framed buildings, critical damages are due to seismic ground excitations, which cause catastrophic failuresat the weaker locations. Buildings with two types of structural irregularities namely diaphragm discontinuity and open ground story are considered. Assessment of seismic vulnerability of these buildings is done by using Nonlinear Static Pushover Analysis (NSPA). Performance Based Seismic Design of masonry infilled RCC buildings with two different shape of openings in the diaphragm is considered here with Design Basis Earthquake(DBE) and Maximum Considered Earthquake(MCE) where by selecting appropriate performance criteria in terms of Inter-story drift ratio(IDR) and Inelastic displacement demand ratio(IDDR) are critically observed. The Equivalent Linearization Procedure of Pushover analysis presented in FEMA 440, which is a modification of Capacity Spectrum Method based on ATC-40 guidelines, is performed in ETABS-2016 to study the performance of R.C.C. buildings with diaphragm discontinuity, designed as per IS-1893-2016.
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Avila-Haro, Jorge Arturo, Ahmed Saad Elshoura, and Jiří Maca. "Seismic Assessment of Unreinforced Masonry Buildings." Applied Mechanics and Materials 837 (June 2016): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.837.16.
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The first case study used in this work is an existing seven-storey unreinforced masonry building (representing a typical residential building located in the district of L ́Example in Barcelona). The accuracy of the non-linear static procedures was evaluated by comparison with non-linear dynamic analyses for seven ground motion records and different levels of seismic intensity. The results obtained from the analyses showed good performance of the static pushover methods on the analysed building. The second case study used in this work is a two-storey unreinforced masonry building which was tested at ELSA in Ispra, Italy. First a modal response spectrum analysis was carried out. Subsequently, non-linear static analysis was performed using two different computer programmes. The results of the present work were compared with experimental results.
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Micelli, Francesco, Alessio Cascardi, and Maria Antonietta Aiello. "Seismic Capacity Estimation of a Masonry Bell-Tower with Verticality Imperfection Detected by a Drone-Assisted Survey." Infrastructures 5, no. 9 (September 8, 2020): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures5090072.
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Masonry towers are considered an important part of cultural heritage due to their architectural and historical value. From a structural perspective these kind of buildings are considered slender elements, the same as a cantilever beam. In real cases it is not easy to model with high accuracy these heritage constructions, since the geometry and mechanical properties of the constituent materials are not adequately known. On the other hand, a deep knowledge of the structural and seismic vulnerability of the masonry towers is needed in order to preserve and retrofit, when necessary, their architectural and cultural value. In the present research an exhaustive study is presented, as it regards the assessment of the seismic vulnerability of a heritage masonry bell-tower, built in the 14th century. An innovative protocol of structural survey followed, and it is proposed herein. The geometry of the tower was easily obtained by digital photogrammetry assisted by a drone. The geometrical model was easily converted into a digitalized input, that was introduced into a finite element method (FEM)-based code. The 3D model was used for linear static, linear dynamic and nonlinear static (pushover) structural analyses. The vulnerability of the masonry tower was assessed and at least one kinematic was found to be not verified.
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Sun, Xu Jie, Hou Zhang, Da Gang Lu, and Feng Lai Wang. "Study on Seismic Performance of Reinforced Concrete Masonry High-Rise Building." Applied Mechanics and Materials 166-169 (May 2012): 2164–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.166-169.2164.
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The design process of the 100 m high reinforced concrete masonry building in China was firstly presented, deformation check calculation under earthquake action by mode-superposition response spectrum method and time-history analysis method were detailed and deformation under wind load was also checked. Then elastic-plastic deformation under earthquake action was checked by time-history analysis method and pushover analysis method with both under uniform load and reverse triangle load. The conclusion is construct 100 m high office building built in Fortification intensity 6 by reinforced concrete masonry is feasible. Then the building was redesigned as built in fortification 7, the same check was performed as that have been done in fortification 6, it is feasible too.
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Huang, Chao Hsun, Shih Hsun Yin, and Shun Chou. "Seismic Assessment of a Historical Masonry Building." Advanced Materials Research 168-170 (December 2010): 814–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.168-170.814.
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To revitalize a historical building, the Taipei Camphor Factory, a major renovation is being coordinated by National Taiwan Museum. As part of the project, a seismic assessment was conducted to ensure the structural safety of the building. A three-dimensional finite-element analysis was carried out based on material data collected from the field, and it was found out that both the as-is building and the current retrofit plan would not provide adequate seismic capacity. To resolve this problem, an shear walls scheme was configured and seemed to yield a much better performance.
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K. Jarallah, Husain, D. K. Paul, and Yogendra Singh. "SEISMIC EVALUATION AND RETROFIT ON AN EXISTING HOSPITAL BUILDING." Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development 24, no. 06 (November 1, 2020): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31272/jeasd.24.6.1.
