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Journal articles on the topic 'Mass/Energy Einstein equation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

Lo, C. Y. "The Development of Relativity and Einstein." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN PHYSICS 10, no. 3 (2015): 2874–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jap.v10i3.1327.

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There are errors in general relativity that must be rectified. As Zhou pointed out, Einsteinâ€™s covariance principle is proven to be invalid by explicit examples. Linearization is conditionally valid. Pauli's version of the equivalence principle is impossible in mathematics. Einstein's adaptation of the distance in Riemannian geometry is invalid in physics as pointed out by Whitehead. Moreover, it is inconsistent with the calculation on the bending of light, for which a Euclidean-like framework is necessary. Thus, the interpretation of the Hubble redshifts as due to receding velocities of sta

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2

Prasenjit, Debnath, and Ishwarchandra Ngangbam. "The Study of the Energy Conditions of the Universe and Unique Solutions of the Einstein's Field Equations in the Lights of the Theory of General Relativity." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 14, no. 36 (2021): 2826–31. https://doi.org/10.17485/IJST/v14i36.873.

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Abstract <strong>Objectives:</strong> To study the energy conditions of the universe and to find unique solutions of the Einstein’s field equations. <strong>Methods:</strong> A mathematical formulation developed to study the energy conditions of the universe and a new way of unique solutions of the famous Einstein’s field equations with appropriate theoretical and mathematical analysis of the theory of general relativity. <strong>Findings:</strong> With the reference to the power series expansion of the mass function &circ;M(u; r) developed by Wang and Wu (

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3

Lo, C. Y. "Incompleteness of General Relativity, Einstein's Errors, and Related Experiments-- American Physical Society March meeting, Z23 5, 2015 --." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN PHYSICS 8, no. 2 (2015): 2135–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jap.v8i2.1515.

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General relativity is incomplete since it does not include the gravitational radiation reaction force and the interaction of gravitation with charged particles. General relativity is confusing because Einstein's covariance principle is invalid in physics. Moreover, there is no bounded dynamic solution for the Einstein equation. Thus, Gullstrand is right and the 1993 Nobel Prize for Physics press release is incorrect. Moreover, awards to Christodoulou reflect the blind faith toward Einstein and accumulated errors in mathematics. Note that the Einstein equation with an electromagnetic wave sourc

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4

Mei, Xiaochun, and Canlun Yuan. "Three Serious Mistakes in Einstein’s Original Paper of Special Relativity in 1905." Applied Physics Research 15, no. 2 (2023): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/apr.v15n2p80.

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It is revealed in this paper that there were three serious mistakes in the Einstein&rsquo;s original paper in 1905. Einstein did not prove that the motion equation of classical electromagnetic field could satisfy the invariance of the Lorentz coordinate transformation. The Einstein&rsquo;s derivations on the formulas of transverse and longitudinal masses, as well as the calculation on the mass-energy relation are wrong. 1. In order to prove that the classical Maxwell electromagnetic field equation satisfied the invariance of Lorentz transformation in free space without charged and curr

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5

Malek, Abdul. "New Physics II – Quantum-Dialectical Derivation of New Mass-Energy Relation Invalidates Einstein’s Famous Equation E = mc2." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN PHYSICS 22 (June 22, 2024): 178–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jap.v22i.9642.

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The notion that human scale inertial mass and the various forms of tangible energy, like kinetic, heat, light, chemical, gravity, etc., have some kind of equivalence; existed since the time of Isaac Newton. Historically, based purely on epistemological and phenomenological perspective, there has been speculative, theoretical, and experimental attempts based on electrostatic, electrodynamic and relativistic, etc., consideration to deduce a quantitative relation between mass and energy. By the turn of 20th century, a vastly oversimplified and wrongly derived relation ΔE = Δmc2, where E is energy

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6

Bulyzhenkov, I. E. "Einstein Equation for Nondual Field Matter Modifies Naiver-Stokes Dynamics." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 47 (January 2018): 1860090. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s201019451860090x.

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Cartesian extended matter has its own nondual analog of the 1915 Einstein Equation for pure field physics in nonempty moving space. This tensor balance of energy densities and local stresses leads to Maxwell-type equalities for inertial currents and vector geodesic equations for relativistic accelerations of the Ricci scalar for inertial and gravitational mass densities. Field inertia of slow energy flows reestablishes the living force feedback which is missed in Newton-Euler fluid dynamics and in the Navier-Stokes equation.

