Journal articles: 'Masonry units'

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S., Ramya M., and Shashishankar A. "Experimental Study on the Compressive Strength of Masonry Blocks with Geopolymer Mortar." International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation X, no. XI (2023): 336–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.51244/ijrsi.2023.1011028.

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Masonry units are the major building materials used in construction work. There are several masonry units available in the market today. Some of the widely used masonry units are burnt clay bricks, concrete blocks, fly ash blocks, compressed stabilized soil/earth blocks, geopolymer mud blocks, geopolymer concrete blocks, and so on. These blocks are used for the construction of load bearing structure. To bond two masonry units together, mortar plays a vital role. Fly ash based geopolymer mortar has been used in this study. The strength of masonry units namely bricks, concrete blocks and stabilized geopolymer blocks masonry with geopolymer mortar has been individually studied and the results have been tabulated. From this study, it was found that the stabilized geopolymer mud blocks are suitable in the construction of load bearing walls and for other structural purposes. The failure pattern revealed visible vertical fissures and ultimately spalling of brick prism blocks.

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Zavalis, Robertas, and Bronius Jonaitis. "THE ANALYSIS OF STRESS DEFORMATION STATE PECULIARITIES OF MASONRY UNITS AND BED JOINTS." Engineering Structures and Technologies 3, no. 3 (2011): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/skt.2011.12.

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In this paper, the analysis of various effects that have influence to the mechanical properties of masonry is made. Masonry is nonhomogeneous and anisotropic material composed of two materials with different stiffness properties. In order to analyze masonry deformations it is necessary to evaluate all effects that have influence to masonry mechanical properties (Table 1). The analysis of stress-strain state of masonry is presented in this paper. During the analysis of stressstrain state, the mechanical properties of masonry units and mortar were defined from experimental investigation of samples of unit and mortar materials. The following conclusions were reached based on the analysis of experimental data: 1) The deformations and stresses along the height of masonry unit distributes unevenly. The stresses and deformations near the bed joint are higher than in the middle of the unit (4 pav). 2) From experimental data it was determined that the deformation of bed joints mostly depend on contact zone between units and mortar. The contact zone deformation contains about 80…90% of all bed joint deformation. 3) The elastic modulus of mortar inside the composite is different from modulus of mortar specimens cast separately due to different laying and curing conditions. The elastic modulus values performed from composite were 15…25 times less than the values from standard mortar prisms (EN 1015-11). It is advisable to use real (defined from experiments) masonry units and mortar properties when detailed, numerical stress-strain analysis is performed. 4) Experimental analysis showed that bed joints have big influence to vertical deformation of masonry in axial compression. Masonry units have influence to mechanical properties of mortar joints. The experiment was carried out, during which dry and wet masonry units were used. Units were wet out to eliminate there absorption characteristics. Extra wet out units had an effect to the stiffness of bed joints (12 pav).

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WITZANY, Jiří, Tomáš ČEJKA, Miroslav SÝKORA, and Milan HOLICKÝ. "ASSESSMENT OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF HISTORIC MIXED MASONRY." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 22, no. 3 (2015): 391–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2014.914088.

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The majority of load-bearing masonry structures of historic buildings are built of mixed or stone masonry composed of regular or irregular (so-called quarry) masonry units – bricks, sedimentary and metamorphic rock – possessing often very different physical and mechanical characteristics. The identification of residual mechanical properties of stone or mixed masonry of irregular walling units requires the application of a suitable diagnostic method, the assessment of the phase of degradation processes and the choice of an appropriate probabilistic model for the strength of mixed masonry. The presented experimental research involves the analysis of the heterogeneity (homogeneity) of mixed masonry of a church from the 17th century. The probabilistic model for masonry strength is developed on the basis of destructive and non-destructive testing of masonry units and mortar. It appears that the probabilistic approach leads to a design value by 75% higher than the deterministic approach.

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Rafid Ahmed, Ammar, and Alaa H. Al-Zuhairi. "Finite Element Analysis for The Response of URM Walls Supporting RC Slab." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.20 (2018): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.20.25936.

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The aim for this research is to investigate the effect of inclusion of crack incidence into the 2D numerical model of the masonry units and bonding mortar on the behavior of unreinforced masonry walls supporting a loaded reinforced concrete slab. The finite element method was implemented for the modeling and analysis of unreinforced masonry walls. In this paper, ABAQUS, FE software with implicit solver was used to model and analyze unreinforced masonry walls which are subjected to a vertical load. Detailed Micro Modeling technique was used to model the masonry units, mortar and unit-mortar interface separately. It was found that considering potential pure tensional cracks located vertically in the middle of the mortar and units shows an increase in masonry strength of about 10% than the strength calculated using the procedure recommended by the Masonry Society Joint Committee in the building code.

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Gigar, Firesenay Zerabruk, Amar Khennane, Jong-Leng Liow, et al. "Advancing Sustainable Construction Materials: Wood, Rubber, and Cenospheres Geopolymer Masonry Units Development." Sustainability 16, no. 8 (2024): 3283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16083283.

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As the environmental impact of modern society continues to escalate, the construction industry actively pursues environmentally friendly materials to revolutionize its practices. Recycling, especially repurposing end-of-service materials and industrial wastes, emerges as a pivotal strategy offering a promising path towards sustainable construction. This study focuses on the innovative reuse of end-of-service wood, crumb rubber, and cenosphere with geopolymer binder to produce sustainable alternatives to masonry units. The study was conducted in two stages. In the first stage, cube samples were produced and tested to establish an optimal mix design. Results indicated that as the relative volume of waste increased, the compressive strength decreased. The compressive strength of the wood geopolymer composite decreased from 25 MPa to 4 MPa as the wood-to-binder ratio increased from 0.1 to 0.5. An increasing trend was observed for density with the increase of the rubber-to-wood ratio. The compressive strength also increased with the increase of the rubber-to-wood ratio for most of the investigated ranges. As fly ash is gradually replaced by cenospheres, a significant decrease in compressive strength was noted, about 70% and 80% for wood-to-binder (ratios of 0.2 and 0.3, respectively). In the second stage, three distinct types of masonry units were produced and tested based on the optimized mix design. The compressive strength results indicated promising performance, with wood-geopolymer masonry units exhibiting a strength of 8.39 MPa, wood-rubber-geopolymer masonry units achieving 8.32 MPa, and wood-cenosphere-geopolymer masonry units resulting in 7.33 MPa. While these values fell below the target 10 MPa, it is noteworthy that wood-geopolymer masonry units and wood-rubber-geopolymer masonry units met the minimum compressive strength requirements of some standards and demonstrated significantly better ductility compared to traditional masonry units. The results showcase significant promise in the viability and performance of these innovative masonry units.

