Academic literature on the topic 'Material declarations'
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Journal articles on the topic "Material declarations"
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Sunshine, Gregory, Nancy Barrera, Aubrey Joy Corcoran, and Matthew Penn. "Emergency Declarations for Public Health Issues: Expanding Our Definition of Emergency." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 47, S2 (2019): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073110519857328.
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Emergency declarations are a vital legal authority that can activate funds, personnel, and material and change the legal landscape to aid in the response to a public health threat. Traditionally, declarations have been used against immediate and unforeseen threats such as hurricanes, tornadoes, wildfires, and pandemic influenza. Recently, however, states have used emergency declarations to address public health issues that have existed in communities for months and years and have risk factors such as poverty and substance misuse. Leaders in these states have chosen to use emergency powers that are normally reserved for sudden catastrophes to address these enduring public health issues. This article will explore emergency declarations as a legal mechanism for response; describe recent declarations to address hepatitis A and the opioid overdose epidemic; and seek to answer the question of whether it is appropriate to use emergency powers to address public health issues that are not traditionally the basis for an emergency declaration.
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Fetter, Steve. "Nuclear archaeology: Verifying declarations of fissile‐material production." Science & Global Security 3, no. 3-4 (March 1993): 237–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08929889308426386.
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Babenko, L. G., and A. V. Elston-Biron. "Discourse “Declaration of Love”: Problem of Automatic Identification (Works of A. P. Chekhov»)." Nauchnyi dialog 1, no. 7 (July 29, 2021): 9–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2021-7-9-26.
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The problem of revealing the “Declaration of Love” discourse in works of art is considered. The author’s development on the automatic detection of the situation of declaration of love, tested on the material of the work of A. P. Chekhov, is presented. The search was carried out on the basis of the Russian National Corpus. In total, more than 200 texts have been identified containing textual representations of the situation of declaration of love. 40 out of 200 texts are identified by the authors of the article as the most fully representative of the desired situation. The set of textual passages describing it is viewed as a cognitive-discursive set of declarations of love. The development of the algorithm was carried out based on the identification of the cognitive schemes of the writer and the statistical analysis of the lexical composition of the situation of declaration of love. Among the frequency components of the cognitive model, which A. P. Chekhov follows in describing the process of declaring love, an open space filled with plants, birds, etc. was revealed. In the general cognitive-discursive set of declarations of love, the nuclear and satellite zones were identified and analyzed, the lexical components of which belong to certain functional-semantic classes and functional-semantic groups.
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von HIPPEL, FRANK N. "Consistency Tests for the Declarations of U.S. Fissile-Material Production." Science & Global Security 19, no. 1 (April 25, 2011): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08929882.2011.566443.
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Schroeder, Horst, and Manfred Lemke. "Sustainability of earth building materials - Environmental product declarations as an instrument of competition in building material industry." VITRUVIO - International Journal of Architectural Technology and Sustainability, no. 1 (December 29, 2015): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/vitruvio-ijats.2015.4474.
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<p>The evaluation of the building process in terms of their environmental impact in all life cycle phases of a building leads to the key principle of sustainable building: the analysis of the life cycle of the materials used in a building. The goal of this analysis is to reduce waste and keep the environmental impact as low as possible by “closing” the cycle. During an inventory, the entire life cycle is assessed. This includes the sourcing and extracting of the raw material, the use of the raw material to produce building products, elements and structures, the use in finished buildings including emission of pollutants, decay and maintenance, and, finally, the demolition of the building and the recycling of the demolition materials. Transportation between the individual phases as well as production-related material and energy flows are also included in this evaluation.</p><p>Several European and national norms and regulations define core rules and a special instrument for the evaluation of the sustainable quality of a building product based on a quantitative analysis of the life cycle of the materials used in a building: the Environmental Product Declaration EPD. These documents are voluntary standards, commitments or guarantees for building products. They are provided by producers, organizations and quality assurance associations in order to establish the “environmental performance” of buildings in the form of a certificate. Such declarations must fully include all phases of the life cycle of a product by describing the environmental impact during production and use as well as possible health hazards for the users.</p><p>Until now, EPDs for earth building products do not exist. This paper will give current information about a project for developing EPDs for earth mortars and earth blocks started by the German Dachverband Lehm e.V. (DVL).</p>
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Glaser, Alexander. "FACILITATING NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT: Verified Declarations of Fissile Material Stocks and Production." Nonproliferation Review 19, no. 1 (March 2012): 125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10736700.2012.655092.
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Podvig, Pavel, and Joseph Rodgers. "Deferred verification: verifiable declarations of fissile-material stocks for disarmament purposes." Nonproliferation Review 26, no. 3-4 (May 4, 2019): 209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10736700.2019.1628414.
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Willingham, D., B. E. Naes, K. A. Burns, and B. D. Reid. "Secondary ion mass spectrometry signatures for verifying declarations of fissile‐material production." Applied Radiation and Isotopes 97 (March 2015): 125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2014.12.015.
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Chaichannawatik, Bhawat, Tawatchai Laosirihongthong, Tassana Boonyoo, and Suniti Suparp. "Comparison of Pavement Response Analysis between a 18-Axles Truck and Standard Thai Truck." Applied Mechanics and Materials 752-753 (April 2015): 433–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.752-753.433.
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This article intends to present the pavement response analysis due to the 18-axles special truck used to transport a 400 tons generator parts. According to the DOH Declarations issued in 2005, DOH had issued the additional declarations containing special trucks or vehicles for overloaded transportation, proper axle and gross weights of each type of vehicles. However, the strain of the special truck must be less than the standard Thai truck (Truck25). The typical asphalt pavement is modeled and performed based on layered elastic analysis theory. The pavement is loaded with 18-axle truck. The maximum tensile strains under asphaltic concrete layer and compression strains on base, subbase, selected material and subgrade for special truck load are 234.4 ,618.1, 494.4, 422.9, and 772.3 με, respectively. However, the maximum compressive strains on selected material and subgrade of the special 18-axle truck was exceeded the standard Thai truck.
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Orondo, Jorge, and César Bedoya. "Sustainability Assessment Tool for Façade Cladding." Advanced Materials Research 356-360 (October 2011): 717–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.356-360.717.
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This paper introduces a sustainability assessment tool for façade cladding. This tool bases its evaluation on the economic and environmental properties of the materials. Normally, in the project process and later construction it will be difficult to assume the price and time of doing a life-cycle assessment (LCA) for each material and building system. Because of this, and until the environmental product declarations (EPD) are more used, this tool will give quick and easily enough arguments to select, according to its sustainability, the ideal façade cladding.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Material declarations"
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Sundström, Olle, and David Sundström. "Miljöbelastning vid förtida utbyte av enstegstätad putsfasad : Orsakad av fuktskador." Thesis, KTH, Byggteknik och design, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-102676.