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7

PINTO, FABRIZIO. "A TRAPPED DIPOLAR BEC INTERFEROMETRY TEST OF E = mc2." International Journal of Modern Physics D 15, no. 12 (2006): 2235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271806009674.

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It is shown that, by arranging the atoms in a Bose–Einstein condensate gas within an optical lattice, it is possible to directly verify experimentally that the van der Waals potential energy contributes an effective change to the gravitational mass of the atoms trapped in the array sites equal to that predicted by Einstein's mass–energy equivalency equation, E = mgc2. Some original results of electrostatics and quantum mechanics in curved space are discussed, and strategies to amplify and observe these effects are quantitatively evaluated to illustrate the feasibility of the novel test propose

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8

Feroze, Tooba. "Exact solutions of the Einstein–Maxwell equations with linear equation of state." Canadian Journal of Physics 90, no. 12 (2012): 1179–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p2012-067.

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Two new classes of solutions of the Einstein–Maxwell field equations are obtained by substituting a general linear equation of state into the energy–momentum conservation equation. We have considered static, anisotropic, and spherically symmetric charged perfect fluid distribution of matter with a particular form of gravitational potential. Expressions for the mass–radius ratio, the surface, and the central red shift horizons are given for these solutions.

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9

Perez, Alejandro, and Salvatore Ribisi. "Energy-mass equivalence from Maxwell equations." American Journal of Physics 90, no. 4 (2022): 305–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/10.0009156.

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The celebrated mass-energy equivalence relation, [Formula: see text], was derived by Einstein using thought experiments involving the kinematics of the emission of light and the relativity principle. Textbook derivations often follow paths similar to Einstein's or analyze the kinematics of particle collisions in different inertial frames. In such derivations, the direct dynamical link with fundamental fields describing matter (e.g., Maxwell theory or other) is overshadowed. Here, we show that the formula can be derived directly from the dynamical equations of electromagnetic energy confined in

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10

Malaver, Manuel, and Iyer R. "Modelling of Charged Dark Energy Stars in a Tolman IV Spacetime." Open Access Journal of Astronomy 2, no. 1 (2024): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oaja-16000114.

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In this paper, we obtained a new class of solutions for the Einstein-Maxwell field equations with a charged anisotropic matter distribution considering the dark energy equation of state r p = ωρ , where ω is the dark energy parameter, is the radial pressure and is the energy density. We have chosen a form for the metric potential proposed for Tolman (1939) known as Tolman IV type potential. We found that the physical properties as the radial pressure, the anisotropy, energy density, mass function are regular and well behaved in the stellar interior but the strong energy condition is violated.

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11

Kong, Linghua, Jialin Hong, and Jingjing Zhang. "LOD-MS for Gross-Pitaevskii Equation in Bose-Einstein Condensates." Communications in Computational Physics 14, no. 1 (2013): 219–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4208/cicp.111211.270712a.

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AbstractThe local one-dimensional multisymplectic scheme (LOD-MS) is developed for the three-dimensional (3D) Gross-Pitaevskii (GP) equation in Bose-Einstein condensates. The idea is originated from the advantages of multisymplectic integrators and from the cheap computational cost of the local one-dimensional (LOD) method. The 3D GP equation is split into three linear LOD Schrödinger equations and an exactly solvable nonlinear Hamiltonian ODE. The three linear LOD Schrödinger equations are multisymplectic which can be approximated by multisymplectic integrator (MI). The conservative propertie

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12

Drivotin, Oleg I. "The Einstein equation solution inside a ball with uniform density." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Applied Mathematics. Computer Science. Control Processes 20, no. 1 (2024): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu10.2024.101.

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A great number of solutions of the Einstein field equation are known. They describe the gravitational field in the empty space-time, in the space-time with electromagnetic field and for a ball filled with a liquid under pressure. The present work is devoted to gravitational field generated by some mass distribution. One of the simplest cases is considered, when mass is uniformly distributed inside a ball and is not moving. The boundary problem for the Einstein equation is formulated. Solution outside the ball is the Schwartzschild solution in vacuum. The coordinates at which the Schwartzschild

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13

Veringa, Hubert. "Gravity, Mass and the Cosmological Constant: All Can Have the Same Origin." Journal of Mathematics Research 10, no. 3 (2018): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jmr.v10n3p59.

