Academic literature on the topic 'Material follows'
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Journal articles on the topic "Material follows"
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Grace, Robert. "New Mono-Material Flexible Pouch Follows Cradle to Cradle Principles." Plastics Engineering 75, no. 1 (January 2019): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/peng.20053.
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Matveeva, I. N., and V. V. Tolmachev. "Development of a certified reference material for the physical properties of the soil clay (loam)." Reference materials 14, no. 1-2 (February 12, 2019): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.20915/2077-1177-2018-14-1-2-33-38.
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Introduction. The article presents results of developing a certified reference material for the physical properties of the soil clay (loam). The certified characteristics of the reference material are as follows: moisture content at the liquid limit via fall-cone test, moisture content at the plastic limit, soil particle density via pycnometer method.Materials and methods. The certified values of the physical properties of the soil clay (loam) were determined using the method of interlaboratory metrological experiment.Results. The bounds of absolute error of the certified values are as follows: 1.9 % for moisture content at the liquid limit via the fall-cone test, 1.5 % for moisture content at the plastic limit, 0.03 g/cm3 for soil particle density. The validity period of the certified reference material is 5 years.Discussion and conclusion. The developed reference material was registered in the State Register of type-approved reference materials as GSO 11038–2018. The reference material is aimed at: controlling the accuracy of the measurement results of certified characteristics; conducting interlaboratory comparisons; testing laboratories proficiency.
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Dang Thi Minh, Hue, Chau Tran Van, Giang Hoang Thi Linh, Luyen Tran Thi, and Chinh Huynh Dang. "Synthesis of metal organic framework MIL-53 (Fe)/Fe3O4 and adsorption ability of Congo Red in water invironment." Vietnam Journal of Catalysis and Adsorption 10, no. 2 (July 30, 2021): 94–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.51316/jca.2021.035.
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Composite materials MIL-53(Fe)/Fe3O4 have been successfully synthesized on the basis of MIL-53 metal organic framework materials by hydrothermal method. Material characteristics were studied through XRD, SEM methods. The material has good adsorption capacity of the Congo Red pigment. The Congo Red adsorption activity of the composite material was investigated. The results showed that the adsorption efficiency of Congo Red of MIL-53(Fe)/Fe3O4 reached 98.89% after only 5 minutes, with the concentration of 2.227 mg/l in Congo red solution. The Congo Red adsorption process of MIL-53 (Fe)/Fe3O4 follows the Freundlich isothermal adsorption model.
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Ostrý, Milan, Sylva Bantová, and Karel Struhala. "Tests on Material Compatibility of Phase Change Materials and Selected Plastics." Molecules 24, no. 7 (April 10, 2019): 1398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24071398.
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Practical applications of Phase Change Materials (PCMs) often require their encapsulation in other materials, such as metals or plastics. This raises the issue of compatibility between PCMs and encapsulating materials, which has still not been sufficiently addressed. The study presented here follows existing research and provides experimental evaluation of the suitability of selected PCMs for proposed integration in building structures. Two organic PCMs, two inorganic PCMs and three representative plastics (polypropylene (PP-H), high density polyethylene (PE-HD) and polyvinylchloride (PVC-U)) were selected for compatibility tests. Evaluation of the results is based on the mass variations of the plastic samples during the test period. Plastic samples were immersed in PCMs and subjected to periodic heating and cooling (for 16 weeks) in a small environmental chamber simulating real operational conditions. The results show that the organic PCMs have a greater ability to penetrate the PE-HD and PP-H compared with the inorganic PCMs. The penetration of all PCMs was most notable during the first four weeks of the experiment. Later it slowed down significantly. Overall, the mass changes in PE-HD and PP-H samples did not exceed 6.9% when immersed in organic PCMs and 1.8% in inorganic PCMs. PVC-U samples exhibited almost negligible (less than 0.1%) mass variation in all cases.
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Nurmalia, Mia Midianti, and Widyastuti Purbani. "Developing extensive reading supplementary materials for XI grad students at madrasah." LingTera 5, no. 2 (October 31, 2018): 112–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/lt.v5i2.16510.
