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1
Abdelmegid, Shaimaa, David Kelton, Jeff Caswell, and Gordon Kirby. "Proteomic 2D-DIGE Analysis of Milk Whey from Dairy Cows with Staphylococcus aureus Mastitis Reveals Overexpression of Host Defense Proteins." Microorganisms 8, no. 12 (2020): 1883. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8121883.
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Bovine mastitis remains a primary focus of dairy cattle disease research due to its considerable negative economic impact on the dairy industry. Subclinical mastitis (SCM), commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, lacks overt clinical signs and the diagnosis is based on bacteriological culture and somatic cell counts of milk, both of which have limitations. The main objective of this study was to identify, characterize and quantify the differential abundance of milk whey proteins from cows with S. aureus SCM compared to whey from healthy cows. Using two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) coupled with liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry, 28 high-abundant proteins were detected in whey from mastitic milk, 9 of which had host defense functions. These included acute phase proteins involved in innate immunity and antimicrobial functions (e.g., serotransferrin, complement C3, fibrinogen gamma-B chain and cathepsin B), and proteins associated with the immune response to pathogens (e.g., polymeric immunoglobulin receptor-like protein, MHC class I antigen and beta-2-microglobulin). These results provide a unique 2D map of the modulated milk proteome during S. aureus mastitis. The broader importance is that the identified proteins, particularly those with host-defense biological functions, represent potential candidate biomarkers of subclinical mastitis in dairy cows.
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Sztachańska, M., W. Barański, T. Janowski, J. Pogorzelska, and S. Zduńczyk. "Prevalence and etiological agents of subclinical mastitis at the end of lactation in nine dairy herds in North-East Poland." Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences 19, no. 1 (2016): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pjvs-2016-0015.
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AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and etiological agents of subclinical mastitis at the end of lactation in nine dairy herds in North-East Poland. In total, 387 Polish HF were involved in the study. The diagnosis of mastitis was performed on the basis of clinical examination of the udder, macroscopic evaluation of milk, determination of somatic cell count and bacteriological examination of milk. Subclinical mastitis was found in an average of 36.7% (range from 21.0% to 53.1%) of cows and of 15.7% (range from 9.6% to 25.2%) of quarters. Coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS; 31.6% of quarters), Streptococcus (Str.) agalactiae (15.6% of quarters), Staphylococcus (Staph.) aureus (12.1% of quarters) and fungi (12.2% of quarters) were most frequently isolated from subclinical mastitis. Etiological agents of subclinical mastitis differed strongly between herds. The results of this study showed that the incidence of subclinical mastitis at the end of lactation in dairy herds in North-East Poland is high. CNS were the most frequently isolated from subclinical mastitis cases, however mastitis caused by the contagious pathogens Str. agalactiae and Staph. aureus is still a problem. The fungal infections of the mammary gland also play an important role.
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Cheng, Wei Nee, and Sung Gu Han. "Bovine mastitis: risk factors, therapeutic strategies, and alternative treatments — A review." Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 33, no. 11 (2020): 1699–713. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.20.0156.
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Bovine mastitis, an inflammation of the mammary gland, is the most common disease of dairy cattle causing economic losses due to reduced yield and poor quality of milk. The etiological agents include a variety of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and can be either contagious (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Mycoplasma spp.) or environmental (e.g., Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp., coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, Streptococcus uberis). Improving sanitation such as enhanced milking hygiene, implementation of post-milking teat disinfection, maintenance of milking machines are general measures to prevent new cases of mastitis, but treatment of active mastitis infection is dependant mainly on antibiotics. However, the extensive use of antibiotics increased concerns about emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens and that led the dairy industries to reduce the use of antibiotics. Therefore, alternative therapies for prevention and treatment of bovine mastitis, particularly natural products from plants and animals, have been sought. This review provides an overview of bovine mastitis in the aspects of risk factors, control and treatments, and emerging therapeutic alternatives in the control of bovine mastitis.
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Jonsson, Per, Sven-Ove Olsson, Ann-Sophie Olofson, Christer Fälth, Olof Holmberg, and Hans Funke. "Bacteriological investigations of clinical mastitis in heifers in Sweden." Journal of Dairy Research 58, no. 2 (1991): 179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029900029721.
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SummaryBacterial analyses were carried out of 2069 udder secretions, isolated from 1481 heifers with mastitis in eight veterinary districts in Sweden. Streptococci, e.g. Streptococcus dysgalactiae and Str. uberis, dominated the bacterial flora, being isolated from 34·4 and 19·5% respectively of heifers with clinical mastitis occurring from puberty up to 14 d post partum. Bacterial species generally regarded as important pathogens in the summer mastitis complex, e.g. Actinomyces pyogenes, Stuart–Schwan coccus and strictly anaerobic bacteria such as Peptostreptococcus indolicus, Fusobacterium necrophorum and Bacteroides melaninogenicus were isolated at low frequencies (13·2, 6·3, 9·4, 3·8 and 1·3% respectively). When the cases of mastitis studied were restricted to those appearing in heifers pre partum, May 15 to October 14 (summer mastitis), these bacterial species were isolated at higher percentages (27·1, 14·4, 21·4, 13·5 and 5·2% respectively). These figures were, nevertheless, still lower than those published in reports from other countries. Whether considered up to 14 d post partum or only pre partum, there were no significant differences in the frequencies of A. pyogenes isolated at different seasons. There were geographical differences in bacterial incidence, e.g. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated significantly more often in northern regions whereas Str. dysgalactiae was more common in the south. This and other Swedish investigations support the theory that A. pyogenes and strictly anaerobic bacteria are ‘secondary invaders’ that depend on Str. dysgalactiae to cause a primary infection. It is stressed that the udders of all heifers should be examined daily so that cases of mastitis can be treated immediately.
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Kabelitz, Tina, Etienne Aubry, Kira van Vorst, Thomas Amon, and Marcus Fulde. "The Role of Streptococcus spp. in Bovine Mastitis." Microorganisms 9, no. 7 (2021): 1497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9071497.
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The Streptococcus genus belongs to one of the major pathogen groups inducing bovine mastitis. In the dairy industry, mastitis is the most common and costly disease. It not only negatively impacts economic profit due to milk losses and therapy costs, but it is an important animal health and welfare issue as well. This review describes a classification, reservoirs, and frequencies of the most relevant Streptococcus species inducing bovine mastitis (S. agalactiae, S. dysgalactiae and S. uberis). Host and environmental factors influencing mastitis susceptibility and infection rates will be discussed, because it has been indicated that Streptococcus herd prevalence is much higher than mastitis rates. After infection, we report the sequence of cow immune reactions and differences in virulence factors of the main Streptococcus species. Different mastitis detection techniques together with possible conventional and alternative therapies are described. The standard approach treating streptococcal mastitis is the application of ß-lactam antibiotics. In streptococci, increased antimicrobial resistance rates were identified against enrofloxacin, tetracycline, and erythromycin. At the end, control and prevention measures will be considered, including vaccination, hygiene plan, and further interventions. It is the aim of this review to estimate the contribution and to provide detailed knowledge about the role of the Streptococcus genus in bovine mastitis.
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Libera, Kacper, Kacper Konieczny, Julia Grabska, et al. "Potential Novel Biomarkers for Mastitis Diagnosis in Sheep." Animals 11, no. 10 (2021): 2783. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11102783.
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This review aims to characterize promising novel markers of ovine mastitis. Mastitis is considered as one of the primary factors for premature culling in dairy sheep and has noticeable financial, productional, and animal welfare-related implications. Furthermore, clinical, and subclinical mammary infections negatively affect milk yield and alter the milk composition, thereby leading to lowered quality of dairy products. It is, therefore, crucial to control and prevent mastitis through proper diagnosis, treatment or culling, and appropriate udder health management particularly at the end of the lactation period. The clinical form of mastitis is characterized by abnormalities in milk and mammary gland tissue alteration or systemic symptoms consequently causing minor diagnostic difficulties. However, to identify ewes with subclinical mastitis, laboratory diagnostics is crucial. Mastitis control is primarily dependent on determining somatic cell count (SCC) and the California Mastitis Test (CMT), which aim to detect the quantity of cells in the milk sample. The other useful diagnostic tool is microbial culture, which complements SCC and CMT. However, all mentioned diagnostic methods have their limitations and therefore novel biomarkers of ovine subclinical mastitis are highly desired. These sensitive indicators include acute-phase proteins, miRNA, and cathelicidins measurements, which could be determined in ovine serum and/or milk and in the future may become useful in early mastitis diagnostics as well as a preventive tool. This may contribute to increased detection of ovine mammary gland inflammation in sheep, especially in subclinical form, and consequently improves milk quality and quantity.