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The general belief about gravity is that any suitable theory should include, or will be, a merger of classical quantum theory and relativity. In a recent publication (Veringa, H. J., 2018) a new scheme of analysis for the mutual interaction between particles that have some exchange with respect to time and space has already been presented. The remarkable thing is that, apparently for more than one reason, particles will be interacting in groups of two and only two and can give rise to gravitational interaction. This pair formation was described quantum-mechanically.This analysis starts from th

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14

KOZAMEH, CARLOS, EZRA T. NEWMAN, and GILBERTO SILVA-ORTIGOZA. "ON THE PHYSICAL INTERPRETATION OF ASYMPTOTICALLY FLAT GRAVITATIONAL FIELDS." International Journal of Modern Physics D 17, no. 13n14 (2008): 2599–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271808014138.

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A problem in general relativity is how to extract physical information from solutions to the Einstein equations. Most often information is found from special conditions, e.g., special vector fields, symmetries or approximate symmetries. Our concern is with asymptotically flat space–times with approximate symmetry: the BMS group. For these spaces the Bondi four-momentum vector and its evolution, found at infinity, describes the total energy–momentum and the energy–momentum radiated. By generalizing the simple idea of the transformation of (electromagnetic) dipoles under a translation, we define

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15

Dr., Ismail Abbas. "A Rigorous Reformulation of Einstein derivation of the special relativity." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology 7, no. 2 (2022): 279–86. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6324421.

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It is true that the conclusions of Einstein SR in 1905 are perfect and incontestable but on the other hand it is also real that his derivation is doubtful and fundamentally fluid or not rigorous on certain physical points. However, while each of his 5 assumptions is impossible to dispute or prove wrong, we assume that not all of them are essential to proving Einstein SR. To be precise, we assume that at least one of them is inaccurate. Namely, combining the relativistic mass transformation with Newton's law of motion which is highly contested in modern quantum mechanical theory, but which

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16

Chen, Shouxin, and Yisong Yang. "Dilaton mass formulas in a hairy binary black hole model." Modern Physics Letters A 35, no. 33 (2020): 2050277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732320502776.

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In this note an analytic integration is obtained for the differential equation governing the scalar-field-dependent mass in a hairy binary black hole model, in the context of the Einstein–Maxwell–dilation theory, which gives a closed-form formula-level description of the mass function. We also identify a particular solution which attracts all solutions of the mass-governing equation exponentially rapidly in large-dilaton-field limit.

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17

Al-Ameen, Talal, Maythem Mahmud, and Imad Muhi. "Can Newtonian kinetic energy and Einsteinian rest-mass energy be expressed by the binomial expansion of the Lorentz factor? And how valid is using Einstein’s E = mc² to calculate the nuclear fission energy?" Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2793, no. 1 (2024): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2793/1/012002.

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Abstract The binomial (Taylor) expansion of the Lorentz factor has been reconsidered here in an attempt to find out whether the Newtonian kinetic energy and the Einsteinian rest-mass energy are implicitly embedded in the mathematical structure of the binomial expansion of the Lorentz factor (as Einstein postulated in his Special Theory of Relativity). Advocates of Standard Special Relativity show that it is possible to obtain these two kinds of energy by multiplying both sides of the expansion of the Lorentz factor by the moving object’s rest mass m 0 and the square of the speed of light c 2.

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18

Gogberashvili, Merab, and Alexander Sakharov. "Supplying dark energy from scalar field dark matter." International Journal of Modern Physics D 27, no. 09 (2018): 1850100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271818501006.

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We consider the hypothesis that dark matter (DM) and dark energy (DE) consist of ultra-light self-interacting scalar particles. It is found that the Klein–Gordon equation with only two free parameters (mass and self-coupling) on a Schwarzschild background, at the galactic length-scales has the solution which corresponds to Bose–Einstein Condensate (BEC), behaving as DM, while the constant solution at supra-galactic scales can explain DE.

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19

Berman, Gennady P., Vyacheslav N. Gorshkov, Vladimir I. Tsifrinovich, Marco Merkli, and Xidi Wang. "Bose–Einstein condensate of ultra-light axions as a candidate for the dark matter galaxy halos." Modern Physics Letters A 34, no. 30 (2019): 1950361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732319503619.

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We suggest that the dark matter halo in some of the spiral galaxies can be described as the ground state of the Bose–Einstein condensate of ultra-light self-gravitating axions. We have also developed an effective “dissipative” algorithm for the solution of nonlinear integro-differential Schrödinger equation describing self-gravitating Bose–Einstein condensate. The mass of an ultra-light axion is estimated.