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The nonlinear pushover analysis was used to evaluate an existing 8-storey reinforced concrete framed hospital building under seismic force and presented in this manuscript. The ‘Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital' is one of the important hospitals at Delhi-India, it was selected for this research. The three-dimensional frame model was used to model the building with a fixed base. The beams and columns were modeled by using three-dimension line frame elements with the centre lines joined at nodes. Diagonal strut elements were used to model the brick masonry infills. The slabs were considered as rigid diaphragms. The plastic hinge rotation capacities as per Federal Emergency Management Agency 356 (FEMA 356) with Performance Levels were adopted in this study, considering the axial force-moment and shear force-moment interactions. The nonlinear pushover analysis of the selected building was done with infills and it was observed that the infills (due to their small number in the considered building) do not make any appreciable effect on the performance level, except their failure at an early stage. The Capacity Spectrum Method (CSM) and Displacement Coefficient Method (DCM) were used to estimate the performance point of the building. The values of various coefficients as per Federal Emergency Management Agency 440 (FEMA 440) were adopted. The DCM was observed to give slightly higher target displacements, as compared to CSM. It was observed in the nonlinear pushover analysis that the unreinforced masonry (URM) infills collapse before the performance point of the building for the Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE). As the intervention inside the functioning hospital is extremely difficult, it was explored whether it is possible to safeguard the infills by stiffening the building by providing external buttresses. Two cases of retrofitting schemes with 1.2m wide and 3m wide buttresses in transverse direction were used and analysed. It was found that this is not a practicable approach, as the infills collapse even with 3m wide buttresses.
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Ademovic, Naida, Mustafa Hrasnica, and Daniel V. Oliveira. "Pushover analysis and failure pattern of a typical masonry residential building in Bosnia and Herzegovina." Engineering Structures 50 (May 2013): 13–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.11.031.
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Marques, Rui, and Paulo B. Lourenço. "A model for pushover analysis of confined masonry structures: implementation and validation." Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 11, no. 6 (August 13, 2013): 2133–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-013-9497-5.
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Clementi, Francesco. "Failure Analysis of Apennine Masonry Churches Severely Damaged during the 2016 Central Italy Seismic Sequence." Buildings 11, no. 2 (February 8, 2021): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11020058.
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This paper presents a detailed study of the damages and collapses suffered by various masonry churches in the aftermath of the seismic sequence of Central Italy in 2016. The damages will first be analyzed and then compared with the numerical data obtained through 3D simulations with eigenfrequency and then nonlinear static analyses (i.e., pushover). The main purposes of this study are: (i) to create an adequately consistent sensitivity study on several definite case studies to obtain an insight into the role played by geometry—which is always unique when referred to churches—and by irregularities; (ii) validate or address the applicability limits of the more widespread nonlinear approach, widely recommended by the Italian Technical Regulations. Pushover analyses are conducted assuming that the masonry behaves as a nonlinear material with different tensile and compressive strengths. The consistent number of case studies investigated will show how conventional static approaches can identify, albeit in a qualitative way, the most critical macro-elements that usually trigger both global and local collapses, underlining once again how the phenomena are affected by the geometry of stones and bricks, the texture of the wall face, and irregularities in the plan and elevation and in addition to hypotheses made on the continuity between orthogonal walls.
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Zucca, Marco, Nicola Longarini, Marco Simoncelli, and Aly Mousaad Aly. "Tuned Mass Damper Design for Slender Masonry Structures: A Framework for Linear and Nonlinear Analysis." Applied Sciences 11, no. 8 (April 11, 2021): 3425. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11083425.
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The paper presents a proposed framework to optimize the tuned mass damper (TMD) design, useful for seismic improvement of slender masonry structures. A historical masonry chimney located in northern Italy was considered to illustrate the proposed TMD design procedure and to evaluate the seismic performance of the system. The optimization process was subdivided into two fundamental phases. In the first phase, the main TMD parameters were defined starting from the dynamic behavior of the chimney by finite element modeling (FEM). A series of linear time-history analyses were carried out to point out the structural improvements in terms of top displacement, base shear, and bending moment. In the second phase, masonry’s nonlinear behavior was considered, and a fiber model of the chimney was implemented. Pushover analyses were performed to obtain the capacity curve of the structure and to evaluate the performance of the TMD. The results of the linear and nonlinear analysis reveal the effectiveness of the proposed TMD design procedure for slender masonry structures.
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Kappos, A. J., and V. K. Papanikolaou. "Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis of Masonry Buildings and Definition of Seismic Damage States." Open Construction and Building Technology Journal 10, no. 1 (May 31, 2016): 192–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874836801610010192.
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A large part of the building stock in seismic-prone areas worldwide are masonry structures that have been designed without seismic design considerations. Proper seismic assessment of such structures is quite a challenge, particularly so if their response well into the inelastic range, up to local or global failure, has to be predicted, as typically required in fragility analysis. A critical issue in this respect is the absence of rigid diaphragm action (due to the presence of relatively flexible floors), which renders particularly cumbersome the application of popular and convenient nonlinear analysis methods like the static pushover analysis. These issues are addressed in this paper that focusses on a masonry building representative of Southern European practice, which is analysed in both its pristine condition and after applying retrofitting schemes typical of those implemented in pre-earthquake strengthening programmes. Nonlinear behaviour is evaluated using dynamic response-history analysis, which is found to be more effective and even easier to apply in this type of building wherein critical modes are of a local nature, due to the absence of diaphragm action. Fragility curves are then derived for both the initial and the strengthened building, exploring alternative definitions of seismic damage states, including some proposals originating from recent international research programmes.