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Yahia, Achour, Djelloul Mrezgui, Khadidja Hamrat, and Rachid Kaidi. "Prevalence of Subclinical Mastitis in the Local Goats in the Province of Laghouat (ALGERIA)." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Veterinary Medicine 73, no. 2 (2016): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-vm:12169.
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Subclinical mastitis is a disease of the udder that passes mostly unnoticed. Or several germs associated with it and their presence in milk constitutes a major risk to consumer health. Our study aims to determine the prevalence of subclinical mastitis in local goats in Laghouat region (Algeria). We undertook a study based on the detection of sub-clinical mastitis by Califirnian Mastitis Test (CMT) in 60 goats aged 1 to 9 years and weighing 18 to 45 kg of live weight and whose lactation number varies from 2 to 8. We found a prevalence of subclinical mastitis reaching 46.6%. A clearly significant difference (P <0.05) is reported on this prevalence compared to age. The highest rate is recorded especially in goats aged between 3 to 7 years with 62% of detected subclinical mastitis, followed by the older goats (over 7 years) with a prevalence of 27%, and at the end the youngest goats (1-3 years) with a prevalence of 11%. A significant difference was also recorded between the different lactation ranks (P <0.05). The goats having the highest rank of lactation were most affected by subclinical mastitis. Prevalence of 46%, 31%, 11% and 8% respectively are found for the 6th rank of lactation and more, 4 lactations, 5 lactations and 1 lactation. We noticed that the majority of diagnosed mastitis were caused by poor hygiene conditions. This study allows us to conclude that there is a high prevalence of subclinical mastitis in the local goats in the province of Laghouat (Algeria).
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Olechnowicz, Jan, and Jędrzej M. Jaśkowski. "A Connection Between Mastitis During Early Lactation and Reproductive Performance of Dairy Cows – A Review / Związek mastitis we wczesnej laktacji z użytkowością reprodukcyjną krów mlecznych – artykuł przeglądowy." Annals of Animal Science 13, no. 3 (2013): 435–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2013-0030.
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Abstract The objective of this study was to present a relationship between mastitis in the post-calving period and fertility traits of dairy cows. The threshold of 200,000 cells/ml for somatic cell count is used as a reference for healthy quarters of the cow’s udder. The genetic correlation between mastitis and somatic cell count is strong (from 0.7 to 0.8). Although heritability for fertility traits is low (from 0.01 to 0.02), the genetic standard deviation for mastitis varies from 1.2 to 7.0 percentage units, suggesting that genetic gain can be achieved by selecting for mastitis. Results of this study suggest that mastitis in the postpartum period can have a markedly negative impact on the reproductive performance of dairy cows. The synergistic effect of common conditions (somatic cell count, body condition score and lameness score) or other factors (e.g. heat stress, fertility management, the presence of repeat breeders) also lowers fertility of cows. Production of milk with fewer than 100,000 cells/ml leads to improved health and fertility in the cows.
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Jingar, Suresh, R. K. Mehla, Mahendra Singh, and A. K. Roy. "Lactation Curve Pattern and Prediction of Milk Production Performance in Crossbred Cows." Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2014 (July 13, 2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/814768.
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Data pertaining to 11728 test-day daily milk yields of normal and mastitis Karan Fries cows were collected from the institute herd and divided as mastitis and nonmastitis and parity-wise. The data of lactation curves of the normal and mastitis crossbred cows was analyzed using gamma type function. FTDMY in normal and mastitis cows showed an increasing trend from TD-1 to TD-4 and a gradual decrease (P<0.01) thereafter until the end of lactation (TD-21) in different parities. The FTDMY was maximum (peak yield) in the fourth parity. Parity-wise lactation curve revealed a decrease in persistency, steeper decline in descending slope (c), and steeper increase in ascending slope (b) from 1st to 5th and above parity. The higher coefficient of determination (R2) and lower root mean square error (RMSE) indicated goodness and accuracy of the model for the prediction of milk prediction performance under field conditions. Clinical mastitis resulted in a significantly higher loss of milk yield (P<0.05). The FTDMY was maximum (P<0.05) in the fourth parity in comparison to the rest of parity. It is demonstrated that gamma type function can give the best fit lactation curve in normal and mastitis infected crossbred cows.
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MIEKLEY, B., I. TRAULSEN, and J. KRIETER. "Mastitis detection in dairy cows: the application of support vector machines." Journal of Agricultural Science 151, no. 6 (2013): 889–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859613000178.
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SUMMARYThe current investigation analysed the applicability of support vector machines (SVMs), a sub-discipline in the field of artificial intelligence, for the early detection of mastitis. Data used were recorded on the Karkendamm dairy research farm (Kiel, Germany) between January 2010 and December 2011. Data from 215 cows in their first 200 days in milk (DIM) were analysed. Mastitis was specified according to veterinary treatments and defined as disease blocks. The two different definitions used varied solely in the sequence length of the blocks. Only the days before the treatment were included in the blocks. The following parameters were used for the recognition of mastitis: milk electrical conductivity (MEC), milk yield (MY), stage of lactation, month, mastitis history during lactation, deviation from the 5-day moving average of MEC as well as MY, and the 5-day moving standard deviations of the same traits. To develop and verify the model of the SVMs, the mastitis dataset was divided into training and test datasets. Support vector machines are tools for statistical pattern recognition, focusing on algorithms capable of learning and adapting the structure of the input parameters based on the training dataset. The results show that the block sensitivity of mastitis detection considering both mastitis definitions was 84·6%, while specificity was 71·6 and 78·3%, respectively. Showing feasible features for pattern recognition of biological data, SVMs can principally be applied for disease detection. However, without further performance improvement or different study settings (e.g. other indicator variables) SVMs cannot be easily implemented into practical usage.
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Vargas, Renison T., Fernando N. Souza, Maria Aparecida V. P. Brito, et al. "Partial budget analysis of prepartum antimicrobial therapy and Escherichia coli J5 vaccination of dairy heifers and their effect on milk production and milk quality parameters." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 36, no. 2 (2016): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2016000200003.
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Abstract: This study aimed to determine whether prepartum antimicrobial and/or Escherichia coli J5 vaccination in dairy heifers influence the milk production, milk quality, and estimate their economic benefit. Thus, 33 dairy heifers were enrolled in four groups using a split-splot design. Groups were: (G1) prepartum antimicrobial infusion and vaccination with an E. coli J5 bacterin, (G2) prepartum antimicrobial infusion, (G3) vaccination with an E. coli J5 bacterin, and (G4) control heifers. Composite milk samples for somatic cell count, total bacteria count and milk composition were collected 15 days after calving and every 15 days until the end of the experiment. Bacteriological analysis was carried out at the end of study. The milk production and the incidence of clinical cases of mastitis, as well as the costs associated with them were recorded. The results demonstrate a reduction on clinical mastitis rates by preventive strategies, which implicated in lower volume of discarded milk (0.99, 1.01, 1.04 and 3.98% for G1, G2, G3 and G4, respectively) and higher economic benefit. Thus, in well-managed dairy herds the prevention of heifer mastitis by vaccination or antimicrobial therapy can reduce the amount of antimicrobials needed to treat clinical mastitis cases and the days of discarded milk.
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Hande, Gürler, Findik Arzu, Gültiken Nilgün, et al. "Investigation On The Etiology Of Subclinical Mastitis In Jersey And Hybrid Jersey Dairy Cows." Acta Veterinaria 65, no. 3 (2015): 358–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/acve-2015-0030.
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AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the etiology of subclinical mastitis (SCM) in dairy Jersey cows with the use of bacteriological and molecular identification methods. In the study 121 Jersey and 78 hybrid Jersey cows with SCM were observed in the Samsun district of Turkey. A total of 411 California mastitis test (CMT) positive milk samples from these animals were examined bacteriologically. The prevalence of subclinical mastitis was 54.75% and 67.2% in Jerseys and hybrids, respectively. On bacteriological examination, a total of 92 strains were isolated from 411 milk samples. The most prevalent bacteria wereStaphylococcusspp. (69.56%). Among them 24 isolates wereStaphylococcus aureus(26.08%) the other isolates wereStreptococcus dysgalactiae(23.91%),Enterococcus spp.(3.26%) andStreptococcus agalactiae(3.26%). All strains were identified with bacteriological culture methods, as well as by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Gram-negative bacteria were not isolated. In conclusion, the etiology of SCM in full blood and hybrid Jersey dairy cows in Samsun and the prevalence of bacteria were determined. The relatively high prevalence of SCM indicates the potential need for the consideration of some factors contributing to the formation of mastitis (e.g. management) as well as bacterial agents. The present study and further studies may be useful to develop mastitis vaccines by means of providing true vaccine strain sources.