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20

Santos, Emilio. "Effects of the Quantum Vacuum at a Cosmic Scale and of Dark Energy." Entropy 26, no. 12 (2024): 1042. https://doi.org/10.3390/e26121042.

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The Einstein equation in a semiclassical approximation is applied to a spherical region of the universe, with the stress-energy tensor consisting of the mass density and pressure of the ΛCDM cosmological model plus an additional contribution due to the quantum vacuum. Expanding the equation in powers of Newton constant G, the vacuum contributes to second order. The result is that at least a part of the acceleration in the expansion of the universe may be due to the quantum vacuum fluctuations.

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21

Das, Santanu, and Nilanjana Mahata. "Conformally coupled massless scalar field in semi-classical gravity and its cosmological consequences." EPJ Web of Conferences 325 (2025): 01013. https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202532501013.

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Recent observations predict accelerated expansion of the universe. To explain this scenario of the universe, different cosmological models have been developed. Initially, General Relativity (GR) theory which is governed by the Einstein field equations was considered to counter this issue. But later on some unexplained issues led the researchers to explore other avenues and as a result they have tried to modify the GR. Einstein’s field equation comprises of mainly two parts namely matter part and gravity part. Some of the scientists have modified the matter part, others have modified the gravit

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22

Diether III, Carl F., and Joy Christian. "On the Role of Einstein–Cartan Gravity in Fundamental Particle Physics." Universe 6, no. 8 (2020): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe6080112.

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Two of the major open questions in particle physics are: (1) Why do the elementary fermionic particles that are so far observed have such low mass-energy compared to the Planck energy scale? (2) What mechanical energy may be counterbalancing the divergent electrostatic and strong force energies of point-like charged fermions in the vicinity of the Planck scale? In this paper, using a hitherto unrecognised mechanism derived from the non-linear amelioration of the Dirac equation known as the Hehl–Datta equation within the Einstein–Cartan–Sciama–Kibble (ECSK) extension of general relativity, we p

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23

Inan, Nader, Ahmed Farag Ali, Kimet Jusufi, and Abdelrahman Yasser. "Graviton mass due to dark energy as a superconducting medium-theoretical and phenomenological aspects." Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2024, no. 08 (2024): 012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2024/08/012.

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Abstract It is well known that the cosmological constant term in the Einstein field equations can be interpreted as a stress tensor for dark energy. This stress tensor is formally analogous to an elastic constitutive equation in continuum mechanics. As a result, the cosmological constant leads to a “shear modulus” and “bulk modulus” affecting all gravitational fields in the universe. The form of the constitutive equation is also analogous to the London constitutive equation for a superconductor. Treating dark energy as a type of superconducting medium for gravitational waves leads to a Yukawa-

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24

J.F., Omonile, Alexander A.O., John S., and Idachaba J.S. "Relativistic Mechanics in Gravitational Field within Oblate Spheroidal Coordinates Based upon Riemannian Geometry for Rotating Homogeneous Mass Distribution." Advanced Journal of Science, Technology and Engineering 3, no. 1 (2023): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/ajste-xmozirqs.

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The emergence of the geometrical theory of gravitation (general relativity) by Albert Einstein in his quest to unite special relativity and the Newtonian law of universal gravitation has led to several Mathematical approaches for the exact and analytical solution for all gravitational fields in nature. The first and the most famous analytical solution was the Schwarzchild’s which can be constructed by finding a mapping where the metric tensor takes a simple form i.e. the vanishing of the non-diagonal elements. In this paper, we construct exact solution of the Einstein geometrical gravitational

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Moradpour, H., Y. Heydarzade, C. Corda, A. H. Ziaie, and S. Ghaffari. "Black hole solutions and Euler equation in Rastall and generalized Rastall theories of gravity." Modern Physics Letters A 34, no. 37 (2019): 1950304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732319503048.

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Focusing on the special case of generalized Rastall theory, as a subclass of the non-minimal curvature-matter coupling theories in which the field equations are mathematically similar to the Einstein field equations in the presence of cosmological constant, we find two classes of black hole (BH) solutions including (i) conformally flat solutions and (ii) non-singular BHs. Accepting the mass function definition and by using the entropy contents of the solutions along with thermodynamic definitions of temperature and pressure, we study the validity of Euler equation on the corresponding horizons

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Bibi, Rashida, Tooba Feroze, and Azad A. Siddiqui. "Solution of the Einstein–Maxwell equations with anisotropic negative pressure as a potential model of a dark energy star." Canadian Journal of Physics 94, no. 8 (2016): 758–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2016-0069.