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Lulić, Luka, Karlo Ožić, Tomislav Kišiček, Ivan Hafner, and Mislav Stepinac. "Post-Earthquake Damage Assessment—Case Study of the Educational Building after the Zagreb Earthquake." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (June 3, 2021): 6353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116353.
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In the wake of recent strong earthquakes in Croatia, there is a need for a detailed and more comprehensive post-earthquake damage assessment. Given that masonry structures are highly vulnerable to horizontal actions caused by earthquakes and a majority of the Croatian building stock is made of masonry, this field is particularly important for Croatia. In this paper, a complete assessment of an educational building in Zagreb Lower Town is reported. An extensive program of visual inspection and geometrical surveys has been planned and performed. Additionally, an in situ shear strength test is presented. After extensive fieldwork, collected data and results were input in 3Muri software for structural modeling. Moreover, a non-linear static (pushover) analysis was performed to individuate the possible failure mechanisms and to compare real-life damage to software results.
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Terán-Gilmore, Amador, Oscar Zuñiga-Cuevas, and Jorge Ruiz-García. "Displacement-Based Seismic Assessment of Low-Height Confined Masonry Buildings." Earthquake Spectra 25, no. 2 (May 2009): 439–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.3111149.
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This paper presents a practical displacement-based evaluation procedure for the seismic assessment of low-height regular confined masonry buildings. First, the so-called Coefficient Method established in several FEMA documents is adapted to obtain rapid estimates of inelastic roof displacement demands for regular confined masonry buildings. For that purpose, a statistical study of constant relative strength inelastic displacement ratios of single-degree-of-freedom systems representing confined masonry buildings is carried out. Second, a nonlinear simplified model is introduced to perform pushover analysis of regular confined masonry buildings whose global and local behavior is dominated by shear deformations in the masonry walls. The model, which can be applied through the use of commercial software, can be used to establish the capacity curve of such buildings. Finally, the evaluation procedure is applied to a three-story building tested at a shaking table testing facility.
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de Angelis, Fabio, and Donato Cancellara. "Seismic Vulnerability of Existing RC Buildings and Influence of the Decoupling of the Effective Masonry Panels from the Structural Frames." Applied Mechanics and Materials 256-259 (December 2012): 2244–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.256-259.2244.
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In the present work we discuss on the seismic vulnerability of reinforced concrete existing buildings. In particular we consider a reinforced concrete building originally designed for only gravitational loads and located in a zone recently defined at seismic risk. According to the Italian seismic code NTC 2008 a displacement based approach is adopted and the N2-method is considered for the nonlinear seismic analysis. In the analysis all the masonry infill panels in effective interaction with the structural frame are considered for the nonlinear modeling of the structure. The influence of the effective masonry infills on the seismic response of the structure is analyzed and it is discussed how the effect of the masonry infills irregularly located within the building can give rise to a worsening of the seismic performance of the structure. It is shown that in the present case a not uniform positioning of the masonry infills within the building can give rise to a fragile structural behavior in the collapse mechanism. Furthermore a comparative analysis is performed by considering both the structure with the effective masonry infills and the bare structural frame. For these two structures a pushover analysis is performed, the relative capacity curves are derived and it is shown that fragile collapse mechanisms can occur depending on the irregular positioning of the effective masonry infills. Accordingly it is discussed how in the present case a decoupling of the effective masonry infills from the structural frame can give rise to a smoother response of the capacity curves. For the examined case of an obsolete building with irregular positioning of the masonry panels, the choice of decoupling the effective masonry panels from the structural frame may facilitate the retrofitting strategies for the achievement of the proper safety factors at the examined limit states.
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de Angelis, Fabio, and Donato Cancellara. "Seismic Vulnerability of Existing RC Buildings and Influence of the Decoupling of the Effective Masonry Panels from the Structural Frames." Applied Mechanics and Materials 268-270 (December 2012): 646–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.268-270.646.
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In the present work we discuss on the seismic vulnerability of reinforced concrete existing buildings. In particular we consider a reinforced concrete building originally designed for only gravitational loads and located in a zone recently defined at seismic risk. According to the Italian seismic code NTC 2008 a displacement based approach is adopted and the N2-method is considered for the nonlinear seismic analysis. In the analysis all the masonry infill panels in effective interaction with the structural frame are considered for the nonlinear modeling of the structure. The influence of the effective masonry infills on the seismic response of the structure is analyzed and it is discussed how the effect of the masonry infills irregularly located within the building can give rise to a worsening of the seismic performance of the structure. It is shown that in the present case a not uniform positioning of the masonry infills within the building can give rise to a fragile structural behavior in the collapse mechanism. Furthermore a comparative analysis is performed by considering both the structure with the effective masonry infills and the bare structural frame. For these two structures a pushover analysis is performed, the relative capacity curves are derived and it is shown that fragile collapse mechanisms can occur depending on the irregular positioning of the effective masonry infills. Accordingly it is discussed how in the present case a decoupling of the effective masonry infills from the structural frame can give rise to a smoother response of the capacity curves. For the examined case of an obsolete building with irregular positioning of the masonry panels, the choice of decoupling the effective masonry panels from the structural frame may facilitate the retrofitting strategies for the achievement of the proper safety factors at the examined limit states.