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Beck, Harvey S., William S. Wise, and Frank H. Dodd. "Cost benefit analysis of bovine mastitis in the UK." Journal of Dairy Research 59, no. 4 (1992): 449–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029900027114.
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SummaryBovine mastitis reduces the yield and quality of milk and increases the rate of culling and veterinary costs. This reduces the profitability of farm milk production but the calculation of the extent of this economic loss is complex because of the many factors involved and deficiencies in the evidence on the relationship between the disease and various production factors. This paper examines the available evidence for the UK and provides a consistent analytical framework within which the benefits arising from reduced mastitis in dairy herds constrained by quota can be considered. It is estimated that since 1970 the farms that have followed the recommended control procedures have reduced the average annual number of cases of clinical mastitis from 135 to 40 cases/100 cows each year, while the quarters remaining uninfected for a whole year has increased from 65 to 80% of the total quarters. The costs of the main control procedures (e.g. £8–60/cow for dry-cow therapy and teat dipping or spraying) are broadly covered by the reduction in clinical mastitis, leaving the benefits of reduced subclinical infection (e.g. £3810 for a 100 cow herd unconstrained by quota and achieving the average reduction in infection) as a substantial bonus. The imposition of quotas reduces the financial benefit of mastitis control but it still remains a worthwhile investment. The results of this analysis can be used to suggest maximum costs of additional new control measures produced by research. It also indicates that there is considerable value in production research which gives more precise knowledge of production Systems, thus allowing producers to respond optimally to quota cuts.
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Miles, Asha M., Christian J. Posbergh, and Heather J. Huson. "Direct Phenotyping and Principal Component Analysis of Type Traits Implicate Novel QTL in Bovine Mastitis through Genome-Wide Association." Animals 11, no. 4 (2021): 1147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11041147.
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Our objectives were to robustly characterize a cohort of Holstein cows for udder and teat type traits and perform high-density genome-wide association studies for those traits within the same group of animals, thereby improving the accuracy of the phenotypic measurements and genomic association study. Additionally, we sought to identify a novel udder and teat trait composite risk index to determine loci with potential pleiotropic effects related to mastitis. This approach was aimed at improving the biological understanding of the genetic factors influencing mastitis. Cows (N = 471) were genotyped on the Illumina BovineHD777k beadchip and scored for front and rear teat length, width, end shape, and placement; fore udder attachment; udder cleft; udder depth; rear udder height; and rear udder width. We used principal component analysis to create a single composite measure describing type traits previously linked to high odds of developing mastitis within our cohort of cows. Genome-wide associations were performed, and 28 genomic regions were significantly associated (Bonferroni-corrected p < 0.05). Interrogation of these genomic regions revealed a number of biologically plausible genes whicht may contribute to the development of mastitis and whose functions range from regulating cell proliferation to immune system signaling, including ZNF683, DHX9, CUX1, TNNT1, and SPRY1. Genetic investigation of the risk composite trait implicated a novel locus and candidate genes that have potentially pleiotropic effects related to mastitis.
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Rønningen, Odd, and Arne Dagfinn Reitan. "Influence of static and dynamic teat characteristics and milking time on udder health in Norwegian Red Cattle." Journal of Dairy Research 57, no. 2 (1990): 171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029900026777.
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SummaryA field survey with 70 cows in 15 herds was carried out to find a possible correlation between the depth of teat penetration into the teatcup liner during milking, and udder health. The investigation showed that the depth of penetration into the liner of fore teats was positively correlated with the fore teat end hardness (P < 0·01), and with the frequency of clinical mastitis for the whole udder (P < 0·1). The investigation also showed that the teat end height above the floor was negatively correlated with mean cell count for the previous year (P < 0·001), and with the prevalence of subclinical mastitis in rear quarters (P < 0·05).
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Mantziaras, George, Natalia GC Vasileiou, Katerina S. Ioannidi, et al. "Use of contrast-enhanced ultrasonographic examination to evaluate health status of mammary glands of ewes at the end of a lactation period." Journal of Dairy Research 85, no. 1 (2018): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002202991800002x.
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This research communication describes the use of contrast-enhanced ultrasonographic examination (CEUS) in mammary glands of ewes for diagnosis of chronic mastitis; this is the first report of the use of this modality in diagnostic imaging of mammary glands of ruminants. For this purpose, a convex transducer was used, with the following settings: frequency: 2·0/4·0 MHz, mechanical index: 0·09, power: 22 dB, scanning depth: 70 mm, and sulphur hexafluoride in microbubbles at a dose of 20 µl as the contrast agent. In four healthy mammary glands (2 ewes), CEUS examination revealed a steady biphasic pattern of contrast agent kinetics characterised by initial uptake within 15–40 s post-injection, at which time intensity peaked with strong enhancement (130–200 AEU) followed by a gradual wash-out phase. In three mammary glands with history of clinical mastitis (2 ewes), the pattern was particularly inconsistent and unclear, with weak enhancement (<100 AEU) (P < 0·01) lasting for a short period. Notwithstanding issues regarding cost and withdrawal period of contrast-agent, this imaging modality may contribute to improved diagnosis of mastitis cases, especially on occasions when abnormalities cannot be easily confirmed by more conventional methods.
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Zafalon, Luiz Francisco, Guilherme Aparecido Fim Júnior, Carolina Orlando Vaso, Nahryda Samara dos Santos Lopes, Josir Laine Aparecida Veschi, and Raul Costa Mascarenhas Santana. "Influence of lactation stages and rain periods on subclinical mastitis in meat producing ewes." Ciência Rural 46, no. 10 (2016): 1797–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20151068.
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ABSTRACT: Mastitis negatively influences the survival and weight gain of ovines for meat production. The purpose of this study was to investigate, in sheep for meat production, the occurrence of subclinical mastitis in ewes at the end of lactation and beginning of the consecutive lactation and to assess the composition and cellular characteristics of milk as a function of different rainfall indices. Mammary halves (821) of Santa Ines (479) and Morada Nova (342) ewes were examined. Milk samples were collected in two different moments of lactation: at weaning and postpartum of the consecutive lactation. Sample collection periods were called "dry" or "rainy" according to the rainfall index in the month immediately before the month of collection. The occurrence of subclinical mastitis at weaning in the Santa Ines and Morada Nova ewes were 16.4 and 12.6% in the dry period, and 17.7 and 23.5% in the rainy period, respectively. In the consecutive lactation period, the occurrences were 26.7 and 27.7% in the dry period and 41.8 and 39.1% in the rainy period, for the Santa Ines and Morada Nova ewes, respectively. Postpartum stage was critical for the occurrence of subclinical mastitis, as compared to that at the end of the previous lactation. Occurrence of the disease negatively influenced the SCC in the milk at the beginning of lactation and changed its composition, mainly in the rainiest periods, probably due to a difficulty in maintaining hygiene in the environment where the animals remained.
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Varatanovic, N., A. Katica, T. Mutevelic, B. Cengic, N. Mlaco, and E. Hamzic. "Research of mastitis prevalence at heifers in farm breeding." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 25, no. 1-2 (2009): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah0902073v.
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With 268 heifers in farm breeding, udder examination has been performed for clinical mastitis during 14 days after calving. From each quarter we took secretion samples and performed bacteriological analysis. From total number of heifers, 56 of them had shown clinical signs of inflammation, and 12 were bacteriologicaly positive. By bacteriological analysis mastitis pathogens had been found, even in 14 heifers without inflammation signs, at least until the end of test period. From the total number of tested heifers in 3,35% of cases Streptococcus agalactiae have been found, 4,85% coagulase positive staphilococcae (CPS) and 1,49% Corynebacterium pyogenes. Because coagulasa positive staphilococci were the most present bacteries in the period of 14 days, we made opinion that the same are the most often mastitis pathogen. Heifers with intramammarian infections like these, represent source of infection fot other non-infected animals in herd. .
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Altintoprak, Fatih, Engin Karakece, Taner Kivilcim, et al. "Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis: An Autoimmune Disease?" Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/148727.
