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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Material cost'
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Beiter, Kurt Andrew. "System cost based material selection for engineering thermoplastics /." The Ohio State University, 1996. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487935573771785.
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Abón, Palomino Norma. "Implementación de un sistema de costos por orden de producción y su incidencia en los estados financieros de la Empresa Textil S.A.C. de Lima Metropolitana, año 2015-2016." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Ricardo Palma, 2017. http://cybertesis.urp.edu.pe/handle/urp/1435.
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El objetivo de esta propuesta no solo es brindarle a la empresa una herramienta que le permita cumplir con sus obligaciones tributarias, sino también poder comparar los resultados obtenidos en esta investigación con los estados financieros del periodo 2015 y poder analizar si los costos fijos y variables con los que se estimaron los precios de venta para el periodo 2016 son los adecuados, como también medir el grado de eficiencia en que la empresa se encuentra.
The objective of this proposal is not only to provide the company with a tool that allows it to comply with its tax obligations, but also to be able to compare the results obtained in this research with the financial statements of the 2015 period and be able to analyze whether the fixed and variable costs with those that were estimated the sale prices for the 2016 period are appropriate, as well as measuring the degree of efficiency in which the company is located.
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Grassberger, Lena [Verfasser]. "Towards cost-efficient preparation of nanoporous materials: formation kinetics, process optimization and material characterization / Lena Grassberger." München : Verlag Dr. Hut, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1100968482/34.
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van, der Kuyp Daniel John. "Strategies Construction Managerial Leaders Use to Counteract Material Cost Overruns." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/6288.
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The project cost overruns instigated through the loss of construction materials lowers the profitability of each stakeholder significantly. The purpose of this single case study was to explore strategies managerial leaders of a large construction firm used to counteract material cost overruns successfully. The diffusion of innovation theory was the conceptual framework for this study. The target population consisted of 6 managerial leaders with experience in large construction projects adhering to waste management standards and industry certifications. Data were collected using semistructured interviews and review of company documentation. The data analysis approach involved the content analysis research method to interpret and code the verbatim transcriptions of interviews into categories. The 2 principal categories from the study data were material management and planning and the supply chain and logistics. The results of the study yielded evidence of 2 strategies to counteract the material cost overruns, which were to strengthen partnerships with the suppliers and to hold regular audits at the project sites. The implication of this study for social change includes the potential to conserve depleted land minerals and valuable land reserves from becoming landfill by providing construction managers with information about strategies to counteract material cost overruns.
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Alam, Mahmood. "Development of vacuum insulation panel with low cost core material." Thesis, Brunel University, 2015. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/11658.
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Buildings consume around half of the UK's total energy consumption and are responsible for almost 50% of UK's total carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Use of high thermal resistance insulation in buildings is critical to save the substantial amounts of space heating energy lost through building fabric. Conventional building insulation materials have higher thermal conductivity values ranging from 40 mWm-1K-1 (Glass fibre) - 26 mWm-1K-1 (Polyurethane foam) and require larger thicknesses to achieve stringent building regulation requirements which may not be feasible due to techno-economic constraints. Vacuum Insulation Panel (VIP) is a relatively new insulation for building applications that offers 5-8 times higher thermal resistance and can achieve significant space savings in buildings. VIPs are produced as a rigid panel comprising inner core board laminated in an outer high barrier envelope under evacuated conditions (< 5mbar). However, the main challenge for large scale acceptance of VIPs in building applications is their higher cost. VIPs have been shown to have an approximately 10 times longer payback compared to conventional EPS insulation due to their high initial cost. Expensive materials currently being used for VIP manufacturing such as fumed silica contribute to high cost of VIPs and it is critical to identify alternative low cost materials for VIP components to overcome the challenge of high cost. The aim of this thesis was to develop an alternative low cost material and investigate its suitability for use as VIP core. Expanded perlite, a low cost material was identified as a replacement of expensive fumed silica in a VIP core. Composite samples containing expanded perlite, fumed silica, silicon carbide (SiC) and polyester fibres were developed by dry mixing of the constituents in different mass ratios and their different properties were experimentally measured to identify optimum composition of composite. Gaseous thermal conductivity at different pressures was calculated from the pore size data obtained using Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry (MIP), gas adsorption and electron microscopy. Radiative conductivity of composite samples was measured using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) to ascertain the opacifying effect of expanded perlite and opacifier (SiC). Centre of panel thermal conductivity of core boards of size 100mm x 100mm made of composite material at atmospheric pressure was measured by using a small guarded hot plate device. Average pore diameter values of expanded perlite decreased with the partial filling of fumed silica aggregates and was found to be in the range of 150-300 nm yielding lower gaseous conductivity values of 1.2-2.1 mWm-1K-1 at 100mbar and became negligible upon further decreasing pressures below 10 mbar. Core boards made of optimised composite containing 30% expanded perlite and 50% fumed silica along with SiC and polyester fibres was found to achieve centre of panel thermal conductivity of 28 mWm-1K-1 at atmospheric pressure and the average radiative conductivity of 0.67 mWm-1K-1 at 300K with its gaseous thermal conductivity at 1 mbar being 0.016 mWm-1K-1. According to the results of the thesis VIP prototypes consisting of core made with optimised composite consisting (50 mass% of fumed silica, 30 mass% of expanded perlite along with 8 mass% of fibre and 12 mass% of SiC) yielded centre of panel thermal conductivity of 7.4-7.6 mWm-1K-1 at pressure of 0.53-0.64 mbar. Opacifying properties of expanded perlite were observed and quantified. Expanded perlite reduced the radiative conductivity of the composite requiring smaller quantities of high density opacifiers such as SiC. For sample containing no expanded perlite, average radiative conductivity was calculated to be 1.37 mWm-1K-1 and radiative conductivity values decreased to 1.12 mWm-1K-1, 0.67 mWm-1K-1, 0.63 mWm-1K-1 and 0.50 mWm-1K-1 with mass ratio of expanded perlite 20%, 30%, 40% and 60% respectively. It was concluded that the solid conductivity of prototypes VIPs was 1.8-2 times higher compared to those of commercially available VIPs and is the main reason for higher centre of panel thermal conductivity.
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Jericó, Marli de Carvalho. "Aplicação do custeio baseado em atividades em um centro de material esterilizado." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/7/7136/tde-17042008-103258/.
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Frente à necessidade de conhecimento dos custos hospitalares, enfermeiros gestores dos Centros de Material e Esterilização (CMEs) têm intensificado a busca por informações úteis e balizadoras de forma a instrumentalizá-los no gerenciamento de custos dessas unidades. Conhecer e implementar o gerenciamento de custos baseado em atividades constitui em alternativa para se adquirir informações precisas e confiáveis. Este estudo exploratório descritivo na modalidade de estudo de caso tem como objetivo a aplicação do Custeio Baseado em Atividades para o gerenciamento de custos em um Centro de Material e Esterilização de um hospital de ensino de capacidade extra, localizado na região noroeste do Estado de São Paulo. A coleta de dados ocorreu durante o ano de 2006 utilizando as técnicas de análise documental, observação direta não participante, grupo focal e questionário. A aplicação do ABC possibilitou o conhecimento dos custos do ciclo/carga de desinfecção química R$ 13,15 e física R$ 27,49 e esterilização por vapor saturado sob pressão R$ 68,30 e por vapor de Baixa Temperatura e Formaldeído Gasoso R$ 555,77. As informações geradas pelo ABC oportunizaram a compreensão do processo gerador de custos e forneceram base para a mensuração de desempenho e melhorias de processos do CMEDue to the need of knowing the hospital costs, sterile processing department (SPD) manager nurses have intensified the search for useful and landmark information attempting to instrumentalize these costs into the cost management of these facilities. Knowing and implementing the cost management based on activities establishes an alternative to acquire accurate and reliable information. This descriptive, exploratory study on the case study modality was undertaken aiming at implementing the Activity-Based Costing (ABC) to the cost management in a Sterile Processing Center (SPD) of a major teaching hospital, located on the Northwestern of São Paulo State. Data were collected throughout 2006. Documentary research techniques, non participant closed observation, and focus group technique were used. The ABC implementation allowed the knowledge of both chemical and physical disinfection cycle/load activity-based costing (R$ 13,15) and (R$ 27,49), respectively; as well as the sterilization by steam under pressure cost (autoclave) (R$ 68,30) and low temperature steam and gaseous formaldehyde Sterilization (LTSF) (R$ 555,77). The information provided by the ABC method have optimized the overall understanding of the cost driver process and laid the foundation to the measurement of performance and improvement in the SPD processes
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Dallora, Maria Eulália Lessa do Valle. "Gerenciamento de custos de material de consumo em um hospital de ensino." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17139/tde-03032008-133139/.