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This research aimed to develop reading supplementary materials and to verify the appropriateness of the materials to support the learning process of the grade XI students at Madrasah Aliyah Al Ma’Had An-Nur. This research was a research and development study. The results of the research are as follows. First, this research produced a set of extensive reading supplementary materials. Second, the results of material validation by material and graphic designer experts, the try-outs by grade XI students, and the perception of the English teacher showed that the extensive reading supplementary materials were considered appropriate to be applied in English class.
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Liptáková, Eva, Jozef Kúdela, and Ján Sarva. "Study of the System Wood – Coating Material. I. Wood – Liquid Coating Material." Holzforschung 54, no. 2 (February 29, 2000): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2000.032.
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Summary This paper deals with the evaluation of wood—wetting process with coating materials on the basis of interactions of surface forces on phase boundary. The obtained results are compared with the actual state in the system wood—coating material. Primary ability of coating materials—spontaneous spreading over the wood surface has been proved. There is also the secondary influence of rheological properties of coating materials causing deformations of the phase boundary, non-perfect wetting of the wood surface and apparent lowering of adhesion work. The influence of rheological properties has been expressed by using the coefficient F the meaning of which follows from the comparison between results of adhesion work computed according to modified Young-Dupré equation and of adhesion work determined on the basis of the interactions of surface forces on the phase boundary between wood and liquid coating materials. A direct dependence between the values of the coefficient F and coating materials viscosity has been proved.
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Shofiana, Dina Eka, and Dwi Novita Sari. "ANALISIS PENGENDALIAN BAHAN BAKU JASA MAKLON DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE EOQ (ECONOMIC ORDER QUALITY) BERBASIS BIG DATA LOGISTIK GUNA MEMINIMALISIR BIAYA PRODUKSI PADA PT BARATA INDONESIA (PERSERO)." Majalah Ilmiah Bijak 15, no. 2 (October 12, 2018): 138–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31334/bijak.v15i2.202.
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This study aims to determine the control of raw materials by using EOQ (Economic Order Quality) method to minimize production costs in PT Barata Indonesia (Persero). This research uses Adeskriptif with qualitative approach.The results of this study indicate that the control of raw materials using the EOQ (Economic Order Quallity) method can minimize production costs in PT Barata Indonesia (Persero) as follows: Silica Sand raw material can minimize production cost of Rp 16,321,500. Fero Silicon minimize the production cost of Rp 7,520,550,000, the raw material of Fero Mangan Mc can minimize the cost of Rp 2,255,625,000, the raw material of Fero Mangan Hc can minimize the cost of Rp 1.098,600. the raw material of Scrap can minimize the cost of Rp 324,995,000.
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Duan, Zhou Wei, Zhi Hao Dou, Hui Xie, Ai He, and Zhu Ning Wan. "Preparation of the Scales Material Adsorption EGCG." Advanced Materials Research 960-961 (June 2014): 270–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.960-961.270.
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Tilapia scale was used as the raw material to explore the preparation methods of EGCG adsorption material. Based on the results, the most reasonable interpretation of the data indicates that the EGCG adsorption material preparation process was as follows, particle size 0.30-0.45 mm , preparation temperature 110°C,pH 7 , solid to liquid ratio (g/mL) 1:6, time 20 min . Under this condition, the adsorption capacity of EGCG was 23.53mg/g.
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Sengul, F., and T. Gurbuz. "Clinical Evaluation of Restorative Materials in Primary Teeth Class II Lesions." Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 39, no. 4 (June 1, 2015): 315–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/1053-4628-39.4.315.
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Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical success of primary teeth class II lesions restored with different restorative materials [Hybrid Composite Resin (HCR), Resin Modified Glass Ionomer Cement (RMGIC), compomer, and Giomer Composite Resin (GCR)] followed up for 24 months. Study Design: This study was carried out on 146 primary molars of 41 children in the age range of 5–7 years. The class II lesions in primary molars of a patient were restored using different restorative materials. Restorations were evaluated according to FDI-criteria and their survival rates were determined. Data were analysed with Pearson chi-square, Kaplan-Meier and Wilcoxon (Breslow) tests (α = 0.05). Results: The failure rates of restorative materials were as follows: compomer 33.3%, RMGIC 28.1%, HCR 22.5% and GCR 21.1%. Conclusions: While the functional failure was the most important factor in restorative material failure, RMGIC was the most successful material in terms of biological evaluation criterion and GCR had the longest survival rate.