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Purpose. This study aimed to investigate the autoimmune basis of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) by determining the anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) and extractable nuclear antigen (ENA) levels of patients diagnosed with IGM.Material and Methods. Twenty-six IGM patients were evaluated. Serum samples were analyzed for autoantibodies by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) using a substrate kit that induced fluorescein-conjugated goat antibodies to human immunoglobulin G (IgG). IIF patterns were read at serum dilutions of 1 : 40 and 1 : 100 for ANA positivity. Using the immunoblot technique, the sera of patients were assayed at dilutions of 1 : 40 and 1 : 100 for human autoantibodies of the IgG class to 15 lines of highly purified ENAs.Results. In the IIF studies for ANA, positivity was identified for four different patterns in the 1 : 40 diluted preparations, for three different patients in the 1 : 100 diluted preparations and only one pattern was identified at the 1 : 320 dilution. In the ENA studies, positivity was identified for four different pattern in the 1 : 40 dilution, and only one pattern was identified at the 1 : 100 dilution.Conclusion. This study was not able to support the eventual existence of an autoimmune basis for IGM.
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Neijenhuis, F., H. W. Barkema, H. Hogeveen, and J. P. T. M. Noordhuizen. "Relationship Between Teat-End Callosity and Occurrence of Clinical Mastitis." Journal of Dairy Science 84, no. 12 (2001): 2664–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(01)74720-0.
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Santos, G., M. P. Bottino, A. P. C. Santos, et al. "126 Interference of mastitis with ovulation and oocyte and granulosa cell quality in dairy cows." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 31, no. 1 (2019): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv31n1ab126.
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of mastitis diagnosed by somatic cell count (SCC) on follicular growth, ovulation, oocytes and cumulus cells quality and the concentration and size of exosomes in follicular fluid of dairy cows. In the study, crossbred cows (Bos taurus-Holstein×Bos indicus-Gir) were classified for analysis as control (SCC &lt;200.000 cells mL−1) and mastitis (SCC &gt;400.000 cells mL−1) groups. In Experiment 1 (follicular dynamics), cows (n=57: control=31; mastitis=26) received a progesterone intravaginal device (Sincrogest®, Ourofino Saude Animal, Cravinhos, Brazil) and 2mg of oestradiol benzoate (Sincrodiol®, Ourofino Saude Animal) injected IM. Eight days later (D8), the progesterone device was removed and cows received IM 500mg of cloprostenol (Sincrocio®, Ourofino Saude Animal), 1mg of oestradiol cypionate (SincroCP®, Ourofino Saude Animal) and 300IU of eCG (SicroeCG®, Ourofino Saude Animal). Ultrasound exams (Mindray 4900, probe linear de 5MHz, Shenzhen, China) were performed every 24h from removal of the progesterone-releasing intravaginal device (D8) until 48h later. Thereafter, evaluations were performed every 12h, until ovulation or up to 96h after removal of the progesterone-releasing intravaginal device. In Experiment 2 (oocyte, cumulus complexes, and follicular fluid evaluation), cows (n=26: control=13; mastitis=13) were submitted to follicular aspiration (ovum pickup) for oocyte quality and cumulus cells transcript evaluation. Transcript abundance of apoptosis markers (BCL2, BAX, PI3K, PTEN, FOXO3) was determined by real-time RT-PCR. Moreover, 7 days after the ovum pickup session, the dominant follicle was aspirated and follicular fluid samples were obtained. Exosomes were isolated from the follicular fluid by serial centrifugations, which were also performed for evaluation of particle size and concentration. Statistical analyses were performed using the SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA), and the GLIMMIX procedure was used to determine significant differences between groups. Gene expression and exosome data were submitted to the Student’s t-test. Ovulation rate [control 77.4% (24/31) and mastitis 57.7% (15/26); P=0.09] and viable oocytes rate [control 59.1% (130/220) and mastitis 41.9% (125/298); P=0.01] were higher in control animals. Additionally, there was a greater number of degenerate oocytes (control 6.7±1.2 and mastitis 13.3±5.5; P=0.001) in subclinical mastitis cows. There was greater abundance (P=0.003) of BAX cumulus cell transcripts and exosome mean (P=0.03) was smaller in subclinical mastitis cows. However, BCL2, PI3K, PTEN, nd FOXO3 cumulus cell transcripts was similar between treatments. In conclusion, ovulation rate, oocyte quality, and exosome diameter were smaller in cows with SCC &gt;400.000 cells mL−1, demonstrating that subclinical mastitis can influence the fertility of dairy cows.
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Syamsi, Afduha Nurus, Meyta Pratiwi, and Aras Prasetiyo Nugroho. "Inhibition Activity of Garlic (Allium sativum) Skin Aqueous Extract on Mastitis Causing Microorganisms." ANIMAL PRODUCTION 21, no. 1 (2020): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jap.2019.21.1.673.
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Mastitis in dairy caused by microorganisms, e.g. Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans, is a serious problem due to its effect in decreasing quality and quantity of milk production up to 53.5%. Mastitis precautions are generally carried out using iodine solution and has risk leaving residue both on the udder and milk produced. Natural antimicrobial compounds need to be developed to solve iodine residues. An alternative natural ingredient that can be used is the skin of garlic which is known contains allicin, that is able to inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms. This completely randomized design research by applying Kirby-Bauer method, aimed to identify the effect and concentration of garlic skin extracts that are effective against the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutants, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. Research was done in 6 months in Faculty of Animal Science and Faculty of Biology Unsoed, and the datas were analyzed using ANOVA. Garlic skins were extracted using aquadest to three concentrations i.e. 5%, 10% and 15%, and were tested on to mastitis-causing microorganisms growth. The results showed the extract of garlic skins using aquadest has high potency in inhibiting the growth of mastitis-causing microorganisms. Based on the results, aqueous extract of garlic skin has inhibition activity with minimum concentration 5-10%.
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Neculai-Valeanu, Andra Sabina, Adina Mirela Ariton, Bianca Maria Mădescu, Cristina Mihaela Rîmbu, and Şteofil Creangă. "Nanomaterials and Essential Oils as Candidates for Developing Novel Treatment Options for Bovine Mastitis." Animals 11, no. 6 (2021): 1625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11061625.
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Nanomaterials have been used for diagnosis and therapy in the human medical field, while their application in veterinary medicine and animal production is still relatively new. Nanotechnology, however, is a rapidly growing field, offering the possibility of manufacturing new materials at the nanoscale level, with the formidable potential to revolutionize the agri-food sector by offering novel treatment options for prevalent and expensive illnesses such as bovine mastitis. Since current treatments are becoming progressively more ineffective in resistant bacteria, the development of innovative products based on both nanotechnology and phytotherapy may directly address a major global problem, antimicrobial resistance, while providing a sustainable animal health solution that supports the production of safe and high-quality food products. This review summarizes the challenges encountered presently in the treatment of bovine mastitis, emphasizing the possibility of using new-generation nanomaterials (e.g., biological synthesized nanoparticles and graphene) and essential oils, as candidates for developing novel treatment options for bovine mastitis.
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Micaela Fiorela, Stazionati. "Subclinical mastitis in a pampinta dairy sheep flock in the la pampa province." Semiárida: Revista de la Facultad de Agronomía UNLPam 31, no. 1 (2021): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.19137/semiarida.2021(01).17-23.
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Se han estudiado aspectos de la oveja Pampinta, una raza sintética desarrollada en la EEA de Anguil, constituida por Frisona del Este (East Friesian) y Corriedale. Es considerada de triple propósito (carne, leche y lana), pero seleccionada fenotípicamente hacia la raza Frisona del Este, siendo una de las principales razas que se la utiliza en ordeñe en Argentina. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir las mastitis subclínicas (MSC) que ocurren en la majada del Tambo Modelo de la Experimental de Anguil, con datos recogidos en los controles lecheros entre los años 2009 y 2014. Se utilizó un modelo animal con efectos aleatorios y efectos fijos como edad al parto; año de lactancia; tipo de cría y parto y clase de producción lechera. Se utilizó el programa estadístico SAS para los datos de producción y un Threshold Model (TM, Legarra et al., 2008) para mastitis. La producción de leche no estuvo relacionada con la incidencia de mastitis. El recuento de células somáticas (RCS) varía a lo largo de la lactancia, teniendo valores elevados al comienzo, luego desciende y se mantiene. La edad, la presencia de MSC y el nivel de producción de leche son factores que influyen en el RCS. El ambiente donde se encuentren lo animales puede tener factores estresantes que pueden interferir en el sistema inmunológico. Se necesitan más estudios y en otros establecimientos para poder generalizar estos resultados, lo que si hay que tener en cuenta que existe una demanda en los procesos de selección.
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Vukovic, V., M. Vicentijevic, and N. Plavsa. "Stability test for mastitis reagent ad us. vet." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 29, no. 2 (2013): 399–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1302399v.