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O aumento dos gastos e custos na saúde é acompanhado com preocupação pelos gestores. O conhecimento dos custos é passo fundamental para a gestão dos hospitais. Na composição dos custos hospitalares, o item material de consumo representa parcela significativa. Nos hospitais de ensino, organizações complexas, a gestão dos custos de materiais de consumo vem assumindo grande importância. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo. Os objetivos foram: caracterizar os gerentes dos centros de custos auxiliares e produtivos; verificar o gerenciamento de custos de material de consumo, nas dimensões direção, planejamento e controle; verificar a utilização das informações disponibilizadas pela instituição sobre custos de material de consumo; identificar o conhecimento dos gerentes sobre conceitos elementares de custos e acerca dos materiais de consumo com maior impacto financeiro na programação dos centros de custos. A população do estudo constituiu-se dos gerentes dos centros de custos auxiliares e produtivos. Participaram da pesquisa 40 responsáveis aos quais foi aplicado um questionário que incluía uma escala tipo Likert com 29 afirmativas. Dos gerentes participantes há predominância do sexo feminino (70%); 65% são profissionais da área da saúde; 80% têm mais de 15 anos de formado; 87,5% atuam no Hospital há mais de 10 anos denotando experiência no setor; 82,5% assumiram o cargo há menos de 19 anos; 70% sem especialização em administração, gestão em saúde ou gestão de serviços, porém, 57,5% informaram possuir outra titulação técnica. Das afirmativas, 55% apresentaram, em média, repostas dos gerentes coerentes com uma gestão adequada de custos com materiais de consumo. Pela importância do tema entende-se que este índice é baixo, sem possibilidade de comparação com outro parâmetro na literatura disponível. O planejamento e controle são as funções do gerencia mento dos custos com materiais de consumo mais desenvolvidas pelos gerentes, enquanto que a função direção apontou práticas pouco rigorosas. Os gerentes apresentaram baixo conhecimento sobre os conceitos elementares de custos hospitalares. Demonstraram conhecer os materiais de consumo com maior impacto financeiro na programação dos centros de custos sob sua responsabilidade. As informações disponibilizadas pela Instituição são pouco aproveitadas, não sendo bem compreendidas e, segundo os respondentes, não representam a realidade da área. A melhoria desse resultado requer maior capacitação e conscientização dos gerentes dos centros de custos e também aprimoramento do sistema de gestão institucional, de forma a propiciar maior autonomia e responsabilização dos gerentes.Health costs and expenses increase are observed with concern by their managers. Costs knowledge is a fundamental step to hospital management. On hospitals costs composition, consumption material item represents a meaningful parcel. At teaching hospitals, complex organizations, the consumption material costs management has been getting great importance. This work has been developed at Hospital das clínicas da faculdade de medicina de ribeirão Preto da Universidade de SÃO PAULO. The targets were: to characterize the managers from auxiliary and productive costs centers; to verify the consumption material costs on direction dimension, planning and controlling; to verify the information use available by the institution about consumption material costs; to identify the managers\' knowledge about elementary cost concepts and about consumption material with greater financial impact on cost center program. The studied group was formed by managers from auxiliary and productive costs centers. Forty responsible people participated of the research. A questionnaire which included LIKERT scale was applied having 29 affirmatives. There was female sex prevalence among the participant managers (70%); 65% were health professionals; 80% has been graduated for more than 15 years; 87,5% has been actuating for more than 10 years at the hospital, showing experience in the sector;82,5% has been in the function for less than 15 years; 70% without administration expertise, health management or service management, nevertheless ,57,5% said they had another technical title. From the affirmatives, in average, 55% presented manager\'s answer coherently with adequate management consumption material cost. According to the theme importance, we understand that this index is low, without possibility of comparing with other parameters on available literature. Planning and controlling are the costs management functions with consumption materials more developed by the managers, while the direction function pointed to less rigorous practices. The managers presented little knowledge about elementary hospital costs concepts. They demonstrate to know the consumption material with greater financial impact on costs programming centers on their responsibility. The available institution information is not well used, not being well understood and, according to the answers, they don\'t represent the area reality. This result improvement requires better managers\' qualification and awareness from costs centers and also institutional management system improving, in a way that a greater autonomy and managers\' responsibility are provided.
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Ozen, Aykut. "Material Flow Cost Versus Congestion In Dynamic Distributed Facility Layout Problem." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12609602/index.pdf.
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In this thesis, we study both dynamic and distributed facility layout problems, where the demand for product mix changes over time. We propose a new simulated annealing algorithm, SALAB, for the dynamic facility layout problem. Four variants of SALAB find the best known solution for 20 of the 48 benchmark problems from the literature, improving upon the best known solutions of 18 problems. We modify SALAB to obtain DSALAB, solving the dynamic distributed facility layout problem with the objective of minimizing relocation cost and total (full and empty) travel cost of the material handling system. We simulate DSALAB solutions of randomly generated problems to study the tradeoff between total cost and congestion in the system. Our experimental results indicate that distributing the department duplicates throughout the facility reduces the total cost with diminishing returns and causes increasing congestion. Therefore, distribution beyond a certain level is not justified.
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Bardagjy, Andrew Matthew. "Low dimensionality spectral sensing for low cost material discrimination and identification." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/79331.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Architecture and Planning, Program in Media Arts and Sciences, 2013.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 191-193).
Spectroscopy is a powerful tool in material identification, characterization and discrimination. Unfortunately industrial and laboratory spectrometers are typically very large, costly, and inconvenient. The aim of this thesis is to broaden the awareness and appeal of spectroscopic sensing modalities by exploring specialized, rather than general purpose instruments. Rather than sensing the entire spectrum, these devices work by observing just the particular spectral features needed to perform identification or discrimination. This approach greatly simplifies the instrument reducing the cost, size, power consumption, and analysis complexity by many orders of magnitude. In this work the anatomy of such specialized sensors is explored by way of a thorough discussion of illuminators, current sources, photodetectors, photodiode amplifiers, control systems and part selection. In the following chapters, instruments are designed and fabricated, and their tradeoffs are enumerated and discussed. Finally, these building-blocks are combined to construct several working prototypes which are informally characterized.
by Andrew Matthew Bardagjy.
S.M.
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Mazwai, Konke. "Low cost fencing material for a pre-school in Lavender Hill." Thesis, University of Cape Town, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/2676.
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This project has been proposed by the UCT Knowledge Partnership Project. This institution is aimed at providing assistance to under-privileged communities in the Western Cape. A pre-school fence material which is low cost is to be investigated. The following criterions were set to be met for the material: -The material is to have no fuel usage value such as wood, which can be burnt for space heating -The material is to have no scrap metal value such as steel and wire fencing material as this easily gets stolen. -The material is not to block visibility which harbors criminal activity in the area. Fences such as concrete slabs and brick block visibility. The materials considered in this project are: -Various plastic polymer materials -Plastic Lumber composite material -Recycled Plastic -Rubber reinforced concrete Plastic lumber and recycled plastic HDPE were considered for use in the fence material. After considering the available fence components and loading on the fence, 100 x 100 mm cross section plastic lumber and recycled plastic section were chosen to be used. The fence design was based on existing patents which were modified. A design showing the meter of the fence was designed and is shown in the document.
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Cawood, Gareth James. "Design of a low-cost autonomous guided cart for material handling." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2015.
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This dissertation covers the design and manufacture of an autonomous guided cart (AGC) for use in the material handling industry. General Motors South Africa (GMSA) requires a low-cost AGC for use in their Struandale plant. A budget of R35 000 per unit was proposed. The researcher, in collaboration with staff at GM, compiled a list of engineering requirements for the AGC. After research into the unique problems of the project, an examination of a previous design attempt by staff of GM Thailand, the researcher developed a new design, the subject of this report. Different solutions for each design problem were investigated before the design was finalised. A three-wheeled vehicle was designed making use of two motors in a differential-drive setup to control motion. Navigation is via a line-following mechanism, using an induction sensor-array in conjunction with a pre-laid metallic strip. To aid the design, the system was modelled to understand the different control elements at play. The researcher developed software for several aspects of the design: for the PLC controlling the system and motors; for a microcontroller that communicates with the PLC and a wireless module; for a computer server that communicates with a second wireless device, receiving information from the PLC; and a web interface to view this information. These form the SCADA integration of the project. The final product meets the GMSA specifications. It is a robot capable of towing a trolley of mass not exceeding 350 kg. While the robot is able to navigate a pre-laid route, it cannot reliably stop at marked locations. It is possible to monitor the system via a web-interface. The robot is capable of operating for an entire 8-hour shift before the batteries need to be recharged. The total cost of the prototype was R26 340.
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Fisch, Jan Hendrik, and Jan-Michael Ross. "Timing the Start of Material Substitution Projects: Creating Switching Options under Volatile Material Prices." Wiley-Blackwell, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpim.12114.
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Firms developing new products often face the challenge of making investment decisions under uncertain input-cost conditions due to the price volatilities of the materials they use. These decisions need to be made long before the final products are launched on the market. Therefore, firms who invest in the opportunity to switch materials in a timely manner will have the flexibility to react to material price changes and realize competitive advantages. However, volatile material prices may also cause a firm to delay investment. Using real-options reasoning, this article studies the influence of input-cost fluctuations on the timing decision to start new product development (NPD) and thus create the follow-on opportunity to later replace an existing product. A model that combines waiting and switching options to derive influencing factors of the flexibility value which triggers the investment is developed and tested on a sample of material substitution projects from manufacturing firms. The results show how price uncertainty of the new and the old material, their joint price development, the expected project duration, and competitive preemption are related to the propensity to delay the start of NPD. The findings provide new insights on how timing in adopting materials can be used to hedge exposure to volatile material prices. The insights are relevant for adopters and producers of new materials, as well as for policy makers who strive for supporting the diffusion of new materials. (authors' abstract)
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YAZICI, Almila Berfin. "OEE IMPROVEMENT USING COST EFFECTIVE RAW MATERIAL INVENTORY MANAGEMENT : A CASE STUDY." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för teknik, TEK, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-19641.
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The companies ought to care about OEE because it is a measure that shows the effect of the performance and quality related losses on the system or equipment. In order to improve OEE, they focus on defining the losses under each OEE elements and try to eliminate these losses.This study aims to enhance raw material inventory management in order to eliminateinventory management related losses and improve OEE. Lack of raw material and improperstorage of raw material are main problems related to inventory management. A model isdeveloped and tested in order to prevent these problems and eliminate these losses.Performance rate can be improved by preventing idle time due to lack of raw material, andquality rate can be improved by standardization and improving raw material storageprocedure. In the result of model testing, it is shown that raw material inventory managementhas an effect on OEE and OEE can be improved by enhancing raw material inventorymanagement.
