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1

CRUTCHFIELD, ROBERT D. "MASS INCARCERATION." Criminology Public Policy 3, no. 2 (March 2004): 265–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9133.2004.tb00041.x.

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Kelly, Patricia J. "Mass Incarceration." Public Health Nursing 32, no. 1 (January 2015): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/phn.12185.

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3

Brown, Elizabeth K. "Toward Refining the Criminology of Mass Incarceration: Group-Based Trajectories of U.S. States, 1977–2010." Criminal Justice Review 45, no. 1 (February 7, 2016): 45–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734016815627859.

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The development of mass incarceration in the United States has occurred unevenly across American states. Prior time series, fixed effect, and case study research have failed to fully illuminate the determinants of incarceration rate change in states with varying patterns of growth. As a supplement to previously utilized approaches, the present research uses group-based trajectory modeling to consider patterns of incarceration rate growth across 48 U.S. states in relation to crime, political, structural, and institutional variables. In order to account for periodicity, group-based trajectory models of state incarceration rates are estimated separately for 1977–1990, 1990–2000, and 2000–2010. Findings suggest that political and economic factors vary in their relationships to incarceration growth over time and that, controlling for crime, the percentage of young Black males in state populations was the most consistent predictor of incarceration rate growth, particularly among high incarcerating states from 2000 to 2010. The implications of these findings for “the criminology of mass incarceration” are considered.
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4

Loader and Sparks. "Beyond Mass Incarceration?" Good Society 23, no. 1 (2014): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/goodsociety.23.1.0114.

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5

Joe, Sean. "Analyzing mass incarceration." Science 374, no. 6565 (October 15, 2021): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abm7812.

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With almost 2 million people in confinement, the United States locks up more people per capita than any other nation. Understanding the reasons and then forging a path to reduce mass incarceration in America will require better research and analyses of the government policies and spending that sustain the US carceral system.
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6

Lucken, Karol. "Leaving mass incarceration." Criminology & Public Policy 10, no. 3 (July 19, 2011): 707–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9133.2011.00744.x.

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7

Campbell, Douglas A. "Mass Incarceration: Pauline Problems and Pauline Solutions." Interpretation: A Journal of Bible and Theology 72, no. 3 (June 12, 2018): 282–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020964318766297.

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The growing realization that the United States today is characterized by mass incarceration has begun to influence the interpretation of the Bible. This essay will focus on the influence of Paul’s letters on the court and penal system in the United States, especially the pervasive emphasis on justification (Rom 1–4) by which our penal system operates. This is followed by discussion of a more constructive model for restorative justice, based on the compassionate God in Romans 5. The essay suggests how Paul’s own incarcerations inform relational models on which ministry among prisoners should be conducted today.
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Moodliar, Suren. "Militarism, Mass Surveillance and Mass Incarceration." Socialism and Democracy 28, no. 3 (September 2, 2014): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08854300.2014.962244.

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9

Raphael, Steven. "Mass Incarceration and Employment." Employment Research 21, no. 1 (January 2014): 4–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.17848/1075-8445.21(1)-2.

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10

Corbett, Ronald P. "Probation and Mass Incarceration." Federal Sentencing Reporter 28, no. 4 (April 1, 2016): 278–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fsr.2016.28.4.278.

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11

Simpson, Sheryl-Ann, Justin Steil, and Aditi Mehta. "Planning beyond Mass Incarceration." Journal of Planning Education and Research 40, no. 2 (May 22, 2020): 130–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739456x20915505.

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The policing and penal systems play an oversized role in shaping the built environment and budgets of cities, alongside the lives of urban residents. Law enforcement systems are also deeply inequitable with poor residents, and communities of color disproportionately harmed by the violences of the system. Planning’s contribution to the creation of durable spatial stratification in the built environment implicates planning in the class and race disparities in law enforcement systems. Planning research and theory has also supported this inequity by largely neglecting the relationships between policing and penal systems and planning. The articles in this volume address this neglect and employ a wide variety of core theories, methods, and methodologies from planning to engage with the relationships between planning and law enforcement. The articles are connected through attention to racial justice including analyzing moments where planning supported and produced injustice, and identifying opportunities to support greater equity, decarceration and even abolition where planning practice, education and research support the creation of systems of safety and care beyond mass incarceration.
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Lee, Hedwig, and Christopher Wildeman. "Assessing mass incarceration’s effects on families." Science 374, no. 6565 (October 15, 2021): 277–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abj7777.