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När en konstruktion blir fuktskadad påverkas de ingående materialen på olika sätt och i vissa fall uppstår så kallad mikrobiell tillväxt som kan påverka människans hälsa. Det finns studier om hur människor reagerar på sådan mikrobiell tillväxt, hur materialen påverkas av olika fuktbelastningar och hur mycket pengar det kostar att byta ut denna konstruktion. Vad som inte finns är hur miljön påverkas att i förtid behöva byta ut en fuktskadad konstruktion. Utifrån ovan nämnda har detta examensarbete vid högskoleingenjörsprogrammet i Byggteknik och design vid Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan utförts. Det har utförts tillsammans med AK-konsult Indoor Air AB och har i uppdrag att belysa vikten i att fuktsäkerhetsprojektera rätt utifrån ett miljöperspektiv, och att få faktiska siffror på hur mycket koldioxid det genererar att i förtid behöva byta ut en konstruktion. Rapporten är avgränsad till en putsad enstegstätad regelvägg som är uppbyggd enligt följande: utvändig puts, putsbärare av EPS, vindskyddsskiva, träreglar med mellanliggande värmeisolering, luft- och ångspärr och invändig skiva. Miljöpåverkan har beräknats i hur mycket koldioxid 1 m2 av denna konstruktion genererar. Koldioxidutsläppen för de ingående materialen har i största möjliga mån beaktats och beräknats utifrån råvaruutvinning, transport av råmaterial, tillverkning av produkter och transport fram till byggarbetsplatsen. För att kunna beräkna transporter av material och arbetskraft för uppförandet av konstruktionen har en fiktiv byggarbetsplats bestämts (Hammarby Sjöstad, Stockholm). Även för att ge en bättre bild om hur stora koldioxidutsläppen är vid transport av material och hur ett verkligt fall kan se ut har en fiktiv väggyta på 198 m2 valts att studeras. De emissionsvärden som använts i denna rapport baseras i första hand på de olika materialtillverkarnas byggvarudeklarationer samt samtal med miljöansvariga på de berörda företagen. För att lättare kunna jämföra resultaten av de ingående materialen i detta examensarbete presenteras de i form av utsläpp av totalt kilo koldioxid per mängd material [kgCO2/mängd material]. Det presenteras även fyra olika uppbyggnader av den putsade enstegstätade regelväggen. Det för att visa hur miljön påverkas om tjockputs eller tunnputs används tillsammans med glasfiberarmerad vindskyddsskiva eller en pappbeklädd vindskyddsskiva med en kärna av gips. Dessa olika typer av väggkonstruktionerna betecknas vägg 1, 2, 3 och 4 i rapporten. De resultat som tagits fram visar att det genereras ungefär lika mycket koldioxid att byta ut 198 m2 av den angivna väggkonstruktionen som att köra en bensindriven personbil nästan ett halvt varv runt jorden (jordens omkrets är ca 4000 mil). Resultaten visar att det är små skillnader i koldioxidutsläpp vad det gäller de olika väggkonstruktionerna. Vägg 2 genererar den största mängden koldioxid, totalt 3223 kgCO2 (1 m2 genererar 16 kgCO2), följt av vägg 1 som genererar 3206 kgCO2 (1 m2 genererar 16 kgCO2). Resultaten visar att produktion av material står för den största individuella delen av utsläpp, 2181 kg koldioxid (ca 2/3 av de totala koldioxidutsläppen) för vägg 2. Där bidrar glasullen med den ingående största delen 891 kgCO2 (41 % av det totala koldioxidutsläppet från materialtillverkning), följt av armeringsnätet på 364 kgCO2 (17 % av det totala koldioxidutsläppet från materialtillverkning). Materialtransporter står för ungefär 505 kg koldioxid (ca 1/6 av de totala koldioxidutsläppen) och styrs främst av typ av lastbil, avverkad sträcka samt lastutnyttjande. Persontransporter till och från arbetsplatsen står för ungefär 537 kg koldioxid (ca 1/6 av de totala koldioxidutsläppen) där mängden koldioxid främst styrs av antalet arbetade dagar samt typ av transportfordon. Den genererade mängden koldioxid för ett totalt utbyte av en väggkonstruktion på 198 m2 skulle, omräknat i svensk elmix, förbruka en energimängd som skulle räcka till byggnadens specifika energianvändning i 17,9 år. Ca 36 % av byggnadens förväntade livslängd på 50 år. Resultaten i denna rapport visar att det ur ett miljöperspektiv är viktigt att lägga stor vikt vid fuktsäkerhetsprojektering. Detta för att påverkan på miljön kan begränsas avsevärt om konstruktioner inte behöver bytas ut i förtid pga. omfattande fuktskador. Med tanke på hur många kvadratmeter dylik fasad som byggts finns högst sannolikt en tämligen stor miljöskuld inbyggd i denna fasadtyp.When a structure is damaged by moisture, the materials are affected in different ways and sometimes this moisture will lead to mould growth that can affect the human health. Today we can read studies about how human health reacts to this mould growth, how materials reacts and how much money it costs to rebuild the moisture damaged structure. What we don´t know is how much impact it will have on the environment to replace a moisture damaged structure with a new one. From these initial sentences is this degree project in building technology, first level at the Constructional engineering and design program at Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan. This thesis is commissioned by AK-konsult Indoor Air AB and is supposed to highlight the importance of protecting structures against moisture damage from an environmental point of view. Furthermore it will also result in real figures over how much carbon dioxide a premature replacement will generate. This thesis will strictly look at an insulated, rendered, unventilated and undrained stud wall. It is build-up as: exterior plaster, plaster base (EPS), wind protect-board, wooden framework with insulation, polyeten sheet and interior board. The environmental impact will be measured in how much carbon dioxide 1 m2 of this wall construction will generate. Carbon dioxide emissions from wall materials have been calculated on the basis of resource extraction, transportation of raw materials, manufacturing of products and transportation to construction site. To make the transportation calculations possible a fictitious construction site has been determined (Hammarby Sjöstad, Stockholm). Also to provide a better picture of how big the emissions are from transportations and how a real case scenario can look like have a 198 m2 wall been calculated. The carbon dioxide emissions in this report are in first hand based on material manufacturer’s environmental declarations and dialogues with environmental specialists at manufacturers. To make the comparison of the result easier between the construction materials they all will be presented in terms of kilo carbon dioxide [kgCO2/amount material]. The result will also present four different types of the above named wall construction. That is to show how the environment affects if thick or thin plaster is used together with fiberglass reinforced wind protect-board or papercoated wind protect-board with gypsum core. These different types of wall construction will in the report be named as wall 1, 2, 3 and 4. The result from this report show that it is generating approximately the same amount of carbon dioxide to change the moisture damage wall as to drive a gasoline-powered car halfway around the earth (diameter approximately 4 0000 kilometers). The results show that it is small differences in carbon dioxide between the four types of wall constructions. Wall 2 generates the largest amount of carbon dioxide emissions, total 3223 kilo (1 m2 generates 16 kgCO2), followed by wall 1 that generates 3206 kilo carbon dioxide (1 m2 generates 16 kgCO2). The result also shows that the largest amount of emissions is created by the production of the new materials, 2181 kilo carbon dioxide (approximately 2/3 of the total carbon dioxide emissions). Where the largest amount of emissions comes from glass wool with 891 kilo carbon dioxide (41 % of the total carbon dioxide from the material production), followed by reinforcement mesh with 364 kilo carbon dioxide (17 % of the total carbon dioxide emissions from material production). Transportation of materials stands for 505 kilo carbon dioxide, slightly less than 1/6 of the total, with key parameters distance, type of vehicle and load utilization. Transportation of labor stands for approximately 537 kilo carbon dioxide slightly more than 1/6 of the total carbon dioxide emissions where the key parameters are number of worked days and type of transportation. The generated carbon dioxide emissions to build a new 198 square meter wall construction corresponds to the specific energy use for a normal house (198m2) for over 17,9 years. Approximately 36 % of the buildings expected life-span of 50 years. The result shows that it is important from an environmental point of view to protect constructions from moisture damage. That is because the fact of not needing to premature replace the moisture damaged construction can considerably reduce the environmental impact. Considering how many such facades that are built is it most likely a rather large environmental liability built in this facade type.
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Demertzi, Martha. "Environmental product declaration: a study of construction materials." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/9506.
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Mestrado em Estudos AmbientaisNowadays, the protection of the environment is getting more and more important both for the manufacturers and the consumers. There is a strong awareness in terms of environmental issues, discussions on this subject, questions about the role of citizens in this context and a turn towards a more aware way of consumption and a preference to environmental friendly products manufactured and marketed. This means that purchasing decisions have to be influenced by increasing environmental awareness and sustainable consumption by consumers. That also encourages companies to adopt an environmental orientation in their business strategies. As part of this growing environmental awareness, there is the need for clarification of concepts and the establishment of objective criteria, data collection, calculation methodology and objectives to justify the choice of materials used in the construction sector in order to optimize and to increase the sense of responsibility. The first part of the thesis presents and explains several concepts, methodologies and regulations that historically evolved and led to the present documents needed for the proof of the environmental impact of a product. These documents are called Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs). In this work is highlighted the importance of the EPDs, the standardization of criteria, the whole process of organization of an EPD to the stage of evaluation and publication and indicates all regulatory framework. After the explanation of the basic concepts, a case study on ceramic tiles is presented. In this part, the objective is to analyze the information that EPDs provide, how the values they provide can be read, the differences in the procedures used and finally the way that EPDs could help the construction industry. For this purpose, two official EPDs from different EPD systems (Catalonia and Germany) and one Portuguese study (unofficial EPD) are analyzed. At the end of this work it is concluded that EPDs are an essential tool of a product’s environmental information, which comes in response to environmental demands that the market gradually has imposed. Each organization must comply with regulatory procedures and establish procedures for the manufacturing of a product and its whole life cycle that are responsible and environmental friendly.