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Saidu, Ibrahim. "Management of material waste and cost overrun in the Nigerian construction industry." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/3792.
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While wastage of materials has become a serious problem requiring urgent attention in the Nigerian Construction Industry, cost overrun is a problem, which affects 90 percent of the completed projects in the world; the argument on how to reduce/eliminate cost overrun has been on-going for the past 70 years; as the on-site wastage of materials leads to increases in the final project cost. Studies from different parts of the world have shown that construction-material waste represents a relatively large percentage of the production costs. Consequently, as a result of low levels of awareness, the Nigerian construction industry pays little attention to the effects of generated material waste on cost overruns. Thus, this research aimed to investigate the relationship between material waste and cost overrun in the Nigerian construction industry. A comprehensive review of the related literature revealed that all material waste causes are related to cost overrun causes at both pre-contract and post-contract stages of a project; but not vice versa. The mixed method (quantitative and qualitative) approach that is rooted in the positivist paradigm was adopted for this study. Abuja, the federal capital territory of Nigeria was the selected geographical scope of this research, out of which thirty-one (31) construction projects were purposeful selected (projects to the value of 100 million Rand/1.6 billion Naira and above).The research instrument was an interview guide used in conjunction with a tick box. Other sources of data included field investigation (measurement of onsite material waste) and the collection of archival records from bills of quantities, project records, and specifications. Analyses of the findings lead to the conclusion that a relationship exists between material waste and cost overrun; at the pre-contract and at the post-contract stages of a project. The implication is that an increase in material wastage on-site leads to a corresponding increase in the amount of cost overrun, regardless of the percentage allowance for material waste in the process of bill preparation. The study also concluded that the average percentage contribution of material waste to project-cost overruns is four (4) percent. Material-waste sources, causes, and control measures were found to have significant effects (very high, high, medium, low, and very low), in causing or minimising cost overruns at both pre-contract and post-contract stages of projects. The research has developed a conceptual model for the management of material waste and cost overruns in the construction industry based on the results and informed by the theoretical framework. The research has also developed a mathematical model for quantifying the amount of material waste to be generated by a project; as well as a mathematical equation for the effective management of material waste and cost overrun for projects. The study has achieved its aim of establishing an understanding of the issues leading to the relationship between material waste and cost overruns, as well as their management in the Nigerian construction industry. The study recommends that the management of material waste and cost overrun should be revised, based on the findings of this research and included as part of the procurement process. The mathematical models for quantification of onsite material waste, and the mathematical equation for managing material waste and cost overruns developed in the study, could be usefully adopted to improve management of material waste and cost overrun in the Nigerian construction industry.
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Berkin, Michael G. "Analysis of the hazardous material reutilization facilities at SUBASE Bangor and NS San Diego." Thesis, Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 1990. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA242075.
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Thesis (M.S. in Management)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 1990.Thesis Advisor(s): Henderson, David R. Second Reader: Trietsch, Dan. "December 1990." Description based on title screen as viewed on March 30, 2010. DTIC Descriptor(s): Military facilities, cost effectiveness, models, low costs, cost analysis, materials, forecasting, theses, solutions(general), personnel, wastes, supplies, onboard, hazardous materials, management planning and control DTIC Identifier(s): Hazardous materials reutilization, hazardous waste minimization, recycling, inventory level forecasting, cost benefit analysis Author(s) subject terms: Hazardous Material Reutilization, Hazardous Waste Minimization, Recycling, Inventory Level Forecasting, Cost Benefit Analysis Includes bibliographical references (p. 109-110). Also available in print.
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Sandal, Sumit. "Staging approaches to reduce overall cost in a crossdock environment." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4246.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2005.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file viewed on (December 19, 2006) Includes bibliographical references.
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Cyr, Phillip G. "Cost analysis of maintenance programs for pre-positioned war reserve material stock (PWRMS)." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2002. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/02Jun%5FCyr.pdf.
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Liu, Shan S. M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Process based cost modeling of emerging optoelectronic interconnects : implications for material platform choice." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/43182.
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Thesis (S.M. in Technology and Policy)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology and Policy Program, 2008.Includes bibliographical references (p. 93-96).
Continuously increasing demand for processing power, storage capacity, and I/O capacity in personal computing, data network, and display interface suggests that optical interconnects may soon supplant copper not only for long distance telecommunication but also for short reach connection needs. In the search for a standard, the current debate in the optoelectronic industry is focused on the technical and economic challenges of the next generation interconnect. Technological advances over the past few years have given new strength to a silicon-technology platform for optoelectronics. The possibility of extending a mature and high-yield Si CMOS manufacturing platform of the electronic industry into the optical domain is an area of intensive interest. Introducing new photonic materials and processes into the mature electronic industry involves a convergence of knowledge between the optoelectronics and semiconductor IC manufacturers. To address some of the technical, market, and organizational uncertainties with the Si platform, this research explores the economic viability and operational hurdles of manufacturing a 1310 nm, 100G Ethernet LAN transceiver. This analysis is carried out using the process-based cost modeling method. Four transceiver designs ranging from the most discrete to a high level of integration are considered on both InP and Si platforms. On the macro-level, this research also explores possible electronic-photonic convergence across industries through a multi-organization, exploratory roadmapping effort. Results have shown 1) integration provides a cost advantage within each material platform.
(cont.) This economic competitiveness is due to cost savings associated with the elimination of discrete components and assembly steps; 2) a total cost comparison across material platforms indicates at low volume (less than 1.1 million annual units), the InP material platform is preferred, while at high volume (greater than 3 million annual units) the Si material platform is preferred. Furthermore, this study maps out the production cost at each technology and volume projection, and then compares this cost with price expectation to determine the viability of the transceiver market in the datacom and computing industry. Results indicate that annual production volumes must be in the tens of millions unit range to provide the minimum economies of scale necessary for designs to meet the trigger price. These results highlight that standards and a set of common language are essential to enable converging technology markets.
by Shan Liu.
S.M.
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Baich, Liseli Jeanette. "Impact of Infill Design on Mechanical Strength and Production Cost in Material Extrusion Based Additive Manufacturing." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1485161020020828.
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Pang, Shing Kin. "Development of a low-cost membrane with used non-woven material for wastewater treatment /." View abstract or full-text, 2006. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?CIVL%202006%20PANG.
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Rahman, Sazzadur. "Knowledge-based decision support system for multi criteria roofing material selection and cost modelling." Thesis, University of Ulster, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.523124.
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Bustamante, Bryan, and Sarah Mowdy. "A cost analysis of forward positioning material in the Fifth Fleet Area of Responsibility." Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/44529.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimitedThe Navy has forward staged mission-critical material in Bahrain, Yokosuka, and Sigonella to meet immediate customer demand and lower equipment downtime. The aim of this research project is to determine the cost effectiveness of forward-positioning material in the Fifth Fleet Area of Responsibility and the impact to lead time before and after the standup of the Defense Logistics Agency commercially owned commercially operated (COCO) warehouse in Bahrain. The results indicate that the current forward-staging efforts are saving the Navy money and lowering customer wait time. The Navy’s share of the holding cost at the COCO warehouse is relatively small when compared to how much money is saved by shipping material via surface transportation instead of by expedited air. This is partially due to the heavy weight of some of the items listed on the planned stocking list. The lead time analysis shows substantial savings in lead time days and even greater improvement in lead time categories. We conclude that the 29 percent reduction in overall lead time is a direct result of the forward staging efforts in the Fifth Fleet at the COCO warehouse. We anticipate additional cost savings and even lower lead times as the warehouse becomes fully stocked.
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Gonzalez, Julian Santiago Sr. "Using Fuzzy Mathematical Models for construction project scheduling with time, cost and material restrictions." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1180987976.
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Somerville, Richard. "Low-cost adsorption materials for removal of metals from contaminated water." Thesis, KTH, Mark- och vattenteknik, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-53346.
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Batch equilibrium and dynamic column studies were undertaken to compare the metal-removal capabilities of two natural, low-cost materials (dried, crushed brown seaweed and shrimp shells) with a commercially available strong acid cation exchange resin (CER). All media maintained structural and hydraulic integrity over the duration of the column experiments. The batch tests showed that the low-cost materials demonstrated high adsorption capacities and affinities to Pb, Cu, Cd and Zn, but were slightly outperformed by the CER. Metal removal by each media was far superior to that reported for other types of low cost materials. Fixed beds of each media reduced concentrations of the target metals in a synthetic drainage water solution to levels below reference values measured at a case study site. This result suggests that any of the materials tested have the potential to completely remove impacts of a point source of metal contamination on the local water regime at the site. The CER column sustained the longest service time without large-scale breakthrough of any metal.
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Kassa, Bewketu Z. "Bamboo: An Alternative Building Material for Urban Ethiopia." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2009. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/66.
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This project explores the potential of bamboo as an alternative building material for low cost housing units suitable for urban Ethiopia. The rational for the application of bamboo comes from its abundance throughout the country, and its proven physical properties that equate it to other building material like timber, steel and concrete. The proposed bamboo based design solution concentrates on simplification of construction methods, prefabrication of structural components and vertical densification of housing units, addressing the lack of skilled labor, cost of construction time and urban land respectively. An understanding of the design solution was established by constructing a full-scale section prototype and performing laboratory tests on key structural components.
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Salmani, Mona. "Cost Modelling of Resources in the Personnel Life Cycle : A case study of the Swedish Air Force." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Informatik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-18671.
