Academic literature on the topic 'Masonry units'

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Journal articles on the topic "Masonry units"

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S., Ramya M., and Shashishankar A. "Experimental Study on the Compressive Strength of Masonry Blocks with Geopolymer Mortar." International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation X, no. XI (2023): 336–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.51244/ijrsi.2023.1011028.

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Masonry units are the major building materials used in construction work. There are several masonry units available in the market today. Some of the widely used masonry units are burnt clay bricks, concrete blocks, fly ash blocks, compressed stabilized soil/earth blocks, geopolymer mud blocks, geopolymer concrete blocks, and so on. These blocks are used for the construction of load bearing structure. To bond two masonry units together, mortar plays a vital role. Fly ash based geopolymer mortar has been used in this study. The strength of masonry units namely bricks, concrete blocks and stabilized geopolymer blocks masonry with geopolymer mortar has been individually studied and the results have been tabulated. From this study, it was found that the stabilized geopolymer mud blocks are suitable in the construction of load bearing walls and for other structural purposes. The failure pattern revealed visible vertical fissures and ultimately spalling of brick prism blocks.
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Zavalis, Robertas, and Bronius Jonaitis. "THE ANALYSIS OF STRESS DEFORMATION STATE PECULIARITIES OF MASONRY UNITS AND BED JOINTS." Engineering Structures and Technologies 3, no. 3 (2011): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/skt.2011.12.

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In this paper, the analysis of various effects that have influence to the mechanical properties of masonry is made. Masonry is nonhomogeneous and anisotropic material composed of two materials with different stiffness properties. In order to analyze masonry deformations it is necessary to evaluate all effects that have influence to masonry mechanical properties (Table 1). The analysis of stress-strain state of masonry is presented in this paper. During the analysis of stressstrain state, the mechanical properties of masonry units and mortar were defined from experimental investigation of samples of unit and mortar materials. The following conclusions were reached based on the analysis of experimental data: 1) The deformations and stresses along the height of masonry unit distributes unevenly. The stresses and deformations near the bed joint are higher than in the middle of the unit (4 pav). 2) From experimental data it was determined that the deformation of bed joints mostly depend on contact zone between units and mortar. The contact zone deformation contains about 80…90% of all bed joint deformation. 3) The elastic modulus of mortar inside the composite is different from modulus of mortar specimens cast separately due to different laying and curing conditions. The elastic modulus values performed from composite were 15…25 times less than the values from standard mortar prisms (EN 1015-11). It is advisable to use real (defined from experiments) masonry units and mortar properties when detailed, numerical stress-strain analysis is performed. 4) Experimental analysis showed that bed joints have big influence to vertical deformation of masonry in axial compression. Masonry units have influence to mechanical properties of mortar joints. The experiment was carried out, during which dry and wet masonry units were used. Units were wet out to eliminate there absorption characteristics. Extra wet out units had an effect to the stiffness of bed joints (12 pav).
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WITZANY, Jiří, Tomáš ČEJKA, Miroslav SÝKORA, and Milan HOLICKÝ. "ASSESSMENT OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF HISTORIC MIXED MASONRY." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 22, no. 3 (2015): 391–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2014.914088.

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The majority of load-bearing masonry structures of historic buildings are built of mixed or stone masonry composed of regular or irregular (so-called quarry) masonry units – bricks, sedimentary and metamorphic rock – pos­sessing often very different physical and mechanical characteristics. The identification of residual mechanical properties of stone or mixed masonry of irregular walling units requires the application of a suitable diagnostic method, the as­sessment of the phase of degradation processes and the choice of an appropriate probabilistic model for the strength of mixed masonry. The presented experimental research involves the analysis of the heterogeneity (homogeneity) of mixed masonry of a church from the 17th century. The probabilistic model for masonry strength is developed on the basis of destructive and non-destructive testing of masonry units and mortar. It appears that the probabilistic approach leads to a design value by 75% higher than the deterministic approach.
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Rafid Ahmed, Ammar, and Alaa H. Al-Zuhairi. "Finite Element Analysis for The Response of URM Walls Supporting RC Slab." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.20 (2018): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.20.25936.

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The aim for this research is to investigate the effect of inclusion of crack incidence into the 2D numerical model of the masonry units and bonding mortar on the behavior of unreinforced masonry walls supporting a loaded reinforced concrete slab. The finite element method was implemented for the modeling and analysis of unreinforced masonry walls. In this paper, ABAQUS, FE software with implicit solver was used to model and analyze unreinforced masonry walls which are subjected to a vertical load. Detailed Micro Modeling technique was used to model the masonry units, mortar and unit-mortar interface separately. It was found that considering potential pure tensional cracks located vertically in the middle of the mortar and units shows an increase in masonry strength of about 10% than the strength calculated using the procedure recommended by the Masonry Society Joint Committee in the building code.
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Gigar, Firesenay Zerabruk, Amar Khennane, Jong-Leng Liow, et al. "Advancing Sustainable Construction Materials: Wood, Rubber, and Cenospheres Geopolymer Masonry Units Development." Sustainability 16, no. 8 (2024): 3283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16083283.