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Hrischev, Lachezar, and Ivan-Aleksandar Conev. "Resistance of plastic anchors for fixing on ETICS in different types of base materials." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1323, no. 1 (2024): 012006. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1323/1/012006.

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Abstract The durability of external thermal insulation composite systems and their resistance to wind load mainly depends on the resistance of plastic anchors by means of which the systems are fixed to the substrate. A large part of the facade walls are made of reinforced concrete and various types of masonry units. This article presents an experimental study of the resistance of plastic anchors for ETICS, with different types of base materials, typical of the facade walls of buildings implemented in Bulgaria. The resistance of anchors installed in base materials with different characteristics of hollow masonry units, solid masonry units, concrete base and autoclaved aerated concrete units was investigated. As a result of the study, it was found that the resistance under tension force of the plastic anchors was the highest for base of concrete, solid clay masonry units and high-density autoclaved aerated concrete. It was found that with the different types of masonry units, as the compressive strength of the base increases, the resistance of the plastic anchors also increases.

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Semenov, V., and T. Rozovskaya. "Properties of modified dry masonry mixtures for effective masonry units." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 71 (January 20, 2015): 012042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/71/1/012042.

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Cobîrzan, Nicoleta, Radu Muntean, Gyorgy Thalmaier, and Raluca-Andreea Felseghi. "Recycling of Mining Waste in the Production of Masonry Units." Materials 15, no. 2 (2022): 594. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15020594.

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Masonry units made of clay or Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) are widely used in constructions from Romania and other countries. Masonry units with superior mechanical and thermal characteristics can improve the energy efficiency of buildings, especially when they are used as the main solutions for building envelope construction. Their production in recent years has increased vertiginously to meet the increased demand. Manufactured with diversified geometries, different mechanical and/or thermal characteristics have a high volume in the mass of the building and a major influence in their carbon footprint. Starting from the current context regarding the target imposed by the long-term strategy of built environment decarbonization, the aim of the paper is to analyze the potential of reusing mining waste in the production of masonry units. Mining waste represents the highest share of waste generated at national level and may represent a valuable resource for the construction industry, facilitating the creation of new jobs and support for economic development. This review presents the interest in integrating mining wastes in masonry unit production and the technical characteristics of the masonry units in which they have been used as raw materials in different percentages. Critical assessment framework using SWOT analysis highlights the key sustainability aspects (technical, environmental, social, economic) providing a comprehensive and systematic analysis of the advantages and disadvantages regarding the integration of mining waste as secondary raw materials into masonry units production.

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P. Nandurkar, B., and Dr A. M. Pande. "Critical studies on bond strengths of masonry units." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4 (2018): 2250. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.15308.

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Performance of masonry is normally attributed to compressive strength of individual units, water absorption of individual units, strength of masonry mortar and the bond between mortar and individual units. Many researches in the past have contributed towards the bond strength and relevance of compressive strength of mortar in achieving good bonds. However, the quality of bricks available in India significantly vary from region the region. Thus, a need is felt in understanding bond strength of masonry. In this paper three types of mortars(total nine combinations), two types of bricks (red clay brick and fly ash brick) are considered, tests such as compressive strength, water absorption of the bricks, compressive strength of various mortar combinations, flexure bond strength and shear bond strength are presented. Failure patterns of the masonry units are also discussed. Results of the two tests show noticeable variation in bond strengths, however the shear bond strength has significant relationship with the compressive strength of mortar. The research outcome also points towards using bricks in saturated condition for achieving adequate performance.

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Maskell, Daniel, Andrew Heath, and Pete Walker. "Appropriate structural unfired earth masonry units." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Construction Materials 169, no. 5 (2016): 261–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jcoma.15.00034.

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Zach, Jiri, Vítezslav Novák, and Jitka Hroudová ... "Ceramic masonry units intended for the masonry resistant to high humidity." Materiali in tehnologije 49, no. 5 (2015): 817–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17222/mit.2014.170.

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12

Yang, Wei Jun, Yu Shuang Ni, and Ning Jiang. "Research on Failure Criteria of Homogenization Model of Masonry." Applied Mechanics and Materials 117-119 (October 2011): 1172–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.117-119.1172.

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Abstract. Based on the newly developed homogenization theory of masonry, homogenization model of masonry is built in this paper. And a failure criteria adapation to masonry homogenization units is suggested union finite element analysis result of homogenization model.

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Diaz, Miguel, Carlos Zavala, Luis Lopez, and Michel Amancio. "Analysis of Adaptive Pushover in Confined Masonry Dwellings with Height Irregularity in the Lima Metropolitan Area." Journal of Disaster Research 18, no. 4 (2023): 350–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2023.p0350.