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In the stability test of the mastitis reagent ad us.vet., as the finished product, three production series were tested in quantities of 500 ml of the sample, under appropriate storage conditions. For the testing, the appropriate uniformity of temperature and relative humidity was provided. Also, the procedure of the stability test was determined, which included the initial state, then every three months until the end of the first trial and a final testing at the end of shelf life (0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 18 months). Of the tested parameters the following were included: appearance, pH value of the solution, dry residue (in %) and microbiological purity.
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Porcionato, Marco Aurélio de Felicio, Weber Vilas Boas Soares, Carolina Barbosa Malek dos Reis, Cristina Simões Cortinhas, Lucinéia Mestieri, and Marcos Veiga dos Santos. "Milk flow, teat morphology and subclinical mastitis prevalence in Gir cows." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 45, no. 12 (2010): 1507–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2010001200023.
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The aim of this work was to evaluate the association between milk flow, teat morphological measurements and subclinical mastitis prevalence in Gir cows. Eighty cows in the 2nd and 3rd lactations, with 90 to 200 days of lactation, were divided according to milk flow during milking into fast or slow groups. Teat morphometry was assessed by ultrasound scanning of the right anterior teat and external measurements. Milk samples were collected for somatic cells count (SCC) and microbiological culture. The effect of milk flow during milking was evaluated by analysis of variance of milk yield, SCC, morphometry and external measurements. The association of morphometry and external measurements of the teats with the SCC and microorganisms found in milk were analysed. Milk flow was significantly correlated to milk production. Gir cows with slower milk flow had longer teat canal and greater milk yield, in comparison to cows with fast milk flow. Teat-end to floor distance influenced SCC of Gir cows. Prevalence of subclinical mastitis and the type of mastitis-causing pathogens were not affected by milk flow during milking
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de Pinho Manzi, Marcela, Diego Borin Nóbrega, Patrícia Yoshida Faccioli, Marcella Zampolli Troncarelli, Benedito Donizete Menozzi, and Hélio Langoni. "Relationship between teat-end condition, udder cleanliness and bovine subclinical mastitis." Research in Veterinary Science 93, no. 1 (2012): 430–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.05.010.
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Zhen, Y. H., L. J. Jin, J. Guo, et al. "Characterization of specific egg yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) against mastitis-causingStaphylococcus aureus." Journal of Applied Microbiology 105, no. 5 (2008): 1529–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03920.x.
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Jánosi, Sz, and G. Huszenicza. "The use of the dry cow therapy in the control of bovine mastitis ." Veterinární Medicína 46, No. 2 (2001): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/7853-vetmed.
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After introducing the dry or nonlactating period of the cows the authors give a survey about the aims of the dry cow therapy. They show the main requirements of dry cow intramammary preparations and the possible use of systemic therapy. The adverse effects of dry cow therapy and the selective dry cow therapy are discussed. In the end some practical aspects of the dry cow therapy are highlighted.
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Åkerstedt, Maria, Lennart Björck, Karin Persson Waller, and Åse Sternesjö. "Biosensor assay for determination of haptoglobin in bovine milk." Journal of Dairy Research 73, no. 3 (2006): 299–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029906001774.
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Despite more than 30 years of research into mastitis diagnostics, there are few alternatives to the somatic cell count (SCC) in practical use for identification of cows with subclinical mastitis. Mastitis is not only an animal welfare problem, but also affects the yield, composition and technological properties of milk. Hence, dairy cooperatives give farmers a premium quality payment to encourage low SCC although there is no clear scientific data defining the level of SCC in bulk tank milk that is associated with additional benefits in terms of milk quality. Recent research on alternative markers for inflammatory reactions in the lactating cow, e.g. in mastitis, includes investigations of the acute phase protein, haptoglobin (Hp). So far, the content of Hp in milk has mainly been studied in relation to mastitis diagnostics, with little attention given to its importance for milk composition and technological properties. At present, Hp in milk is measured using ELISA, but this technique is not suitable for routine large-scale analysis. In recent years, optical biosensor technology has been used for automated and rapid quantitative analysis of different components in milk, but so far not for analysis of acute phase proteins. The aim of the present study was to develop a rapid and sensitive biosensor method to determine Hp in milk. An affinity sensor assay based on the interaction between Hp and haemoglobin was developed using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor technology. The assay was used to analyse Hp in composite milk samples from cows without any clinical signs of mastitis and quarter milk samples with a weak to strong reaction in the California Mastitis Test (CMT). A commercial ELISA for determination of Hp in milk was used for comparison. The limit of detection (LOD) of the biosensor assay was determined as 1·1 mg/l. Within-assay and between-day variations were determined both with bulk tank milk spiked with human Hp and with composite milk samples containing bovine Hp. Coefficients of variation varied between 3·6 and 8·6% at concentrations between 4·0 and 12 mg/l, respectively. Agreement between the results obtained by the biosensor assay and the ELISA was satisfactory; however, the results obtained by the biosensor were generally lower than the results obtained by the ELISA. Possible explanations for this observation are discussed.
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Khatun, Momena, Cameron E. F. Clark, Nicolas A. Lyons, Peter C. Thomson, Kendra L. Kerrisk, and Sergio C. García. "Early detection of clinical mastitis from electrical conductivity data in an automatic milking system." Animal Production Science 57, no. 7 (2017): 1226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an16707.
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Mastitis adversely affects profit and animal welfare in the Australian dairy industry. Electrical conductivity (EC) is increasingly used to detect mastitis, but with variable results. The aim of the present study was to develop and evaluate a range of indexes and algorithms created from quarter-level EC data for the early detection of clinical mastitis at four different time windows (7 days, 14 days, 21 days, 27 days). Historical longitudinal data collected (4-week period) for 33 infected and 139 healthy quarters was used to compare the sensitivity (Se; target >80%), specificity (Sp; target >99%), accuracy (target >90%) and timing of ‘alert’ by three different approaches. These approaches involved the use of EC thresholds (range 7.5– 10 mS/cm), testing of over 250 indexes (created ad hoc), and a statistical process-control method. The indexes were developed by combining factors (and levels within each factor), such as conditional rolling average increase, percentage of variation, mean absolute deviation, mean error %; infected to non-infected ratio, all relative to the rolling average (3–9 data points) of either the affected quarter or the average of the four quarters. Using EC thresholds resulted in Se, Sp and accuracy ranging between 47% and 92%, 39% and 92% and 51% and 82% respectively (threshold 7.5 mS/cm performed best). The six highest performing indexes achieved Se, Sp and accuracy ranging between 68% and 84%, 60% and 85% and 56% and 81% respectively. The statistical process-control approach did not generate accurate predictions for early detection of clinical mastitis on the basis of EC data. Improved Sp was achieved when the time window before treatment was reduced regardless of the test approach. We concluded that EC alone cannot provide the accuracy required to detect infected quarters. Incorporating other information (e.g. milk yield, milk flow, number of incomplete milking) may increase accuracy of detection and ability to determine early onset of mastitis.
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Zhen, Yu-Hong, Li-Ji Jin, Jie Guo, et al. "Characterization of specific egg yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) against mastitis-causing Escherichia coli." Veterinary Microbiology 130, no. 1-2 (2008): 126–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.12.014.
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Zhen, Yu-Hong, Li-Ji Jin, Jie Guo, Xiao-Yu Li, Zhi Li, and Yong-Ping Xu. "Specific egg yolk immunoglobulin used as an alternative therapy for bovine mastitis." Journal of Biotechnology 136 (October 2008): S254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.07.542.
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THEMISTOKLEOUS, K., I. KARAGIANNIS, C. BOSCOS, N. PANOUSIS, and E. KIOSSIS. "Epidemiological evaluation of subclinical mastitis of dairy cows in Greece." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 70, no. 4 (2020): 1865. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.22237.