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Hallkvist, Isabelle, and Elin Nilsson. "The Impact of Insulation Materials on a Climate Declaration : A Study of a Swedish Preschool." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Industriell miljöteknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-178196.
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To reach the net-zero carbon goal by 2045, the Swedish government want to push the building and construction sector to lower their greenhouse gas emissions. This push is performed by implementing a law requiring building developers to perform a climate declaration over greenhouse gas emissions, to receive a building’s final clearance. The climate declaration is limited to only include emissions from material extraction until completed building. However, there is a varying knowledge level in the industry regarding how to perform a climate declaration as well as how different materials impact the result. Therefore, this study aims to bring clarity concerning the topic, by investigating where the major and minor climate impacts occur in a building process. Additionally, the impact of different insulations materials and how they influence the result of a climate declaration is studied. To answer the research questions, a climate declaration is performed on a Swedish preschool. The insulation material in the building is altered between glass wool, stone wool, cellulose fibre, foam glass, and polystyrene insulation in different scenarios to see how it impacts the result. The stone wool scenarios use both carbon neutral and non-carbon neutral insulation. Cellulose fibre uses both loose wool with data from an EPD and board insulation with data from Boverket’s climate database in the scenarios. The major climate impact derives from the product stage (A1–A3), meaning material selection have a significant impact on the climate declaration result. The building element with the highest climate impact is the inner walls followed by the foundation, while the floor construction, roof and outer walls have the lowest climate impact. On a material level, plaster board, building plywood and concrete have the highest climate impact in the reference building. The cedar panel have the lowest climate impact and is the only carbon negative material in the reference building. However, this is due to different assumptions made in the climate impact data concerning the binding of carbon in organic materials. The results showed that the insulation material with the highest climate impact is non-carbon neutral stone wool that is 16 % higher than the original construction with glass wool, while loose cellulose wool has the lowest climate impact. The climate impact from the scenario with non-carbon neutral stone wool in the wall and roof construction is 33 % higher compared to the corresponding loose cellulose wool scenario. The scenario with the lowest climate impact, with loose cellulose wool, is approximately 13 % lower than the corresponding glass wool scenario. The carbon neutral stone wool scenario has a similar result to glass wool. Foam glass has a 9.5 % higher climate impact compared to polystyrene insulation in the foundation. Regarding the selection of insulation material, it influences the climate declaration by changing the climate impact. The influence derives from a combination of climate impact per unit and material quantity used in the building. The material quantity is partly dependant on the thermal conductivity (λ-value) of the insulation material. The climate declaration shows a limited view of a building’s environmental impact for a limited part of its lifecycle. Therefore, we would recommend additional lifecycle stages and environmental impacts to be part of the climate declaration in the future, as a means to avoid suboptimization and unintentional problem shifting.För att nå klimatneutralitetsmålet 2045 vill den svenska regeringen driva bygg- och fastighetssektorn till att sänka sina växthusgasutsläpp. Denna insats utförs genom att införa en lag som kräver att byggherrar utför en klimatdeklaration över växthusgasutsläpp för att få ett slutbesked för byggnaden. Klimatdeklarationen är begränsad till att endast omfatta utsläpp från materialutvinning fram till färdig byggnad. Det finns dock en varierande kunskapsnivå i branschen om hur en klimatdeklaration utförs samt hur olika material påverkar resultatet. Därför syftar denna studie till att ge klarhet angående ämnet genom att undersöka var de större och mindre inflytandena på klimatpåverkan förekommer i en byggprocess. Dessutom studeras effekterna av olika isoleringsmaterial och hur de påverkar resultatet av en klimatdeklaration. För att besvara frågeställningarna utförs en klimatdeklaration på en svensk förskola. Isoleringsmaterialet i byggnaden ändras mellan glasull, stenull, cellulosafiber, skumglas och cellplast i olika scenarier för att se hur det påverkar resultatet. I stenullscenarierna används både koldioxidneutral och icke-koldioxidneutral isolering. Cellulosafibrer använder både lösull med data från en EPD och skivisolering med data från Boverkets klimatdatabas i scenarierna. Den största klimatpåverkan kommer från produktstadiet (A1–A3), vilket innebär att materialvalet har en betydande inverkan på klimatdeklarationsresultatet. Byggnadselementet med störst klimatpåverkan är innerväggarna följt av grunden, medan bjälklaget, taket och ytterväggarna har lägst klimatpåverkan. På materialnivå har gipsskivor, plywood och betong den högsta klimatpåverkan i referensbyggnaden. Cederpanelen har lägst klimatpåverkan och är det enda koldioxidnegativa materialet i referensbyggnaden. Detta beror dock på olika antaganden i klimatpåverkan angående bindningen av kol i organiska material. Resultaten visade att isoleringsmaterialet med den högsta klimatpåverkan är icke-koldioxidneutral stenull, som är 16 % högre än originalkonstruktionen med glasull, medan lös cellulosaull har lägst klimatpåverkan. Klimatpåverkan från scenariot med icke koldioxidneutral stenull i vägg- och takkonstruktion är 33 % högre jämfört med motsvarande scenario med lös cellulosaull. Scenariot med lägst klimatpåverkan, med lös cellulosaull, är cirka 13 % lägre än motsvarande glasullscenario. Det koldioxidneutrala stenullscenariot har ett liknande resultat som glasull. Skumglas har 9,5 % högre klimatpåverkan jämfört med cellplasten i grunden. När det gäller valet av isoleringsmaterial påverkar det klimatdeklarationen genom att förändra klimatpåverkan. Påverkan härstammar från en kombination av klimatpåverkan per enhet och mängden material som används i byggnaden. Mängden material beror delvis på isoleringsmaterialets värmekonduktivitet (λ-värde). Klimatdeklarationen visar en begränsad bild av en byggnads miljöpåverkan under en begränsad del av dess livscykel. Därför rekommenderar vi att ytterligare livscykelstadier och miljöindikatorer ingår i klimatdeklarationen i framtiden, för att undvika suboptimeringar och oavsiktliga problembyten.
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Nilsson, Linnea, and Sahra Svensson. "Consumer product contents information from the 1st tier supplier : Obstacles to 1st tier supplier compliance to product contents information requirements and useful supply chain management practices to ensure supplier compliance." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för industriell ekonomi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-13040.
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Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to identify the obstacles against supplier compliance, which focal companies encounter within the upstream supply chain when attempting to collect the requested product contents information. Based on this problem, the objective is to identify the most useful supply chain management practices to ensure supplier compliance.Method: The theoretical framework contains the Principal-Agent theory and Responsible Supply Chain Management. The empirical findings are derived through semi-structured interviews that were conducted with three Swedish corporations operating in China and one Swedish-Chinese consulting firm.Results: The two main-obstacles to supplier compliance were firstly found to consist of lacking supplier understanding of the product contents information requirements (PCIR). These obstacles prevented the supplier from understanding the risk at hand and what behaviour that triggered the risk. The second main-obstacles were found to be the prevalence of different opposing interests, which could all be traced back to the reluctance to assume an increase in costs, and could induce the supplier to pursue that interest rather than the interest to comply to the PCIR. With these obstacles in mind, the main objective of the focal company’s supply chain management practices should preferably be to create risk in relation to the PCIR, ensure supplier understanding and pay attention to the opposing interests. The most useful type of supply chain management practice for fulfilling these objectives were the use of incentives, preferably in combination with sanctions, to create risk. Training was considered most useful for ensuring supplier understanding, although a combination of training, personal communication and written documents is potentially interesting. Regarding the opposing interests, accommodating practices were found most useful rather than attempt to persuade the supplier to give up the interest.
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Sehn, Solon. "Pressupostos de incidência do imposto de importação no direito brasileiro." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2015. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6961.