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As the environmental impact of modern society continues to escalate, the construction industry actively pursues environmentally friendly materials to revolutionize its practices. Recycling, especially repurposing end-of-service materials and industrial wastes, emerges as a pivotal strategy offering a promising path towards sustainable construction. This study focuses on the innovative reuse of end-of-service wood, crumb rubber, and cenosphere with geopolymer binder to produce sustainable alternatives to masonry units. The study was conducted in two stages. In the first stage, cube samples were produced and tested to establish an optimal mix design. Results indicated that as the relative volume of waste increased, the compressive strength decreased. The compressive strength of the wood geopolymer composite decreased from 25 MPa to 4 MPa as the wood-to-binder ratio increased from 0.1 to 0.5. An increasing trend was observed for density with the increase of the rubber-to-wood ratio. The compressive strength also increased with the increase of the rubber-to-wood ratio for most of the investigated ranges. As fly ash is gradually replaced by cenospheres, a significant decrease in compressive strength was noted, about 70% and 80% for wood-to-binder (ratios of 0.2 and 0.3, respectively). In the second stage, three distinct types of masonry units were produced and tested based on the optimized mix design. The compressive strength results indicated promising performance, with wood-geopolymer masonry units exhibiting a strength of 8.39 MPa, wood-rubber-geopolymer masonry units achieving 8.32 MPa, and wood-cenosphere-geopolymer masonry units resulting in 7.33 MPa. While these values fell below the target 10 MPa, it is noteworthy that wood-geopolymer masonry units and wood-rubber-geopolymer masonry units met the minimum compressive strength requirements of some standards and demonstrated significantly better ductility compared to traditional masonry units. The results showcase significant promise in the viability and performance of these innovative masonry units.
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Hrischev, Lachezar, and Ivan-Aleksandar Conev. "Resistance of plastic anchors for fixing on ETICS in different types of base materials." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1323, no. 1 (2024): 012006. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1323/1/012006.

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Abstract The durability of external thermal insulation composite systems and their resistance to wind load mainly depends on the resistance of plastic anchors by means of which the systems are fixed to the substrate. A large part of the facade walls are made of reinforced concrete and various types of masonry units. This article presents an experimental study of the resistance of plastic anchors for ETICS, with different types of base materials, typical of the facade walls of buildings implemented in Bulgaria. The resistance of anchors installed in base materials with different characteristics of hollow masonry units, solid masonry units, concrete base and autoclaved aerated concrete units was investigated. As a result of the study, it was found that the resistance under tension force of the plastic anchors was the highest for base of concrete, solid clay masonry units and high-density autoclaved aerated concrete. It was found that with the different types of masonry units, as the compressive strength of the base increases, the resistance of the plastic anchors also increases.
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Semenov, V., and T. Rozovskaya. "Properties of modified dry masonry mixtures for effective masonry units." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 71 (January 20, 2015): 012042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/71/1/012042.

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Cobîrzan, Nicoleta, Radu Muntean, Gyorgy Thalmaier, and Raluca-Andreea Felseghi. "Recycling of Mining Waste in the Production of Masonry Units." Materials 15, no. 2 (2022): 594. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15020594.

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Masonry units made of clay or Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) are widely used in constructions from Romania and other countries. Masonry units with superior mechanical and thermal characteristics can improve the energy efficiency of buildings, especially when they are used as the main solutions for building envelope construction. Their production in recent years has increased vertiginously to meet the increased demand. Manufactured with diversified geometries, different mechanical and/or thermal characteristics have a high volume in the mass of the building and a major influence in their carbon footprint. Starting from the current context regarding the target imposed by the long-term strategy of built environment decarbonization, the aim of the paper is to analyze the potential of reusing mining waste in the production of masonry units. Mining waste represents the highest share of waste generated at national level and may represent a valuable resource for the construction industry, facilitating the creation of new jobs and support for economic development. This review presents the interest in integrating mining wastes in masonry unit production and the technical characteristics of the masonry units in which they have been used as raw materials in different percentages. Critical assessment framework using SWOT analysis highlights the key sustainability aspects (technical, environmental, social, economic) providing a comprehensive and systematic analysis of the advantages and disadvantages regarding the integration of mining waste as secondary raw materials into masonry units production.
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P. Nandurkar, B., and Dr A. M. Pande. "Critical studies on bond strengths of masonry units." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4 (2018): 2250. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.15308.