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Subclinical mastitis, diagnosed by elevated somatic cell count (SCC) in milk, is an important monitoring parameter of dairy cows’ udder health, related to their productivity and welfare. The present retrospective study aims to evaluate the epidemiology of subclinical mastitis (SCM) among the 37 herds of the Holstein Association of Greece participating in the milk quality recording system “ΙΩ”, from the start of 2015 until the end of 2018. The herds’ inclusion criterion was the consistency of monthly SCC recording throughout at least one full year between 2015 and 2018, with a maximum interval of 61 days between two consecutive monthly SCC recordings. Twenty-six herds (8630 cows) in 2015, thirty herds (10763 cows) in 2016, thirty herds (10945 cows) in 2017 and twenty-six herds (9597 cows) in 2018 were included. The prevalence of SCM and chronic SCM, the incidence rate of new cases of SCM, as well as the average somatic cell score and bulk tank milk SCC were determined for each of the four years. The results indicate a progressive deterioration of udder health from the onset of the cow’s productive life until culling. A year-over-year increase in the number of cows with subclinical mastitis led to an overall SCM prevalence of 34.5%, chronic SCM prevalence of 26.9% and a bulk tank milk SCC of 463000 cells/mL, in 2018. The average somatic cell score, a base 2logarithm of individual cow’s SCC, was found persistently above the subclinical mastitis indicative cut-off in all four years, with a peak in 2018. At herd level, the incidence rate of new SCM cases was 12 new cases / 100 cows / month; the highest incidence rate was observed in the early lactation stage group (1-60 days-in-milk), in all four years, reaching a peak of 31 new cases / 100 cows / month, in 2018. In 2018, prevalence of heifers’ SCM and chronic SCM was23.4% and 16.9%, respectively. Despite the adequate average 305-days milk yield (9608 kg in 2018), the results were indicative of poor udder health status, pointed out by reduced duration of cows’ productive life (less than 3 lactations)and lower milk quality (elevated SCC). The severity and wide spreading of subclinical mastitis in Greek dairy herds highlights the necessity of a national mastitis control program, aiming to improve the productive efficacy, management decisions accuracy and quality of produced milk.
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Lange-Consiglio, Anna, Rosangela Garlappi, Chiara Spelta, et al. "Physiological Parameters to Identify Suitable Blood Donor Cows for Preparation of Platelet Rich Plasma." Animals 11, no. 8 (2021): 2296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11082296.
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Platelet rich plasma (PRP) has been shown to be beneficial in the treatment of bovine mastitis, with an action comparable to that of antibiotics. Autologous treatment is feasible in experimental conditions but is difficult to apply in field conditions, particularly in acute mastitis. The ideal scenario would be to have heterologous PRP stored on every farm so that it is readily available when needed. In this paper, we analysed data collected during bovine mastitis treatment with heterologous PRP produced by casual donor cows on several farms. We tried to identify parameters which might be useful to identify the most suitable cows to be used as blood donors, to obtain the highest yield of PRP. Variables considered for each animal were the age, the parity, the date of the last parturition, the season of blood collection, the site of blood collection (jugular or mammary vein) and the reproductive status e.g., pregnant or not pregnant. There were statistically significant differences for all the variables considered from the 135 blood cows, except for the blood collection season. The highest yield of PRP was associated with nonpregnancy blood collection within three months of parturition, parity 3 or 4, and blood collection from the mammary vein.
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PETRIDIS (Ι.Γ. ΠΕΤΡΙΔΗΣ), I. G., V. S. MAVROGIANNI (Β.Σ. ΜΑΥΡΟΓΙΑΝΝΗ), D. A. GOUGOULIS (Δ.Α. ΓΟΥΓΟΥΛΗΣ), G. S. AMIRIDIS (Γ.Σ. ΑΜΟΙΡΙΔΗΣ), C. BROZOS (Χ. ΜΠΡΟΖΟΣ), and G. C. FTHENAKIS (Γ.Χ. ΦΘΕΝΑΚΗΣ). "Effects of drying-off procedure of ewes’ udder, with intramammary antibiotic administration, in subsequent mammary infection and development of mastitis." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 63, no. 4 (2017): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15441.
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Objective of the study was to evaluate effects of the procedure followed for drying-off of ewes’ udder in subsequent mammary infection and development of mastitis, in an experiment, where intramammary antibiotic administration (procaine penicillin and neomycin) was performed into the right mammary gland of animals at end of lactation period. In ewes of group A, drying-off took place progressively during a period of 22 days; in ewes of group B, drying-off took place abruptly. Samples of teat duct material and milk for bacteriological and cytological examination were collected before start of the drying-off procedure and on two occasions after the subsequent lambing. Median time to first teat duct infection postpartum was 2 and 4.5 days (left and right, respectively) for group A and 6.5 and 3.5 days for group B (P > 0.38); median time to first mammary infection post-partum was 4.5 and 7 days (left and right, respectively) for group A and 6.5 and 3.5 days for groupB (P > 0.22). Principal bacterial isolates were coagulase-negative staphylococci. No significant differences were observed between the two groups in post-partum frequency of: teat duct infection (P > 0.17), mammary infection (P > 0.36), subclinical mastitis (P > 0.36), abnormal findings in a mammary gland (P > 0.17). No significant differences were seen between the two groups in post-partum incidence risk of the following outcomes: teat duct infection (P > 0.75), mammary infection (P > 0.42), subclinical mastitis (P > 0.39), abnormal findings in a mammary gland (P > 0.85). No significant differences were evident between the two groups in cure rate of abnormal findings in a mammary gland (P >0.89); a significant difference was evident between left and right mammary glands (P < 0.045). The results support a hypothesis that the procedure for udder drying-off (i.e., progressive or abrupt cessation of lactation) does not appear to affect the risk of subsequent mammary infection and development of mastitis, in cases of intramammary administration of antibiotics at the end of a lactation period. Intramammary administration of antibiotics improved cure rates of mammary abnormalities, independently of the procedure followed for udder drying-off.
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Middleton, John R., Jianneng Ma, Carol L. Rinehart, Veronica N. Taylor, Christopher D. Luby, and Barry J. Steevens. "Efficacy of different Lysigin™ formulations in the prevention of Staphylococcus aureus intramammary infection in dairy heifers." Journal of Dairy Research 73, no. 1 (2005): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029905001354.
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The objective was to compare the efficacy of two experimental Staphylococcus aureus mastitis bacterins and a currently marketed five-isolate-based Staph. aureus bacterin (Lysigin™, Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc.) with unvaccinated controls. Forty-seven Holstein-Friesian heifers were randomly assigned to one of four groups such that Group 1 (n=11) received a three-isolate experimental bacterin, Group 2 (n=11) received a five-isolate experimental bacterin, Group 3 (n=14) received Lysigin, and Group 4 (n=11) served as unvaccinated controls. Vaccinations were administered twice 28 d apart in late gestation. All groups were challenged with a heterologous strain of Staph. aureus (ATCC 29740) on days 6, 7, and 8 of lactation. Mastitis score, somatic cell count (SCC), milk culture yield, and total daily milk yield data were collected before and after challenge. All 47 cattle developed a Staph. aureus IMI post-challenge with three animals in Group 1 and one animal in Group 3 clearing their Staph. aureus IMI by the end of the study. However, there was no evidence of a difference between vaccinates and control with regard to Staph. aureus clearance rates post-challenge (P[ges ]0·214). Cattle vaccinated with Lysigin had a lower mean duration of clinical mastitis and lower total mastitis score post-challenge than controls (P=0·045 and P=0·046, respectively). Overall, there was no evidence that any of the vaccinated groups had a lower mean SCC than control (P[ges ]0·148) for the tested study days. Likewise there was no evidence that vaccinates had greater milk yield than controls post-challenge (P=0·617). Hence, there was no evidence that the vaccines reliably prevented Staph. aureus IMI, but Lysigin showed benefit in reducing the clinical severity and duration of clinical disease post-challenge. Neither of the experimental bacterins appeared to perform better than Lysigin.
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Bae, Hyojin, Chang Hee Jeong, Wei Nee Cheng, Kwonho Hong, Han Geuk Seo, and Sung Gu Han. "Oxidative stress-induced inflammatory responses and effects of N-acetylcysteine in bovine mammary alveolar cells." Journal of Dairy Research 84, no. 4 (2017): 418–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002202991700067x.
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Bovine mastitis, an inflammation of the udder, results in reduced milk production and poor milk quality. Mastitis is usually, but not always, a response to pathogen infection. High milk yield can produce oxidative stress in the mammary tissue. High milk yield is also known to be associated with bovine mastitis. Thus, in the current study, we hypothesised that oxidative stress increases inflammatory responses in bovine mammary cells. To examine the hypothesis, we produced cellular oxidative stress and investigated resulting inflammatory responses in bovine mammary alveolar cells (MAC-T). To produce oxidative stress, cells were treated with the reactive oxygen species (ROS; e.g., superoxide anion)-producing agent, menadione (MD; 0–10 µm; 6 h). To ensure the ROS-induced responses, cells were pretreated with an antioxidant NAC (0–10 mm; 1 h). Results showed that MD elevated intracellular ROS levels and protein expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), a biomarker of inflammation. Pretreatment of cells with NAC attenuated MD-induced COX-2 expression by scavenging intracellular ROS and enhancing intracellular glutathione levels. MD-induced COX-2 expression was mediated by activation of extracellular signal receptor-activated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), Akt, and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB). NAC attenuated activation of these intracellular signalling molecules. Treatment of cells with pharmacological inhibitors for ERK1/2, Akt, and NF-κB confirmed the association of these signalling pathways in MD-induced COX-2 expression. These results support our hypothesis that oxidative stress, which is found in high-yielding dairy cows, can produce cellular inflammation in bovine mammary alveolar cells and prevention of oxidative stress can attenuate such pathological responses. This may be relevant for cases of clinical mastitis for which no pathogen can be isolated.