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Previous issue date: 2015-12-18After a literature review and a critical analysis of existing theories, the thesis presents a new theory concerning the imposition of the tax on import under the Brazilian law. The study, based on a hypothetic-deductive method, concluded that the tax rule has as material criterion the behavior of import (verb) goods (complement), or the act of introducing goods into the national territory with the intention of incorporated into them. The space criterion is the Customs territory. The time criterion is the moment when a person did or should have done the registration of customs declaration. The creditor (active subject) is the Federal Union, while the debtor (passive subject) is the importer. The customs duties shall be calculated on an ad valorem basis consistent with the methods of valuation established by the GATT Valuation Code. The rate of duty, on the other hand, vary according the origen and the nomenclature under which particular goods should be classified
Após a revisão bibliográfica e a análise crítica das teorias existentes, a tese apresenta uma nova proposta para a compreensão dos pressupostos de incidência do imposto de importação no direito brasileiro. O estudo, baseado no método hipotético-dedutivo, concluiu que o critério material da hipótese de incidência compreende a conduta de importar (verbo) e produtos (complemento), isto é, a introdução de bens móveis e corpóreos no território nacional com a finalidade integradora. O critério espacial corresponde ao território aduaneiro. Já o critério temporal, ao momento em que se promove ou deveria promover o registro da declaração de importação perante a autoridade aduaneira. O credor (sujeito ativo) é a União Federal, recaindo a sujeição passiva sobre o importador (devedor). A base de cálculo equivale ao valor aduaneiro, determinado de acordo com os métodos de valoração do Acordo de Valoração Aduaneira (AVA). As alíquotas ad valorem, por sua vez, são determinadas em função com a origem e a classificação fiscal do produto
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Eriksson, Malin. "Life Cycle Assessment of Civil Engineering Works : And Application of European Standards on the Mälar Project." Thesis, KTH, Materialvetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-254779.
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In this thesis, a framework is constructed for a life cycle assessment within a civilengineering project. There are various methods available on how to conduct lifecycle assessments and this thesis explores one method related to civil engineeringworks. The assessment follows the structure based in related standards such asEN 15804 which describes how to declare construction products. A working copyof a possible upcoming European level standard for sustainability assessment ofcivil engineering works is also used in the process. The object of assessment arethe materials, concrete and steel, in the retaining walls that are constructed alongthe channel near Södertälje Harbour. This is a part of a larger project, called theMälar Project.The life cycle of these type of constructions often stretches over long periodsof time which leaves a lot of uncertainties while estimating the impacts during thelater life stages. The research problem is much about how to handle the differentmodules of the life cycle regarding civil engineering works.Example data were collected and presented for each module of the life stage.The results of the example data showed that most of the impact came from theproduct stage. The conclusions are that the collection of data should be an integratedpart in the operating procedures for the company for a more efficientprocess, Environmental Product Declarations are a good source of data and standardson European level gives good guidelines on how to conduct a life cycleassessment for civil engineering projects.I detta examensarbete konstrueras ett ramverk för hur en livscykelanalys kan utförasinom väg- och vattenbyggnad. Det finns många olika riktlinjer för hur enlivscykelanalys kan utföras och i detta examensarbete utforskas en metod för projektinom väg- och vattenbyggnad. Arbetet följer strukturen ur EN 15804 sombeskriver hur man bedömer byggprodukter. Ett arbetsexemplar av en ny, möjligstandard på Europanivå för miljöbedömning av projekt inom väg- och vatten användsockså i processen. Det som bedöms via livscykelanalys i denna studie är deingående materialen, stål och betong, i hållväggarna som byggs längs med kanalenvid Södertälje Hamn. Detta är en del av ett större projekt, kallat Mälarprojektet.Livscyklerna för denna typ av projekt är oftast väldigt långa vilket skapar enosäkerhet i data då påverkan för senare delar av livscykeln behöver uppskattas.Problematiken som presenteras handlar mycket om hur modulerna för livscykelnska behandlas för denna typ av projekt.Exempeldata samlades in för de olika modulerna och presenterades i tabellersom täcker alla relevanta delar av livscykeln. Resultatet av exempeldatan visadeatt den mesta påverkan kom från produktstadiet. De slutsatser som dras är attinsamlingen av data bör vara en integrerad del av företagets arbetsmetod fören effektiv process, miljödeklarationer är en bra källa till data och standards påEuropanivå ger bra guidelinjer för hur en livscykelanalys kan utföras för liknandeprojekt.
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Muradi, Las, and Jacob Edje. "Platsspecifik volym, koldioxidekvivalens och kostnad för skumglas, lättklinker och cellplast : En komparativ fallstudie utifrån dimensioneringskrav av en vägbank i Nättraby, Luleå och Norrköping." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Institutionen för materialvetenskap och tillämpad matematik (MTM), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-44193.
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I denna studie har en geoteknisk undersökning utförts för att utvärdera lättfyllnadsmaterialen skumglas, cellplast och lättklinker utifrån dimensioneringskrav som lättfyllnadsmaterial i en vägbank. Målet är att analysera dessa material och komma fram till vilket material som är mest optimal med avseende på volym, kostnader och miljöpåverkan i ett platsspecifikt område i Sverige. De områden som har undersökts är Nättraby, Norrköping och Luleå. En fallstudie har genomförts där ett verkligt projekt i Nättraby var utgångspunkt för dimensionering av vägbanken. Följande frågeställningar har behandlats: Hur stor volym av lättfyllnadsmaterialen krävs för att uppfylla dimensioneringskraven beroende på jordprofil? Hur stor blir den platsspecifika materialkostnaden för lättfyllnadsmaterialen? Hur stor blir den platsspecifika miljöpåverkan mätt i koldioxidekvivalenter för vartdera material? Studien började med en litteraturstudie där Malmö Universitets sökmotor Libsearch, databaserna DiVA och Sundahus användes vid litteratursökningen. Dimensionering av vägbanken har sedan utförts med sättningoch stabilitetsberäkningar. Vid dimensionering av sättningar genomfördes handberäkningar. Programvaran SLOPE/W användes vid stabilitetsanalyser och vid framtagning av lättfyllnadsmaterialens volym. Lättfyllnadsmaterialens miljöpåverkan har mätts i koldioxidekvivalenter och har erhållits från EPD:er. Kostnaderna för lättfyllnadsmaterialen är standardiserade priser och är givna av extern handledare Mamdouh Mohamad. Teorin som grundar beräkningsmetodiken är etablerade standarder. Dimensioneringskraven utgår från Trafikverkets tekniska krav för geokonstruktioner. För att uppnå dimensioneringskraven med en minimal marginal tillämpades optimeringsåtgärder där underbyggnadens höjd sänktes eller/och en nedgrävning i jordprofilen tillämpades med ett intervall på 0,25 m. Resultaten visar att skumglas har en volym mellan 90,653 – 95,340 m3, cellplast mellan 80,903– 85,840 m3 och lättklinker mellan 108,540 – 121,240 m3 för samtliga fall. För de tre områdena har skumglas en kostnad mellan 90 653 – 95 340 kr, cellplast mellan 52 586,95 – 55 796 kr och slutligen lättklinker mellan 75 978 – 84 868 kr. Koldioxidekvivalenter som skumglas bidrar till ligger mellan 704,74 - 741,17 CO2e, lättklinker mellan 6 537,91 - 7 302,89 CO2e och cellplast mellan 5 257,08 - 5 577,88 CO2e för alla fall. I fall 1 (Nättraby) visar lättklinker och skumglas bäst resultat