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Performance of masonry is normally attributed to compressive strength of individual units, water absorption of individual units, strength of masonry mortar and the bond between mortar and individual units. Many researches in the past have contributed towards the bond strength and relevance of compressive strength of mortar in achieving good bonds. However, the quality of bricks available in India significantly vary from region the region. Thus, a need is felt in understanding bond strength of masonry. In this paper three types of mortars(total nine combinations), two types of bricks (red clay brick and fly ash brick) are considered, tests such as compressive strength, water absorption of the bricks, compressive strength of various mortar combinations, flexure bond strength and shear bond strength are presented. Failure patterns of the masonry units are also discussed. Results of the two tests show noticeable variation in bond strengths, however the shear bond strength has significant relationship with the compressive strength of mortar. The research outcome also points towards using bricks in saturated condition for achieving adequate performance.
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Maskell, Daniel, Andrew Heath, and Pete Walker. "Appropriate structural unfired earth masonry units." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Construction Materials 169, no. 5 (2016): 261–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jcoma.15.00034.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Masonry units"

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Maskell, Daniel. "Development of stabilised extruded earth masonry units." Thesis, University of Bath, 2013. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.629653.

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The UK is committed to reducing the environmental impact of construction, but due to growing population there is a requirement for new domestic housing. The embodied environmental impact is going to become an increasingly significant proportion of the whole life cycle of a building. There is therefore a requirement for research into low environmental impact construction materials. There has been a resurgence of earthen construction techniques as a response to growing environmental awareness and consideration. This has led to a renewed interest in earth construction and an increased use of earth within contemporary architecture. However, there are many barriers to the mainstream adoption of traditional methods of earthen construction, and only with the widespread adoption can the benefits be fully utilised. Extruded earth bricks that are manufactured using the well established fired brick production methods, without the firing can produce consistent, high quality, low cost bricks. As the bricks are of the same dimensions as current masonry there are fewer barriers to the adoption. This form factor, crucial for contemporary construction, relies on wall thicknesses of only 100mm. It has been shown that extruded earth bricks have a suitable strength for typical domestic loading. However, there are concerns about structural use due to loss of strength under elevated moisture contents; representing the greatest barrier to adoption. Stabilisation is a method by which the soil properties can be changed to increase strength under saturated condition. This thesis aim is to develop suitable methods of stabilisation for extruded earth bricks, with a lower environmental impact than existing masonry units. The scope is limited to the extrusion process and the soil currently used for fired brick production. To this extent seven brick soils used in the manufacture of commercially fired bricks were investigated into their physiochemical properties and engineering properties with respect to the identified mineralogy. There has been limited literature focusing on extruded earth bricks which is in part due to the difficulties of specimen manufacture. Two methods of laboratory scale specimen production were investigated and compared to full scale unfired bricks. A small scale extruder was used to make one third linear scale bricks and was shown to be suitable representation for unstabilised conditions. This allowed for laboratory scale testing of extruded specimens. Three categories of chemical stabiliser were investigated including cement, lime and alkali hydroxides. Compressive strength development over 7, 14 and 28 days was determined for specimens tested in ambient conditions and following 24 hours fully submerged in water. Varying mass fractions and initial curing regimes were investigated to determine the effect on compressive strength. Only 5% lime initially cured at 60 ◦C met the required structural criteria of a ‘dry’ and ‘wet’ compressive strength of 2.9 and 1.0MPa respectively. Metakaolin was subsequently added as a secondary stabiliser to improve the strength for all the primary additives. The change in compressive strength was variable, but did enable a total of six specimens to meet the required criteria, all with 5% lime as the primary stabiliser. A cradle-to-gate LCA was undertaken for the unstabilised and stabilised extruded earth bricks. The analysis only considered embodied energy and global warming potential and compared the results to conventional masonry units. Environmental criteria were developed based on the conventional masonry unit with the minimum impact. Considering this criteria, only two mixes were able to offer an improvement of the global warming potential. The reliance on highly processed commercial metakaolin was investigated by the partial thermal treatment of the brick soil. While the investigated chemical properties of this material were comparable to the metakaolin, the particle size distribution was significantly different. This resulted in a decrease in density, and no strength development when used with 5% lime. This study has shown the potential for extruded earth masonry to be used structurally and the requirement for stabilisation. A possible stabilisation technique has been proposed which will allow for the reduction of the embodied global warming potential, whilst meeting the structural requirements.
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Gindlesparger, Matthew Eugene. "Thermal [MU]: A Class of Performative Masonry Units." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/190241.

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The concrete masonry unit (CMU) has been a standard in the building industry for the last century, widely utilized for its durability, modular assembly, and its’ relative ease of handling. While there are a variety of sizes, the general form of the CMU has remained unchanged; the same module can be used anywhere in the world. The goal of this project is to increase the aesthetic and thermodynamic performance of CMUs by re-investigating the interior and exterior surface geometries of the unit with the intent of extracting greater thermodynamic performance. This greater performance in turn correlates to user comfort and more ecologically responsible building practices. I propose a modular system of construction derived from the relationship between material, fabrication, and assembly, and results in a unit able to thermodynamically respond to daily and seasonal variations in solar condition. The application for this model is wall system that tempers the environment of the Sonoran desert, where we witness great contrasts in solar conditions throughout the year. Geometry and materiality become points of interaction with the environment, as the Thermal Masonry Unit (Thermal[MU]) provides the capacity to absorb, store, and/or dissipate energy. The Thermal[MU] utilizes these attributes by acting as a filter between environment and user: providing shade and a thermal barrier in the summer and collecting/distributing the heat gain in the winter months. This passive thermal control is important because it makes a more economical use of material properties and forming principles and establishes a direct physical relationship between the user and the environment.
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El-Hassan, Hilal. "Static and dynamic carbonation of lightweight concrete masonry units." Thesis, McGill University, 2013. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=114310.