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TYLER, JEFF W., BARRY J. STEEVENS, JULIE M. HOLLE, SEAN M. CROUCHER, and KERRI L. ANDERSON. "Modification of postmilking standing time by altering feed availability." Journal of Dairy Research 65, no. 4 (1998): 681–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029998003082.
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Control of environmental mastitis remains a problem on many modern dairy farms. These infections are often transmitted between milkings, and milking hygiene will not prevent new infection. Consequently, the control of environmental mastitis has prompted dairy managers to develop new approaches that either limit bacterial contamination of teat ends between milkings or directly increase the cow's resistance to infection. Intervention strategies that may decrease the incidence of environmental mastitis include improved sanitation of housing areas, decreased water use in udder preparation, optimal dietary concentrations of vitamin E and selenium, and use of R-mutant vaccines (Smith et al. 1984, 1985; Weiss et al. 1990; Smith & Hogan, 1993; Tyler et al. 1993).Dairy managers are encouraged to provide cows with clean, fresh, palatable feed immediately after milking. This practice is thought to provide cows with an incentive to remain standing for an extended interval, permit teat sphincters to close, and limit teat end contamination and new infections when cows lie down. In one recent study, cows that had access to feed remained standing for a significantly longer time than did cows that were denied access to feed (48 v. 21 min; Tyler et al. 1997). The purpose of the present study was to substantiate that feed availability could be used to extend postmilking standing time in a larger population of cows maintained under different management conditions.
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Paulrud, Carl Oskar, and Morten Dam Rasmussen. "How teat canal keratin depends on the length and diameter of the teat canal in dairy cows." Journal of Dairy Research 71, no. 2 (2004): 253–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029904000056.
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The teat canal is an invagination of the outer teat surface. Its epithelial constitution is, however, highly specialized as indicated by its high turnover rate, its unique function in trapping bacteria, and in sealing the teat canal between milkings. The keratin of the teat canal is in a dynamic state of generation and degradation. Repeated removal during milking of keratin contaminated with or colonized by bacteria plays a significant role in preventing mastitis (Murphy, 1959; Capuco et al. 1992). To study the biology of the keratin lining, e.g., its turnover, and its relation to mastitis defence, reliable methods of collecting keratin in vivo for quantitative and qualitative analysis are necessary. Bright et al. (1990) compared methods for keratin collection in vivo and suggested that a tapestry needle was a suitable tool for collecting repeatable, representative samples of keratin for lipid analysis from single teat canals of living cows.
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Zhelavskyi, M. M., and O. Ya Dmytriv. "Immunobiological status of the body of cows during mastitis." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 20, no. 88 (2018): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet8801.
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The work reveals the immunobiological aspects of lactation of cows and changes in immunobiological reactivity in the development of mastitis.The authors present modern scientific data on the local immune protection of the mammary gland of cows. Main stages of ontogenetic development of cellular immunity of the mammary gland of cows were traced during clinical and experimental studies. The number of somatic cells in the secret of the mammary gland of the primates was dependent on the period of the functioning of the mammary gland. In the cytology of colostrum mostly (56.00 ± 1.90%) neutrophil granulocytes were predominant, in the middle period of lactation (3–5th month) the proportion of epithelial cells increased (from 29.51 ± 2.17 to 49.59 ± 1.94%), during the launch period, the population of polymorphonuclear neutrophil granulocytes was changing as well, which virtually recovered to the original level and increased during the dry period. However, at the end of lactation, during the onset and dry, with the development of involutionary processes in the mammary gland, a sharp decrease in cytochemical reactivity of intracellular lysozyme of phagocytic cells was observed. To conduct clinical and experimental studies, three groups of animals were formed. As a result, it was found out that subclinical mastitis of cows is accompanied by a change in the immunobiological reactivity. Purulent-catarrhal mastitis in cows was manifested by significant changes in the parameters of nonspecific immunological reactivity. In the peripheral blood of cows with subclinical mastitis, the number of reactive microphages increased sharply (P < 0.001). In parallel with this, the number of activated phagocytes with myeloperoxidase granules also increased in the peripheral blood (P < 0.01). Activation of intra-leukocyte lysozyme phagocytic cells was less intensive. Subclinical udder pathology was accompanied by an increase in the number of degranulated cells (P < 0.001), which is one of the specific properties of cytomorphological changes in programmed death (apoptosis). Subclinical inflammation of the mammary glands mastitis of cows was accompanied by a certain decrease in the number of T-lymphocytes (P < 0.001). Clinical and experimental studies have shown that subclinical and purulent-catarrhal mastitis of cows undergo significant changes in systemic immunity. In the pathophysiological model of subclinical and purulent-catarrhal mastitis, the functional state of the T-link of specific immunity was disturbed, the bactericidal activity of blood serum and phagocytosis were suppressed, which occurred against the background of changes in the cytochemical reactivity of phagocytic cells circulating immune complexes and molecules with an average molecular weigh.
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Zafalon, Luiz F., Maria L. R. S. Cunha, Humberto M. Brandão, et al. "Relationship between virulence factor genes in coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. and failure of antimicrobial treatment of subclinical mastitis in sheep." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 38, no. 4 (2018): 579–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-4984.
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ABSTRACT: Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. (CNS) are the main microorganisms involved in ovine mastitis. Treatment at the end of lactation can contribute towards cure and prevention of subclinical cases during the subsequent lactation. However, virulence factors and resistance mechanisms presented by CNS can decrease cure rates. The aims of the study were to identify the species of CNS in milk of mastitic ewes with and without antimicrobial treatment, and to investigate the presence of genes relating to resistance of β-lactam antimicrobials, formation of biofilms, production of enterotoxins and production of the toxic shock syndrome toxin. Cases of failure in the treatment were related with the presence/absence of the respective genes. Sixty sheep were divided into three groups: G1, without treatment; G2, animals treated via the intramammary route with 100mg of cloxacillin during drying off; and G3, sheep treated via the intramammary route with 50 mg of nanoparticulate cloxacillin. Milk samples were gathered during drying off and 15 and 30 days after the parturition of the subsequent lactation. The analyses to identify the species of CNS were carried out by means of the internal transcribe spacer technique and the investigation of the genes responsible for the virulence factors and resistance to oxacillin was performed using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. No sample was positive for the mecA gene. The only gene relating to production of enterotoxins was sec. Among the genes relating to production of biofilm, icaD was the only one identified in the three experimental groups. Staphylococcus warneri was the main species of CNS isolated during the pre and post-partum periods of the sheep. The species carrying genes relating to production of enterotoxins and biofilms were present in uncured sheep.
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Pantoja, J. C. F., L. B. N. Correia, R. S. Rossi, and G. S. Latosinski. "Association between teat-end hyperkeratosis and mastitis in dairy cows: A systematic review." Journal of Dairy Science 103, no. 2 (2020): 1843–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2019-16811.
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Sarkar, Diptendra K., and Rudradeep Banerjee. "32. Decoding Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis: have we reached the end of the tunnel?" European Journal of Surgical Oncology 45, no. 5 (2019): 885. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2019.01.226.
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Kalińska, Aleksandra, Sławomir Jaworski, Mateusz Wierzbicki, and Marcin Gołębiewski. "Silver and Copper Nanoparticles—An Alternative in Future Mastitis Treatment and Prevention?" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 7 (2019): 1672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20071672.
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Nowadays, mastitis is one of the biggest problems in breeding dairy cattle. Treatment of this disease with conventional antibiotics is ineffective because many pathogens are resistant. Researchers have therefore been forced to look for new solutions, and metal nanoparticles (NPs) have been found to be the most appropriate agents. This study uses commercially available silver (AgNPs) and copper (CuNPs) nanoparticles and synthetized silver–copper nanoparticles (AgCuNPs) to evaluate the effect of these NPs on human and bovine mammary cells. The effect of AgNPs, CuNPs, and AgCuNPs on pathogen species commonly involved in udder inflammation (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli) was also established. The results show that commercially available NPs were of good quality and did not have a toxic effect on mammary gland tissue. AgNPs, CuNPs, and AgCuNPs also influenced or decreased the viability of pathogens. Therefore, the presented data suggest that metal NPs could be used in mastitis prevention and treatment in the future. However, the presented preliminary results require further in vivo analysis.