med avseende på dimensionering. Lättklinker är optimalast i fall 2 (Norrköping) och i fall 3 (Luleå) visar det sig att lättklinker och cellplast är mest gynnsammast utifrån dimensioneringsaspekten. Spänningstillskotten och jordens hållfasthetsparametrar påverkar jordprofilernas sättningskänslighet. De odränerade och dränerade skjuvhållfasthetsegenskaperna i jordarna påverkar de odränerade och dränerade säkerhetsfaktorerna. Lättfyllnadsmaterialens volym bestäms baserat på den höjd som krävs för att uppfylla dimensioneringskraven. På så sätt varierar kostnader och koldioxidekvivalenter för lättfyllnadsmaterialen beroende på volym. Ur en dimensionerande synvinkel har lättfyllnadsmaterialen varierande resultat beroende på jordprofil och optimeringsåtgärd. Cellplast är det mest optimala materialet beträffande volym och kostnad i samtliga fall. Skumglas är det mest gynnsamma materialet utifrån miljöpåverkan i allmänhet. I denna studie är cellplast eller skumglas det mest optimala lättfyllnadsmaterialetmed avseende på volym, kostnad och miljöpåverkan.In this study, a geotechnical investigation has been carried out to evaluate lightweight filling materials such as foam glass, cellular plastic, and expanded clay aggregate based on dimensioning requirements as lightweight filling material in an embankment. The goal is to analyze these materials and to conclude which material is most optimal regarding volume, costs, and environmental impact in a specific region in Sweden. The regions that have been investigated are Nattraby, Norrkoping, and Lulea. A case study has been carried out were a real project in Nattraby was the starting point for dimensioning the embankment. The following issues have been addressed: How large a volume of lightweight filling materials is required to meet the dimensioning requirements depending on the soil profile? How much will the sitespecific lightweight filling materials cost? How large is the site-specific environmental impact measured in carbon dioxide equivalents for each lightweight filling material? The study has been carried out through a literature study. When dimensioning settlements, manual calculations were performed. The SLOPE/W software was used in stability analyzes and in the production of the volume of lightweight filling materials. The environmental impact of lightweight filling materials has been measured in carbon dioxide equivalents and has been obtained from EPDs. The results show that foam glass has a volume between 90,653 - 95,340 m3, cellular plastic between 80,903 - 85,840 m3, and lightweight clay aggregate between 108,540 - 121,240 m3 for all cases. For the three areas, foam glass has a cost between SEK 90,653 - 95,340, cellular plastic between SEK 52,586.95 - 55,796, and lastly lightweight clay aggregate between SEK 75,978 - 84,868. Carbon dioxide equivalents that foam glass contributes to are between 704.74 - 741.17 CO2e, lightweight clay aggregate between 6 537.91 - 7 302.89 CO2e, and cellular plastic between 5 257.08 - 5 577.88 CO2e for all cases. In case 1 (Nattraby), lightweight clay aggregate and foam glass show the best results regarding dimensioning. Lightweight clay aggregate is most optimal in case 2 (Norrkoping) and in case 3 (Lulea) it turns out that lightweight clay aggregate and cellular plastic are most favorable from the dimensioning aspect. From a dimensioning point of view, the lightweight filling materials have varying results depending on the soil profile and optimization measure. Cellular plastic is the most optimal material in terms of volume and costs in all cases. Foam glass is the most favorable material based on environmental impact in general. In this study, cellular plastic or foam glass is the most optimal lightweight filling material in terms of volume, cost and environmental impact.
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Camo, Kenan, and Anton Blickhammar. "Analys av transport i en klimatdeklaration : En fallstudie av prefabricerade småhus." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för teknik och samhälle (TS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-43485.
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Sveriges riksdag har satt klimatmål om noll nettoutsläpp till år 2045. Bygg- och fastighetssektorn har de senaste åren stått för cirka en femtedel och transportsektorn står för en tredjedel av det totala utsläppet i Sverige. Klimatdeklarationer ska initieras för att nå riksdagens klimatmål. Klimatdeklaration av byggnader är indelat i produktskedet och byggproduktionsskedet. En del av byggproduktionsskedet är transport av resurser till byggarbetsplats. Det är idag möjligt att använda sig av generiska eller specifika värden för klimatberäkning av transport. Problemet är att det är svårt och omfattande att få fram exakt data för beräkning av specifika transporter under ett byggprojekt. Syftet med examensarbetet är att undersöka hur småhusföretag med prefabricerade element kan utforma beräkningar för transport i en klimatdeklaration. I studien har en intervjudel och en beräkningsdel genomförts för att få förståelse över utmaningar med beräkning av transporter. Intervjuerna genomfördes på nio respondenter med olika befattningar inom transport och miljö. En klimatberäkning genomfördes på en husmodell från VårgårdaHus som arbetar med prefabricerade väggelement. Beräkningen bestod av tre fall. Ett fall med endast generiska värden i byggskedet. Två fall där beräkningen gjordes med specifika värden för transportsträckorna för två fiktiva arbetsplatser. Den insamlade informationen från de bägge delarna sammanställdes i slutet av arbetet. Resultatet av beräkningen visar att klimatpåverkan vid användningen av generiska data för transport visade ett utsläpp 1296,7 kg CO2e. De specifika transportsträckorna resulterade i ett utsläpp av 693,0 respektive 495,9 kg CO2e under byggproduktionsskedet. Resultatet av intervjuerna visar att underlättning av klimatberäkningar för transport är möjlig vid förbättring av planering, insamling av data, samverkan mellan olika aktörer samt en högre kravställning från organisationen.The Swedish Parliament have decided on a climate target of zero emissions by 2045. In recent years, the construction and real estate sector have accounted for about one-fifth of the total emissions and the transport sector accounts for a third of the total emissions in Sweden. Climate declarations must be initiated to achieve the climate goals set by the Swedish Parliament. The climate declaration is divided into the product phase and the construction-production phase. Part of the construction-production phase is the transport of resources to the construction site. The problem encountered is the difficulties to obtain exact data for calculating specific transports during a construction project. The purpose of the thesis is to investigate how small house companies with prefabricated elements can design calculations for transport in a climate declaration. In this study, an interview part and a calculation part were carried out to gain an understanding of the challenges. The interviews were conducted on nine respondents with different positions within the transport and environment sector. A climate calculation was calculated on a house model from “VårgårdaHus” who works with prefabricated wall elements. The calculation consisted of three cases. The first case with only generic values during the construction phase. The calculations of the two other cases were conducted with specific values for the transport distances for two fictitious workplaces. The calculations indicate that the climate impact regarding the use of generic data for transport showed an emission of 1296.7 kg CO2e. The specific transport distances resulted in an emission of 693.0 and 495.9 kg CO2e, respectively, during the construction production phase. The results of the interviews show that facilitating climate calculations for transport is possible by improving planning, data collection, collaboration between actors and higher requirements from the organization.
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Lampron, Louis-Philippe. "L’existence d’une hiérarchie juridique favorisant la protection des convictions religieuses au sein des droits fondamentaux canadiens." Thesis, Avignon, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AVIG2029/document.