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Non-engineered confined masonry dwellings are characterized by having different masonry units. One of the most common cases in the Lima Metropolitan Area is that this type of dwelling has its first floors with handmade solid units and upper floors are composed of industrial horizontal hollowed (tubular) bricks. Nonlinear static analysis by the incrementally increasing loading pattern is inadequate to estimating earthquake response of structures with height irregularity, such as non-engineered confined masonry dwellings, because the loading pattern changes during the history of reversal loads due to damaging earthquakes. This paper presents the effect of nonlinear static analysis using adaptive loading patterns in confined masonry dwellings when the type of masonry units changes drastically. Nonlinear static analyses are applied using non-adaptive and adaptive displacement-based pushover procedures. A series of nonlinear time history analyses are also conducted to measure the error in the estimation of the seismic response. The adaptive loading pattern is based on displacement approximation by the modal analysis at each step of incremental-increasing loads. The load pattern is updated considering the modal analysis of an equivalent linear model using the equivalent stiffness of the structure at the secant of the maximum previous response. The application of the adaptive loading pattern in nonlinear static analysis significantly approximates the earthquake response of confined masonry dwellings with height irregularity provided by the change of masonry bricks.

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Maskell, Daniel, Andrew Heath, and Pete Walker. "Geopolymer Stabilisation of Unfired Earth Masonry Units." Key Engineering Materials 600 (March 2014): 175–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.600.175.

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Contemporary domestic structures typically use masonry units that are approximately 100mm thick. There is interest in using commercial methods of manufacture to produce earthen bricks that have a similar form factor to conventional masonry The large scale adoption of thin walled unfired earth masonry is dependent on its suitability for use in a load bearing application. High moisture content leading to full saturation, for example as a result of flooding, is a concern for unstablised earth construction, especially as wall thickness reduces. The greatest barrier for earth masonry adoption is the durability of the material when affected by high moisture content. Accidental and intentional wetting of a 100mm thick load bearing unfired earth wall could lead to disproportionate collapse. The paper presents initial findings from an investigation into the use of geopolymer mechanism as a method of stabilisation. The use of geopolymer mechanism was chosen as a possible method of improving the water resilience. Soil that is used for commercial extruded fired brick production was chosen. The soil was selected as the precursor (source of the required silica and alumina) and this was mixed with various sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate activators. Specimens were tested both in their dry sate as well as following 24 hours of submersion in water. Compressive strength of cylinders after saturation, was used as an indicator of effective stabilisation. The maximum dry compressive strength achieved was 10.4N/mm2 with the addition of 5% sodium hydroxide and 20% sodium silicate after curing at 105°C. The most significant contributor to the strength gain was the addition of sodium silicate. Although some of the cylinders were able to be tested under fully saturated conditions the strengths achieved were negligible and insufficient for structural application. The potential for geopolymers as a method of stabilising unfired earth bricks is discussed with respect to the compressive strengths achieved.

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Jasiński, Radosław, and Krzysztof Grzyb. "Proposal of Empirical Homogenization of Masonry Wall Made of AAC Masonry Units." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 960 (December 10, 2020): 022084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/960/2/022084.

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Tomaževič, M., M. Lutman, and V. Bosiljkov. "Robustness of hollow clay masonry units and seismic behaviour of masonry walls." Construction and Building Materials 20, no. 10 (2006): 1028–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.05.001.

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Jasinski, Radoslaw, and Iwona Galman. "Strength of Unreinforced Joints of Masonry Walls Made of AAC Masonry Units." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 603 (September 18, 2019): 032075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/603/3/032075.

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Jasiński, Radosław. "Size effect of monotonically sheared masonry walls made of AAC masonry units." ce/papers 2, no. 4 (2018): E12—E25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cepa.900.

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Zavalis, Robertas, Bronius Jonaitis, and Gediminas Marčiukaitis. "NUMERICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF GROUTED HOLLOW BLOCK MASONRY UNDER COMPRESSION / BLOKŲ SU BETONU UŽPILDYTOMIS TUŠTYMĖMIS GNIUŽDOMOJO MŪRO ĮTEMPIŲ BŪVIO SKAITINĖ IR EKSPERIMENTINĖ ANALIZĖ." Engineering Structures and Technologies 5, no. 2 (2013): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/2029882x.2013.811784.

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Highly hollow masonry units, which allow reducing the weight of masonry constructions and improving heat and sound insulation qualities, are commonly used in masonry construction. Filling the hollows with concrete, or concrete with light additives, results in complex masonry. Overall performance of such masonry is affected by initial stresses, which are caused by shrinkage deformations of different infill concrete and masonry units. Behaviour of infill concrete and concrete blocks is analysed by applying numerical detailed micro modelling. Experiments revealed that masonry deformations of blocks with concrete filled hollows are similar to those of longitudinal deformations of infill concrete samples. σ-ε relations were received through numerical micro modelling and compressive strength of masonry match values were estimated during experiments. Santrauka Straipsnyje pateikiama betoninių blokų su betonu užpildytomis tuštymėmis gniuždomojo mūro įtempių būvio analizė. Mechaninėms tokio mūro savybėms įtakos turi pradiniai įtempiai, kuriuos sukelia skirtingos užpildymo betonu ir mūro gaminių traukiosios deformacijos. Užpildymo betono ir betoninių blokų elgsena analizuojama taikant tikslų skaitinį mikromodeliavimą. Eksperimentais nustatyta, kad blokų su užpildytomis betonu tuštymėmis mūro deformacijos artimos užpildymo betono deformacijoms. Skaitiniu modeliavimu gautos σ-ε priklausomybės ir gniuždomasis mūro stipris gerai sutampa su eksperimentais nustatytomis reikšmėmis.

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Salih, Shakir A., Wasan I. Khalil, and Amer Abbas Ali. "Development Insulation Performance of Concrete Masonry Units." Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences 21, no. 2 (2013): 52–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjes.21.2.07.