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Static and dynamic carbonation curing at early age was developed for ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and Portland limestone cement (PLC) concrete masonry units (CMU) production. It is intended to replace conventional steam curing, improve the CMU performance, reduce energy consumption, and permanently sequester carbon dioxide in concrete. Concrete slabs representing the face shell of a 20-cm CMU as well as full sized CMU were used throughout the carbonation process. In static carbonation, it was found that initial air curing was vital to maximize carbonation reaction. After a procedure of casting, air curing, carbonation curing, and water compensation in subsequent hydration, carbonated CMUs had shown equivalent strength to steamed CMU but much better resistance to freeze-thaw damage. Carbonate-reinforced cement matrix played a critical role in improving freeze thaw resistance. In dynamic carbonation, the initial air curing was combined with carbonation with controlled relative humidity. The production cycle was significantly reduced to avoid initial air curing. The process proved to be a valid replacement of the static system in terms of CO2 uptake and compressive strength. While both OPC and PLC concretes displayed the hydration and carbonation products, only OPC concrete demonstrated an intermix of these products in the form of calcium silicate hydrocarbonate and a phase transformation of poorly crystalline aragonite and vaterite into well crystalline calcite. Based on 24% CO2 uptake, the CMU production in US and Canada is capable of sequestering 2 million tons CO2 per year. It is equivalent to 2.5% carbon emission reduction for US and Canada cement industry.<br>La carbonatation par méthode statique et dynamique a été développée pour la cure rapide de blocs de bétons composés à partir de ciment Portland ordinaire ainsi que de ciment Portland à base de calcaire. Cette approche vise à remplacer le procédé traditionnel de cure de blocs de bétons par étuvage afin d'améliorer leur performance, réduire la consommation d'énergie, et séquestrer le dioxyde de carbone de manière indéfinie. La façade extérieure d'un bloc de béton de 20-cm, représenté par une dalle de béton, ainsi qu'un bloc de pleine taille, ont été utilisés durant le procédé de carbonatation. Les résultats indiquent qu'il est essentiel de curer les blocs par air contrôlé avant d'employer la carbonatation statique. Suivant la procédure de moulage, cure à l'air, carbonatation, et compensation de l'eau à travers hydratation suivie, les blocs de bétons carbonatés ont témoigné une résistance comparable à celle de blocs durcis à la vapeur, cependant une résistance supérieure aux dégâts de gel-dégel. La microstructure du ciment carbonaté-renforcé a joué un rôle crucial dans l'amélioration de la résistance du gel-dégel. Dans la carbonatation dynamique, le durcissement initial par étuvage a été combiné avec carbonatation sous une humidité relative contrôlée. Afin de réduire le cycle de production, le durcissement initial par étuvage a été éliminé. La carbonatation dynamique s'est avérée être un remplacement valable du système statique en termes d'absorption de CO2 et résistance à la compression. Bien que le ciment Portland ordinaire ainsi que le ciment Portland à base de calcaire ont confirmé des produits d'hydratation et de carbonatation, seul le ciment Portland a fait preuve de la capacité de ses produits d'hydratation et de carbonatation de se mélanger sous la forme de calcium hydrocarbonate silicate . De plus, de l'aragonite mal cristallisé et de la vatérite ont subi une transformation de phase dérivant en calcite cristalline. Basé sur une capacité d'absorption de CO2 de 24%, la production de blocs de bétons aux États-Unis et au Canada a le potentiel annuel de séquestrer 2 millions de tonnes de CO2. Ce fait signifie que la réduction d'émissions de dioxyde de carbone de ces deux pays dans l'industrie de ciment est égale à 2.5%.
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Wonderlich, Sean M. "Strength of concrete masonry units with plastic bottle cores." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/17389.

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Master of Science<br>Department of Architectural Engineering and Construction Science<br>Kimberly Waggle Kramer and Bill Zhang<br>Concrete masonry units are a common method of construction in the world. Since the masonry units can be constructed with ease. Fifty billion water bottles are consumed every year. Lack of waste management and recycling in third world countries has come to the attention of many organizations. The use of plastic bottles in construction materials has been around for the past twenty years, but with little focus on using full plastic bottles in the materials. The Engineers Without Borders student group on the campus at Kansas State University have found a way to utilize the full 500-mL plastic bottle in the creation of concrete walls. The bottles laid horizontally with concrete on both sides and as mortar between the bottles was used. These bottles create large voids in the wall decreasing the compressive strength of the wall. This thesis presents the results of a study conducted to determine the compressive strength of concrete masonry units with plastic bottle cores. The plastic bottles were used to create the center voids in the masonry units. Concrete was placed around the bottles to encase them in the masonry units. The study utilized 500-mL plastic bottles from five different water companies placed inside masonry units of 7.87-inch wide by 8.26-inch high by 15.75-inch long (200-mm wide by 210-mm high by 400-mm long) in size and analyzed the resultant compressive strength. The testing for compressive strength was determined according to the ASTM C140 standard. Results from this study were deemed reasonable due to the testing of concrete cylinders as a control compressive strength. Determination of the compressive strength of the concrete masonry units allows for further study to continue in concrete masonry units with plastic bottle cores to determine if they are viable in third world countries.
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Tolin, Jeff. "Tire Masonry Units Versus Wood Framing and Straw Bales in Residential Exterior Walls." The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626198.