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Repapis, Constantinos C. "Seismic Performance Evaluation of Existing RC Buildings Without Seismic Details. Comparison of Nonlinear Static Methods and IDA." Open Construction and Building Technology Journal 10, no. 1 (April 29, 2016): 158–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874836801610010158.
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The inelastic response of existing reinforced concrete (RC) buildings without seismic details is investigated, presenting the results from more than 1000 nonlinear analyses. The seismic performance is investigated for two buildings, a typical building form of the 60s and a typical form of the 80s. Both structures are designed according to the old Greek codes. These building forms are typical for that period for many Southern European countries. Buildings of the 60s do not have seismic details, while buildings of the 80s have elementary seismic details. The influence of masonry infill walls is also investigated for the building of the 60s. Static pushover and incremental dynamic analyses (IDA) for a set of 15 strong motion records are carried out for the three buildings, two bare and one infilled. The IDA predictions are compared with the results of pushover analysis and the seismic demand according to Capacity Spectrum Method (CSM) and N2 Method. The results from IDA show large dispersion on the response, available ductility capacity, behaviour factor and failure displacement, depending on the strong motion record. CSM and N2 predictions are enveloped by the nonlinear dynamic predictions, but have significant differences from the mean values. The better behaviour of the building of the 80s compared to buildings of the 60s is validated with both pushover and nonlinear dynamic analyses. Finally, both types of analysis show that fully infilled frames exhibit an improved behaviour compared to bare frames.
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Tilki, Embiya, Arif Velioğlu, and Barış Sayın. "A case study on numerical simulation of a historical masonry building." Journal of Structural Engineering & Applied Mechanics 3, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 289–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.31462/jseam.2020.04289294.
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Masonry buildings are ordinarily complex construction systems and there is a lack of knowledge and information concerning the behavior of their seismic response. Due to the life safety of masonry buildings under seismic effects are very essential, numerical modeling and analysis of the buildings are an important issue. Because of the insufficient seismic resistance on structural members such as jack arch slabs and masonry walls, numerical studies have become necessary to determine the level of the structural strength of the structures. The tensile strength of load-bearing walls in the buildings is lower whereas, the compressive strength is higher. In this way, tensile cracks occur at structural members due to insufficient tensile resistance. Therefore, the tensile stress locations in the structure are critical. The study focuses on the assessment of historical masonry buildings from the point of seismic resistance. The entire process is performed using a case study from a historical masonry building. In this study conducted in this respect, the existing situation of a historical building using numerical analyses were presented with the cross-disciplinary study of civil engineering and architecture. The linear elastic analysis is selected as an analysis method. The seismic parameters are determined based on the Turkish Earthquake Code (TBEC 2018). Consequently, the study is performed to determine the seismic-resistant of historical buildings within the scope of numerical analyses.
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Asteris, Panagiotis G. "On the Structural Analysis and Seismic Protection of Historical Masonry Structures." Open Construction and Building Technology Journal 2, no. 1 (September 25, 2008): 124–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874836800802010124.
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Hejazi, Mehrdad, Seyed Mohammad Moayedian, and Maryam Daei. "Structural Analysis of Persian Historical Brick Masonry Minarets." Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities 30, no. 2 (April 2016): 04015009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)cf.1943-5509.0000746.
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Liu, Chun Yuan, Xiao Han, and Yu Liu. "Finite Element Analysis of Historical Construction with Differential Settlement." Advanced Materials Research 671-674 (March 2013): 684–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.671-674.684.
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Accompanied by masonry uniformly qualitative theory, the analysis was made for the influence on existing brick building with numerical simulation method. The stress and its distribution in the structure with differential settlement were calculated. Pointing out the parts with high stress, the work provides analytical reference to state assessment of existing buildings.
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De Angelis, Alessandra, Giuseppe Maddaloni, and Maria Rosaria Pecce. "Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of a Monumental Masonry Building." Infrastructures 5, no. 11 (November 1, 2020): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures5110093.
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Recent seismic events that hit the central part of Italy have highlighted again the high vulnerability of the historical and architectonical heritage of Italy and the importance of preserving it. However, the seismic assessment of monumental buildings is particularly complex because each historical construction is a singular case realized by specific techniques. Therefore, the first step should be the knowledge of the building even if it is a difficult task. In the present paper, the seismic behavior of an important nineteenth century astronomical observatory, constructed between 1816 and 1819, was investigated. The building, located in Naples, in the southern part of Italy, and classified by the Italian code as an area of medium seismic hazard, was analyzed in the elastic and inelastic range under seismic actions. In this study, the results of two different models were proposed and critically compared. The first one was implemented by shell elements for walls and vaults developing a linear dynamic analysis, while the second one simulates the building through “equivalent frames” applying a nonlinear static analysis.