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Thermal insulation of buildings takes more of researchers' interest because of differenteconomical and ecological considerations. Thermal insulation of walls is a principal part ofthermal insulation system for any building.This paper includes production of four types of no-slump concrete including, normal weightconcrete, semi-lightweight concrete, no-fines concrete and lightweight concrete. Theirproperties including, density, compressive strength and absorption were studded and theirthermal conductivity were calculated. Concrete oven-dry densities range was 1664.2-2141.6kg/m3, compressive strength was 5.3-15.7 N/mm2, absorption was 6.3-16.7 % and their thermalconductivity was 0.576-1.047 W/m.K. In addition, the research includes production two types ofconcrete masonry units (CMU) from each type of concrete and studies their properties including,compressive strength and absorption. The overall heat transfer coefficient for each type wascalculated. The results show that the reduction in concrete density by 22% results a reduction inoverall heat transfer coefficient for CMU by about 28% for CMU type I and 15% for CMU type II,the results also show that the change in cavities sizes and their arrangements into CMUreduces the overall heat transfer coefficient between 11-28% depends on concrete density. Thecombination between the two strategies results to optimum reduction in overall heat transfercoefficient of about 36%.

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Venugopal, K., Radhakrishna, and Vinod M. Sasalatti. "Ambient Cured Alkali Activated Flyash Masonry Units." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 149 (September 2016): 012073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/149/1/012073.

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., Venugopal K. "AIR CURED ALKALI ACTIVATED FLYASH MASONRY UNITS." International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology 05, no. 06 (2016): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2016.0506003.

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Udawattha, Chameera, and Rangika Halwatura. "Geopolymerized self-compacting mud concrete masonry units." Case Studies in Construction Materials 9 (December 2018): e00177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2018.e00177.

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Katti, Vikhyat, and Supriya Kulkarni. "Eco-friendly Masonry Units A Review Article on Suitability of Masonry Units Manufactured with Waste Products in Construction." International Journal of Engineering and Technology 11, no. 1 (2019): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21817/ijet/2019/v11i1/191101026.

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Renuka, S. M., and I. P. Mervin Sanjith. "Strengthening of Damaged Masonry Walls Using Engineered Cementitious Composites: Experimental and Numerical Analysis." Advances in Civil Engineering 2022 (May 30, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6343179.

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Engineered cementitious composites (ECC) are special types of high-tensile and high-ductility concrete that are designed using a micromechanics approach, with a tensile strain capability of more than 3%. Due to their higher strain hardening capacity, ECC can be applied as a strengthening material on structural walls, which improves the structural strength and inelastic deformation capacity. This study presents an experimental and numerical analysis of brick masonry wall strengthened by traditional mortar, ECC, and ECC with 40% fly ash (FAECC) subjected to uniaxial compression. The tests, such as compressive strength, indirect tensile strength, and bond strength, were conducted. Based on the experimental results, a numerical model is developed, and a failure prediction for the existing masonry structure is made. The compressive strength of ECC is observed to be higher than normal mortar and FAECC whereas the indirect tensile strength of both ECC and FAECC was almost similar, which is higher than that of normal mortar. The bond strength of ECC and FAECC is found to be 70% higher than that of normal mortar. It is evident that brick masonry units strengthened by ECC have a higher compressive strength than masonry units strengthened by conventional mortar and FAECC. It also controls crack development and spalling of masonry units. Then, a micromodelling along with CDP model is made in Abaqus/CAE software and an excellent correlation between experimental and numerical results was noted. The suggested models were shown to be capable of predicting the common behaviour of masonry units.

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Lin, Kun, Yuri Z. Totoev, and Hong Jun Liu. "In-Plane Cyclic Test on Framed Dry-Stack Masonry Panel." Advanced Materials Research 163-167 (December 2010): 3899–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.163-167.3899.

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A new masonry system has been developed to improve the seismic behaviour of RC frame with masonry panels. In this system dry-stack masonry panels are built with masonry units capable of sliding in-plane of a panel. These masonry panels have reduced in-plane stiffness but increased frictional energy dissipation capacity compared with the traditional masonry panels. Under seismic or wind loads these panels do not detrimentally interfere with natural RC frame response but rather positively contribute to it mainly by increasing dumping. A cyclic test has been performed to evaluate the behaviour of this masonry system. Test results demonstrate that the new system can improve the seismic behaviour of RC frame structures with masonry panels.

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Bhatt, Toran Prasad. "Compressive Strength Characteristics of Compressed Stabilized Earth Block (CSEB) Units and Walls." Journal of Engineering Technology and Planning 5, no. 1 (2024): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/joetp.v5i1.69647.

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This paper is mainly focused on compressive strength behavior of Compressed Stabilized Earth Block (CSEB) units and CSEB walls. Compressed Stabilized Earth Block (CSEB) is a rectangular block used in wall construction. The ingredients of CSEB are soil, cement, fine aggregate, crusher dust, and a small amount of water. These blocks have less energy consumption and carbon emission, and they provide improved thermal insulation. In addition, they use local resources and disseminate appealing aesthetics with elegant profile and uniform size. Due to these advantages CSEB can be used as a green construction material. This research aims to study the strength characteristics of CSEB wall in compression and evaluate the suitability of CSEB walls as load bearing walls in structures. This research studies physical and mechanical characteristics of CSEB units made from red residual soil of Lele (Lalitpur) with 8% cement for stabilization. This paper discusses the compressive strength behavior of walls constructed of size 0.660m x 1.100m x 0.220m using CSEB units in cement sand mortar and stabilized mud mortar separately which were tested after 28 days. The experimental values after laboratory testing of CSEB masonry wall with height to thickness ratio 5:1 for cement sand mortar (1:6) and stabilized mud mortar (stabilized with 8% cement and 16% extra sand) separately are compared with relevant values from different codes. Results obtained from compressive strength tests of masonry walls constructed in the laboratory and those values from different codes concerning the strength of masonry unit and mortar are compared and found to be in agreement. The comparison of laboratory results with codal provisions of design of masonry walls illustrate that CSEB masonry walls can be designed in the similar way as brick masonry walls.

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Hess, Jennifer A., Laurel Kincl, Tal Amasay, and Peter Wolfe. "Ergonomic evaluation of masons laying concrete masonry units and autoclaved aerated concrete." Applied Ergonomics 41, no. 3 (2010): 477–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2009.10.003.