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Over the past few years, the Swedish Armed Forces (SAF) in similarity with forces inmany other countries has been undergoing a major process of change. One of the majorreforms is the government‘s decision to replace the compulsory military service with aprofessional army. In order to manage this, SAF requires tools to evaluate the long-termconsequences of different decisions regarding its manpower, such as different recruitment,training and educations policies, mission rehearsal, mission planning, and etc.These tools should, for instance, include information about different type of resourcessuch as weapon systems and materials required for conducting training and missions, asthey directly affect planning of courses, training sessions, etc. These resources have a totallife cycle cost that besides the acquisition cost includes maintenance costs, cost forspare parts and cost of human resources which are required for training and deploymentof the resource.This thesis has been performed in collaboration with FOI (Swedish Defence ResearchAgency) in order to support development of a decision support simulation tool for assistingin the personnel planning process of the SAF. The main objective is to determinethe connection between LCC (Life cycle cost) of personnel and LCC of system Hence,the study facilitates flow of information between the Human Resource Department atSAF and the Defence Material Administration (FMV) in order to base their decisionmaking process on more accurate and complete information about resource costs relatedto different activities that are important to both organizations.In this paper, the inductive approach is the chosen approach as appropriate theories arestudied and used for making hypothesis in order to create a new model. Consequentlythe interpretive approach is deployed as it is associated with this reasoning style. Furthermore,the research purpose is exploratory as it is essential to identify the resourcescost factors and the relations between them.The research strategy is case study and the utilized technique for collecting primary datais interview. The secondary data is gathered by studying hard or digital copy of books,articles, journals, handbooks and dictionaries.Hence, through a set of interviews, information about different activities regarding theeducation and operation phases of the fighter pilots at the Swedish Air Force has beencollected. As a result a corresponding model consisting of resources employed in thoseiiactivities and their relation has been developed. The model is based on the Unified EnterpriseCompetence Modelling Language (UECML).The contributions of this thesis are (1) Identification of the cost factors of personnelrelatedactivities including courses, training sessions and missions, 2) Classification ofcost factor elements in a number of classes, and 3) Illustrating the connections betweenthe classes using UECML.
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Porteiro, Paraponiaris Yanni, and Rodríguez Arturo Mateos. "Product Development of Material Supply : Implementation of Karakuri Kaizen." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för ingenjörsvetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-17317.
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The industry 4.0 is continuously aiming to produce faster, increasing quality, and strictly using what is necessary to achieve efficiency enhancement. Within the wide list of methods used to reach this target, robot automation is usually used, although is expensive and rigid. Alternatively, a Japanese cheap automation philosophy called "Karakuri", is being introduced by Volvo GTO to manage this goal. This thesis relies on this philosophy, which takes profit of the existing energy, like gravity, to put in motion mechanisms, in order to reduce costs and improve the production efficiency by developing a semi-automated material handling system. The design method followed, the Scrum, divides the thesis in several phases of development, presenting a fully developed solution at the end of each one and iteratively increasing the level of definition along the process, to finally provide a solution suitable to be implemented.
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Djurberg, Ebba. "SANDWICH VERSUS SINGLE SKIN : Material Concept of a Patrol Boat in a Life Cycle Cost Perspective." Thesis, KTH, Marina system, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-119702.
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This report describes the Master Thesis Project "Single Skin Versus Sandwich: Material Concept of a Patrol Boat in a Life Cycle Cost Perspective" performed at Kockums AB, Karlskrona, and reviewed and graded at the Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm. There are both economic and environmental gains of developing fuel-efficient (light) vessels. Kockums have successfully produced ships in sandwich composite material, which is a light and stiff but expensive material concept. Building a vessel in single skin composite might result in a lower total life cycle cost due to several factors. Kockums wish to acquire more information of the affecting factors thus they have initiated this project. The project includes analyzing the accumulated cost of a concept patrol vessel while changing five variables: class notation ("Patrol" or "Passenger"), operational profile (10 or 35 knots), material concept (sandwich or single skin), material (carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) and glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP)) and choice of propulsion system (controllable pitch propeller (CPP), Inboard Performance System (IPS) or water jet) resulting in 48 versions of the vessel. First, the structural arrangement was adapted to the design loads of each version by iteratively seeking the maximal structural utilization of the elements. This was done by using a computational tool (RSTRUCT) that allows for effective scantling calculation. Then, the material, production and operational cost were determined for each version and the break-even points in terms of years of operation were found. The results gave insights concerning the characteristics of the different material concepts. The single skin versions were found to be both heavier (70 %) and more costly in terms of material and production cost (17 %) in relation to their sandwich equivalents. The break-even points between CFRP versions and GFRP versions were ranging between 4 and 14 years, depending on operational profile. For example, for a very low speed profile passenger vessel the break-even point was 40 years, implying that the GFRP version was the most beneficial choice. Regarding propulsion choices, the IPS system was the best choice for every version due to its high overall propulsive coefficient in a broad speed range.
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Gilmartin, Stuart J. "The application of modelling techniques to identify material properties for cost effective and high quality profiling." Thesis, Swansea University, 2010. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42711.
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Zinc and organically coated strip steels are products of Corus Colors, which are supplied to the roll forming industry and profiled for a variety of applications, including building cladding and composite floor decking. Many profile designs include complex roll geometry which promotes intense deformation and as a consequence can create a number of defects within the steel strip. Cracking, wavy edges and spring-back are three of the more common reoccurring problems. To overcome such defects within the production line when they occur, simple procedures are carried out by experienced line operators. One method is to adjust the clearance between the upper and lower rolls of the problematic roll stand on either the outboard or inboard side of the production line. In recent years the potential of Finite Element Modelling (FEM) has been realised for the simulation of such processes in both 2D and 3D. Due to advances in computer graphics and processing, the use of 3D FEM packages to simulate the effects on material properties within a roll forming line is becoming an area of high interest within the profiling industry. Studies in this report have focused on using ABAQUS FEM software to simulate in 3D, profiling stands within a production line used to create a trapezoidal profile using HPS200 (Colorcoat) steel. Particular attention was given to the variables set during creation of the simulation, such as friction coefficients, roll clearance and speed of the rotating rolls used to transport the strip. A plant trial was conducted to determine the profile measurements of the strip at different stages of the process which were then used to perform a validation with the simulation model.
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Marks, Leanne R. "Straw-Bale as a Viable, Cost Effective, and Sustainable Building Material for Use in Southeast Ohio." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1125775864.
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Aigbomian, Eboziegbe Patrick. "Development of wood-crete building material." Thesis, Brunel University, 2013. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/13445.
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Main concerns in the building industry includes the development of alternative building materials that reduces the amount of energy spent during manufacturing process and easier to work with. Wood-crete is a composite material developed in this study, made up of wood waste (sawdust), paper, tradical lime and water. Wood-crete is developed to provide an alternative material in construction solving problems associated with the delivery of low-cost housing across all income earners, reducing the amount of energy spent during manufacturing process of construction materials and the ease with which these construction materials are developed and solve issues related to waste management. This thesis presents the processing technologies, factors which affect the performance and properties of wood-crete. Wood-crete properties were found to be closely related to the composition of the constituent elements though compressive strength and modulus of elasticity were low when compared to other building materials like concrete and steel. In a bid to improve the strength of the developed wood-crete, the properties were investigated based on the modification of sawdust by hot water boiling and alkaline treatments which help to modify cellulose fibre surface to reduce the hydrophilic nature of sawdust thereby improving the sawdust-matrix bonding. It was found that the surface modification, processing of cellulosic fibril and the extraction of lignin and hemi-cellulosic compounds with alkali had an effect on the compressive strength of wood-crete, with treating sawdust with 4% NaOH at 140mins of boiling time achieving the highest compressive strength and boiling sawdust from 100mins to 140mins had a gradual increase in compressive strength but reduced at higher boiling time. Furthermore, treating sawdust with NaOH more than 4% weakened the individual wood particles thus leading to poor strength of wood-crete. Additionally, the properties of wood-crete were investigated based on the type of wood sawdust – hardwood (beech and oak) and softwood (pine and cedar). Apart from individual wood density having a significant effect on the density of wood-crete, other factors such as lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose contents including fibre length of individual wood species affect the strength properties of wood-crete. The compressive strength of wood-crete was closely related to the wood species, with highest compressive strength of 3.93MPa recorded for hardwood wood-crete compared to 1.37MPa and 0.26MPa of wood-crete from softwood and mixed wood respectively. Results from thermal conductivity tests on wood-crete also show that wood-crete blocks can be produced with good insulating properties for building construction. Addition of different types of paper fibres to reduce the density of wood-crete and improve the insulating properties of composite developed also had a dominant influence on both strength and thermal conductivity, reflecting its effect on the structure of composite and contribution of self strength of paper fibres. The addition of various percentages of waste paper (de-fibred) had a significant influence on the thermal conductivity of wood-crete with 75% addition of waste paper achieving a thermal conductivity value of 0.046W/mK performed with the TCi thermal conductivity analyser. Thermal conductivity results for wood-crete made from hardwood and softwood sawdust was closely related to the chemical composition of various wood species, with softwood wood-crete having about 20% lower thermal conductivity compared to hardwood wood-crete. The developed wood-crete was able to withstand impact load and considered, like hempcrete, most suitable for wall panelling or other non- and semi-structural applications with good thermal insulating properties. Findings of this study provides an alternative new material for the construction industry and an important background for achieving better strength of wood-crete, choosing what type of sawdust to be used for development of wood-crete and for directing a better use of this potential material with very small embodied energy and carbon negative.
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Nytén, Anton. "Low-Cost Iron-Based Cathode Materials for Large-Scale Battery Applications." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Materials Chemistry, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-6842.