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Petridis, Ioannis G., and George C. Fthenakis. "Administration of antibiotics to ewes at the beginning of the dry-period." Journal of Dairy Research 81, no. 1 (2013): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029913000472.
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The objective of the present paper is to review the significance of administration of antibiotics at the end of a lactation period/beginning of the dry-period in ewes. During the stage of active involution, there is an increased risk of new mastitis cases and recrudescence of subclinical infections that had occurred during the previous lactation period. The main pathogens involved in the so-called ‘dry-period mastitis’ are coagulase-negative staphylococci. The principle of antibiotic administration at the end of a lactation period involves the intramammary infusion of a preparation to both mammary glands of ewes in the flock. Although a variety of products is licensed for administration in ewes, preferably the product for administration should be selected on the results of susceptibility testing of bacteria to be isolated from samples from ewes in the flock. In many clinical studies from around the world, performed in dairy- or mutton-production flocks, administration of antimicrobial agents at the end of a lactation period has been found beneficial in curing intramammary infections present at cessation of a lactation period, as well as in minimising the risk for intramammary infections during the dry-period. In dairy flocks, there are also benefits from increase in milk yield and decrease flock bulk milk mean somatic cell counts during the subsequent lactation period. Antibiotic administration at drying-off may be performed to all animals in a flock (‘complete’) or only to those considered to be infected (‘selective’). In all cases, after administration of the antibiotic, definite and complete cessation of the lactation period is essential for success of the procedure. Moreover, maintenance of the prescribed withdrawal periods is essential to safeguard public health. The procedure should always be applied as part of a strategic udder health management plan in a flock; implementation improves the welfare of animals and affords significant financial benefits to the farmer. A mastitis prevention scheme during lactation will minimise the incidence of the disease; effective treatment of cases of the disease during lactation will decrease the bacterial populations in the flock and limit risk of infection of other animals. Administration of antibiotics at the end of a lactation period will complement the above procedures and will contribute to improved mammary health for the forthcoming lactation period.
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Katsafadou, Angeliki I., Antonis P. Politis, Vasia S. Mavrogianni, et al. "Mammary Defences and Immunity against Mastitis in Sheep." Animals 9, no. 10 (2019): 726. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9100726.
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The objectives of this review paper are to present udder defences, including teat of the udder, mammary epithelial cells, leucocytes, immunoglobulins, complement system and chemical antibacterial agents, to describe cooperation and interactions between them and to elaborate on potentials regarding their significance in mammary immunisation strategies. The teat of the udder provides initial protection to the mammary gland. The mammary epithelial cells synthesise antibacterial proteins and the leucocytes produce various inflammation mediators (cytokines or chemokines), phagocytose bacteria and recognise antigenic structures. In the mammary gland, four immunoglobulins (IgG1, IgG2, IgM and IgA) have important roles against bacterial pathogens. The complement system is a collection of proteins, participating in the inflammatory process through various pathways. Other components contributing to humoral mammary defence include lactoferrin, lysozyme and the lactoperoxidase/myeloperoxidase systems, as well as oligosaccharides, gangliosides, reactive oxygen species, acute phase proteins (e.g., haptoglobin and serum amyloid A), ribonucleases and a wide range of antimicrobial peptides. Management practices, genetic variations and nutrition can influence mammary defences and should be taken into account in the formulation of prevention strategies against ovine mastitis.
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Diaz-Cao, Jose M., María L. Barreal, Belén Pombo, et al. "Evaluation and cluster analysis of inflammatory reactions of dairy cattle mastitis pathogens in milk samples submitted for microbiological examination." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 17, no. 4 (2020): e0505. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2019174-15316.
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Aim of study: We have classified into homogenous groups a wide spectrum of mammary pathogens according to their frequency of isolation in clinical mastitis and their somatic cell counts in non-clinical mastitis.Area of study: The study was conducted in Galicia (NW Spain)Material and methods: 163,741 dairy cattle quarter milk samples were analyzed. We identified mastitis pathogens to the species level and performed a cluster analysis to classify these microorganisms by their median of Linear Score (mLS), percentage of isolation in clinical mastitis samples (%ICS) and percentage of isolation in samples with somatic cell counts under 100,000 cells/mL (%ISU100).Main results: Forty-three different species were isolated. Cluster analysis identified 4 groups of pathogens; mLS and %ICS progressively increased from Group I to Group IV and %ISU100 decreased. However, several pathogens included in groups II and III showed %ISU100 values higher than 2% and 3%. Minor pathogens were mainly clustered in Group I (e.g., Corynebacterium spp. and most of Staphylococcus spp.), while known major pathogens were included in Groups II, III y IV. Species of the same family, genus or microbiological group like Enterobacteriaceae or Enterococcus spp. were frequently separated into different groups, thus showing heterogeneity among the members of these groups.Research highlights: Results obtained here may aid in assessing the pathogenicity of sporadic pathogens in relation to more well-known pathogens and suggest that the traditional classification between minor and major pathogens is an oversimplification of the reality, especially for the latter category.
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van Leeuwen, Willem B., Damian C. Melles, Alwaleed Alaidan, et al. "Host- and Tissue-Specific Pathogenic Traits of Staphylococcus aureus." Journal of Bacteriology 187, no. 13 (2005): 4584–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.187.13.4584-4591.2005.
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ABSTRACT Comparative genomics were used to assess genetic differences between Staphylococcus aureus strains derived from infected animals versus colonized or infected humans. A total of 77 veterinary isolates were genetically characterized by high-throughput amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). Bacterial genotypes were introduced in a large AFLP database containing similar information for 1,056 human S. aureus strains. All S. aureus strains isolated from animals in close contact with humans (e.g., pet animals) were predominantly classified in one of the five main clusters of the AFLP database (cluster I). In essence, mastitis-associated strains from animals were categorized separately (cluster IVa) and cosegregated with bacteremia-associated strains from humans. Distribution of only 2 out of 10 different virulence genes differed across the clusters. The gene encoding the toxic shock syndrome protein (tst) was more often encountered among veterinary strains (P < 0.0001) and even more in the mastitis-related strains (P<0.0001) compared to human isolate results. The gene encoding the collagen binding protein (cna) was rarely detected among invasive human strains. The virulence potential, as indicated by the number of virulence genes per strain, did not differ significantly between the human- and animal-related strains. Our data show that invasive infections in pets and humans are usually due to S. aureus strains with the same genetic background. Mastitis-associated S. aureus isolated in diverse farm animal species form a distinct genetic cluster, characterized by an overrepresentation of the toxic shock syndrome toxin superantigen-encoding gene.
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Moyes, Kasey M., James K. Drackley, Dawn E. Morin, et al. "Mammary gene expression profiles during an intramammary challenge reveal potential mechanisms linking negative energy balance with impaired immune response." Physiological Genomics 41, no. 2 (2010): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00197.2009.
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Our objective was to compare mammary tissue gene expression profiles during a Streptococcus uberis ( S. uberis) mastitis challenge between lactating cows subjected to dietary-induced negative energy balance (NEB; n = 5) and cows fed ad libitum to maintain positive energy balance (PEB; n = 5) to better understand the mechanisms associated with NEB and risk of mastitis during the transition period. The NEB cows were feed-restricted to 60% of calculated net energy for lactation requirements for 7 days, and cows assigned to PEB were fed the same diet for ad libitum intake. Five days after feed restriction, one rear mammary quarter of each cow was inoculated with 5,000 cfu of S. uberis (O140J). At 20 h postinoculation, S. uberis-infected mammary quarters from all cows were biopsied for RNA extraction. Negative energy balance resulted in 287 differentially expressed genes (DEG; false discovery rate ≤ 0.05), with 86 DEG upregulated and 201 DEG downregulated in NEB vs. PEB. Canonical pathways most affected by NEB were IL-8 signaling (10 genes), glucocorticoid receptor signaling ( 13 ), and NRF2-mediated oxidative stress response ( 10 ). Among the genes differentially expressed by NEB, cell growth and proliferation ( 48 ) and cellular development ( 36 ) were the most enriched functions. Regarding immune response, HLA-A was upregulated due to NEB, whereas the majority of genes involved in immune response were downregulated (e.g., AKT1, IRAK1, MAPK9, and TRAF6). This study provided new avenues for investigation into the mechanisms relating NEB and susceptibility to mastitis in lactating dairy cows.