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Jasiński, Radosław, and Krzysztof Grzyb. "Comparison of Masonry Homogenization Methods – Macromodelling and Micromodeling of Walls Behaviour Made of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Masonry Units." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1203, no. 2 (2021): 022033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1203/2/022033.

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Abstract The adopted method of empirical homogenization strictly determines the degree of faithful reproduction of the masonry structure's work in terms of the analysis of cracking forces, destructive forces, and the mechanism of structure destruction. The high level of detail of the numerical model may make it impossible to perform calculations and predict internal forces for larger structures or entire buildings. The study aims to compare two different masonry homogenization techniques and determine the advantages and disadvantages of the adopted methods. The concept of a micromodel, in which the contact of two materials - a masonry unit and a mortar, was simulated using contact elements in the interface planes and a macromodel in which the wall was modelled as a homogeneous, isotropic material, omitting contact surfaces. The analysis subjects were standard wall models made of autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) masonry units in axial and diagonal compression tests. In the numerical calculations, the elasto-plastic model with degradation implemented. The Menetrey William boundary surface describes the compression phase, and the Rankine criterion determines the tensile phase. In the axially compressed walls, the relations of forces and vertical and horizontal deformations compared, and in the shear walls, the forces and values of strain angles analyzed. In both models, the mechanisms of wall destruction and scratching were considered. The initial parameters of the elasto-plastic model derived from the results of wall tests using various model validation techniques. The calibration coefficient was used in the micromodel, determined as the quotient of the wall's compressive strength and masonry unit's compressive strength. The fracture energy value was also corrected. In the macromodel, the masonry's modulus of elasticity and the tensile strength value calibrated. Calculations based on the micromodel were consistent with the test results at the relative error level of 2%. The observed damage and scratches to the walls after the tests were consistent with the numerical projection. The macromodel calculations showed the convergence of the results in scratch morphology, scratching and destructive forces. The most significant differences occurred in shear deformations. The macromodelling approach allowed for capturing the wall's global tendency to deteriorate without opening the contact surfaces locally (cohesive cracks), as is the case during the tests.

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Zach, Jiri, Jitka Peterková, Martin Sedlmajer, Vítězslav Novák, and Martina Reif. "Possibilities of Hydrophobization of Masonry Construction for High Risk Flood Areas." Advanced Materials Research 1122 (August 2015): 70–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1122.70.

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Most masonry materials exhibit a relatively high open porosity and water absorption which in case of flooding of the building with water leads to an enormous increase in the moisture content in the masonry, which has a negative impact on its properties and often also on its lifespan. With the modification of the properties of masonry elements and surface coatings as well as the choice of appropriate technology, foundation masonry and brickwork can radically reduce the absorption of the whole structure and largely eliminate the risk of structural damage during the flooding. The paper deals with the development of water-repellent masonry units and construction of watertight and waterproof masonry structures.

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Sambaraju, Nuthanaganti, and Venu Malagavelli. "Behaviour of Confined and Unconfined Clay with or without Openings of Brick Masonry Columns." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1086, no. 1 (2022): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1086/1/012008.

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Abstract Masonry components are frequently limited to increase structural capacity. Concrete confinement models are commonly used to develop generalised approaches for assessing the behaviour of confined masonry columns. Concrete and masonry, on the other hand, differ significantly in terms of physical and mechanical qualities. Recent scientific studies on the experimental behaviour of constrained masonry columns have supplied useful knowledge. When two confined and unconfined masonry columns were exposed to vertical loads, an experimental study was conducted to compare their seismic behaviour. The first wall turned into built with conventional clay brick units, at the same time as the second one wall turned into built with modern concrete units. Both types of bricks have been synthetic at factories. The simple masonry homes have been decided via way of means of trying out 4 prisms of every brick kind beneathneath axial compression plus 4 small partitions subjected to diagonal compression, in addition to the unit homes, the one-of-a-kind mortars used for laying the bricks, and the obvious masonry homes received via way of means of trying out 4 prisms of every brick kind beneathneath axial compression plus 4 small partitions subjected to diagonal compression. The purpose of this study is to conduct an experimental analysis of brick masonry columns in order to assess the strength of specimens after 28 days. Clay substance that is both contained and unconfined.

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Grubišić, Marin, Tanja Kalman Šipoš, Ante Grubišić, and Benjamin Pervan. "Testing of Damaged Single-Bay Reinforced Concrete Frames Strengthened with Masonry Infill Walls." Buildings 13, no. 4 (2023): 1021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13041021.

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Despite achieving consensus and having current knowledge on the behaviour and contribution of masonry infill walls, there remain unresolved issues regarding their nonlinear behaviour as a method for strengthening existing reinforced concrete (RC) frames with effective modifications, primarily infills and the interconnection of infills and frames. The challenge for safely and economically designing frames with competent walls is to utilise the stiffening benefits while ensuring that the increased lateral forces and reduced drift capacity do not hinder performance. This study aims to investigate the potential of using masonry infill to strengthen previously slightly damaged RC frames. Experimental tests were conducted on previously slightly damaged RC frame specimens infilled with vertically hollowed-clay and solid-clay masonry units, connected to the frame elements using traditional methods (i.e., avoiding the use of modern composite materials). These strengthened infilled frame structures were subjected to constant vertical and cyclic lateral loading, which revealed improved stiffness, strength, and damping characteristics, enhancing their overall behaviour. As the main novelties, the study found that when damaged RC frames were strengthened with masonry infill walls, their performance resembled that of undamaged infilled RC frames. The strengthened infilled frame structures exhibited enhanced stiffness, strength, and hysteretic damping. The increase in stiffness was observed regardless of the type of masonry units and the strengthening technique employed. However, the improvements in strength and hysteretic damping were influenced by the specific masonry units, particularly their robustness, and the chosen reinforcement method.