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There are today clear indications that the Li-ion battery of the type currently used worldwide in mobile-phones and lap-tops is also destined to soon become the battery of choice in more energy-demanding concepts such as electric and electric hybrid vehicles (EVs and EHVs). Since the currently used cathode materials (typically of the Li(Ni,Co)O2-type) are too expensive in large-scale applications, these new batteries will have to exploit some much cheaper transition-metal. Ideally, this should be the very cheapest - iron(Fe) - in combination with a graphite(C)-based anode. In this context, the obvious Fe-based active cathode of choice appears to be LiFePO4. A second and in some ways even more attractive material - Li2FeSiO4 - has emerged during the course of this work.
An effort has here been made to understand the Li extraction/insertion mechanism on electrochemical cycling of Li2FeSiO4. A fascinating picture has emerged (following a complex combination of Mössbauer, X-ray diffraction and electrochemical studies) in which the material is seen to cycle between Li2FeSiO4 and LiFeSiO4, but with the structure of the original Li2FeSiO4 transforming from a metastable short-range ordered solid-solution into a more stable long-range ordered structure during the first cycle. Density Functional Theory calculations on Li2FeSiO4 and the delithiated on LiFeSiO4 structure provide an interesting insight into the experimental result.
Photoelectron spectroscopy was used to study the surface chemistry of both carbon-treated LiFePO4 and Li2FeSiO4 after electrochemical cycling. The surface-layer on both materials was concluded to be very thin and with incomplete coverage, giving the promise of good long-term cycling.
LiFePO4 and Li2FeSiO4 should both be seen as highly promising candidates as positive-electrode materials for large-scale Li-ion battery applications.
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Karlsson, Louise, and Alexander Sjöberg. "Framtagning av snabbkoppling i polymera material för vätskekylda datacentraler." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för ingenjörsvetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-15320.
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Examensarbetets mål är att ta fram ett konceptförslag på en snabbkoppling på uppdrag av CEJN. Rapporten redovisar de metoder som använts för att nå slutligt resultat. Utvecklad snabbkoppling syftar till en marknad för vätskekylning i datacenter. CEJN önskar ligga i framkant på den expansiva marknaden, vilket kräver att tillverkningskostnaderna för befintlig aluminiumkoppling reduceras, bland annat genom materialbyte till plast. Företaget har idag ingen plasttillverkning i huset. Genereringsarbetet baseras på förstudie i form av litteraturstudier, konkurrensanalyser delvis genom demontering av befintliga produkter på marknaden, samt användartester. Prototyper har använts för test och utvärdering i flera stadier i processen. Snabbkopplingens yttre komponenter, som även visades vara de största kostnadsbärarna, utvecklades som separata delproblem så som låsmekanism, utformning av inre o-ringsspår och sammanfogning för att tillåta montering och säkerställa spillsäkerhet. Beslutsunderlag för slutliga konceptval baserades på kostnader, användande utifrån tillverkade prototyper samt utlåtanden från externa experter inom plasttillverkning, varpå konceptval kunde utföras tillsammans med uppdragsgivande företag. Dellösningarna anpassades i ett slutligt koncept som reducerar kostnader och samtidigt uppfyller krav gällande prestanda, utseende och användbarhet. Projektet med slutligt konceptförslag föreslås ligga till grund för vidareutveckling och tester för att säkerställa den högkvalitativa produkt CEJN eftersträvar.The objective of the Bachelor thesis is to create a concept proposal in collaboration with CEJN. This report is presenting activities involved in the development process used to obtain the final result. Referring to the expansive market for liquid cooled data centres, CEJN aims to be in the leading edge with a new quick connection coupling. This demands reduction of production costs relative their existing aluminium coupling, partly by change of material to plastics. Outsourcing is relevant as the company does not produce plastic components at set. The idea generation phase has been based on a pre-study consisting of literature studies, analyses of competing products through demolition, and user tests. Prototypes have been used for testing and evaluation throughout the process. The outer components of the quick connection coupling proved to be among the costliest details. Locking mechanism, the formation of an inner slot for seals and the junction between nipple- or coupling body and back part to allow assembly and to ensure a non-drip application, have been developed separately. Decisions for final concept selection were made with the company of commission, with data regarding costs, usage interpreted from prototypes and verdicts from external experts within plastics production. Sub solutions mentioned, were combined into a final concept which reduces costs and fulfils demands regarding performance, appearance and usability. The material from the project is propositioned to form the basis for further development and testing to ensure high product quality representing CEJN.
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Hur, Wendy E. "Quantifying the effects of increased material recovery on King George County's landfill life-cycle costs." Master's thesis, This resource online, 1996. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-02162010-020310/.
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Rosvall, Magnus, and Oscar Christensen. "A model for cost effective improvement of a raw material management in the inventory: A Case study." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för teknik, TEK, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-19883.
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The single largest expenditure in the production industry is usually the materials´ costs. In the average producing company, half of the sales revenue covers the materials´ costs. Raw material inventory aims to have the right amount of material, in the right place and at the right time, for as low cost as possible. In the raw material inventory there are often different critical items and the amount of them can be hard to handle at one time. In this thesis a cost effective model was developed for the raw material inventory management. Starting with identifying the most critical raw materials and the relationships between them and the first step in the production. It is also important to work with the information flow and the model aims to find what information each department needs and establish a suitable communication channel between the departments. In order to test the applicability of the model it was tested on a case company. The result from the model testing was new placements for the raw materials and a new communication flow.
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Nehler, Johanna. "Worksite Logistics in House Construction : HOW STRATEGIC CHOICES AFFECT THE TOTAL COST OF THE MATERIAL SUPPLY PROCESS." Thesis, KTH, Industriell produktion, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-172336.
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Material supply is much more than the cost of materials. It is a chain of activities that require resources, which over time accumulate costs such as salaries and rents. The accumulated cost of the linked activities is the total cost of a process of material supply. To find the total cost, a holistic perspective is required. This study has collected empirical data at Skanska, a Swedish construction company, where supporting units work towards construction projects. One of them is a logistics unit that provides logistics services focusing on material supply in projects of house construction. The activities of the system in which the logistics services operate lead to costs that are not visibly attached to the process, but rather to the resources of it. The whole is the material supply process and the components of its total cost must thus be understood. The logistics services provided by the logistics unit to the projects incorporate the total cost perspective, however, this is not always considered by all in production. Thus a tool to prove the holistic view of the effect of different strategies is necessary. The aim of this study has been to create a tool for evaluating the total cost of material supply, with the purpose to create a common platform for strategic decisions, on which both parties can agree on the total cost of different strategies. Through interviews at Skanska, and visits to construction sites, a material supply process for residential house construction has been identified. This was developed into a process map that represents the material supply process at the worksite in projects that are not using logistics services. The process map includes activities, but also options for strategic decisions and delays due to random happenings. This makes the process flexible for each unique project. Also the cost generating parameters have been identified for input into the process. The difficulty has been to find a general process due to the unique nature of construction projects. The process is an estimated model of reality. With the general material supply process as a basis, the impact of implementing each logistics service in the process was explored. A process map of material supply at the worksite was developed with each of them individually; Consolidated Deliveries, Carry-in Services, and Delivery Calendar. These process maps show the change in activities and links between them, as well as the related cost generating parameters. To a large extent, these parameters are the same, but will be different in value due to the underlying strategies of the logistics services.The focus of Consolidated Deliveries is to reduce the number of deliveries and to deliver Just-intime for production by consolidating materials at a terminal before it reaches the worksite. This removes buffer stock and reduces material waste. The Carry-in Services focus on outsourcing thematerial handling activities performed by the workforce and increases the focus on core activities by the workforce. The Delivery Calendar focus on increasing transparency of resource allocation, which leads to greater possibilities to optimize the use of resources, and also a smoother flow of activities with less waiting time. The result of this study is a logical tool that can be used for evaluation of the total cost of materialsupply strategies. The suggestion is to use the process maps and identified parameters to develop a simulation model. By finding the values of the identified parameters, and running the simulation program, the difference in total cost between the material supply strategies can be identified.Materialförsörjning är mycket mer än kostnaden för material. Det är en kedja av resurskrävande aktiviteter som med tiden ackumulerar kostnader såsom löner och hyror. Den ackumulerade kostnaden av de länkade aktiviteterna är totalkostnaden av processen för materialförsörjning. För att hitta totalkostnaden krävs det ett helhetsperspektiv. I den här studien har empirisk data samlats in på det svenska byggföretaget Skanska, där stödjande enheter jobbar mot byggprojekten. En av stödenheterna är en logistikavdelning som tillhandahåller logistiktjänster som fokuserar på materialförsörjning i byggprojekt av hus. Aktiviteterna i det system som logistiktjänsterna relaterar till leder till kostnader som kopplas till resurserna som används, snarare än till processen. Dessa blir, så kallade dolda kostnader. Materielförsörjningsprocessen är helheten, och därför måste komponenterna som utgör dess totalkostnad förstås. Logistiktjänsterna som logistikavdelningen tillhandahåller har ett totalkostnadsperspektiv, vilket inte alltid övervägs av alla i produktionen. Därför behövs ett verktyg som visar den totala effekten av olika strategier. Målet med denna studie har därför varit att skapa ett verktyg som kan utvärdera totalkostnaden av materialförsörjning, med syftet att skapa en gemensam grund för strategiska beslut på vilken båda parter kan vara överens om totalkostnaden av olika strategier. Genom intervjuer på Skanska och besök på byggarbetsplatser, har en materielförsörjningsprocess för flerbostadshus identifierats. Detta utvecklades till en processkarta som representerar materielförsörjningsprocessen på byggarbetsplatsen i projekt som inte använder logistiklösningarna. Processkartan innehåller aktiviteter, men också val för strategiska beslut och fördröjningar på grund av slumpmässiga händelser. Detta gör att processen är flexibel för varje unikt projekt. Även de kostnadsgenererande parametrarna har identifierats för input i processen. Utmaningen har varit att, på grund av projektens unika natur, hitta en generell process. Processen är därför en estimerad modell av verkligheten. Med den generella materielförsörjningsprocessen som grund, utforskades påverkan av implementeringen av varje logistiklösning. En processkarta av materialförsörjning på byggarbetsplatsen skapades för var och en av de; Samlastning, Inbärning och Lossningskalendern. Dessa processkartor visar förändringen i aktiviteter och länken mellan de, samt de relaterade kostnadsgenererande parametrarna. Parametrarna är i stor utsträckning dem samma, men deras värden ändras beroende på logistiktjänsternas underliggande strategier. Samlastning fokuserar på att minska antal leveranser och att leverera Just-in-time till produktion genom att samlasta material på en terminal innan det kommer till byggarbetsplatsen. Detta tar bort mellanlager och minskar materialskador. Inbärningstjänsten fokuserar på att outsourca materialhanteringsaktiviteter från yrkesarbetare, och ökar fokus på deras kärnaktiviteter. Lossningskalendern fokuserar på att öka transparensen av resursfördelning, vilket ger ökade möjligheter för resursoptimering, och även ett mer smidigt flöde av aktiviteter med mindre väntetid. Resultatet av denna studie är ett logiskt verktyg som kan användas för utvärdering av totalkostnadenför olika materialförsörjningsstrategier. Förslaget är att använda processkartorna och identifierade parametrar för att utveckla en simuleringsmodell. Genom att hitta värden av de identifierade parametrarna, och att köra simuleringsprogrammet, kan skillnaden i totalkostnad mellan materialförsörjningsstrategier tydliggöras.