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Heaton, Thomas. "Characterisation of waste vegetable oils used as binders for masonry units made entirely of waste materials." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.551270.

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Vegeblocks are masonry units made from 100% waste materials. They use waste vegetable oil as a binder, and the manufacture process involves heat curing of a block made from a mixture of the binder and waste aggregates. Research into long-term properties and enhancement of the manufacture process of these units requires an understanding of the chemistry that occurs during this process. Analysis of the binder by a mixture of spectroscopy and chromatography indicates that the reactions are characterised by consumption of unsaturated hydrocarbons in the seed oils to form products of hydrolysis, cross-linking and oxidation, supported by the literature concerned with thermal stress and oxidation of vegetable oils. Though strength gain can be directly linked to the consumption of double bonds, other physical properties are more dependent upon the aggregate mixture and manufacture process. This work demonstrates the potential and limitations of several sophisticated techniques used to analyse the material and provides a basis upon which a holistic understanding of the matrix can be built.
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Eden, Wolfgang [Verfasser]. "Einfluss der Verdichtung von Kalk-Sand-Rohmassen auf die Scherbenrohdichte von Kalksandsteinen = Influence of the compaction of calcium silicate raw materials on the structural density of calcium silicate masonry units / Wolfgang Eden." Kassel : Kassel University Press, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1017409080/34.

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Amjad, Mohammed Amin Ben Abdul-Rauf. "Elasticity and strength of masonary, units and mortar." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.237248.

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GEREN, REBECCA. "CALCULATING FIRE-RESISTANCE RATINGS OF CONCRETE MASONRY UNIT (CMU) WALLS." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/618764.

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This paper serves as a statement accompanying a capstone project for a degree in Information: Science and Technology. It details the work that went into creating the web page dedicated to helping specifications and codes writers to calculate fire resistance ratings of concrete masonry unit (CMU) walls. It briefly examines what a CMU wall is and the calculations that are involved in calculating fire-resistance ratings. The paper delves into how the site itself works, what the user can expect to see when first accessing the page and how to follow the steps in order to get the correct output. Without getting too technical, the paper also describes the four programming languages that were involved with coding the web page and what they handle in accordance with the page’s design and implementation. Finally, the paper concludes with an appendix containing the URL that will lead the reader to the web calculator and provides some practice problems that will allow the reader to test the calculator’s abilities.
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Dvořáková, Jana. "Domov pro seniory." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-409989.

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The aim of this diploma thesis is to elaborate the project documentation of a new-built home for the elderly, in the cadastre unit of small town Blížkovice. It is a three-storey building with a basement. On the basement there are cellar berths, garage and technical facilities. On the first floor there is facilities, dining rom, a doctor´s surgery, massage, hairdresser´s and pedicure. On the second and third floor there are common areas and a total of twenty-two residentail units (1+kk – eighteen flats, 2+kk – two flats). The vertical loadbearing structures are made of clay blocks and lost formations. The object is insulated by a contact thermal insulation systém. The horizontal loadbearing structures and staircase are made of reinforced monolithic concrete slab. The roof consists of a flat roof with extensive green and terrace. There are ten parking spaces on the ground.
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Books on the topic "Masonry units"

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C, Sweeney Steven, and Construction Engineering Research Laboratories (U.S.), eds. Development of high-performance lightweight concrete masonry units. US Army Corps of Engineers, Construction Engineering Research Laboratories, 1997.

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C, Grogan John, Conway John T, ASTM Committee C-7 on Lime., ASTM Committee C-12 on Mortars for Unit Masonry., and ASTM Committee C-15 on Manufactured Masonry Units., eds. Masonry, research, application, and problems: Symposium sponsored by ASTM Committees C-7 on Lime, C-12 on Mortars for Unit Masonry, and C-15 on Manufactured Masonry Units, Bal Harbour, FL, 6 Dec. 1983. ASTM, 1985.

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Malhotra, Ashok. Brick veneer concrete masonry unit backing. Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, 1997.

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Association, Portland Cement, ed. Selecting and specifying mortar and grout for unit masonry. Portland Cement Association, 1998.

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Santiago, Huerta Fernández, ed. Escritos sobre la construcción cohesiva y su función en la arquitectura. Instituto Juan de Herrera, 2006.