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Goyal, Ajay, M. Shokry Rashwan, M. A. Hatzinikolas, and S. Zervos. "Structural performance of cavity walls constructed with units containing sawdust and shear connected to the brick veneer." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 21, no. 4 (1994): 576–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l94-059.

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A series of experiments were conducted to investigate the behaviour of walls constructed using newly developed masonry sawdust blocks. Full-scale cavity walls consisting of the new masonry block backup and burnt clay brick veneer, connected together using metal connectors, were tested under lateral loads. The effects of block unit size, height of wall, reinforcement, grout, and cavity width on the behaviour of the wall were studied. The test results showed behaviour similar to that of walls constructed with lightweight concrete masonry units. A summary of the results is presented in this paper. Key words: masonry, cavity wall, shear connector, lateral loading, stiffness, veneer, sawdust block.

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Tena, A., A. Liga, A. Pérez, and F. González. "Proposal for improved mixes to produce concrete masonry units with commonly used aggregates available in the Valley of Mexico." Revista ALCONPAT 7, no. 1 (2017): 36–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21041/ra.v7i1.170.

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Proposal for improved mixes to produce concrete masonry units with commonly used aggregates available in the Valley of MexicoABSTRACTIn this paper, a proposal is done to update the masonry index compressive strength design value f*m for solid concrete masonry units for the masonry guidelines of Mexico´s Federal District Code (NTCM-2004). Solid units were made by taking into account the characteristics of the most commonly used raw materials available in the Valley of Mexico to fabricate such units in the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City. Different tests were conducted for both raw materials and the obtained concrete units. Based upon test results, it is illustrated why it is much better to design masonry structures based upon the experimental data of the units to be used at the construction site rather than using index values proposed in building codes.Keywords: masonry; concrete masonry units; compressive strength.Propuesta de mejora de mezclas para producir piezas de mampostería de concreto empleando materiales comúnmente disponibles en el Valle de MéxicoRESUMENSe presenta un estudio donde se hace una propuesta para actualizar los valores índices de la resistencia a la compresión de mamposterías (f*m) elaboradas con piezas de concreto especificados en las normas de mampostería vigentes en el Distrito Federal. Se realizó un estudio de mercado, donde se tomaron en cuenta las características de los materiales comúnmente utilizados en la actualidad en el Valle de México para la fabricación de piezas de concreto sólidas, incluyendo los resultados de distintas pruebas de laboratorio realizadas a la materia prima. Con base en estos resultados, se ilustran las ventajas de diseñar a la mampostería con base experimental en lugar de utilizar los valores indicativos que se ofrecen en las normas de mampostería.Palabras clave: mampostería; piezas de concreto; resistencia a la compresión. Proposta de melhoria de traços para produzir blocos de alvenaria de concreto utilizando materiais comumente disponíveis no Vale do México RESUMOApresenta-se um estudo onde se propõe uma atualização dos valores do índice de resistência à compressão da alvenaria (f*m) elaborados com blocos de concreto especificados nas normas de alvenaria em vigor no Distrito Federal. Foi realizado um estudo de mercado, que levou em conta as características dos materiais comumente utilizados atualmente no Vale do México para a fabricação de blocos de concreto sólidos, incluindo os resultados de vários testes de laboratório nas matérias-primas disponíveis. Com base nestes resultados, são apresentadas as vantagens de projetar a alvenaria com base experimental em lugar de usar os valores indicativos oferecidos nas normas de alvenaria.Palavras chave: alvenaria; blocos de concreto; resistência à compressão.

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Briceño, Carolina, Miguel Azenha, Graça Vasconcelos, and Paulo B. Lourenço. "Influence of type of mortar and unit in the flexural strength parallel to the bed-joints of brick-mortar assemblages." MATEC Web of Conferences 403 (2024): 05006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202440305006.

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According to EN 1996 Part 1-1, the flexural strength of masonry could be estimated based on information related mainly to the compressive strength of the mortar and the type of material of the unit. However, it is necessary to consider the impact of the interaction between components due to their physical characteristics, such as water absorption of the units and water retentivity of the mortar that may affect the bond between masonry components. Therefore, this paper evaluates the influence of the use of different types of mortar and units on the flexural strength parallel to the joints of masonry. For this, two types of mortar were considered: 1:1:6, and 1:0:5 (Cement: Lime: Sand), by volume. Regarding the units, two types of clay bricks of different geometric configuration (solid and frogged) were chosen. Thus, four combinations of units and mortar types were considered for the construction of the masonry wallets according to the guidelines indicated in EN1052-2. Flexural strength parallel to the bed-joints was tested according to EN1052-2, and compressive strengths of mortar specimens were controlled in accordance with EN1015-11 for the age of 90 days. In addition, characteristics of the units and water retentivity of mortars were also evaluated. The results showed that the compressive strength of the mortar is a significant factor if the failure occurs at the mortar bed-joint and not at the interface between components.

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Bawar, Othman, and Yaman Zeynep. "Finite element analysis of masonry walls reinforced with expanded steel plates." International Research Journal of Advanced Science 2, no. 2 (2021): 27–32. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5348026.

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Existing commercial software (such as ANSYS or other similar software) can be used to efficiently model complicated masonry walls, according to the results of the study. The numerical simulations and calculations used in this study helped to improve our understanding of the structural response of unreinforced and TRM-strengthened masonry walls subjected to diagonal compressive. Masonry constructions are made up of masonry units (brick, stone, marble, etc.) that are joined together using mortar. The models are implemented in ANSYS software to simulate the structural behavior of a tested wall in literature. Brick and mortar are modeled separately in the micro model. The results obtained in the micro modeling and are inconsistent with the experimental study in the literature. The model is implemented in ANSYS and then used to simulate the structural behavior of a group of walls previously tested in a laboratory. The results obtained with the proposed model are in good accord with those obtained in laboratory tests for the five walls considered.