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We have obtained a new class of solutions for the Einstein–Maxwell field equations for static spherically symmetric space–times by considering the negative anisotropic pressures, which represents a potential model of a dark energy star. We take the equation of state pr = −ρ, where pr is the radial pressure and ρ is the density. We have also checked that for these solutions metric coefficients, mass density, radial pressure, transverse pressure, electric field, and current density are well defined for suitable values of the parameters involved in the solution. These exact solutions can be used

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27

Chiarelli, Piero. "The Gravity of the Classical Klein-Gordon Field." Symmetry 11, no. 3 (2019): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym11030322.

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The work shows that the evolution of the field of the free Klein–Gordon equation (KGE), in the hydrodynamic representation, can be represented by the motion of a mass density ∝ | ψ | 2 subject to the Bohm-type quantum potential, whose equation can be derived by a minimum action principle. Once the quantum hydrodynamic motion equations have been covariantly extended to the curved space-time, the gravity equation (GE), determining the geometry of the space-time, is obtained by minimizing the overall action comprehending the gravitational field. The derived Einstein-like gravity for the KGE field

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28

Giovanni, Alcocer. "Mass Symmetry." Mediterranean Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences (MJBAS) 6, no. 1 (2022): 75–101. https://doi.org/10.46382/MJBAS.2022.6108.

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There is symmetry in the nature. Then, there should also be symmetry in physics since physics describes the phenomena of nature. In fact, it occurs in most of the phenomena explained by physics as for example: a particle has positive or negative charges, spins up or down, north or south magnetic poles. In this form, the particle should also have mass symmetry. For convenience and due to later explanations, I call this mass symmetry or mass duality as follows: mass and mass cloud. The mass symmetry can be corroborated in the experiments of the hydrogen spectrum, the Bohr model and the solution

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Willis, Rudolph Elliot. "Spontaneous Subatomic Mass-Energy Interconversion: Implications for the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle and a Theory of Everything." Applied Physics Research 17, no. 1 (2025): 105. https://doi.org/10.5539/apr.v17n1p105.

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This paper proposes that quantum uncertainty arises from stochastic mass-energy interconversion at the subatomic level. Integrating Einstein&#39;s mass-energy equivalence and quantum mechanics, the hypothesis introduces fluctuating mass terms into mathematical frameworks like the Schr&ouml;dinger equation, yielding novel implications for the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle. The theory extends to quantum field theory, string theory, and cosmology, suggesting a dynamic mechanism for phenomena ranging from particle decay rates to black hole evaporation. By bridging quantum mechanics and

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S, Kalimuthu. "On the shape and fate of our Universe." Annals of Mathematics and Physics 5, no. 1 (2022): 011–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17352/amp.000034.

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Einstein’s special and general theories of relativity revolutionized physics and cosmology. Newton assumed four identities namely mass, energy, space, and time. He told that space is absolute. Einstein modified and refined Newtonian concepts s by postulating that mass-energy and space-time. This enabled Einstein to find special relativity theory which predicted the variance of mass with velocity, the equivalent of mass and energy, time dilation, and length contraction. The extension and generalization of special relativity theory is the outcome of general relativity theory which is the geometr

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Banerjee, Ayan, M. K. Jasim, and Anirudh Pradhan. "Analytical model of dark energy stars." Modern Physics Letters A 35, no. 10 (2020): 2050071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732320500716.

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In this paper, we study the structure and stability of compact astrophysical objects which are ruled by the dark energy equation of state (EoS). The existence of dark energy is important for explaining the current accelerated expansion of the universe. Exact solutions to Einstein field equations (EFE) have been found by considering particularized metric potential, Finch and Skea ansatz. 1 The obtained solutions are relevant to the explanation of compact fluid sphere. Further, we have observed at the junction interface that the interior solution is matched with the Schwarzschild’s exterior vacu

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HALPERN, PAUL. "ENERGY DISTRIBUTION OF BLACK PLANE SOLUTIONS." Modern Physics Letters A 21, no. 06 (2006): 495–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732306019748.