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Záleská, Martina, Milena Pavlíková, Adam Pivák, Anna-Marie Lauermannová, Ondřej Jankovský, and Zbyšek Pavlík. "Lightweight Vapor-Permeable Plasters for Building Repair Detailed Experimental Analysis of the Functional Properties." Materials 14, no. 10 (May 17, 2021): 2613. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14102613.
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Three types of lightweight plasters for building repair were prepared and tested. The composition of plasters was designed in respect to their compatibility with materials used in the past in historical masonry. For the hardened plasters, detailed testing of microstructural and macrostructural parameters was realized together with the broad experimental campaign focused on the assessment of mechanical, hygric, and thermal properties. As the researched plasters should find use in salt-laden masonry, specific attention was paid to the testing of their durability against salt crystallization. The mechanical resistance, porosity, water vapor transmission properties, and water transport parameters of all the researched plasters safely met criteria of WTA directive 2-9-04/D and standard EN 998-1 imposed on repair mortars. Moreover, the tested materials were ranked as lightweight plasters and due to their low thermal conductivity they can be used for the improvement of thermal performance of repaired masonry. The salt crystallization test caused little or no damage of the plasters, which was due to their high porosity that provided free space for salt crystallization. The developed plasters can be recommended for application in repair of damp and salt masonry and due to their compatible composition also in historical, culture heritage buildings. The added value of plasters is also their good thermal insulation performance.
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Lakusic, Stjepan. "Structural renovation of residential building in Zagreb after the 22 March 2020 earthquake." Journal of the Croatian Association of Civil Engineers 73, no. 06 (July 2021): 633–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.14256/jce.3195.2021.
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The phases that must be completed so that a building damaged in earthquake that struck Zagreb on 22 March 2020 can be renovated and strengthened to the required level of seismic resistance are presented in the paper. All phases are therefore presented, starting from the rapid and then detailed inspection, and continuing with preparation of the structural condition assessment report, preparation of renovation design and, finally, ending with realisation of work with expert supervision. A special attention is paid to structural analysis that is conducted using a nonlinear static method based on displacements, the so called pushover analysis, which is considered to be one of the most appropriate methods for seismic analysis of existing masonry structures. All procedures conducted in the scope of this renovation were realised in accordance with legislation that entered into force after the earthquake.
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Drygala, Izabela J., Joanna M. Dulinska, Łukasz Bednarz, and Jerzy Jasienko. "Seismic Performance of a Historical Apartment Building Using a Barcelona Model (BM) Adapted for Masonry Walls." Key Engineering Materials 747 (July 2017): 646–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.747.646.
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The main objective of this study was to examine the dynamic response of a masonry monumental apartment building subjected to a strong seismic event. A three-dimensional FE model of the building was prepared with the ABAQUS Standard software program. Three components of the registered seismic event were applied as seismic excitation acting in three directions. To represent the inelastic behavior of the masonry elements of the structure under the earthquake, a Barcelona Model (BM) was assumed as a constitutive model for the masonry elements. The analysis proved that strongly nonlinear behavior of the masonry monumental apartment building was observed under the strong seismic shock. The plastic strains as well as the tensile damage (cracking) were obtained in some zones of the walls of the structure after seismic shock. In the paper authors also discussed the methodology for strengthening and structural health monitoring dedicated for historical masonry structures.
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Záleský, Jan, and Kateřina Kovářová. "Failures on Historical Buildings as a Result of Deterioration of the Foundations and the Subsoil." Key Engineering Materials 776 (August 2018): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.776.185.
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Abstract: The paper is focused on a system of investigation of hidden parts of historical buildings as footing masonry and subsoil affecting significantly their technical conditions and stability. These impacts are mostly difficult to identify in time and there are often indirect producing differential settlement resulting in development of systems of cracks in the building masonry. Reliable analysis of the building supporting system shall precede any remedial actions or reconstructions. If the demonstration of the above negative impacts on the building becomes visible, it can indicate our late entry in to solving the problems with deterioration of the foundation system. Investigation boring and instrumentation of boreholes for high accuracy 3D displacement monitoring with local levelling system is presented in the paper illustrated by an example of one baroque church of the Broumov group of churches. This activity was followed by analyses of building stones and determination of degree of the footing masonry and subsoil deterioration together with careful input data for numeric modelling estimation.
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Zanazzi, E., E. Coïsson, and D. Ferretti. "GIS ANALYSIS OF THE SEISMIC DAMAGE ON HISTORICAL MASONRY SPIRES." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W11 (May 5, 2019): 1173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w11-1173-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The Emilia 2012 earthquake highlighted the high vulnerability of historical masonry spires, at the top of bell towers. Indeed almost half of the spires, in the area hit by the seismic event, show the loss of the top. The observed collapse mechanism consists in sliding of the spire top and in the resulting overturning. Once the emergency phase has passed, it is now a duty to learn from this traumatic experience and to provide new tools for the prevention of the destructive effects of future earthquakes. In this perspective, a geodatabase was designed, using the ArcGIS Pro software, for monitoring the vulnerabilities of the surveyed spires. Indeed, as we learn from the study of the effects of past earthquakes, seismic damages are recurrent for each building typology and therefore they can be predictable and avoidable. For example, by statistically elaborating the data of the designed database, a correlation arose between the levels of damage of the spires and their type of masonry arrangement. Indeed four different masonry typologies have been distinguished. The work then focuses on three damaged spires of churches belfries, proposing three consolidation hypotheses to prevent the future loss of the rebuilt top part of the spire. The structural analyses, performed with Abaqus CAE and detailed in a different work, showed that the same intervention produces different results on the different case studies: a demonstration that there is not an “absolute” best solution, but an intervention suitable for each case.</p>
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Valluzzi, Maria Rosa. "On the vulnerability of historical masonry structures: analysis and mitigation." Materials and Structures 40, no. 7 (October 17, 2006): 723–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1617/s11527-006-9188-7.