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Tiberti, Simone, and Gabriele Milani. "Creating the finite element mesh of non-periodic masonry from the measurement of its geometrical characteristics: a novel automated procedure." ACTA IMEKO 10, no. 1 (2021): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v10i1.809.

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This paper presents an automated procedure that enables the creation of a finite element mesh directly from the image file representing the rasterized sketch of a generic masonry element. This procedure goes under the name “pixel strategy” if a 2D finite element mesh is needed, where the elements are planar and rectangular; conversely, its extension in the 3D case is named “voxel strategy”, and there the resulting finite elements are solid bricks. The finite element meshes so obtained are then used for extracting homogenized in-plane failure surfaces for historical masonry cells, which display a non-periodic arrangement of units. These surfaces are consistent with the expected results, and their shapes suggest that the behavior of such type of masonry may range between orthotropic (if bed mortar joints are clearly noticeable) and quasi-isotropic (if some units spread over two or more masonry layers).

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Nalon, Gustavo Henrique, José Carlos Lopes Ribeiro, Leonardo Gonçalves Pedroti, et al. "Review of Recent Progress on the Effects of High Temperatures on the Mechanical Behavior of Masonry Prisms." Infrastructures 8, no. 7 (2023): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures8070112.

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The structural performance of civil engineering infrastructures exposed to elevated temperatures has been investigated in many recent works. Some of these studies evaluated the residual mechanical behavior of masonry prisms subjected to high temperatures, as these specimens are simplified models (2–5 units in height) that can be easily produced and tested, in terms of operational and economic factors. However, there is no previous literature review on the mechanical properties of fire-damaged masonry prisms. Therefore, this paper presents an investigation of the current state-of-the-art on this topic. It provides a careful review of recent knowledge on the failure mechanisms, residual compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, and stress–strain behavior of masonry prisms made with different types of units, mortars, and/or grout after exposure to different types of thermal treatments. Based on the revised information, future research directions on the scientific field of masonry infrastructures are reported.

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Hossain, Md Akhtar, Yuri Z. Totoev, and Mark J. Masia. "Feasibility Assessment of Implementing Semi-Interlocking Masonry as Infill Panels in Framed Building Construction." Applied Sciences 14, no. 15 (2024): 6729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14156729.

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Semi-Interlocking Masonry (SIM) represents an innovative building system developed at the Centre for Infrastructure Performance and Reliability at the University of Newcastle, Australia. This system employs a unique approach to interlocking mortar-less engineered masonry panels constructed from SIM units. These units are designed to offer substantial energy dissipation capacity, primarily attributed to the friction occurring on the sliding bed joints between the units within the panel during seismic events. The primary aim of this study is to evaluate the viability of incorporating semi-interlocking masonry as infill panels in the construction of multi-story buildings across diverse geographical locations with varying seismic conditions in Australia. To assess the feasibility of SIM panels in different conditions (according to Australian Standard AS1170) in Australia, a comprehensive analysis using Strand7 R3.1.4 is conducted on a three-story structure incorporating traditional masonry infill panels and SIM panels. Displacement and base shear capacities are compared in response to seismic events across various scenarios in different locations within Australia. The insights gained from this comparative analysis contribute valuable information regarding the viability of implementing SIM as a contemporary construction material.

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Dias, José Miranda. "Performance Characteristics Evaluation of Current and Environmental-based Solutions of Infill Masonry Walls of Reinforced Concrete Buildings - Assessment of Mechanical and Hygrothermal Characteristics." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT 20 (December 31, 2024): 954–72. https://doi.org/10.37394/232015.2024.20.88.

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The evaluation of the building´s performance, particularly concerning its hygro-thermo-mechanical behavior, entails that external environmental actions should be considered together with the mechanical loads acting in the building, aiming for a realistic behavior analysis. That adequate analysis could contribute to the improvement of the patterns of safety and comfort of the buildings, which meet the increased social demand for their upgrade, as well as to minimize the anomalies in their envelope, such as cracking and water penetration. Therefore, innovative solutions have been used progressively, in the last decades, for the construction of unreinforced masonry (URM) infill walls of the envelope of buildings with reinforced concrete structure (RCS buildings), particularly to enhance their capacity to face the normal subjected mechanical loads and hygrothermal actions, mainly those related with temperature and moisture variations. Moreover, ultimately, the crescent concern about environmental issues in building construction, especially related to climate changes, has led to an intense search for new construction solutions of unreinforced masonry (URM) infill walls in their envelope, which could, particularly, reduce the environmental impact of the building and increase their energy efficiency, while assuring adequate levels of indoor comfort and durability of the buildings. The aim here is to analyze the hygro-thermo-mechanical behavior of URM infill walls, particularly evaluating the basic performance characteristics of current and environmental-based solutions of masonry walls of buildings. Initially, basic elements about masonry wall characteristics are described, particularly referring to the main types of masonry units and mortar joints, with a description of the current and environmental-based solutions mainly based on masonry units made with bio-based and waste materials. Subsequently, a general description of the relevant performance requirements of these types of URM infill walls is presented. Finally, relevant mechanical and hygrothermal properties of particular types of masonry units are assessed.

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Sedlmajer, Martin, Jiri Zach, and Jitka Peterková. "Development of Masonry Components Protected against Moisture." Advanced Materials Research 860-863 (December 2013): 1248–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.860-863.1248.

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During construction process and life, a number of negative influences can have effect on masonry structures; moisture, which is undesirable in the masonry, can be one of such influences. The lower area of the masonry (plinth walling) is strained the most by the moisture. The paper deals with potential reduction of the effect of moisture in places, where the masonry structure is founded, through hydrophobization of walling units. Such solution of the issue of protection of the building structure against the influence of humidity should not have negative effect on the resulting masonry parameters, particularly not on the potential application of surface treatment materials. The collective influence of the surface treatment materials, consisting usually of plaster, and the actual masonry should be ensured.

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Sajanthan, Kunasegaram, Balasingam Balagasan, and Navaratnarajah Sathiparan. "Prediction of Compressive Strength of Stabilized Earth Block Masonry." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (March 14, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2072430.