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NCCER. ES28105-04 Masonry Units and Installation Techniques Trainee Guide in Spanish. Pearson Education, Limited, 2014.

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NCCER. 28105-04 Masonry Units and Installation Techniques TG. Pearson Education, Limited, 2004.

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NCCER. 28105-04 Masonry Units and Installation Techniques AIG. Pearson Education, Limited, 2004.

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Standard for Safety for Concrete Masonry Units Ul 618. Underwriters Laboratories, 1995.

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NCCER. 28105-13 Masonry Units and Installation Techniques Trainee Guide. Pearson Education, Limited, 2013.

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Book chapters on the topic "Masonry units"

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Torgal, Fernando Pacheco, and Said Jalali. "Masonry Units." In Eco-efficient Construction and Building Materials. Springer London, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-892-8_6.

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Lyons, Arthur. "Masonry and Alternative Units." In Modern Methods of Construction and Innovative Materials. Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003360469-10.

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Subasic, Christine A. "A Survey of Innovations in Masonry Units Addressing Sustainability." In Masonry 2022: Advancing Masonry Technology. ASTM International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp164020210074.

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Chin, Ian R., and F. Dirk Heidbrink. "Estimation of Moisture Expansion of Fired Clay Units." In Masonry 2014. ASTM International, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp157720130131.

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Walloch, Craig, Jeff Speck, and Laura Powers. "Effect of Internal Curing on Freeze–Thaw Durability of Dry-Cast Concrete Segmental Retaining Wall Units and Solid Interlocking Concrete Paving Units." In Masonry 2014. ASTM International, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp157720130183.

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Cox, Neil, Nicholas Huttemann, Spencer Cox, Jason Thompson, and Monika Nain. "Nondestructive Estimation of Compressive Strength of Concrete Masonry and Related Units Using Acoustics." In Masonry 2022: Advancing Masonry Technology. ASTM International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp164020210081.

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Shao, Yixin, Vahid Rostami, Yaodong Jia, and Liang Hu. "Feasibility Study on Replacing Steam by Carbon Dioxide for Concrete Masonry Units Curing." In Masonry 2014. ASTM International, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp157720130134.

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Gigar, Firesenay Zerabruk, Amar Khennane, Jong-leng Liow, et al. "Advancing Sustainable Construction Materials: Wood and Rubber Geopolymer Masonry Mix Development." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-69626-8_75.

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AbstractRecycling industrial waste into construction materials is becoming a fundamental strategy, offering a hopeful path toward sustainable construction practices. This study focuses on the innovative reuse of end-of-service wood and crumb rubber to develop environmentally favorable materials. Their high availability, lightweight properties, and high-energy absorption capacity make them highly suitable as additives in masonry unit production. Furthermore, using them with sustainable binding material, such as geopolymer, enhances the overall sustainability of the masonry, facilitating rapid strength development and enhancing durability while providing increased protection against fire and weathering. The study involved the development of an optimal mix design, which can potentially be used for the production of load-bearing and non-load-bearing masonry units. This was achieved by examining various proportions of wood, as well as combinations of wood and rubber, using a partial–factorial experimental design. The results show that wood-to-binder ratios ranging from 0.2 to 0.4 can potentially be used for the production of wood–geopolymer masonry units. Additionally, a ratio of 0.3 (with 50% wood and 50% rubber) was identified as potentially suitable for producing wood and rubber-based units.
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Reema, K. R., Sethulakshmi S. Shajan, V. S. Soumya, Swetha Vinod, and Vidya Jose. "Experimental Investigation on Geopolymer Masonry Units." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26365-2_26.

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Sarhat, Salah R., Hamza Sheikh Rizwan, Gibran Mirza, Mark F. Green, and Bennett Banting. "The Use of Recycled Aggregates in the Production of Concrete Masonry Units: A Critical Review and a Statement on the Current Research Needs." In Masonry 2022: Advancing Masonry Technology. ASTM International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp164020220025.

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Conference papers on the topic "Masonry units"

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Knight, Kevin D. "Laboratory and Field Testing of Thin-Film Air Barrier Coatings When Applied to Concrete Masonry Units." In SSPC 2013 Greencoat. SSPC, 2013. https://doi.org/10.5006/s2013-00033.

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Abstract This paper will address the new requirements of the 2012 International Energy Conservation Code for the building envelope, which requires careful design to limit uncontrolled air leakage into and out of buildings. The Code lists preapproved materials and assemblies that are “deemed to comply” and include the assembly of concrete masonry walls coated with one application of block filler and two applications of a paint or sealer coating. The Code calls for the assembly to be tested in accordance with ASTM E 2357, ASTM E 1677, ASTM E 283 or E 1680 and have a maximum air leakage rate of 0.04 cfm/ft2. But these tests only address air leakage. Many other properties must also be known and understood before a product can be deemed market ready. This paper will explain the properties and tests that are needed to evaluate thin film coatings on concrete masonry unit (CMU) assemblies both in the laboratory and in the field for Quality Control and Quality Assurance.
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O’Malley, Cindy, Chuck Duffin, and Steve Revnew. "Use of Atlas Test Cells to Assess the Performance of Coatings with Varied Permeance over Concrete Masonry Units (CMU)." In SSPC 2012 Greencoat. SSPC, 2012. https://doi.org/10.5006/s2012-00035.