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Depuis l’arrêt Dagenais c. Radio-Canada, rendu en 1994, la Cour suprême du Canada n’a jamais remis en cause le principe selon lequel il ne doit exister aucune hiérarchie juridique entre les droits et libertés protégés par les chartes canadienne et québécoise. Or, une revue attentive de la jurisprudence canadienne en matière de protection des convictions religieuses nous a permis d’identifier une certaine réticence sinon un « certain malaise » des institutions judiciaires lorsqu’elles doivent déterminer des limites claires au-delà desquelles les revendications fondées sur les convictions religieuses ne peuvent plus bénéficier d’une protection constitutionnelle ou quasi-constitutionnelle. Cette « réticence judiciaire » étant toute particulière aux dispositions protégeant les convictions religieuses au Canada, il nous a semblé plausible que ses impacts juridiques soient symptomatiques de l’établissement implicite – mais bien réel – d’une hiérarchie juridique matérielle (ou systémique) entre les différents droits fondamentaux protégés par les chartes canadienne et québécoise. En nous fondant sur un cadre d’analyse théorique inspiré par les travaux du professeur Rik Torfs, de l’Université catholique de Louvain en Belgique, et au moyen d’une étude focalisée sur le contexte des relations de travail, nous entendons démontrer que l’état actuel du droit canadien et québécois concernant les revendications fondées sur les différentes croyances et coutumes religieuses témoigne de l’application d’un modèle hiérarchique (le « modèle de confiance ») qui assigne aux dispositions concernant la protection des convictions religieuses individuelles une place parmi les plus élevées de cette même hiérarchie. Nous espérons ainsi contribuer de manière significative à la théorie du droit par l’atteinte de trois objectifs principaux : (1) Établir et mettre en œuvre une méthode permettant d’identifier une hiérarchie matérielle entre deux ensembles de droits fondamentaux ; (2) Mettre à jour l’étroite relation susceptible d’exister entre les différents modèles nationaux de gestion du pluralisme religieux et le concept de hiérarchie matérielle entre droits fondamentaux ; et (3) Établir l’existence d’une hiérarchie matérielle entre droits fondamentaux de nature constitutionnelle au Canada, par l’entremise de la démonstration du déséquilibre hiérarchique favorisant les dispositions protégeant les convictions religieuses au sein du plus large ensemble des droits et libertés de nature constitutionnelle au CanadaSince Dagenais c. Radio-Canada, rendered in 1994, the Supreme Court of Canada has never questioned the principle of “no legal hierarchy between the different Human Rights protected by the Canadian and Quebec charters. However, a careful review of Canadian jurisprudence on the protection of religious beliefs permits to detect a certain reluctance if not a "discomfort" of judicial institutions when they must identify clear boundaries beyond which the claims based on religious beliefs can not be constitutionnaly (or quasi-constitutionnaly) protected. This "judicial reluctance" being particular to provisions protecting religious convictions in Canada, it seemed possible to us that its impacts may be symptomatic of the implicit - but real - establishment a legal hierarchy between the various Human Rights protected by the Canadian and Quebec charters. Based on a theoretical framework inspired by the work of Rik Torfs, Professor in the Catholic University of Leuven in Belgium, and through a study focused on the context of labor relations, we intend to demonstrate that the current state of Canadian and Quebec law on claims based on different religious beliefs and customs underlies the application of a hierarchical model (the "trust model") which assigns to the provisions protecting individual religious beliefs a place among the highest in the same hierarchy. In doing so, we hope to contribute significantly to the theory of law by achieving three main objectives : (1) To establish and implement a method permitting to identify a material hierarchy between two sets of fundamental rights, (2) To expose the close relationship that may exist between the different national models of management of religious pluralism and the concept of material hierarchy among human rights, and (3) To establish the existence of a material hierarchy between constitutional Human rights in Canada through the demonstration of hierarchical imbalance favoring the provisions protecting religious beliefs within the broader set of constitutionnal Human Rights in Canada
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Kinuthia, Wanyee. "“Accumulation by Dispossession” by the Global Extractive Industry: The Case of Canada." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30170.
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This thesis draws on David Harvey’s concept of “accumulation by dispossession” and an international political economy (IPE) approach centred on the institutional arrangements and power structures that privilege certain actors and values, in order to critique current capitalist practices of primitive accumulation by the global corporate extractive industry. The thesis examines how accumulation by dispossession by the global extractive industry is facilitated by the “free entry” or “free mining” principle. It does so by focusing on Canada as a leader in the global extractive industry and the spread of this country’s mining laws to other countries – in other words, the transnationalisation of norms in the global extractive industry – so as to maintain a consistent and familiar operating environment for Canadian extractive companies. The transnationalisation of norms is further promoted by key international institutions such as the World Bank, which is also the world’s largest development lender and also plays a key role in shaping the regulations that govern natural resource extraction. The thesis briefly investigates some Canadian examples of resource extraction projects, in order to demonstrate the weaknesses of Canadian mining laws, particularly the lack of protection of landowners’ rights under the free entry system and the subsequent need for “free, prior and informed consent” (FPIC). The thesis also considers some of the challenges to the adoption and implementation of the right to FPIC. These challenges include embedded institutional structures like the free entry mining system, international political economy (IPE) as shaped by international institutions and powerful corporations, as well as concerns regarding ‘local’ power structures or the legitimacy of representatives of communities affected by extractive projects. The thesis concludes that in order for Canada to be truly recognized as a leader in the global extractive industry, it must establish legal norms domestically to ensure that Canadian mining companies and residents can be held accountable when there is evidence of environmental and/or human rights violations associated with the activities of Canadian mining companies abroad. The thesis also concludes that Canada needs to address underlying structural issues such as the free entry mining system and implement FPIC, in order to curb “accumulation by dispossession” by the extractive industry, both domestically and abroad.
Books on the topic "Material declarations"
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International Scientific Conference "Human Rights in Russia: Declarations, Standards and Reality" (1999 Moscow, Russia). Prava cheloveka v Rossii: deklarat︠s︡ii, normy i zhiznʹ: Materialy Mezhdunarodnoĭ nauchnoĭ konferent︠s︡ii, posvi︠a︡shchennoĭ 50-letii︠u︡ Vseobshcheĭ deklarat︠s︡ii prav cheloveka, Moskva, 17-18 fevrali︠a︡ 1999 g. = Human rights in Russia: declarations, standards and reality : International Scientific Conference, dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Moscow, February 17-18, 1999. Moskva: Izd-vo MNĖPU, 1999.
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Kazachun, G. A. SSHA: Opyt vzaimodeĭstvii︠a︡ lichnosti,obshchestva, gosudarstva : (k 230-oĭ godovshchine prini︠a︡tii︠a︡ Deklarat︠s︡ii nezavisimosti) : materialy mezhdunarodnoĭ nauchno-prakticheskoĭ konferent︠s︡ii, Vladivostok, 19-20 ii︠u︡li︠a︡ 2006 g. = USA : experience of interaction of personality, society, state : (to 230-th anniversary of adoption Declaration of Independence). Vladivostok: Izdatelʹstvo Dalʹnevostochnogo universiteta, 2006.
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Mikkelsen, Bjørg. Nordic checklist food contact materials: Declaration of compliance and supporting documentation. Nordic Council of Ministers, 2015.
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Schabas, William A. The Customary International Law of Human Rights. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192845696.001.0001.
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Customary international law is one of the principal sources of public international law. Unlike many branches of international law, human rights law did not first develop as custom and subsequently become codified. Human rights law was viewed as quintessentially a matter of sovereign concern to States until the mid-twentieth century, when treaties and declarations were adopted by the United Nations and other international bodies. Jurists only began to speak of human rights as customary law in the 1960s. Although its existence is uncontroversial, the content of customary international law in the area of human rights has not previously been analysed in a comprehensive manner. This book discusses the emergence of the customary law of human rights, the debates about how it is to be identified, and the efforts at formulation of customary norms. It examines human rights norms in order to determine whether they may be described as customary, using as a basis the content of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Much reliance is placed upon relatively new sources of evidence of the two elements for the identification of custom, namely State practice and opinio juris, in particular the increasingly universal ratification of major human rights treaties and the materials generated by the Universal Periodic Review mechanism of the Human Rights Council. The study concludes that a large number of human rights norms may be described as customary in nature, and that courts should make greater use of custom as a source of international law.
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Paine, S. C. M. Paine Ancestry: The Family of Robert Treat Paine, Signer of the Declaration of Independence, Including Maternal Lines. Higginson Books, 1989.
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Paine, S. C. M. Paine Ancestry: The Family of Robert Treat Paine, Signer of the Declaration of Independence, Including Maternal Lines. Higginson Books, 1989.
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Hill QC, Mark. Ecclesiastical Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807568.001.0001.
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This fourth edition has been revised and updated to take account of significant changes in the substantive law, specifically: the effects of the Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction and Care of Churches Measure 2017; the overhaul of the procedure in the Consistory Court in consequence of the Faculty Jurisdiction Rules 2015; substantial repeals in the Statute Law (Repeals) Measure 2017 and the new procedure under the Legislative Reform Measure 2017; the effect of the House of Bishops' Declaration on the Ministry of Bishops and Priests concerning provision for traditionalists; and the role of the Independent Reviewer under the Priests (Resolution of Disputes Procedure) Regulations 2014. The book offers commentary, analysis, and various materials. Materials include: the Canons of the Church of England, together with the Measures and Rules (updated to 2018) regulating the faculty jurisdiction and clergy discipline.
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Heiner, Prof, Bielefeldt, Ghanea Nazila, Dr, and Wiener Michael, Dr. Part 1 Freedom of Religion or Belief, 1.3.6 Teaching and Disseminating Materials (Including Missionary Activity). Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198703983.003.0011.