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Cong, Jing Xiang, Shao Yan Wang, Wei Zhang, and Xiao Dan Tang. "Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Total Flavonoids and Lactones from Ginkgo Biloba Powder." Advanced Materials Research 641-642 (January 2013): 867–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.641-642.867.
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This article aims to study the extraction conditions of the total flavonoids and lactones from the ginkgo biloba powder. First, the influencing factors and levels for the extraction were determined by the single factor method, and then the optimum extraction conditions were optimized by orthogonal experimental design. The results showed that the optimal conditions for ultrasonic extraction of the total flavonoids were as follows: 2mg cellulase and 0.1g raw material (ginkgo biloba powder) were dissolved in 10ml water solution. The pH of the solvent was 4.5 adjusted with hydrochloric acid. The materials were extracted in ultrasound bath at 55°C for 40min. The optimal conditions for ultrasonic extraction of the total lactones were as follows: 7mg cellulase and 0.1g raw material were dissolved in 10ml water solution with pH 4.9. The raw materials were extracted at 50°C for 35min. Under the optimum conditions, the peak area contents were nearly 90% and 58% for total flavonoids and lactones, respectively.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Material follows"
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Gollannek, Eric Frederick. ""Empire follows art" exchange and the sensory worlds of Empire in Britain and its colonies, 1740-1775 /." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 427 p, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1625773591&sid=9&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Sockett, H. "Change in maternal representations and maternal behaviour in early motherhood : a 1-year follow along study." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2011. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1331998/.
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Objectives: The study examined the way mothers’ narratives about her child change during the early years of motherhood and to assess if these changes are meaningfully associated with parent infant relationships and maternal psychopathology. Method: The study followed 76 mother-infant dyads over a 12 month period from two socially disadvantaged community samples: a normative group and a clinically referred group. Maternal representations were measured using the Reflective Functioning (RF) scale and the 10 PDI (Wain, 2010), a dimensional coding system developed for the Parent Development Interview (PDI). The mother-infant relationship was rated using the Emotional Availability Scale. Maternal psychopathology was measured in terms of depressive symptomatology, parental stress and symptoms of distress. All measures were conducted at baseline and at 12 month follow up. Results: Maternal psychopathology at both time points was concurrently associated with more evidence of emotional distress, hostility and helplessness, and less evidence of maternal support in PDI narratives. Over the 12 month study period we observed a decrease in levels of maternal psychopathology and increased maternal emotional availability reflected in concurrent adaptive change in the PDI narratives. Behavioural observations of child involvement with mother at Time 2 were predicted by more enmeshed/role-reversed maternal representations at Time 1. However, child responsiveness in mother-infant interactions at Time 2 was predicted by evidence of supportive maternal representations at Time 1. Conclusions: The results are interpreted in terms of the role of maternal representations in the emerging relationship between mother and infant.
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Moretti, Myla Emily. "Prospective follow-up of infants exposed to 5-aminosalicylic acid containing drugs through maternal milk." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0010/MQ40845.pdf.
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Folloni, André Parmo 1975. "Tributação sobre o comércio exterior : direito tributário material, formal e processual / André Parmo Folloni ; orientador, James Marins." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da PUC_PR, 2004. http://www.biblioteca.pucpr.br/tede/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=999.
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Dissertação (mestrado) - Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, 2004Inclui bibliografia
O trabalho desenvolve uma análise, em sede de Dogmática Jurídica, das normas que regulam a tributação sobre o comércio exterior no direito brasileiro. Para tanto, parte de questões relevantes de Filosofia e de Teoria Geral do Direito, de Direito Constituc
The work develops na Jurisprudence analisys of the norms that regulate the taxation on the foreign commerce in the Brazillian law. For in such a way, starts with important questinos of Philosophy and General Theory of the Jurisprudence, of Constitucional
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Zabel, Melanie, and Nataša Vasiljević. "Anterior single crown treatments made by dental students and teachers at Malmö University, Sweden; a 5-year retrospective follow-up." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Odontologiska fakulteten (OD), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-42293.