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Eleftheriadis, Efstathios. "Decision-based and BIM-embedded optimisation framework for material, cost and carbon efficiency of RC building structures." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2018. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10055250/.
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The raising concerns in buildings life cycle sustainability complicate the optimisation of structural systems and thus trade-offs between material use, carbon and cost efficiencies are often hard to recognise. Additionally, Decision-Makers’ (DM) expertise can influence the final selection of structural systems. To better understand where trade-offs might occur both the engineering optimisation and DM preferences should be considered when specifying a structural system. Currently there are no effective ways to consolidate those aspects. However, opportunities to enrich the current sustainable engineering practices lie within Building Information Modelling (BIM). Key questions emerged: How optimised structural alternatives can be established based on explicit constructability constraints; what does the optimisation of the structure mean to the lifecycle carbon performance of the building; how the preferences of DM influence the selection of optimum structural designs? To address these challenges, a participatory group decision making model to specify project and engineering design requirements is first established using Quality Function Deployment (QFD). The QFD model uses Evidential Reasoning (ER) algorithms under uncertainty. Subsequently, a multilevel computational model for cost and carbon optimisation using NSGA-II and constructability functions is developed. Selected optimised solutions are then evaluated using TOPSIS in an a posteriori optimisation procedure that identifies solutions with the highest acceptance rankings based on the design priorities computed in the QFD model. Finally, to ensure that the selected optimised structural designs do not have any consequential impacts at building level a whole building assessment is carried out utilising Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). All the components in the new decision-based optimisation framework are applied and tested in real buildings. The study shows how structural engineers and other DM can effectively use the proposed framework to augment decision-making procedures towards more material efficient, sustainable and cost-effective building structures. The knowledge gained from the computational models are summarised in BIM-based applications that facilitate more informed structural design decisions.
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Ogunkah, Ibuchim. "Rethinking low-cost green building material selection process in the design of low-impact green housing developments." Thesis, University of Westminster, 2015. https://westminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk/item/9qvy7/rethinking-low-cost-green-building-material-selection-process-in-the-design-of-low-impact-green-housing-developments.
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Since 1950, the world population has increased by more than double. The sprawling demographic shift due to continuous migration from rural to urban areas in developing countries imposes socio-economic and environmental pressures to the urban areas. Apparently, the high demand for housing and the unsustainable construction practices underlying its production in recent times constitute issues that merit the attention of low-impact green housing developments. The feasibility of such developments also lies in the effective use of low-cost green building materials and components (LCGBMCs),primarily because of their potential to conserve energy use, reduce life-cycle cost, lessen ecological footprints, and revive lost cultural traditions. Until recently however, only very few of these products have been widely established in mainstream, on account that most designers are constrained by their vaguely informed knowledge as to their sustainability impacts during the early stages of the design decision-making process, when most of the important decisions relating to sustainability are made. With the scale of complexity on how to incorporate sustainability principles in the early stages of the material selection decision-making process, and quest to stimulate the motivation for their use in a wider industry context, a clear gap is identified. Drawing on the concept of sustainability, this research aims to narrow the underlying gap by exploring and evaluating the significance of an integrated modular-oriented mode of assessment that is able to assist designers in developing an improved capability to make early-informed choices, when formulating decisions to select LCGBMCs at the early conceptual stages of the design process. With results derived from the relevant literature, industrywide surveys, and through empirical evidence gathered from interviews with a cross-section of house build stakeholders in Nigeria, key sustainability principle indicators impacting the selection of building materials are identified, analysed, grouped and ranked according to the relative importance that each decision factor holds, using a suite of statistical analytical methods. The information gathered from the analysis with inputs elicited from experienced professionals are used to develop a Multi-Criteria Material Selection Decision Support System (MSDSS), and later refined with feedbacks obtained from selected builder and developer companies. The above integration is enhanced using Macro-in-Excel Database Management System (DBMS), while the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) model is adopted as the ideal assessment methodology, given its ability to transform objective and subjective variables into weighted scores. Expert surveys are then used to demonstrate the usefulness of the suggested decision support system. The applicability and validity of this model are further illustrated using an ongoing housing project in Nigeria. By comparing the outputs from the model to monitored data from the case study, it would emerge that LCGBMCs, when properly assessed with consideration of the key sustainability principle indicators (influential factors) at the early stages of the design decision-making process, could reduce the potential life-cycle carbon embodied energy of a typical residential housing project by nearly 40% and yield energy savings of roughly 30-50% per year, when compared to their conventional carbon-embodied equivalents. This study concludes that by addressing integration of sustainability principles into the material selection decision making processes at the early stages of the design, better support will be provided to key decision makers with the expectation of improved understanding and better informed choices, hence stimulate the motivation for more use of LCGBMCs in a wider industry context. The limitations of the study are highlighted and future research directions to better exploit the model capabilities are proposed.
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Chen, Xianlong. "Development of a low-cost in-situ material characterization method and experimental studies of smart composite structures." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCA002/document.
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Les structures composites intégrant des transducteurs piézoélectriques au cœur de la matière sont utilisées pour leur capacité à modifier leurs propriétés mécaniques en fonction de l’environnement, à contrôler leur intégrité structurale et à interagir avec l’homme ou avec d’autres structures.Ce travail se concentre sur les phases de conception préliminaire des structures composites intelligentes. Ces phases ne représentent que 5% du coût total d’un projet, mais conditionnent 80% du coût final du produit. Les principaux problèmes rencontrés lors de ces phases de conception préliminaire portent sur la détermination des propriétés matériau des transducteurs piézoélectriques et des matériaux composites utilisés, de l'influence de l'emplacement des transducteurs dans la structure ainsi que de l’influence du processus de fabrication, de la température et des endommagements sur le comportement final des structures composites intelligentes.Dans le processus de fabrication développé à l’Université de Technologies Belfort-Montbéliard (UTBM), l’élément-clé est un produit semi-fini appelé “soft layer”. Cette couche permet d’intégrer le réseau de transducteurs piézoélectriques au cœur de la structure composite. Le processus de fabrication de la “soft layer” ainsi que celui des structures intelligentes sont abordés dans cette thèse.Afin de trouver des solutions aux problèmes décrits ci-dessus, deux méthodes de caractérisation de composites intelligents ou adaptatifs sont présentées et utilisées : la méthode dite Resonalyser et la méthode du temps de vol. Après des études expérimentales et une comparaison des résultats obtenus, la méthode du temps de vol a été choisie comme méthode principale en raison de son faible coût de mise en œuvre et du fait qu’il s’agit d’une méthode de caractérisation in-situ. De plus, une nouvelle méthode appelée méthode CMB, basée sur la méthode du temps de vol a été développée afin de pouvoir facilement et rapidement extraire les constantes élastiques, en particulier le coefficient de Poisson.Des analyses expérimentales de sensibilité appliquées aux composites adaptatifs ont été effectuées.Premièrement, l’étude de l’influence de l’emplacement des transducteurs démontre qu’il est nécessaire de tenir compte de la position de la “soft layer” dans la modélisation du comportement de produit final. La position de cette couche dans l’épaisseur du produit a une influence notable sur les fréquences propres ainsi que les amplitudes modales de la structure. Cependant, l’ajout de la “soft layer” n’accroît pas le taux d’amortissement de la structure finale; et sa position dans l’épaisseur n’a aucune influence sur ce taux d’amortissement. La propagation des ondes de Lamb à l’intérieur du composite n’est pas impactée par le “soft layer”.Deuxièmement, l’étude de l’impact du processus de la fabrication nous renseigne sur l’influence notable des divers paramètres de réglage du processus de fabrication sur le comportement final de la structure composite intelligente.Troisièmement, l’étude de l’influence de la température sur des structures constituées de différents matériaux composites montre que le module de Young du produit final décroît quand la température augmente. Mais la diminution du module de Young en fonction de la température est différente selon les et les types de matériaux et les directions des fibres, en particulier pour les structures composites unidirectionnelles. De plus, cette étude montre également la sensibilité de la méthode du temps de vol vis-à-vis de la température. Ce dernier point est par ailleurs consolidé par la comparaison avec des résultats obtenus par une méthode de caractérisation ex-situ standard : l'analyse dynamique de la mécanique (DMA).Enfin, l'étude de l'impact des dommages mécaniques fournit une assez bonne référence pour les recherches futures. De cette façon, il est clair qu’une méthode de temps de vol peut être utilisée dans la surveillance de la santé structuraleThe composite structures embedding piezoelectric implants are developed due to their abilities of modifying mechanical properties according to the environment, of keeping their integrity, of interacting with human beings or with other structures.This study is focused on the preliminary design stages of smart composite structures, which represent only 5% of the total costs of a project, whereas 80% of the life cycle cost are set during the preliminary study phases. The top few problems during the preliminary design of smart composite structures are addressed in this work such as the determination of the material properties of the piezoelectric transducers and composite material used, the influence of transducers location, manufacturing