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This chapter reviews the international standards providing for teaching and disseminating religious materials as well as concerning missionary activity. Articles 18 of the UDHR and ICCPR explicitly refer to the freedom to manifest one’s religion or belief in ‘teaching’, which is complemented in the subsequent article about the freedom to seek, receive, and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers. In addition, article 6 of the 1981 Declaration specifically guarantees freedom to write, issue, and disseminate relevant publications in these areas; to teach a religion or belief in places suitable for these purposes; and to establish and maintain communications with individuals and communities in matters of religion or belief at the national and international levels. While it is prohibited to use or threaten physical force or to coerce individuals in other ways, missionary activities should not be curtailed through vague concepts, such as ‘inducement’, ‘allurement’, or ‘unethical conversion’, which still exist in several national criminal law provisions against ‘proselytism’.
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Moser, Gaspar. De Impedimentis Matrimonii: Accedit Collectio Declarationum Ac Decretorum Benedicti Xiv. , Pii Vi. Aliorumque Summorum Pontificum Circa Eamdem Materiam. HardPress, 2020.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Material declarations"
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Veraart, Rob. "Compliance Testing, Declaration of Compliance, and Supporting Documentation in the EU." In Global Legislation for Food Packaging Materials, 197–221. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527630059.ch12.
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Huber, Josef Georg, Horst Schmidt-Böcking, and Bretislav Friedrich. "Walther Gerlach (1889–1979): Precision Physicist, Educator and Research Organizer, Historian of Science." In Molecular Beams in Physics and Chemistry, 119–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63963-1_8.
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AbstractWalther Gerlach’s numerous contributions to physics include precision measurements related to the black-body radiation (1912–1916) as well as the first-ever quantitative measurement of the radiation pressure (1923), apart from his key role in the epochal Stern-Gerlach experiment (1921–1922). His wide-ranging research programs at the Universities of Tübingen, Frankfurt, and Munich entailed spectroscopy and spectral analysis, the study of the magnetic properties of matter, and radioactivity. An important player in the physics community already in his 20s and in the German academia in his later years, Gerlach was appointed, on Werner Heisenberg’s recommendation, Plenipotentiary for nuclear research for the last sixteen months of the existence of the Third Reich. He supported the effort of the German physicists to achieve a controlled chain reaction in a uranium reactor until the last moments before the effort was halted by the Allied Alsos Mission. The reader can find additional discussion of Gerlach’s role in the supplementary material provided with the online version of the chapter on SpringerLink. After returning from his detention at Farm Hall, he redirected his boundless elan and determination to the reconstruction of German academia. Among his high-ranking appointments in the Federal Republic were the presidency of the University of Munich (1948–1951) and of the Fraunhofer Society (1948–1951) as well as the vice-presidency of the German Science Foundation (1949–1961) and the German Physical Society (1956–1957). As a member of Göttinger Achtzehn, he signed the Göttingen Declaration (1957) against arming the Bundeswehr with nuclear weapons. Having made history in physics, Gerlach became a prolific writer on the history of physics. Johannes Kepler was his favorite subject and personal hero—as both a scientist and humanist.
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Hedemann, Jan, Andreas Moller, Peter Muller-Beilschmidt, Dirk Rohdemann, Mario Schmidt, and Bernd Schmitt. "Integration of Material Flow Management Tools in Workplace Environments." In Information Systems for Sustainable Development, 47–61. IGI Global, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59140-342-5.ch005.
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This chapter describes how information technology (IT) support for industrial ecology can be integrated in a workplace environment, providing a homogeneous user interface and role-based access to information. The term “industrial ecology” comprises all activities of a company in regard to the natural environment. These can be, among others: operative tasks (e.g., handling of hazardous materials), compliance tasks (e.g., preparing declarations to be submitted to authorities), as well tasks involved in building up an environmental management system. It may also include innovative new approaches, such as “Design for Environment” or recycling oriented design. Other terms with a similar connotation are “cycle-oriented industry” or “integrated production”. To the user it is not really relevant which application furnishes the data he or she accesses. Rather, the user wants the data to be served in a harmonized way and adapted to his or her specific work context; the user wishes to use it in material flow models and he or she needs to utilize the data in cooperative work processes. Computer support and data aggregation are therefore only one aspect. Additionally it is required to work with adequate tools for creating and using material flow models as well as for supporting communication in business processes. The result is a “Business Package for Industrial Ecology”.
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Cakmakli, Aysem Berrin. "Environmental Analysis of Construction Materials." In Advances in Civil and Industrial Engineering, 90–110. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9754-4.ch004.
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There is a growing universal awareness of protecting the living and non-living environment and making enlightened decisions to achieve a sustainable development without destruction of the natural resources. In this point of view, selecting building materials according to their energy and health performances gains importance in sustainable design. 3Rs (reducing, reusing, recycling), and supplying a healthy, non-hazardous indoor air for building occupants are two important parameters of environmental life-cycle assessment for materials. Information on exposure to gases and vapors from synthetic materials made from petrochemicals, to heavy metals and pesticides, and to some combustion pollutants that cause acid rain should be determined by analyzing environmental product declarations or material specifications. After studying on building materials individually, they are analyzed in the form of tables for four different stages; manufacturing, application, usage, demolition phase. Consequently, this chapter can guide the designer and engineer to think on the elements of design and construction activity.
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Cakmakli, Aysem Berrin. "Environmental Analysis of Construction Materials." In Research Anthology on Environmental and Societal Well-Being Considerations in Buildings and Architecture, 418–38. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-9032-4.ch019.
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There is a growing universal awareness of protecting the living and non-living environment and making enlightened decisions to achieve a sustainable development without destruction of the natural resources. In this point of view, selecting building materials according to their energy and health performances gains importance in sustainable design. 3Rs (reducing, reusing, recycling), and supplying a healthy, non-hazardous indoor air for building occupants are two important parameters of environmental life-cycle assessment for materials. Information on exposure to gases and vapors from synthetic materials made from petrochemicals, to heavy metals and pesticides, and to some combustion pollutants that cause acid rain should be determined by analyzing environmental product declarations or material specifications. After studying on building materials individually, they are analyzed in the form of tables for four different stages; manufacturing, application, usage, demolition phase. Consequently, this chapter can guide the designer and engineer to think on the elements of design and construction activity.
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Hardwick, Julie. "Sourcing Intimate Histories." In Sex in an Old Regime City, 18–42. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190945183.003.0002.
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The histories of intimate lives have proven very elusive, but a rich series of long misunderstood legal documents offers an informative window into the social world of young workers. Understanding the long, complex history of their misrepresentation uncovers a trove brimming with evidence. Young women’s paternity suits, usually mischaracterized as pregnancy declarations (déclarations de grossesse), provide a thick vein of evidence about all aspects of young couples’ intimacy. The testimonies of witnesses provide a granular texture about their experiences, and young women sometimes deposited as evidence other material that is almost never extant for working communities in the form of letters, love notes, and out-of-court settlements. They reveal the material culture of intimacy.
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Derek, Fincham. "Part V Regional Approaches, Ch.40 North American Cultural Heritage Law." In The Oxford Handbook of International Cultural Heritage Law. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198859871.003.0040.
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This concluding chapter offers a comparative perspective on the key components of contemporary cultural heritage law in North America. The region’s collective tangible and intangible cultural heritage has an array of legal and policy tools to safeguard it for future generations, though coordination between the three nations involved would benefit from increased cohesiveness. The primary legal mechanisms to prevent illicit movement are restrictions on removing archaeological materials; declarations of ownership for some or all of this material; export restrictions; and the ultimate enforcement of these protections both domestically and abroad. All three countries in North America have made this body of law a priority. The chapter then looks at the law enforcement efforts, international outreach, and treatment of specific objects of cultural heritage in Mexico, Canada, and the USA. It also describes the relationship of these North American States with the World Heritage Convention and UNESCO’s Underwater Cultural Heritage Convention.
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"Preliminary Material." In The United Nations Declaration on Minorities, i—xviii. Brill | Nijhoff, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004251564_001.