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Aim: To investigate the clinical survival and success, including both function and aesthetics, of tooth supported crowns in the anterior region after a minimum of 5 years after installation in the student as well as teacher clinic of the Faculty of Odontology, Malm. University, Sweden. Materials & method: Eligible patients were identified through screening of dental technician invoices stretching back to 2012. 78 patients were invited to participate in the study and 39 patients were examined, 28 and 11 from student and teacher clinics respectively. A modified examination protocol based on the CDA protocol was used by two examiners to score the crowns. Moreover, patients’ own views on aesthetics and function of their crowns were collected through a questionnaire. Results: Patient satisfaction with function and aesthetics was equally high in teacher and student clinic as well as for the different crown materials. Examiner ratings found overall successful results across the investigated categories “surface and colour”, “anatomic form” and “margin integrity”. No significant differences were found with regards to the operator or the different materials. The 5-year survival rate among the examined patients was 89% resp. 91% in the student and teacher clinic. Conclusion: Patients at the Faculty of Odontology in Malm. can expect to receive satisfying crown treatments in the anterior region of the mouth regardless of whether the operator is a teacher or a student and regardless of the chosen material.Syfte: Att undersöka klinisk överlevnad och lyckandefrekvens, med hänsyn till funktion och estetik, av tandstödda kronor i framtandsregionen som installerades för minst 5 år sedan på student och lärarklinik vid Odontologiska fakulteten, Malmö Universitet, Sverige. Material och metod: 78 lämpliga patienter identifierades genom granskning av tandtekniska fakturor från 2012 och framåt, och bjöds in att delta i studien. 39 patienter undersöktes, 28 respektive 11 från student- och lärarklinik. Två granskare använde ett modifierat granskningsprotokoll baserat på CDA protokollet för att betygsätta kronornas utseende och funktion. Utöver detta användes ett frågeformulär för att få patientens syn på estetik och funktion av kronan. Resultat: Patienternas omdömen av kronans funktion och estetik var lika hög i lärar- och studentkliniken liksom för de olika kronmaterialen. Granskarnas bedömning visade hög lyckandefrekvens för de undersökta kategorierna ”yta och färg”, ”anatomisk form” och ”kantanslutning”. Inga signifikanta skillnader kunde ses med avseende på vem som var operatör eller vilket material som valts. 5-års överlevnaden bland de undersökta patienterna var 89% resp. 91% p. student- och lärarkliniken. Slutsats: Patienter som behandlas vid Odontologiska fakulteten i Malmö kan förvänta sig ett tillfredsställande resultat vid kronterapi i framtandsregionen oavsett om operatören är en lärare eller en student och oavsett vilket material som väljs.
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Byrne, Karen Elizabeth. "ANALYSIS OF PATIENTS' REACTIONS TO GENETIC COUNSELING SERVICES FOR AMNIOCENTESIS AND GENETIC DISORDERS (VIDEOTAPE PROGRAM, FOLLOW-UP LETTERS, MATERNAL AGE)." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/275301.
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Haapsamo, H. (Helena). "A follow-up study of children's communicative development:associations to social-emotional and behavioural problems and competences and experienced maternal stress." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2012. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514299629.