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The present study investigates the compressive strength of cement-stabilized earth block masonry prisms with a number of masonry units and joint layer mortar combinations. The compressive strength of masonry was determined to be performed by uniaxial tests on 144 masonry prisms. The simple relationship has been identified for obtaining the compressive strength of stabilized earth block masonry from their corresponding block and mortar compressive strength. The predicted compressive strength of masonry prisms using the proposed expression is compared with 14 empirical equations and experimental data of past research available in the published literature. The compressive strength predicted by the expression proposed in the present study was found to be in good agreement with corresponding experimental data compared with other empirical equations available in the published literature.

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Jonaitis, Bronius, Gediminas Maršiukaitis, Vytautas Papinigis, and Juozas Valivonis. "PECULIARITIES OF STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF MASONRY FROM HOLLOW BLOCK UNITS AND THEIR ESTIMATION/MŪRO IŠ TUŠTYMĖTŲ BLOKELIŲ KONSTRUKCINIŲ SAVYBIŲ YPATUMAI IR JŲ ĮVERTINIMAS." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 7, no. 5 (2001): 386–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13921525.2001.10531759.

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Performed analyses of investigations have shown that properties of masonry from hollow blocks depend on many factors, and on material type and shape of the blocks including. But there is no unified method for determining the main structural properties-the compressive strength and modulus of elasticity. Theoretical investigations into masonry from hollow blocks and analysis of character of failure have shown that horizontal stress due to vertical loads has great influence on the strength of such masonry. The failure is initiated by vertical cracks crossing transverse webs. Values of strengths of concentrically compressed masonry calculated according to codes [2, 3] lead to different deviations from experimental results. Lower deviations for masonry of blocks are obtained according to [2] than according to [3]. Strength of masonry of calcium silicate blocks calculated by [3] is greater than that determined by experiments. Modulus of elasticity of such type masonry is lower than that of the same strength masonry from concrete blocks. Different calculation methods give different values of deformation modulus. The best agreement with experimental values of modulus of elasticity is given by the calculation method [2]. For selection types of hollow blocks for masonry and determination of design characteristics it is recommended to take average values determined by operating codes [2, 3] and to evaluate influence of shape and size of hollows on transverse tensile strength of blocks.

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Petry, Sarah, and Katrin Beyer. "Cyclic Test Data of Six Unreinforced Masonry Walls with Different Boundary Conditions." Earthquake Spectra 31, no. 4 (2015): 2459–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/101513eqs269.

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Previous test data on unreinforced masonry walls focused on the global response of the wall. A new data set ( Petry and Beyer 2014a ; DOI:10.5281/zenodo.8443) on six wall tests, which is publicly available, allows for linking global to local deformations of masonry walls, which can be useful for advancing performance-based design and assessment methods for unreinforced masonry buildings. This data paper presents the results of a test series on six identical unreinforced masonry walls that were constructed using hollow clay brick units and standard cement-based mortar. The test units were subjected to quasi-static cycles of increasing drift demands and the tests differed with regard to the applied axial load and the moment restraint applied at the top of the walls. The walls were tested up to failure. Throughout the loading the deformations of the walls were recorded using a digital photogrammetric measurement system tracking the movement of 312 points per test unit.

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Nelson, Claire, and Goitseone Malumbela. "On the compressive strength of Botswana masonry units." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Construction Materials 167, no. 5 (2014): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/coma.13.00017.

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Heath, A., P. Walker, C. Fourie, and M. Lawrence. "Compressive strength of extruded unfired clay masonry units." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Construction Materials 162, no. 3 (2009): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/coma.2009.162.3.105.

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Maskell, Daniel, Andrew Heath, and Pete Walker. "Inorganic stabilisation methods for extruded earth masonry units." Construction and Building Materials 71 (November 2014): 602–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.08.094.

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Wenapere, Dio Ambakederemo, and Morris E. Ephraim. "Physico-mechanical behaviour of sandcrete block masonry units." Journal of Building Appraisal 4, no. 4 (2009): 301–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/jba.2009.8.

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Maskell, Daniel, Andrew Heath, and Pete Walker. "Laboratory scale testing of extruded earth masonry units." Materials & Design 45 (March 2013): 359–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2012.09.008.

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Raposo, Patricia, André Furtado, António Arêde, Humberto Varum, and Hugo Rodrigues. "Mechanical characterization of concrete block used on infill masonry panels." International Journal of Structural Integrity 9, no. 3 (2018): 281–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsi-05-2017-0030.

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Purpose The infill masonry walls in recent worldwide earthquakes have shown that it is necessary to conduct further studies to characterize the behavior of existing buildings and, in particular, of infill masonry walls under seismic activity. The lack of characterization studies of infill walls made by concrete blocks justifies the investigation reported herein, which includes experimental tests on sample sets to evaluate the mechanical properties of masonry components (units and mortar) and assemblages (wallets) made with masonry units from Faial. For the later, normal compressive, diagonal tensile/shear and out-of-plane flexural strengths were obtained according to standard procedures, the results of which are presented in the manuscript. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach One experimental campaign was conducted with the aim to mechanically characterize concrete blocks masonry samples. Several experimental tests were carried out in full-scale masonry concrete wallets according to the constructive methodology used. Findings Based on the data obtained from the mechanical characterization tests of the concrete masonry blocks, it can be seen that under simple compression, the masonry specimens’ average resistance is about 6 times superior than the average resistance to diagonal shear/tension, while the stiffness is almost doubled. In simple compression tests, it was observed that the masonry specimens cracked in areas of higher drilling of the blocks. In the tensile tests by diagonal compression, it was found that the test specimens were mainly fissured by the block/mortar joint interfaces, following the delineation of settlement and top joints. Originality/value There are no experimental results available in the literature for this type of bricks that can contribute to the development of numerical studies.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Masonry units'

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