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We use the Einstein energy–momentum complex to calculate the energy distribution of static plane-symmetric solutions of the Einstein–Maxwell equations in 3+1 dimensions with asymptotic anti-de Sitter behavior. This solution is expressed in terms of three parameters: the mass, electric charge and cosmological constant. We compare the energy distribution to that of the Reissner–Nordström–anti-de Sitter solution, pointing to qualitative differences between the models. Finally, we examine these results within the context of the Cooperstock hypothesis.

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Lin, Kai, Xiao-Mei Kuang, Wei-Liang Qian, Qiyuan Pan, and A. B. Pavan. "Analysis of s-wave, p-wave and d-wave holographic superconductors in Hořava–Lifshitz gravity." Modern Physics Letters A 33, no. 26 (2018): 1850147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021773231850147x.

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In this work, the s-wave, p-wave and d-wave holographic superconductors in the Hořava–Lifshitz gravity are investigated in the probe limit. For this approach, it is shown that the equations of motion for different wave states in Einstein gravity can be written as a unified form, and condensates take place in all three cases. This scheme is then generalized to Hořava–Lifshitz gravity, and a unified equation for multiple holographic states is obtained. Furthermore, the properties of the condensation and the optical conductivity are studied numerically. It is found that, in the case of Hořava–Lif

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GAZEAU, J. P., та M. NOVELLO. "THE NATURE OF Λ AND THE MASS OF THE GRAVITON: A CRITICAL VIEW". International Journal of Modern Physics A 26, № 22 (2011): 3697–720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x11054176.

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The observational evidence of a cosmological constant Λ raises natural questions. Is Λ a universal constant fixing the geometry of an empty universe, as fundamental as the Planck constant or the speed of light in the vacuum? Its natural place is then on the left-hand side of the Einstein equation. Is it instead something emerging from a perturbation calculation performed on the metric gμν solution of the Einstein equation and to which it might be given a material status of (dark or bright) "energy"? It should then be part of the content of the right-hand side of the Einstein equations. The pur

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GAZEAU, J. P., та M. NOVELLO. "THE NATURE OF Λ AND THE MASS OF THE GRAVITON: A CRITICAL VIEW". International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 03 (січень 2011): 3–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194511000912.

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The observational evidence of a cosmological constant Λ raises natural questions. Is Λ a universal constant fixing the geometry of an empty universe, as fundamental as the Planck constant or the speed of light in the vacuum? Its natural place is then on the left-hand side of the Einstein equation. Is it instead something emerging from a perturbation calculation performed on the metric gμν solution of the Einstein equation and to which it might be given a material status of (dark or bright) "energy"? It should then be part of the content of the right-hand side of the Einstein equations. The pur

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Xu, Ye Lin. "A Simple Method for Deriving the Formulas of Relativity." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 3218–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.3218.

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In this paper, a new and simple method for deriving the formulas of Relativity is introduced. Einstein derived the formulas of Relativity by applying two hypotheses about light velocity, but this process was rather complicated and hard to understand. Nuclear physics has been developing for nearly a hundred years and has accumulated plenty of experiment results. Now it is feasible to derive Einstein’s formulas by employing the experiment results of nuclear physics. According to the result that energy is an expression form of mass, E=m can be obtained. We differential the above formula, adopt s

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Giovanni, Alcocer. "Mass & Quark Symmetry: Mass and Mass Cloud (The Yin Yang): Atom Binding Energy; Molecules Binding Energy; Binding energy between the nucleons in the nucleus; Particle Interaction Energy between particle and antiparticle; Quark Symmetry & Quark Confinement." Mediterranean Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 6, no. 3 (2022): 01–34. https://doi.org/10.46382/MJBAS.2022.6301.

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The symmetry occurs in most of the phenomena explained by physics, for example, a particle has positive or negative charges, and the electric dipoles that have the charge (+q) and (-q) which are at a certain distance (d), north or south magnetic poles and for a magnetic bar or magnetic compass with two poles: North (N) and South (S) poles, spins up or down of the electron at the atom and for the nucleons in the nucleus  In this form, the particle should also have mass symmetry. For convenience and due to later explanations, I call this mass symmetry or mass duality as follows: mass and ma

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Saw, Vee-Liem. "Mass loss due to gravitational waves with Λ > 0". Modern Physics Letters A 32, № 22 (2017): 1730020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732317300208.