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Abstract The aim of this study was to follow 8 to 36- month old children's communicative development and its' associations with social-emotional skills (the Brief Infant Toddler Social-Emotional Assessment, BITSEA) and behavioural problems. This study is the first study using the Finnish version of the BITSEA. A total of 50 children participated in the Oulu region (first phases at year 2006 and 2007). At the age of 8 months (at year 2006, n = 31), child participants were grouped into two conditions: 1) children possibly needing support for deficiencies in communicative and interaction skills and 2) children without noted areas of need of support in communicative and interaction skills. Through random sampling, three groups were formed and included children from both the above mentioned conditions. The groups met fortnightly for five months for a directed song-play session (enrichment intervention). The sample size was increased at year 2007 (n = 19) and follow-up questionnaires were sent to all of the participating families (N = 50) at the child's age of 18, 24 and 36 months. The sample during the year 2007 did not receive any intervention. Results suggest, that the children's communicative and social-emotional development may be linked to each other. Children who scored higher in the assessments in communicative skills were also more successful on assessments measuring social interaction and social-emotional competence. Children with better communication skills demonstrated higher scores after enrichment-intervention. Scores on the BITSEA demonstrated an association with other indicators of children's development employed in the study suggesting the utility of the BITSEA as a follow-up assessment in Finnish sample. Mothers, who rated high maternal stress (measured at the child's age of 8 months) also rated higher levels of social-emotional and behavioural problems in their children, especially when a child was 18 months. This effect appeared to decrease over time. Results indicate the clinical importance of directly measuring not only a child's linguistic and social-emotional development, but also including assessment of a child's immediate environment, such as parents and siblingsTiivistelmä Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli seurata 8-36 kuukauden ikäisten lasten kielellistä kehitystä ja sen yhteyttä sosioemotionaaliseen kehitykseen (Brief Infant Toddler Social-Emotional Assessment, BITSEA-lomake) sekä käyttäytymisen ongelmiin. Tämä oli ensimmäinen tutkimus Suomessa, jossa käytettiin BITSEAn suomenkielistä versiota. Tutkimukseen osallistui 50 perhettä (aloitus vuosina 2006 ja 2007) Oulun alueelta. Kahdeksan kuukauden iässä täytettyjen lomakkeiden perusteella (vuonna 2006, n = 31) lapset luokiteltiin vuorovaikutus- ja kommunikaatiotaitojen mukaan kahteen joukkoon: 1) Vuorovaikutus- ja kommunikaatiotaitojen tukea mahdollisesti tarvitsevat lapset ja 2) Lapset, joilla ei todennäköisesti ollut tuen tarvetta vuorovaikutus- ja kommunikaatiotaidoissa. Satunnaisotannalla muodostettiin kolme pienryhmää (rikastuttamisryhmät), joihin kuului sekä mahdollista tukea tarvitsevia että tukea tarvitsemattomia lapsia. Ryhmät kokoontuivat joka toinen viikko viiden kuukauden ajan ohjattuun laulu-leikkituokioon. Tutkimusta laajennettiin syksyllä 2007 (n = 19) ja kaikille tutkimukseen osallistuneille perheille (N = 50) lähetettiin seurantalomakkeita, jotka vanhempien tuli täyttää lapsen ollessa 18, 24 ja 36 kuukauden ikäinen. Vuoden 2007 otoksen perheille ei tarjottu perheinterventiota. Tutkimuksessa kävi ilmi, että lapset, jotka saivat korkeat pisteet sosioemotionaalista kompetenssia kuvaavissa kartoituksissa, menestyivät paremmin myös vuorovaikutus- ja kommunikaatiotaitoja kuvaavissa arvioinneissa. Lapset, joilla oli jo ennestään korkeammat pisteet vuorovaikutus- ja kommunikaatiotaitoja kuvaavissa lomakkeissa, näyttivät saavan korkeammat pisteet myös intervention jälkeen. Tutkimuksessa tuli esiin, että BITSEA -lomake korreloi hyvin muiden lasten kehityksen seurannassa käytettyjen mittareiden kanssa ja soveltuu siten hyvin tutkimuslomakkeeksi suomalaisessakin aineistossa. Lisäksi äidit, jotka arvioivat stressitasonsa korkealle (lapsen ollessa kahdeksan kuukauden ikäinen), arvioivat myöhemmin myös korkeampia pisteitä lasten sosioemotionaalisten ja käyttäytymisen ongelmien kyselylomakkeissa lapsen ollessa 18 kuukauden ikäinen. Tämä vaikutus kuitenkin väheni lapsen kasvaessa. Tutkimustulokset osoittavat, että perhe- ja neuvolatyössä on lapsen kehityksen kannalta tärkeää huomioida myös hänen kasvuympäristönsä; vanhempien hyvinvointi ja sisarusten määrä vaikuttavat lapsen kielelliseen ja sosioemotionaaliseen kehitykseen
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Holt, Hannah, and Martin E. Olsen. "Follow-Up: Provision of Buprenorphine to Pregnant Women by For-Profit Clinics in an Appalachian City." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://dc.etsu.edu/asrf/2020/presentations/9.
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Objective: This study was completed as a follow up to research regarding buprenorphine Medication Assisted Therapy (MAT) in Johnson City Tennessee for-profit clinics. We wished to determine the practice patterns over the last three years.
Methods: Johnson City for-profit Medical Assisted Therapy clinics were called with a telephone survey. When the clinic representative answered the phone, they were asked questions regarding patient costs for therapy, insurance coverage, counseling offered on site, and opportunities for tapering while 20 weeks pregnant.