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Pavlík, Zbyšek, Jan Fořt, Milena Pavlíková, and Robert Černý. "Experimental Analysis of Different Kinds of Sandstone for Reconstruction of Historical Masonry." Applied Mechanics and Materials 719-720 (January 2015): 210–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.719-720.210.
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In reconstruction works on historical buildings, considerable expenses are spent. Therefore, it is desirable to assess durability of applied materials in the particular conditions of a specific building. This cannot be done effectively without the knowledge of their basic physical and hygric properties, which give information on materials performance within their exposure to harmful climatic conditions. In this paper, experimental analysis of five types of sandstone originally used over the Czech territory for historical buildings, monuments and ornamental parts of architecture, is presented. On the basis of obtained results, the materials behavior at real service conditions can be assessed, which is necessary information for their practical usage.
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Pellegrini, Daniele, Maria Girardi, Paulo B. Lourenço, Maria Giovanna Masciotta, Nuno Mendes, Cristina Padovani, and Luis F. Ramos. "Modal analysis of historical masonry structures: Linear perturbation and software benchmarking." Construction and Building Materials 189 (November 2018): 1232–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.09.034.
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Casapulla, Claudia, Luca Umberto Argiento, and Alessandra Maione. "Seismic safety assessment of a masonry building according to Italian Guidelines on Cultural Heritage: simplified mechanical-based approach and pushover analysis." Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 16, no. 7 (December 1, 2017): 2809–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-017-0281-9.
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Parammal Vatteri, Ahsana, and Dina D’Ayala. "Classification and seismic fragility assessment of confined masonry school buildings." Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 19, no. 5 (March 2021): 2213–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-021-01061-9.
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AbstractSchool buildings being a critical social infrastructure, assessment of their seismic behaviour is of utmost importance in ensuring safe schooling facilities in locations of high seismicity. This study presents two important aspects in analysing any existing building stock for seismic behaviour: the development of an appropriate taxonomy system and an appropriate analytical method to conduct fragility assessment. A detailed desk study of existing schools’ databases and tailored field investigation in Guwahati, Assam, situated in India’s highest seismic zone, reveal that the majority of school buildings can be categorised within the confined masonry (CM) typology. This study discusses first, the addition to the World Bank promoted Global Library of School Infrastructure taxonomy of the specific category relating to CM as to include the buildings under study, which are non-engineered CM buildings with flexible roofs. Identifying the density of confinement and quality of connections as critical parameters for the seismic response of these buildings, varying seismic design levels are defined in relation to these indicators. Secondly, the paper presents an approach for carrying out nonlinear static pushover analysis of these buildings with flexible diaphragms and elaborates on the criteria adopted for determining the performance drift limits in buildings with varying levels of seismic design. Numerical analysis for the capacity assessment of selected index buildings is carried out using a commercial software that enables nonlinear extreme loading analysis. Different failure mechanisms as a function of the level of confinement are identified and the performance range for three damage states for three index buildings is obtained by using the N2 method. The study shows the influence of both choices of performance indicators and intensity measure on the resulting fragility functions. Given the consistency of the educational building stock in Guwahati, the results can be used for investment on retrofit decision making at regional level.
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Ucer, Deniz, Aleksey Ulybin, Sergey Zubkov, and Soofia Tahira Elias-Ozkan. "Analysis on the mechanical properties of historical brick masonry after machinery demolition." Construction and Building Materials 161 (February 2018): 186–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.11.090.
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Usta, Pınar. "Investigation of a Base-Isolator System’s Effects on the Seismic Behavior of a Historical Structure." Buildings 11, no. 5 (May 20, 2021): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11050217.
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The earthquake performance of structures with seismic isolation is much better than that of fixed-base structures, and the application of seismic insulation ensures both structural integrity and the protection of the items present in the structures. The base-isolation system is used to extend the fundamental period of vibration of the structure and to obtain higher value from base-isolated structures relative to the fixed-base structure. Historical masonry mosques could be strengthened using a base-isolation technique. In this study, a historical masonry mosque was organized and modelled using SAP2000 software. Nonlinear Time History analyses were carried out for the historical masonry structure, firstly for the fixed-base mosque and secondly for the base-isolated mosque with lead rubber bearing (LRB). The use of a base-isolator system caused an increase in the historical mosque’s period, reducing the displacements, acceleration, and force applied on the mosque and the resulting structural deformation; the results of the analysis indicate a significant improvement in the seismic behavior. The modelling results show that such historical masonry buildings (especially those with high and delicate minarets) can be vulnerable to major earthquakes, and it may be useful to examine strengthening strategies for these buildings.