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In this Review, we assess how mass incarceration, a monumental American policy experiment, has affected families over the past five decades. We reach four conclusions. First, family member incarceration is now common for American families. Second, individuals who will eventually have a family member incarcerated are worse off than those who never will, even before the incarceration takes place. Third, family member incarceration has negative effects on families above and beyond these preexisting disadvantages. And finally, policy interventions that address the precursors to family member incarceration and seek to minimize family member incarceration would best enhance family well-being. If the goal is to help all American families thrive, then the importance of simultaneous changes in social and criminal justice policy cannot be overstated.
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13

Adelman, Hon Lynn. "Sentencing Drug Offenders Justly While Reducing Mass Incarceration." Federal Sentencing Reporter 34, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 2–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fsr.2021.34.1.2.

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In my paper, I discuss what I believe is the most effective approach to sentencing drug defendants. I start with the proposition that in many, if not most cases, incarcerating drug offenders does more harm than good. Imprisonment contributes to mass incarceration, does not deter unlawful drug activity and has an adverse racial impact. Thus, if a judge can reasonably avoid imposing a prison sentence, he or she should do so. Fortunately, this is the judge’s duty under the law. 18 U.S.C. §3553(a) requires a judge to impose a sentence that is “sufficient but not greater than necessary…” or, in other words, the least restrictive reasonable sentence. Thus, in every case, the judge must first consider whether a non-incarcerative sentence is sufficient. It often will be. In determining the appropriate sentence, a judge should focus on what the offender did and why and what he or she will likely do in the future and pay less attention to such factors as drug type and drug weight. Sometimes, a mandatory minimum sentence will apply and prevent a judge from imposing a fair sentence, but that is outside the judge’s control. Fortunately, because of Booker and its progeny, the Federal Sentencing Guidelines do not pose a similar problem. The judge, of course, must calculate and consider the applicable guideline but in many cases the guideline will be irrelevant to a just sentence. This is so because the guidelines are excessively oriented toward prison sentences and thus frequently conflict with the sufficient but not greater than necessary command of §3553(a). In my paper, I provide numerous examples of sentences that I have imposed and explanations of those sentences to illustrate this approach.
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Wildeman, Christopher, and Hedwig Lee. "Women's Health in the Era of Mass Incarceration." Annual Review of Sociology 47, no. 1 (July 31, 2021): 543–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-081320-113303.

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Dramatic increases in criminal justice contact in the United States have rendered prison and jail incarceration common for US men and their loved ones, with possible implications for women's health. This review provides the most expansive critical discussion of research on family member incarceration and women's health in five stages. First, we provide new estimates showing how common family member incarceration is for US women by race/ethnicity and level of education. Second, we discuss the precursors to family member incarceration. Third, we discuss mechanisms through which family member incarceration may have no effect on women's health, a positive effect on women's health, and a negative effect on women's health. Fourth, we review existing research on how family member incarceration is associated with women's health. Fifth, we continue our discussion of the limitations of existing research and provide some recommendations for future research.
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15

Western, Bruce, and Christopher Muller. "Mass Incarceration, Macrosociology, and the Poor." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 647, no. 1 (April 5, 2013): 166–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716213475421.

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The U.S. prison and jail population has grown fivefold in the 40 years since the early 1970s. The aggregate consequences of the growth in the penal system are widely claimed but have not been closely studied. We survey evidence for the aggregate relationship among the incarceration rate, employment rates, single-parenthood, public opinion, and crime. Employment among very low-skilled men has declined with rising incarceration. Punitive sentiment in public opinion has also softened as imprisonment increased. Single-parenthood and crime rates, however, are not systematically related to incarceration. We conclude with a discussion of the conceptual and empirical challenges that come with assessing the aggregate effects of mass incarceration on American poverty.
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16

Creighton, Mathew J., and Kevin H. Wozniak. "Are Racial and Educational Inequities in Mass Incarceration Perceived to be a Social Problem? Results from an Experiment." Social Problems 66, no. 4 (August 16, 2018): 485–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/socpro/spy017.