process, temperature and damage on the behavior of the smart composite structures.Due to the manufacturing process developed at the Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbéliard (UTBM), the most important element is a semi-finished product called “soft layer”. This special layer is used to embed the transducers system into the composite structures. The manufacturing process of “soft layer” as well as the smart composite structures are compiled in this report.In order to solve the problems described above, two characterization methods of composite material (Resonalyser method and Time-of-Flight method (T-o-F method)), are introduced and discussed. After experimental studies and comparing the results of these two methods, the T-o-F method is chosen as the main method for the following studies due to the fact that it is a low-cost and in-situ characterization method. Furthermore, a new method based on the T-o-F method is developed to easily and quickly extract the elastic constants, in particular the Poisson’s ratio.Experimental sensitivity analyses applied to the smart composite structures are performed with respect to the problems describes above. First of all, the study of the influence of transducers location demonstrates that the "soft layer” cannot be neglected to model the behavior of the final product. In particular, the through-the-thickness position has an influence on the eigenfrequencies and the modal amplitudes. However, the "soft layer” does not increase the overall damping ratio of the final structures and the through-the-thickness position of the "soft layer” has no influence on the damping ratios. The Lamb wave propagation inside the composite material is not impacted by the "soft layer”. Secondly, the study of the impact of manufacturing process demonstrates that the impact of variability of parameters due to the manufacturing process is very important on the final response of the structure. Thirdly, the study of the influence of temperature on different kinds of smart composite structures proves that when temperature increases, the Young’s modulus of the smart composites decreases. But the attenuation of Young’s modulus according to temperature is different along different fiber directions, especially for the unidirectional composite structures. Furthermore, in this study, the sensitivity of Time-of-Flight method with respect to temperature is well proved by comparing the results with a traditional method like Dynamic-Mechanical Analysis (DMA). Last but not least, the study of the impact of the mechanical damage gives a quite good reference for the future investigations. Along this way, it is possible to use a Time-of-Flight method in Structural Health Monitoring. In addition, some smart composite structures manufactured by the research team are given and their potential applications are discussed
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Saptari, Adi. "PC computer based algorithm for the selection of material handling equipment for a distribution warehouse based on least annual cost and operating parameters." Ohio : Ohio University, 1990. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1183473503.
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Boss, Sergio Luiz Bragatto [UNESP]. "Tradução comentada de artigos de Stephen Gray (1966-1736) e reprodução de experimentos históricos com materiais acessíveis: subsídios para o ensino de eletricidade." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/102009.
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A literatura específica da área de Ensino de Ciências tem apresentado importantes discussões sobre dificuldades de aprendizagem e compreensão de conceitos científicos pelos alunos. Diante disso, já há algum tempo a História da Ciência tem sido defendida enquanto elemento que pode auxiliar no processo de ensino-aprendizagem dos conceitos científicos. Apesar do potencial educacional que é atribuído à História da Ciência e do esforço que tem sido feito para aproximá-la da educação científica, existem algumas barreiras que podem inviabilizar o sucesso desta aproximação impedindo que ela cumpra, efetivamente, o seu papel frente ao Ensino de Ciências. Dentre as barreiras que a literatura aponta, destacamos a falta de material histórico de qualidades e acessível a alunos e professores que possa subsidiar práticas metodológicas em sala de aula. No bojo dessa escassez está a falta de traduções de fontes primárias para o português. Tendo em vista tal contexto, este trabalho de doutorado tem como objetivo geral de fazer a tradução comentada dos dez artigos de Stephen Gray (1666-1736) relacionados à eletricidade. Dos dez textos traduzidos, nove foram publicados no periódico Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society e uma carta foi publicada por Chipman (1954). Como objetivo específico propomos elaborar um conjunto de elementos, os quais denominamos de recursos didáticos, que possam ampliar o acesso de professores e alunos ao conteúdo das traduções: comentários em forma de notas; figuras; experimentos históricos com material de baixo custo; breve biografia do autor do texto traduzido; linha do tempo do período em questão; introdução geral ao texto. Stephen Gray foi um importante, porém mencionado, pesquisador do início do Século XVIII. Seu trabalho trouxe importantes...
The specific literature related to Science Education has presented important discussion on the difficulties faced by students in the learning and understanging of scientific concepts. In this context, some time ago the History of Science has been advocated as an element that can facilitate the process of teaching scientific conceps. Despite the educational potential that is assigned to the History of Science and the effort that has been done to bring it closer to Science Education, there are some barriers that can hinder the sucess of this approach, preventing it to fulfill effectively its role with the teaching of science. Among the barriers pointed out by the literature, we emphasize the lack of historical material with quality and accessible to students and teachers that can subsidize methodological practices in the classroom. Among this shortage of historical material, there is a lack of Portuguese translations of primary sources. Given this context, the main goal of this PhD work is the translation into Portuguese of the ten articles of Stephen Gray (1666-1736) related to electricity. Of the ten translated texts, nine were published in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society and a letter was published by Chipman (1954). The specific goal of this thesis is to prepare a set of elements, which we will call teaching resources, that can expand the accesss of the content of the translations to teachers and students: comments as notes; figures; historical experiments with law-cost material; brief biography of the author of the tranlated text; timeline of the period; and a general introduction to the text. Stephen Gray was an important, though rarely mentioned, researcher at the beginning of the Eighteenth Century. His work has brought important contributions to the field of electricity. Some of his... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Rydholm, Fredrik. "Sorption of Stormwater Pollutants for Five Material Mixtures: A batch Equlibrium Study." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-86150.
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Blue-green infrastructure have been more lucrative during the last 30 years, since urbanizationbrings more impervious surfaces that increases stormwater runoff volumes. Amongst thedifferent blue-green infrastructures there are e.g., constructed wetlands and swales. Blue-greeninfrastructure means more natural management of the stormwater, such as infiltration. Forinfiltration of water, the hydraulic conductivity is an important parameter, but also the abilityto remove dissolved pollutants. In literature, various studies of filter materials are only testedfor single dissolved pollutants, which might be a disadvantage as this does not represent fieldconditions where metals usually co-exist. Economic costs are also an important parameter,unfortunately not always targeted in research. In this thesis, the efficiency of five different material mixtures for removing typical dissolvedstormwater pollutants: chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), phosphorus (P), lead (Pb) andzinc (Zn) were studied. The mixtures were following: 1) crushed rock + soil (RO_SO) 2)crushed rock + soil + LECA 4/10 + biochar (RO_SO_BC_LC4). 3) crushed rock + soil + LECA10/20 + biochar (RO_SO_BC_LC10). 4) Soil (SO). 5) crushed rock + soil + biochar(RO_SO_BC). This study was a part of blue-green investments that is being made in Östersundmunicipality and the use of low-cost materials for stormwater treatment are examined. The study was made using batch equilibrium tests, to determine the sorption capacity fordifferent material mixtures, using dissolved metal- and P-solutions. The measured data werefitted to Freundlich, Langmuir, Temkin, Dubinin-Radushkevich and Redlich-Petersonisotherms. Economic feasibility has also been compared between the material mixtures.Results showed that SO had the best sorption capacity for all metals and P, with rankingPb > Cr > Cu > Ni > Zn for the metals. All material mixtures showed a removal efficiency of79-99%, at the lowest concentration (1mg/L) for the metals and 31-62% for the lowestconcentration of P-single solution (1mg/L). Using additional materials in the mixtures, such asbiochar, slightly improved the sorption capacities of Pb and P. Redlich-Peterson isothermsprovided the best fits to the data. An economic evaluation of the ingoing materials shows thatSO and RO_SO are undoubtedly the most feasible alternatives for removal of targeted metalsand P.
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Karlsson, Johanna, and Herman Carleke. "A model for cost-effectively improving production process with respect to material and information handling. : A Case Study." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för teknik, TEK, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-19822.
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The purpose of this study is to create a model which will help when working with improvements. The model is based on a Maintenance Function Deployment which helps to highlight the areas within a company that should be improved and focused on in order to make the organization more effective. The model consists of seven steps which in different ways identifies and analyzes the organization and the production process. In the model not only technical aspects are addressed, but aspects related to human resources as well as corporate culture. With two different case companies, manufacturing the same product, this study is investigating how to improve one of them, with the inspiration of the other. In this study it was highlighted how important the material and information handling systems are and how they would affect the company to the better if they were implemented. With different tools the entire production process and its different steps were analyzed in order to prove the effect of implementing such a change and finally a suggestion for the company is recommended which evidently would give results. The results concerns both smaller changes within the production flow and bigger changes which are more expensive and would mean a lot of more work, although with a greater result.
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Tschetter, Steven James. "A parameter study of cost versus material and serviceability variables in unshored non-composite and composite floor systems." Master's thesis, This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-02022010-020155/.
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McSweeney, Anne Margaret. "A material cost and weight comparison of shipping containers using ect versus burst strength for room air conditions /." Online version of thesis, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/11986.