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Abstract The permeance of coatings applied to the walls of Single Wythe concrete masonry units (CMU) can affect the long term performance of the coating system, especially after multiple repaints. This paper describes the results of a study to determine if the Atlas Cell Test (NACE TM0174/ASTM C868) can be modified to evaluate the performance of individual coating systems based upon permeance. Coating systems with permeance (WVP US perm ratings) from &amp;lt; 10 perms to &amp;gt; 60 perms were used in the research. The goal of the test program is to establish a protocol that can eventually be used to determine the number of times that a given system can be repainted before the reduction in permeance causes concerns with blistering or peeling.
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Trimber, Kenneth A., Kevin J. Brown, and Kevin D. Knight. "Coating Problems Faced by Commercial Building Owners." In SSPC 2011. SSPC, 2011. https://doi.org/10.5006/s2011-00074.

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Big box stores typically consist of a steel framework of structural columns and roof joists overlaid with roof decking. Walls are usually Single Wythe concrete masonry units (CMU), tilt up concrete panels, or colored block and brick. The CMU often consists of one or more block types - smooth face, split face, or scored block, all of which are painted. Smooth tilt up panels are painted or sealed, and colored block and brick are sealed. The walls may also be covered with an Exterior Insulation and Finish System (EIFS) or stucco, both of which are painted.
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Loukusa, James. "Cleaning and Painting Techniques and Practices Used on Commercial Stores." In SSPC 2011. SSPC, 2011. https://doi.org/10.5006/s2011-00043.

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The following describes some equipment and practices used for cleaning and painting the variety of substrates found on commercial stores: concrete masonry units (CMU), precast and tilt-up panels, steel awnings and canopies, Exterior Insulation Finish Systems (EIFS), and polycarbonate. Many contributing factors can create either a fairly straightforward and simple process or a very complex project. Contractors and manufacturers must be able recognize the different situations, locations, conditions, substrates and adapt accordingly. Most commercial stores are constructed using a single Wythe wall that consists of CMU, precast panels, or tilt-up panels. The walls include steel columns, and ceilings and canopies consist of decking and joists. Although painting these substrates does not appear to be complicated at first glance, this could not be further from the truth.
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Page, Rick. "Coating Systems Selection Concrete Masonry Unit (CMU) Block Walls & Buildings." In SSPC 2011. SSPC, 2011. https://doi.org/10.5006/s2011-00056.

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Trimber, Kenneth A. "New SSPC Commercial Coating Committee." In SSPC 2012 Greencoat. SSPC, 2012. https://doi.org/10.5006/s2012-00057.

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On October 4, 2011, SSPC held the inaugural meeting of a new committee developed to address commercial coatings and flooring issues. The committee is called, “C3 Commercial Coating Committee (Architectural, Commercial, Institutional).” The committee agreed to address five topic areas: field cleaning and painting, paint materials, flooring, thin film air/vapor barriers on Concrete Masonry Unit (CMU), and commercial contractor certification. Key concerns in each of the topic areas were identified which resulted in the following scopes and work activities.
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Morefield, Sean, Vincent Hock, Michael McInerney, et al. "Control of Water Migration through Various Construction Materials Using Electro-Osmosis." In CORROSION 2004. NACE International, 2004. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2004-04324.

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Abstract Electro-osmosis, in the form of Electro-osmotic Pulses (EOP) can be used as a means to prevent water intrusion in below grade spaces. In the last decade, EOP has been used to control water in below grade spaces built using concrete. This paper discusses the use of EOP to water migration through brick, concrete masonry unit, granite and sandstone. A 30 VDC potential drove water, doped with 0.1 M NaCl across a 4-inch thick specimen. The water transport rates in the above mentioned materials, measured in cm/hr, compared favorably with transport rates observed in concrete cells in similar experiments. While the transport rates were similar between different materials, the shape of the curve total electrolyte transported differed significantly between materials.
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"Investigation of Eco – Friendly Interlocking Masonry Units." In Recent Advancements in Geotechnical Engineering. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644901618-20.