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Abstract The disproportionate incarceration of certain groups, racial minorities, and the less educated constitutes a social problem from the perspective of both policy makers and researchers. One aspect that is poorly understood is whether the public is similarly concerned about inequities in mass incarceration. Using a list experiment embedded in a framing experiment, we test for differences in attitudes towards mass incarceration by exploring three frames: race, education, and the United States in global context. We test whether social desirability bias causes people to over-state their concern about mass incarceration when directly queried. We find that mass incarceration is seen as a problem in the United States, whether the issue is framed by race, education, or as a global outlier. The list experiment reveals that public concern about mass incarceration is not quite as great as overtly-expressed opinion would suggest, and the framing experiment indicates that race-neutral frames evoke greater concern about mass incarceration than an emphasis on racial disparities.
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17

Madley, Benjamin. "California’s First Mass Incarceration System." Pacific Historical Review 88, no. 1 (2019): 14–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2019.88.1.14.

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Over time, California’s missions came to resemble a mass incarceration system in general and penal servitude in particular. This article will describe that process by examining changing policies of recruitment, spatial confinement, regimentation, surveillance, physical restraint, and corporal punishment as well as California Indian resistance. With the help of secular government authorities, Franciscans and their military allies established the system between 1769 and 1790 before deploying more overtly carceral practices between 1790 and 1836. In its conclusion, this article explores the meaning of California’s missions as carceral spaces before suggesting new avenues of research on the history of incarceration within and beyond California.
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18

Rizzo, Mary, and Martha Swan. "Public History and Mass Incarceration." Public Historian 36, no. 1 (February 1, 2014): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/tph.2014.36.1.61.

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Nonprofit human rights organization John Brown Lives! uses local and regional history as a tool to raise contemporary questions around racial injustice, inspired by the work of controversial abolitionist leader John Brown. In this interview, founder Martha Swan discusses how John Brown Lives! uses public history, from a series of community conversations around mass incarceration and drug laws to a traveling exhibit on voting rights in nineteenth century New York State, to encourage people to question the narrative of American history, the meaning of freedom, the role of policy in racial issues, and the connections between history and place.
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19

Conway, James M. "Mass Incarceration and Children's Health." Family & Community Health 44, no. 3 (February 23, 2021): 194–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/fch.0000000000000295.

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20

PIEHL, ANNE MORRISON. "THE CHALLENGE OF MASS INCARCERATION." Criminology Public Policy 3, no. 2 (March 2004): 303–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9133.2004.tb00044.x.

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21

Pettit, Becky, and Carmen Gutierrez. "Mass Incarceration and Racial Inequality." American Journal of Economics and Sociology 77, no. 3-4 (May 2018): 1153–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajes.12241.

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22

Mallory, Jason L. "Mass Incarceration, Democracy, and Inclusion∗." Socialism and Democracy 21, no. 1 (March 2007): 97–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08854300601116795.

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23

Ritter, Eric. "The industry of mass incarceration." Critical Quarterly 62, no. 2 (July 2020): 124–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/criq.12555.

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24

Beckett, Katherine. "Mass Incarceration and Its Discontents." Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews 47, no. 1 (December 21, 2017): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094306117744801.

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25

Hinton, Elizabeth. "MASS INCARCERATION AT THE CROSSROADS." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 12, no. 2 (2015): 453–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x15000211.

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26

Berger, Dan. "Social Movements and Mass Incarceration." Souls 15, no. 1-2 (January 2013): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10999949.2013.804781.

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27

Adelman, Judge Lynn, and Jon Deitrich. "Booker, Judges, and Mass Incarceration." Federal Sentencing Reporter 29, no. 4 (April 1, 2017): 224–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fsr.2017.29.4.224.

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28

O’Hear, Michael. "Mass Incarceration in the Heartland." Federal Sentencing Reporter 30, no. 2 (December 1, 2017): 91–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fsr.2017.30.2.91.