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Karakale, Vail. "Use of Structural Steel Frames for Structural Restoration of URM Historical Buildings in Seismic Areas." Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 11, no. 04 (October 2017): 1750012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793431117500129.
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Historic buildings and monuments are an important part of our cultural heritage that must be protected and their sustainability ensured, especially when earthquakes occur. In this paper, a technique that uses structural steel frames is proposed as one way of strengthening unreinforced masonry (URM) in historical buildings. The idea underpinning this technique is to reduce the earthquake displacement demand on non-ductile URM walls by attaching steel frames to the building floors from inside. These frames run parallel to the structural system of the building and are fixed at their base to the existing foundation of the building. Furthermore, they are constructed rapidly, do not occupy architectural space, save the building’s historic fabric, and can be easily replaced after an earthquake if some minor damage ensues. The proposed technique was applied to a five-story historical masonry building in Istanbul. The results of seismic performance analysis indicate that even though the building has plan irregularities, the proposed steel frames are able to effectively enhance the building’s seismic performance by reducing inter-story drifts and increasing lateral stiffness and strength.
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Rechsteiner, A., and R. Wolfseher. "Das Sägeschnittverfahren als Horizontalabdichtung gegen aufsteigende Feuchtigkeit - Sanierungsbeispiel Schulhaus Heinrich Bosshard / Horizontal Saw Cut Method for Preventing Rising Damp in Masonry - School Building Heinrich Bosshard, a Restoration Example." Restoration of Buildings and Monuments 4, no. 1 (February 1, 1998): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rbm-1998-5240.
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Abstract One of the most common reasons to restore an old (historical) building is the damage of the masonry and the external rendering due to moisture. For the analysis of the damage mechanism and the restoration of the building, experience and specific knowledge are needed. The first step to realize a successful restoration is the determination of the actual condition of a building by appropriate analysis and the deduction of the damage of the damage mechanisms. If rising damp is a causing mechanism, different restoration concepts can be considered. The choice of the final concept is mainly influenced by the cost, aspects of preservation of monuments and the future usage of the building. For the restoration of the School Building Heinrich Bosshard at Zurich-Schwammendingen, the rising damp was stopped by making a horizontal saw cut into the rubble masonry.
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Bajno, Dariusz, Lukasz Bednarz, Zygmunt Matkowski, and Krzysztof Raszczuk. "Monitoring of Thermal and Moisture Processes in Various Types of External Historical Walls." Materials 13, no. 3 (January 21, 2020): 505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13030505.
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In order to create and make available the following: Design guidelines, recommendations for energy audits, data for analysis and simulation of the condition of masonry walls susceptible to biological corrosion, deterioration of comfort parameters in rooms, or deterioration of thermal resistance, the article analyzes various types of masonry wall structures occurring in and commonly used in historical buildings over the last 200 years. The summary is a list of results of particular types of masonry walls and their mutual comparison. On this basis, a procedure path has been proposed which is useful for monitoring heat loss, monitoring the moisture content of building partitions, and improving the hygrothermal comfort of rooms. The durability of such constructions has also been estimated and the impact on the condition of the buildings that have been preserved and are still in use today was assessed.
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Calì, Alfredo, Poliana Dias de Moraes, and Ângela Do Valle. "UNDERSTANDING THE STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF HISTORICAL BUILDINGS THROUGH ITS CONSTRUCTIVE PHASE EVOLUTION USING H-BIM WORKFLOW." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 26, no. 5 (May 15, 2020): 421–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jcem.2020.12612.
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Knowledge is fundamental to understand the key characteristics of a heritage building. Furthermore, constructive analysis of a historical construction is central to research into its structural behavior. This work aims to increase the knowledge level of a historical construction by the understanding of the constructive evolution through Historical-Building Information Modeling (H-BIM) workflow. The research proposes a multidisciplinary approach applicable to the field of historical constructions, which is resumed in the followings steps: historical-critical analysis, material and soil characterization, data organization through H-BIM, qualitative static and dynamic structural analysis, validation of the results. The building of Quartel da Tropa – located in Florianópolis, Brazil – is used as a practical case study to show how the proposed research can be adapted to historical buildings. Such an impressive eighteen-century masonry construction is the largest troop barracks among Brazilian fortifications. The proposed approach allows the creation of a structural model from the architectural model with fewer uncertainties and less simplification, improving the knowledge path of historical constructions and its structural assessment. The historical-critical analysis and the H-BIM allow managing and presenting of the information useful to the understanding of the constructive phase evolution of a historical building.
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Shendkar, Mangeshkumar R., Denise-Penelope N. Kontoni, Sasankasekhar Mandal, Pabitra Ranjan Maiti, and Omid Tavasoli. "Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Reinforced Concrete Buildings with Masonry Infills Based on Material Strain Limit Approach." Shock and Vibration 2021 (April 5, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5536409.