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The theoretical basis for the energy carried away by gravitational waves that an isolated gravitating system emits was first formulated by Hermann Bondi during the ’60s. Recent findings from the observation of distant supernovae revealed that the rate of expansion of our universe is accelerating, which may be well explained by sticking a positive cosmological constant into the Einstein field equations for general relativity. By solving the Newman–Penrose equations (which are equivalent to the Einstein field equations), we generalize this notion of Bondi mass–energy and thereby provide a firm t

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WINTERBERG, F. "PLANCK MASS PLASMA ANALOG OF STRING THEORY." International Journal of Modern Physics A 20, no. 15 (2005): 3449–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x05026765.

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In recent years there had been a growing interest in analog models of general relativity, with certain superfluid solutions simulating black hole solutions of Einstein's gravitational field equation. The quantization of a superfluid, composed of discrete particles (helium atoms), treated as a nonrelativistic many body problem does not lead to divergencies as the quantization of Einstein's field equations. Quantization of gravity is possible in string theory, but only if one introduces the daring hypothesis of higher dimensions. But if the gravitational field is made up of discrete elements as

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Yousaf, Z., G. G. L. Nashed, M. Z. Bhatti, and H. Asad. "Significance of Charge on the Dynamics of Hyperbolically Distributed Fluids." Universe 8, no. 6 (2022): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe8060337.

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This manuscript is devoted to analyze hyperbolically symmetric non-static fluid distribution incorporated with heat flux and electromagnetic field. We have developed a general framework in order to examine the dynamic regime of the matter configuration which eventually results in the static spacetime. With the aim of doing this, we constructed the Einstein-Maxwell (EM) field equations and obtained the conservation equation. Furthermore, the formulation of mass function indicates the presence of the negative energy density, which leads towards the significant quantum implications. Taking into a

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Lo, C. Y. "The Weight Reduction of Charged Capacitors, Charge-Mass Interaction, and Einstein's Unification." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN PHYSICS 7, no. 3 (2015): 1959–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jap.v7i3.1586.

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The Biefeld-Brown (B-B) effect consists of two parts: 1) the initial thrust is due to the electric potential that moves the electrons to the positive post; and 2) the subsequent lift is due to the separate concentration of the positive and the negative charges. The weight reduction of a charged capacitor is due to a repulsive charge-mass interaction, which is normally cancelled by the attractive current-mass interaction. In a charged capacitor, some electrons initially moving in the orbits become statically concentrated and thus a net repulsive force is exhibited. Based on observations, it is

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Taylor, Travis. "Modifications to The Alcubierre Warp Field Metric in Anisotropic Matter and Implications to Detection of Warp Fields." Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 77, no. 1 (2024): 2–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.59332/jbis-077-01-0002.

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The Alcubierre warp drive concept demonstrates a designed spacetime metric which enables hyperfast travel within the framework of known physics and has become one of the most widely studied spacetimes in the community. However, there has always been a singular issue with practical realization of the “warp drive” in that a large amount of matter with unattainable properties (such as negative or “exotic” matter/energy densities) are required. The negative matter-energy or “exotic” mass-energy density requirements violating the Averaged Weak and Null Energy Conditions mainly arise from solutions

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Taylor, Travis. "Modifications to The Alcubierre Warp Field Metric in Anisotropic Matter and Implications to Detection of Warp Fields." Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 77, no. 1 (2024): 2–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.59332/jbis-077-01-002.

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The Alcubierre warp drive concept demonstrates a designed spacetime metric which enables hyperfast travel within the framework of known physics and has become one of the most widely studied spacetimes in the community. However, there has always been a singular issue with practical realization of the “warp drive” in that a large amount of matter with unattainable properties (such as negative or “exotic” matter/energy densities) are required. The negative matter-energy or “exotic” mass-energy density requirements violating the Averaged Weak and Null Energy Conditions mainly arise from solutions

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Moradpour, H., and M. Valipour. "Generalized Misner–Sharp energy in generalized Rastall theory." Canadian Journal of Physics 98, no. 9 (2020): 853–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2019-0492.

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Employing the unified first law of thermodynamics and the field equations of the generalized Rastall theory, we get the generalized Misner–Sharp mass of space–times for which gtt = –grr = –f(r). The obtained result differs from those of the Einstein and Rastall theories. Moreover, using the first law of thermodynamics, the obtained generalized Misner–Sharp mass, and the field equations, the entropy of static spherically symmetric horizons are also addressed in the framework of the generalized Rastall theory. In addition, by generalizing the study to a flat Friedmann–Robertson–Walker (FRW) univ

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Nikolayevich Sukhanov, Vladimir. "Equivalence of electric charge and energy." International Journal of Physical Research 12, no. 2 (2024): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/bhmxn335.