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29

Fondacaro, Mark R., and Megan J. O'Toole. "American Punitiveness and Mass Incarceration." New Criminal Law Review 18, no. 4 (November 1, 2015): 477–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nclr.2015.18.4.477.

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A recent National Academy of Sciences Report entitled, “The growth of incarceration in the United States: Exploring causes and consequences,” examined the drivers of the fourfold increase in incarceration rates in the United States and provided a firm recommendation for significant reduction in incarceration rates (Travis, Western, & Redburn, 2014). Policy makers representing the entire political spectrum are now publicly airing their views on the need for reform. Although public sentiment is generally favorably disposed toward reform in the abstract, when confronted with specific examples of crime, they tend to favor more punitive, retributive responses to crime. Retributive justifications for punishment that are deeply ingrained in our culture and our legal system, as well as our biological and psychological make-up, are a major impediment to constructive reform efforts. However, recent advances in research across neurobiological, psychological, and social levels of analysis suggest that following our retributive impulses to guide legal decision making and criminal justice policy is not only costly and ineffective in reducing crime, but unjust and increasingly difficult to justify morally. This article will draw on a body of research anchored in social ecological models of human behavior to argue for more forward-looking, consequentialist responses to crime that aim at the individual prevention of criminal behavior in the least restrictive and most cost-effective manner at both the front and back ends of our criminal justice system.
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30

Tucker, Ronnie B. "The Color of Mass Incarceration." Explorations in Ethnic Studies 37-38, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 135–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/esr.2017.37_38.1.135.

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31

Sokoloff, Rebecka. "Voting While in Mass Incarceration." Brandeis University Law Journal 8, no. 1 (May 10, 2021): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.26812/bulj.v8i1.481.

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This article explores a recent report of scholars and voting-rights activists urging Congress to make voting mandatory. In this article, I examine the rights of felons, specifically their rights to vote while in mass incarceration. Since prisoners are not allowed to vote in most states, I argue why they should gain suffrage. From this article, I hope to provide and enlighten the reader on possible alternative solutions to prisoner voting.
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32

Levad, Amy. "Repairing the Breach: Faith-Based Community Organizing to Dismantle Mass Incarceration." Religions 10, no. 1 (January 10, 2019): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel10010042.

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Public awareness of the injustices of mass incarceration has grown significantly over the last decade. Many people have learned about mass incarceration in church contexts through book groups, study campaigns, and denominational statements. In recent years, faith-based community organizing (FBCO) networks have increasingly turned their attention to mass incarceration in light of the growing awareness of many Christian individuals, congregations, and denominations. Mass incarceration, however, presents three distinctive challenges to FBCO. First, dismantling mass incarceration requires overtly and conscientiously confronting white supremacy and advancing racial and ethnic equity; faith-based community organizers have avoided this work in the past for fear of dividing their base. Second, streams of Christian theology based in retributivism have provided justifications for increasingly punitive practices and policies, thus contributing to mass incarceration; FBCO networks must construct and uplift alternative theological streams to support alternative practices and policies. Finally, several practices and policies tied to mass incarceration deplete the political power of individuals, families, and communities most deeply impacted by it. Organizing against mass incarceration requires new strategies for building social capital and creating coalitions among groups who have been disenfranchised, marginalized, and undercounted by these practices and policies. Together, these challenges have required FBCO networks to adapt assumptions, strategies, and relationships that had previously been effective in addressing other issues, such as healthcare, employment, education, and transportation. Based on ethnographic fieldwork, this paper explores the insights, struggles, and innovations of ISAIAH, a network in Minnesota, as its members work to dismantle mass incarceration and confront its unique challenges.
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33

Vikram Chatterjee. "Criminal Justice Reform: Examining Strategies for Reducing Mass Incarceration and Promoting Rehabilitation." Indian Journal of Law 2, no. 3 (July 1, 2024): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.36676/ijl.v2.i3.30.