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The seismic evaluation and retrofit of reinforced concrete (RC) structures considering masonry infills is the correct methodology because the infill walls are an essential part of RC structures and increase the stiffness and strength of structures in seismically active areas. A three-dimensional four-storey building with masonry infills has been analyzed with nonlinear static adaptive pushover analysis by using the SeismoStruct software. Two models have been considered in this study: the first model is a full RC-infilled frame and the second model is an open ground storey RC-infilled frame. The infill walls have been modeled as a double strut nonlinear cyclic model. In this study, the “material strain limit approach” is first time used for the seismic evaluation of RC buildings with masonry infills. This method is based on the threshold strain limit of concrete and steel to identify the actual damage scenarios of the structural members of RC structures. The two models of the four-storey RC building have been retrofitted with local and global strengthening techniques (RC-jacketing method and incorporation of infills) as per the requirements of the structure to evaluate their effect on the response reduction factor (R) because the R-factor is an important design tool that shows the level of inelasticity in a structure. A significant increase in the response reduction factor (R) and structural plan density (SPD) has been observed in the case of the open ground storey RC-infilled frame after the retrofit. Thus, this paper aims to present a most effective way for the seismic evaluation and retrofit of any reinforced concrete structure through the material strain limit approach.
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Fita, Josep Lluis, Gonzalo Besuievsky, and Gustavo Patow. "Perspective on procedural modeling based on structural analysis." Virtual Archaeology Review 8, no. 16 (May 22, 2017): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/var.2017.5765.
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<p>With the rise of available computing capabilities, structural analysis has recently become a key tool for building assessment usually managed by art historians, curators, and other specialist related to the study and preservation of ancient buildings. On the other hand, the flourishing field of procedural modeling has provided some exciting breakthroughs for the recreation of lost buildings and urban structures. However, there is a surprising lack of literature to enable the production of procedural-based buildings taking into account structural analysis, which has proven to be a crucial element for the recreation of faithful masonry structures. In order to perform an in-depth study of the advances in this type of analysis for cultural heritage buildings, we performed a study focused on procedural modeling that make use of structural analysis methods, especially in its application to historic masonry buildings such as churches and cathedrals. Moreover, with the aim of improving the knowledge about structural analysis of procedurally-recreated historical buildings, we have taken a geometric structure, added a set of procedural walls structured in masonry bricks, and studied its behavior in a generic, freely-available simulation tool, thus showing the feasibility of its analysis with non-specialized tools. This not only has allowed us to understand and learn how the different parameter values of a masonry structure can affect the results of the simulation, but also has proven that this kind of simulations can be easily integrated in an off-the-shelf procedural modeling tool, enabling this kind of analysis for a wide variety of historical studies, or restoration and preservation actions.</p>
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Golabchi, Mahmood, Peyman Homami, and Seyed Rohollah Pashanejati. "Seismic Assessment of the Superstructure of the Naghareh Khaneh Edifice after Base Isolation by Simplified Kinematic Limit Analysis." Advanced Materials Research 133-134 (October 2010): 677–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.133-134.677.
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The limitation of intervention in historical buildings is one of the basic challenges for choosing a strengthening method. Base isolation is one of the best methods which can satisfy such limitations. Although there is a probability to reduce base shear and have negligible drift by base isolating, but it is very important to make sure that the integrity of superstructure reliably stands against the induced acceleration. Lack of integrity leads to local failure mechanisms rather than global failure mechanisms in masonry buildings. For this reason, simplified kinematic limit analysis has been selected as a method in earthquake safety assessment. This paper presents an investigation about the capabilities of simplified kinematic limit analysis as a complementary method, for the seismic safety evaluation of the superstructure of a base isolated masonry historical construction. This method has been applied on the “Naghareh Khaneh” edifice. The Naghareh Khaneh is a masonry historical building in Iran which was constructed around 400 years ago. The main body of this study focuses on the vulnerability assessment of the superstructure after using isolators on the base and the efficiency of simplified kinematic limit analysis will be discussed which shall be based on the results obtained from the out of plane and in plane behaviour of walls after installing isolators and dampers on the base of the Naghareh Khaneh structure.
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Pavia, Arianna, Fabrizio Scozzese, Enrica Petrucci, and Alessandro Zona. "Seismic Upgrading of a Historical Masonry Bell Tower through an Internal Dissipative Steel Structure." Buildings 11, no. 1 (January 9, 2021): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11010024.
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Masonry towers are part of a valuable architectural heritage characterizing the landscape of many historical areas. These towers are vulnerable structures that are prone to earthquake damage. Hence, the design of effective seismic upgrading interventions is an important task for preserving such architectural forms for future generations. In view of that, the objective of this study is to contribute a possible addition to the portfolio of available approaches for seismic upgrading of masonry towers. This goal was pursued by exploring an innovative structural solution that does not alter the external appearance of the tower and its static scheme under gravity loads, yet is able to increase its capacity to withstand seismic actions through added damping. Specifically, the proposed solution consists of a steel structure internal to the masonry tower that incorporates fluid viscous dampers. In order to evaluate its potentialities, a real case study was taken as a testbed structure, historic analysis as well as geometric and architectural surveys were undertaken, an initial design for the upgrading was made, and numerical simulations were performed. The obtained results, although preliminary, highlight the potentialities of the proposed structural solution for the seismic upgrading of masonry towers and might open the way to future developments and applications.