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Castro, Liliana Cristina de. "O custo de desperdício de materiais de consumo em um Centro Cirúrgico." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/7/7140/tde-22082012-162211/.
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Dentro do gerenciamento de recursos materiais destaca-se a importância dos desperdícios, definidos como todo consumo de produtos/serviços de forma ineficiente e ineficaz, que não agregam valor aos mesmos, portanto, devem ser minimizados e/ou eliminados. Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram: identificar os tipos e as quantidades de materiais de consumo encaminhados, utilizados, estornados e desperdiçados nas cirurgias, durante o intraoperatório, classificar os desperdícios de materiais de consumo como evitáveis e não evitáveis; mensurar os custos dos materiais desperdiçados nos procedimentos cirúrgicos e calcular o índice de desperdício dos materiais de consumo no Centro Cirúrgico do Hospital Universitário da Universidade São Paulo (HU-USP). Trata-se de um estudo de caso, descritivo e exploratório, com abordagem quantitativa. Para a coleta de dados foi utilizado um formulário contendo duas partes: a primeira para o levantamento do consumo real dos materiais, e a segunda para os materiais desperdiçados. A amostra foi constituída por 105 tipos de materiais de consumo médico-hospitalares encaminhados a 275 cirurgias observadas, no período de fevereiro a maio de 2011. Os resultados mostraram que os itens, mais encaminhados, utilizados e estornados, foram luvas cirúrgicas e seringas descartáveis; os mais desperdiçados foram fios cirúrgicos, fio cirúrgico algodão, compressas gazes 45x45cm, 7,5x7,5cm e 30x30cm. O item que apresentou maior desperdício foi fios cirúrgicos, em média 1,3 unidades por cirurgias. O custo dos materiais utilizados nas 275 cirurgias foi de R$133.730,30; o de desperdício total foi de R$ 709,84, sendo R$ 327,48 referentes ao consumo evitável e R$ 382,36 ao não evitável. O percentual médio de desperdício na amostra foi de 9,34%, sendo 1,23% evitáveis e 8,14% não evitável. Assim, assume-se que o desperdício real foi de 1,23%. A falta de estudos sobre o tema não permite comparações, mas o índice apresentado pode ser considerado baixo para um hospital universitárioIn the management of material resources the importance of waste is emphasizes, which is described as all products/services absorbed in an inefficient and ineffective mode; and as it adds no value to them, they must be minimized an/or eliminated. The objective of this research is to a) identify all types and quantity of consumable material in surgeries, which were utilized, returned/sent back, or wasted during the intra surgery period; b) classify the waste as avoidable or inevitable when the materials were unwrapped and not utilized; c) measure the cost of the wasted material on surgical proceedings and d) calculate the index of waste material in HU-USP Surgical Center. This is a descriptive and investigative case study with quantitative approach. For the data collection, we used a form divided in two parts, one for raising the real consumption of material and the other for waste material. The sample was composed by 105 types of hospital and medical consuming material which were addressed to 275 surgery observed between Feb and May 2011. The results showed that the most used and recoiled/returned material have been surgical gloves and disposable syringes; the most wasted items were Surgeries threads, Surgical cotton thread, 45x45cm, 7.5x7.5cm and 30x30cm compress gauze. Above all, the item most wasted material was Surgical thread on average of 1.3 unit by surgeries. The cost of the utilized materials was R$ 133.730,30; the cost of total waste R$ 709,84, where R$ 327,48 were avoidable and R$ 382,36 were inevitable. Therefore the average of the percentage on waste in this sample was 9.34% where 1,23% were avoidable and 8.14% inevitable. Thus, it is assumed that the real waste was 1.23%. The lack of studies on the subject does not allow for comparisons, but the content presented may be considered low for a university hospital
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Marsh, Robert J., Steven L. Caballero, and Stephen D. Gerry. "Cost benefit analysis: closed-cell polyurethane foam use in DoD forward-deployed structures, and as an alternative building material, to reduce operational fuel demand and associated costs." Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/45895.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimitedThe purpose of this project is to identify the costs and benefits associated with the application of closed-cell spray foam insulation to forward-deployed, semipermanent/nonpermanent structures, and to provide recommendations regarding future integration, use, and employment. According to the Department of Defense (DOD), forward-deployed generators, used to provide power to base support activities, are the largest single consumer of fuel throughout the battlefield. Eighty percent of the energy provided by generators is assessed to power environmental control units that run incessantly due to the poor insulating properties of the structures, according to a 2010 study conducted by the Department of the Air Force Civil Engineer Support Agency. Recent DOD policy has focused more on energy use and consumption but fails to address, and provide solutions for, major consumers of fuel throughout the battlefield. The incorporation of closed-cell, spray foam insulation into legacy DOD forward-deployed construction practices yields a significant return on investment, short-payback/break-even period, and reduces mission and personnel risk to deployed military forces.
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Zemánek, Jaroslav. "Nákladové ocenění staveb z různých materiálových bází." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-402592.
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The topic of this thesis is comparing of two houses made out of tree different materials. Each variants are valuated by cost method – detailed itemized budget, budgetary index and estimation according to Decree 441/2013 Coll. The objective of this thesis is comparing of used construction materials, its advantages and disadvantages and its effect on the initial costs and usage of the building.
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Santana, Jos? Jorge Barros de. "Estudo de um isolante t?rmico para tubos fabricado em material comp?sito." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2011. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/15685.
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Previous issue date: 2011-06-06It presents a new type of insulation for ductwork hot water, which can be used in solar systems for heating water, which consists of a composite of different compositions based on plaster, cement and EPS ground, palm and water. This composite has as its main features easy assembly and manufacturing processes and low cost. Comparative results will be presented on the tests of materials and thermal tubes proposed. Four formulations were used to manufacture tubes with three diameters 70, 65 and 42mm. It was also tested conventionally used for elastomeric foam insulation to 110 ? C, for a comparative analysis with the composite pipe insulator proposed. It will demonstrate that the cost of manufacturing of such tubes is competitive with alternative elastomeric foam tested, but results of the composite tube to the temperature range studied, are lower. Another drawback of the composite insulator tube is its large mass. It would be important to test such a composite for greater levels of temperature to a diagnostic technique competitive with conventionally used insulators. A positive factor of using the proposed composite-tube would be the recycling of EPS so damaging to the environment, representing an environmentally friendly application of science
Apresenta-se um novo tipo de isolamento t?rmico para tubos condutores de ?gua quente, que pode ser utilizado em sistemas solares para aquecimento de ?gua, que consiste de um comp?sito, de diferentes formula??es, ? base de gesso, cimento , EPS triturado, dend? e ?gua. Tal comp?sito tem como principais caracter?sticas seus f?ceis processos de fabrica??o e montagem de baixo custo. Ser?o apresentados resultados comparativos relativos aos ensaios t?rmicos e de materiais dos tubos propostos. Foram utilizadas quatro formula??es para a fabrica??o dos tubos, com tr?s di?metros 70, 65 e 42mm. Foi tamb?m testada a espuma elastom?rica convencionalmente utilizada para isolamento t?rmico at? 110?C, para uma an?lise comparativa com o tubo comp?sito isolante t?rmico proposto. Demonstrar-se-? que o custo de fabrica??o de tais tubos alternativos ? competitivo com a espuma elastom?rica ensaiada, por?m os resultados do teste de resist?ncia t?rmica do tubo comp?sito, para a faixa de temperatura analisada, s?o inferiores. Um fator positivo da utiliza??o do tubo-comp?sito proposto seria a reciclagem do EPS t?o danoso ao ambiente, representando uma aplica??o cient?fica ambientalmente correta
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Dingwall, Austin Gregory. "Testing the impact of using cumulative data with genetic algorithms for the analysis of building energy performance and material cost." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/45952.
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The demand for energy and cost efficient buildings has made architects and contractors more aware of the resources consumed by the built environment. While the actual economic and environmental costs of future construction can never be completely predicted, energy simulations and cost modeling have become accepted ways to guide the design and construction process by comparing possible outcomes. These tools are now commonplace in the construction industry, and researchers are continuing to develop new and innovative strategies to optimize building design and construction. Previous research has proven that genetic algorithms are effective methods to evaluate and optimize building design in situations that contain a large number of possible solutions. The technique makes a computationally difficult multi-optimization process possible but is still a reactive and time consuming process that focuses on evaluation rather than solution generation. This research presented in this paper builds upon established multi-objective optimization techniques that use an energy simulator to estimate a conceptual building’s energy use as well as construction cost. The study compares simulations of a simplified model of a 3-story inpatient hospital located in Atlanta, Georgia using a defined set of variables. A combined global minimum of annual energy consumption and total construction is sought after using a method that utilizes a genetic algorithm. The second phase of this research uses a modified approach that combines the traditional genetic algorithm with a seeding method that utilizes previous results. A new set of simulations were established that duplicates the initial trials using a slightly modified set of design variables. The simulation was altered, and the phase one trials were utilized as the first generation of simulated solutions. The objective of this thesis is to explore one method of making energy use and cost estimating more accessible to the construction industry by combining simulation optimization and indexing. The results indicate that this study’s proposed augmented approach has potential benefits to building design optimization, although more research is required to validate this hypothesis in its entirety. This study concludes that the proposed approach can potentially reduce the time needed for individual optimization exercises by creating a cumulative, robust catalog of previous computations that will inform and seed future analyses. The research was conducted in five general stages. The first part defines the research problem and scope of research to be conducted. In the second part, the concepts of genetic algorithms and energy simulation are explored in a comprehensive literature review. The remaining parts explain the trial simulations performed in this study. Part three explains the experiment’s methodology, and part four describes the simulation results. The fifth and final part looks at what the possible conclusions that can be made from analyzing the study’s results.