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The pressing issue of mass incarceration and explores strategies for criminal justice reform aimed at reducing incarceration rates and promoting rehabilitation. It highlights the social, economic, and human costs of mass incarceration and discusses the need for evidence-based policies and innovative approaches to address systemic issues within the criminal justice system. Mass incarceration has reached unprecedented levels in many countries, including the United States, where it has disproportionately impacted communities of color and contributed to cycles of poverty, inequality, and recidivism. The abstract discusses the various factors driving mass incarceration, such as mandatory minimum sentences, three-strikes laws, disparities in sentencing, and the war on drugs.
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Ram Avtar Singh. "Criminal Justice Reform: Examining Strategies for Reducing Mass Incarceration and Promoting Rehabilitation." Indian Journal of Law 2, no. 2 (April 30, 2024): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.36676/ijl.v2.i2.04.

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The pressing issue of mass incarceration and explores strategies for criminal justice reform aimed at reducing incarceration rates and promoting rehabilitation. It highlights the social, economic, and human costs of mass incarceration and discusses the need for evidence-based policies and innovative approaches to address systemic issues within the criminal justice system. Mass incarceration has reached unprecedented levels in many countries, including the United States, where it has disproportionately impacted communities of color and contributed to cycles of poverty, inequality, and recidivism. The abstract discusses the various factors driving mass incarceration, such as mandatory minimum sentences, three-strikes laws, disparities in sentencing, and the war on drugs.
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35

Jay, Mark. "Cages and Crises: A Marxist Analysis of Mass Incarceration." Historical Materialism 27, no. 1 (March 29, 2019): 182–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1569206x-00001726.

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Abstract Since the mid-1960s, the carceral population in the US has increased around 900%. This article analyses that increase from a Marxist framework. After interrogating the theories of Michelle Alexander and Loïc Wacquant, I lay out a theoretical framework for a Marxist theory of mass incarceration. I then offer a historical analysis of mass incarceration in keeping with this theoretical framework, emphasising the carceral system’s relationship to the class struggle and the large-scale economic dislocations of post-Fordism. Finally, I emphasise how private prison companies, increasingly central to the story of mass incarceration, are influencing current efforts to reform the prison system and shift to ‘alternatives to incarceration’.
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36

Brown, Michelle. "Visual criminology and carceral studies: Counter-images in the carceral age." Theoretical Criminology 18, no. 2 (April 28, 2014): 176–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362480613508426.

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Mass incarceration maps onto global neoliberal carceral formations that, in turn, look very much like a visual iconography of social suffering. Camp or prison-like conditions define the daily life of many of the world’s inhabitants caught in contexts of detention, incarceration, forced migration, and population displacement. Often depicted as abject subjects, actors in carceral contexts and the people who organize with them seek to find strategies of representation that humanize and politicize their existence. This essay attempts to gain a sense of the visual struggles at the heart of these carceral scenes by way of an analysis of the use of images and new media by current and former prisoners, community members, artists, and scholars to counter mass incarceration in the United States. Such scenes are significant sites for examining how a visual criminology might reveal and participate in the contestations and interventions that increasingly challenge the project of mass incarceration.
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37

Valles, Sean A. "Fifty Years of U.S. Mass Incarceration and What It Means for Bioethics." Hastings Center Report 53, no. 6 (November 2023): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hast.1541.

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AbstractA growing body of literature has engaged with mass incarceration as a public health problem. This article reviews some of that literature, illustrating why and how bioethicists can and should engage with the problem of mass incarceration as a remediable cause of health inequities. “Mass incarceration” refers to a phenomenon that emerged in the United States fifty years ago: imprisoning a vastly larger proportion of the population than peer countries do, with a greatly disproportionate number of incarcerated people being members of marginalized racial and ethnic groups. Bioethicists have long engaged with questions of health justice for incarcerated people, including consent issues for those participating in research and access to health care. This article provides an overview of the individual and public health impacts of mass incarceration. The article argues that mass incarceration is a bioethics issue that should be addressed in medical education, identifies opportunities for bioethicists to guide hospitals’ interactions with law enforcement officials, and calls on bioethicists to be in conversation with medical and nursing students and health care professionals about these groups’ advocacy efforts concerning structural racism, police violence, and mass incarceration.
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38

Muller, Christopher, and Daniel Schrage. "Mass Imprisonment and Trust in the Law." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 651, no. 1 (November 18, 2013): 139–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716213502928.