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Abstract. This project reveals about the detailed investigation of eco-friendly interlocking masonry units. Interlocking between individual units is enabled by providing grooves, male and female joint on them. Hence less mortar is required for construction of masonry units while using these interlocking bricks. Various trails and tests will be conducted on these interlocking bricks by addition of various materials such as E-wastes, coir pith and saw dust in clay soil. Hence the cost of these masonry units will be reduced. All these various mixtures are mixed at different proportions and ideal mixture are to be found then the grooves are to be altered by male and female joints. Further in addition of clay and sand, wooden powder and coir pith are to be added so that while burning of these masonry units results in good colour and more strength (35% improved strength while comparing to an A-Class brick). Optimum ratio with minimal cost and max efficiency with sustainability to the environment is recommended to the market. In the past year there was a spread of pandemic COVID 19. Precautious measures are taken to avoid the spread of this pandemic. By considering this situation a chemical is to be added in this masonry unit which will be acting as an disinfectious agent which will avoid the entry of various common viruses and bacteria like rhino viruses, salmonella. This ability of the masonry unit will last more than 24 months and beyond. And this can also be replenished after specific period of time. These masonry units have less mortar consumption (70% less mortar consumption while comparing to an A-Class brick), more workability, disinfectious and accommodates waste materials. Hence it is considered to be eco-friendly and sustainable.
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Rajapaksha, T. D. C. M., I. E. Ariyaratne, and C. Jayasinghe. "Investigating residual properties of masonry units at elevated temperatures." In Civil Engineering Research Symposium 2024. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Moratuwa, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31705/cers.2024.35.

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Masonry structures are renowned globally for their strength, durability, affordability, and thermal and sound insulation properties. However, there is limited information on the residual properties of masonry units after exposure to elevated temperatures. This research addresses the aforementioned gap by investigating the residual properties of four representative masonry units; clay bricks, concrete blocks, compressed stabilized earth blocks and lightweight foam blocks. The study aimed at determining variations in physical and mechanical properties, including visual appearance, density, and compressive strength of these masonry units after exposure to elevated temperatures. Additionally, conventional cement-sand mortar (1:6) was also tested both in their ambient state and after exposure to elevated temperatures. The study involved an experimental approach where four types of masonry units named clay bricks, concrete blocks, compressed stabilized earth blocks (CSEB), and lightweight foam blocks were subjected to controlled elevated temperatures up to 1200°C using a muffle furnace. Physical and mechanical properties, including density and compressive strength were measured both prior and post stages of exposure to these temperatures. Variations in these properties were then analyzed to assess the residual performance of each masonry unit. Visual observations and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were examined to document surface alterations and microstructural changes after exposure to elevated temperatures. Further, characteristic compressive strength values of the masonry assembly were also calculated using an empirical equation in the ambient and residual states. Finally, a comparative analysis between ambient and elevated temperature conditions was conducted to assess the impact of elevated temperatures on the masonry units and mortar. The results indicate that the compressive strength values of masonry units and mortar decrease after exposure to temperatures up to 1200°C. The reduction factor in compressive strength of each unit after full heating process were observed as 0.57, 1, 0.68, 0.88 for clay brick, CSEB, lightweight foam block and CMU respectively. Clay bricks exhibited better resistance than other types, retaining most of their initial strength after exposure to elevated temperatures. Compressed stabilized earth block was observed to fail into a brittle failure after exposure to 1200°C. Dry density of all four types decreased significantly after exposure to elevated temperature conditions. Additionally, residual compressive strength of generally used mortar (1:6) exhibited a clear reduction after exposure to elevated temperature conditions. The study's primary contributions include the investigation of the residual state behaviour of masonry structures after exposure to elevated temperatures which simulates the close behavior of a masonry structure at post-fire condition. This understanding aids in selecting appropriate masonry materials in a fire-prone area in future masonry construction.
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Manos, George C., Lazaros Melidis, and Konstantinos Katakalos. "REINFORCED MASONRY PIERS BUILT WITH A NOVEL CLAY MASONRY UNITS UNDER SEISMIC-TYPE LOADS." In 9th International Conference on Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering. Institute of Structural Analysis and Antiseismic Research National Technical University of Athens, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.7712/120123.10423.20886.

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Reports on the topic "Masonry units"

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Davidson, James S., John M. Hoemann, Jonathon S. Shull, et al. Full-scale Experimental Evaluation of Partially Grouted, Minimally Reinforced Concrete Masonry Unit (CMU) Walls Against Blast Demands. Defense Technical Information Center, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada555022.

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Mullen, Lincoln, and John Turner. Antisemitism, USA. Edited by Mark Oppenheimer, Zev Eleff, Britt Tevis, Jim Ambuske, and Jeanette Patrick. Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media, 2024. https://doi.org/10.31835/ausa.pod.

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Antisemitism has deep roots in American history. Yet in the United States, we often talk about it as if it were something new. We’re shocked when events happen like the Tree of Life Shootings in Pittsburgh or the Unite the Right Rally in Charlottesville, but also surprised. We ask, “Where did this come from?” as if it came out of nowhere. But antisemitism in the United States has a history. A long, complicated history. A history easy to overlook. Join us on Antisemitism, U.S.A., to learn just how deep those roots go. Antisemitism, U.S.A. is a production of R2 Studios, part of the Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media at George Mason University. Antisemitism, U.S.A. is narrated by Mark Oppenheimer and written by historians John Turner and Lincoln Mullen. Our lead scholar is Britt Tevis. The series is executive produced by Jeanette Patrick and produced by Jim Ambuske. Ten episodes.
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