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Fitzmaurice, Malgosia. "6. The Practical Working of the Law of Treaties." In International Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198791836.003.0006.
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This chapter examines key structural questions and fundamental problems relating to the law of treaties. These structural matters include: the concept of a treaty; the anatomy of treaties (including the making of treaties; authority to conclude treaties; expression of consent to be bound; invalidity of treaties (non-absolute grounds for invalidity of treaties, absolute grounds for invalidity of treaties, amendment, and modification); suspension and termination). The key issues addressed include the scope of legal obligation (the principle pacta sunt servanda, treaties, and third States); interpretation and reservation to treaties (including interpretative declarations); and finally, problems concerning the grounds for termination (supervening impossibility and material breach). The chapter also considers the theory and practice of the law of treaties, with broad analysis of the case law of various international courts and tribunals, with special emphasis on jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice.
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"Self-declaration." In Cases and Materials on Trusts, 58. Routledge-Cavendish, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781843147534-12.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Material declarations"
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Croft, Stephen, Andrey Bosko, Ray Gunnink, Sasha Philips, Joe Lamontagne, Markku Koskelo, and Robert McElroy. "MGAv10: The Latest Evolution in the Multi-Group Analysis Code." In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16248.
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At many points in the safe and transparent handling of plutonium materials the relative isotopic composition of the principle isotopes needs to be known. Sometimes this information may be of primary interest — such as in the verification of safeguard declarations or in the confirmation of the reactivity of mixed oxide fuel. At other times, e.g., for radioactive waste characterization, the isotopic composition may be needed to calculate specific thermal power or specific spontaneous fission rates for the item under study, which can subsequently be combined with calorimetric and correlated neutron counting measurements, respectively, in order to make quantitative assessments of the mass of Pu and associated nuclides that are present in an item. The Multi-Group Analysis code MGA is a highly regarded and widely used computer code for the analysis of high resolution gamma ray spectra in order to extract the relative isotopic composition of plutonium for a diversity of items with minimal prior information. It has been honed over many years to give reliable results for a broad range of measurement scenarios commonly encountered in the fuel cycle. The nuclear industry is not dormant however and the demands on such codes continue to shift as a combination of technology and necessity open up new application areas. For example, while MGA had its origins in the analysis of clean spectra on product material principally for nuclear safeguards applications taken with germanium detectors having good low-energy resolution, it is now widely applied to the characterization of drummed waste forms and the complex spectra from such items acquired with much larger volume and poorer resolution detectors often used in such applications for the dual use of quantitative assay of the many gamma-emitters. This new domain of operational experience resulted in the need to enhance MGA to deal with spectra of poor statistical quality and also to cope with some of the complications that arise in the analysis of unusual spectra. Together with some additional changes made to incorporate feedback since the release of version 9.63 (which had minor revisions denoted by the letters A through H) of the code this has resulted in the creation of MGA v10. In this paper we shall outline the main changes to the code explaining why they were conceived and implemented. We illustrate what kinds of measurement problems can now be addressed over and above the previous capabilities which have been preserved and verified by the same set of regression tests that have been applied to previous generation of the code.
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Cong, Yifei, and Bin Zou. "Design and Realization of the declaration of the project based on Struts framework." In Advances in Materials, Machinery, Electrical Engineering (AMMEE 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ammee-17.2017.63.
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Yu, Xuejun, and Haigeng Lv. "Research and Implementation on the credibility of user behavior Based on behavior declaration." In 2016 3rd International Conference on Materials Engineering, Manufacturing Technology and Control. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icmemtc-16.2016.311.
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Zhang, Xiaofei, Lingli Dai, Lu Ren, and Siyuan Tang. "Design and application of occupation exposure declaration and monitoring information system for medical staff." In 2017 2nd International Conference on Materials Science, Machinery and Energy Engineering (MSMEE 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/msmee-17.2017.243.
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Pepin, S., B. Dehandschutter, A. Poffijn, and M. Sonck. "Regulatory Framework for NORM Residues in Belgium." In ASME 2013 15th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2013-96249.
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The Belgian radiation protection authority (Federal Agency for Nuclear Control – FANC) has published in March 2013 a decree regulating the acceptance of NORM residues by non-radioactive waste treatment facilities. This regulation is based on the concept of “work activities involving natural radiation sources” in the sense of article 40 of the 96/29/EURATOM directive. The disposal or processing facilities which accept NORM residues with an activity concentration above a generic exemption level will be considered as “work activities” and submitted to declaration according to the Belgian radiation protection regulations. On basis of this declaration, specific acceptance criteria for the different types of processing/disposal of the residues (disposal on landfill, recycling into building materials, etc.) are imposed. FANC has drafted guidelines for these acceptance criteria. A methodological guide for the operators of the concerned facilities was also published. Moreover, sites where significant quantities of NORM residues are or have been disposed, are subjected to an environmental monitoring in the framework of the national program of radiological surveillance of FANC. FANC also introduced in its regulations the concept of anthropogenic radon-prone areas: e.g. former phosphogypsum stacks have been defined as anthropogenic radon-prone areas, which allows some form of regulatory control of these sites.
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Cruz de Oliveira, Elcio, and Paula Fernandes de Aguiar. "Evaluation of the Uncertainty in Measurement Versus the Limit of Specification: Qualitative and Quantitative Aspects of Compliance." In 2004 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2004-0302.
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In many cases, the declaration of compliance of a result of measurement is not clear. This is observed when there is a partial superposition of the expanded uncertainty of a quantity with its limit of specification. In these cases, a judgment is required based in pre-established criteria between the client and the supplier. The consequences of an inadequate decision may be disastrous. Either the supplier will have financial losses or it will lose credibility with its client. This work demonstrates how to calculate the probability, for an appropriate confidence level, that the uncertainty associated with the measurement is within the limits that were established in a contract, declaring the compliance or non-compliance relative to the specification, and study two methodologies for helping the claimer to take the decision of compliance or non-compliance, using as example the heat capacity of natural gas, calculated from its gas chromatography. This approach encourages the client/supplier relationship. This occurs because the results are reported to both parts with a probability of compliance instead of a single value. The first methodology is based on the increase in the size of the sample. The second proposal is based in the calibration of the chromatograph against certificate reference materials with more exact and precise uncertainty values.
Reports on the topic "Material declarations"
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Niebler, Rebecca. Abfallwirtschaftliche Geschäftsmodelle für Textilien in der Circular Economy. Sonderforschungsgruppe Institutionenanalyse, September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46850/sofia.9783941627833.
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This master thesis explores the challenges for waste management business models in the field of textiles regarding the requirements of the circular economy, as well as improvement potentials in the current framework conditions. It is concerned with the research question: "Is it advisable to change the frame-work conditions at meso or macro level, with regard to business models for waste management companies in the textile sector that are oriented towards the requirements of the circular economy, and - if so - in what way?” The approach of the study is based on the delta analysis of the e Society for Institutional Analysis at the Darmstadt University of Applied Sciences. It compares the target state of the normative requirements with the actual state of the textile and waste management framework conditions and attempts to identify the gaps (the delta). Based on the delta, it develops approaches that are intended to help reduce the gaps. The thesis develops three business models for the target year 2025 in different areas: an exchange platform for sorters, recyclers and designers, an automatic sorting plant and a plant for fibre-to-fibre recycling of mixed materials. It is becoming clear that these business models cannot meet the target requirements for the circular economy. The analysis identifies the remaining gaps in the framework conditions as the main problem. For example, insufficient innovation impulses and the lack of competitiveness of secondary raw materials inhibit the actors from applying and using new technologies and business models. Restricted access to knowledge and information, as well as a lack of transparency between the actors, also prove to be problematic. In order to answer the research question, the study recommends altering the framework conditions at meso and macro level. It proposes a platform for cooperation between designers, the introduction of a material declaration system and an eco-design guideline for textiles as possible development options. In addition, this work offers a matrix of criteria to help the actors test and improve their new waste management business models regarding their suitability for the circular economy. The analysis is carried out from an outsider's perspective on the entire textile industry. It therefore cannot cover and deal with all aspects and individual circumstances of each player in detail. The necessary changes in the framework conditions that have been identified can therefore be used as a basis for further investigations.