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This article examines the relationship between two facets of mass imprisonment—its novel comparative and historical scale and its pervasiveness in the lives of African Americans—and surveys respondents’ beliefs about the harshness of the courts, and bias in the courts or among police. Analyses of national survey data show that as states’ incarceration rates increased, so too did the probability that residents believed that courts were too harsh. However, while white Americans’ opinions about the courts were sensitive to changes in the white incarceration rate, African Americans’ opinions were not sensitive to changes in the African American incarceration rate. African American respondents who had been to prison or who had a close friend or family member who had been to prison were more likely to attribute racial disparities in incarceration to police bias and bias in the courts. The article concludes with a discussion of the possible consequences of declining trust in the law for the future of American punishment.
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39

Simon, Jonathan. "Ending Mass Incarceration is a Moral Imperative." Federal Sentencing Reporter 26, no. 4 (April 1, 2014): 271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fsr.2014.26.4.271.

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The movement against mass incarceration has made major strides in the past few years with politicians and the media becoming significantly less enthralled with prisons and prison populations themselves are dropping modestly. However further progress, let alone a major effort to reverse the explosive growth of imprisonment over the last three decades, is by no means assured. Many of the factors that produced mass incarceration, including the structure of sentencing laws, prosecutorial attitudes, policing practices and court routines remains very much intact. This essay recommends five strategies to increase the chance that the present conjuncture leads to deep change and avoids the stabilization of the prison population into "mass incarceration lite."
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40

Shaikh, Naeem. " Response of Undergraduate Human Services Programs to the Mass Incarceration Crisis." Journal of Human Services 40, no. 1 (March 2021): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.52678/2021.2.

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Mass incarceration has resulted in the United States having the world’s largest incarcerated population and the highest rate of incarceration. Consequently, nearly 1 in 4 Americans has a criminal record. Racial and ethnic minorities have much higher rates of incarceration than Whites. The collateral consequences of a criminal conviction are colossal and continue well beyond incarceration. Human services students must be well prepared to competently serve clients and families affected by this crisis. This exploratory, qualitative study aimed to determine if undergraduate programs accredited by the Council for Standards in Human Service Education offer course content related to the mass incarceration crisis. Results from a content analysis of course titles and descriptions of 17 accredited programs suggest students are not being adequately prepared to competently serve this population. Implications for human services education, practice, and research are discussed.
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41

Skarbek, David. "Prisonomics: Lessons from America's Mass Incarceration." Economic Affairs 34, no. 3 (October 2014): 411–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecaf.12089.

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42

Lynch, Mona. "Mass incarceration, legal change, and locale." Criminology & Public Policy 10, no. 3 (July 19, 2011): 673–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9133.2011.00733.x.

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43

Lynch, Mona. "Mass incarceration, legal change, and locale." Criminology & Public Policy 10, no. 3 (July 19, 2011): 671. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9133.2011.00734.x.

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44

Western, Bruce, and Christopher Wildeman. "The Black Family and Mass Incarceration." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 621, no. 1 (January 2009): 221–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716208324850.

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45

Kilgore, James. "Mass Incarceration and Working Class Interests." Labor Studies Journal 37, no. 4 (December 2012): 356–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160449x13482732.

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46

Lichtenstein, A. "A "Labor History" of Mass Incarceration." Labor: Studies in Working-Class History of the Americas 8, no. 3 (September 1, 2011): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15476715-1275217.

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47

Heiner, Brady. "The procedural entrapment of mass incarceration." Philosophy & Social Criticism 42, no. 6 (April 10, 2015): 594–631. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0191453715575768.

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48

Davis, Angela Y. "Deepening the Debate over Mass Incarceration." Socialism and Democracy 28, no. 3 (September 2, 2014): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08854300.2014.963945.

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Ševčenko, Liz. "Remembering the age of mass incarceration." Museums & Social Issues 12, no. 1 (January 2, 2017): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15596893.2017.1300853.

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Lyons, Thomas, and W. Dustin Cantrell. "Prison Meditation Movements and Mass Incarceration." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 60, no. 12 (May 4, 2015): 1363–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x15583807.

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