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The equivalence of electric charge and energy is the principle that everything that has an electric charge has an equivalent amount of energy and vice versa. Main methods used: conversion of natural units, algebra, analogy. The equivalence of electric charge and energy, despite the wide use in describing the principles of physics and astrophysics, has not yet been formulated. In this work, the formula for the equivalence of electric charge and energy is presented. This is done on the basis of known measurement systems, parameters and principles of physics. Five examples (Stoney units, Planck u

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Malaver, Manuel. "Study of Dark Energy Stars in a Buchdahl Spacetime." Universal Library of Innovative Research and Studies 01, no. 02 (2024): 01–08. http://dx.doi.org/10.70315/uloap.ulirs.2024.0102001.

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In this paper we obtained some spherically stellar configurations that represent new models of dark energy stars specifying particular forms for gravitational potential and the electric field intensity which allows solve the Einstein-Maxwell field equations. We have chosen the metric potential proposed by Buchdahl (1959) with the equation of state pr = wp where pr is the radial pressure, p is the dark energy density and w is the dark energy parameter. We found that the radial pressure, the anisotropy factor, energy density, metric coefficients, mass function, charge density are regular and wel

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Amante, Mario H., Juan Magaña, V. Motta, Miguel A. García-Aspeitia, and Tomás Verdugo. "Testing dark energy models with a new sample of strong-lensing systems." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 498, no. 4 (2020): 6013–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa2760.

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ABSTRACT Inspired by a new compilation of strong-lensing systems, which consist of 204 points in the redshift range 0.0625 &lt; zl &lt; 0.958 for the lens and 0.196 &lt; zs &lt; 3.595 for the source, we constrain three models that generate a late cosmic acceleration: the ω-cold dark matter model, the Chevallier–Polarski–Linder, and the Jassal–Bagla–Padmanabhan parametrizations. Our compilation contains only those systems with early-type galaxies acting as lenses, with spectroscopically measured stellar velocity dispersions, estimated Einstein radius, and both the lens and sourc

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Sarkar, Nayan, Susmita Sarkar, Farook Rahaman, Ksh Newton Singh, and Hasrat Hussain Shah. "Anisotropic fluid spheres satisfying the Karmarkar condition." Modern Physics Letters A 34, no. 15 (2019): 1950113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021773231950113x.

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In this paper, we present new physically viable interior solutions of the Einstein field equations for static and spherically symmetric anisotropic compact stars satisfying the Karmarkar condition. For presenting the exact solutions, we provide a new suitable form of one of the metric potential functions. Obtained solutions satisfy all the physically acceptable properties of realistic fluid spheres and hence solutions are well-behaved and representing matter distributions are in equilibrium state and potentially stable by satisfying the TOV equation and the condition on stability factor, adiab

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Claudia T.S., Gracella, and Anto Sulaksono. "Anisotropic quark star and the energy conditions." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2214, no. 1 (2022): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2214/1/012008.

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Abstract One of the compact objects that are attractive for investigating their energy conditions is quark stars. The existence of radial and tangential pressure differences in quark stars can cause anisotropic effects on the stars. We focus on and examine the energy conditions of quark stars using the Einstein Field Equation Solution. The energy stability of an anisotropic quark star can be determined by evaluating the profile of the pressure and energy density of the star using the anisotropic EOS as an input. The used equation is the extended MIT Bag Model, which involves the constant B and

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Kalashnikov, V. L., and S. Wabnitz. "Stabilization of spatiotemporal dissipative solitons in multimode fiber lasers by external phase modulation." Laser Physics Letters 19, no. 10 (2022): 105101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1612-202x/ac8678.

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Abstract In this work, we introduce a method for the stabilization of spatiotemporal (ST) solitons. These solitons correspond to light bullets in multimode optical fiber lasers, energy-scalable waveguide oscillators and amplifiers, localized coherent patterns in Bose–Einstein condensates, etc. We show that a three-dimensional confinement potential, formed by a spatial transverse (radial) parabolic graded refractive index and dissipation profile, in combination with quadratic temporal phase modulation, may permit the generation of stable ST dissipative solitons. This corresponds to combining ph

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