Results: At all the MAT clinics contacted, the representative informed us that tapering in pregnancy could be considered contrary to current national guidelines. 43% of the clinics are now accepting insurance as compared to 0% in the 2016 study. The average weekly cost per visit remained consistent.
Conclusion: The concept of tapering buprenorphine during pregnancy appears to have become a standard of care for this community and it is offered at all of the clinics that were contacted, some even require it, even though national organizations such as American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and American Society of Addiction Medicine; do not recommend this approach. Patients who have insurance including government funded insurance, are now able to obtain buprenorphine with no out of pocket expense at numerous clinics. The high cost for the uninsured patient continues to create an environment conducive to buprenorphine diversion.
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Tillberg, Anders. "A multidisciplinary risk assessment of dental restorative materials." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Univ, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1860.
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Sardeiro, Tatiana Luciano. "Fatores associados ao abandono do acompanhamento clínico – laboratorial após acidente de trabalho com material biológico." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2018. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/8906.
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Clinical-laboratory follow-up after an accident with biological material should be performed at occupational exposures with a positive or unknown source. The objective of this study was to analyze the epidemiology of occupational accidents with exposure to biological material among health workers who abandoned clinical-laboratory follow-up. Cohort study developed from work accidents registered in the SINAN (National Institute of Public Health) Information System between 2006 and 2016 in the city of Goiania - Goias. Data were analyzed in Stata with descriptive and analytical statistics. During the study period, 7,265 accidents were reported. Of these, 2,104 exposures were analyzed and the majority of the workers were females, with completed high school and belonged to the nursing team. The accidents occurred mostly due to percutaneous injury (72.6%), involving lumen needles (56.1%) which were used for drug administration or vascular access puncture. In most exposures (60.1%) the resource person was known and the most recommended prophylaxis was chemoprophylaxis against VIH. The dropout rate of clinical and laboratory follow-up was 41.5%. In the multivariate analysis, it was observed that the chances of interruption of follow-up were higher among workers aged 40 or over, belonging to the nursing, dentistry and cleaning staff, who were not using personal protective equipment (apron) at the time of exposure, were injured by other objects that were not a lumen needle, were working on the books, had not been issued with a work accident report and refused chemoprophylaxis against VIH. It was also observed that the injured persons exposed during procedures in the laundry or in the washing of material presented less chance of drop-out. It is concluded that the interruption of follow-up is a multifactorial event, influenced by the care offered after the exposure, the support of the employer and the convictions of the injured.
O acompanhamento clínico-laboratorial após acidente com material biológico deve ser realizado nas exposições ocupacionais com fonte positiva ou desconhecida. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a epidemiologia do abandono do acompanhamento clínico – laboratorial entre trabalhadores da área da saúde que sofreram exposição a material biológico. Estudo de coorte, desenvolvido a partir dos acidentes de trabalho registrados no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN) entre 2006 – 2016 no município de Goiânia - Goiás. Os dados foram analisados no Stata com estatística descritiva e analítica. Haviam 7.265 acidentes notificados no período do estudo. Desses foram avaliadas 2.104 exposições, nas quais a maioria dos trabalhadores era do sexo feminino, tinha ensino médio completo e pertencia a equipe de enfermagem, cujos acidentes ocorreram com maior frequência por lesão percutânea (72,6%), envolvendo agulhas com lúmen (56,1%), que foram utilizadas para administração de medicamentos ou punção de acesso vascular. Na maioria das exposições (60,1%) a pessoa fonte era conhecida e a conduta profilática mais recomendada foi a quimioprofilaxia contra o VIH. A taxa de abandono do acompanhamento clínico – laboratorial foi de 41,5%. Na análise multivariada verificou-se que as chances de interrupção do seguimento foram maiores entre os trabalhadores com idade igual ou maior a 40 anos, pertencentes às equipes de enfermagem, odontologia e do serviço de limpeza, que não estavam utilizando o avental no momento da exposição, sofreram lesão por outros objetos que não eram agulha com lúmen, trabalhavam com carteira assinada, não tiveram a emissão da comunicação de acidente de trabalho e recusaram a quimioprofilaxia contra o VIH. Constatou-se ainda que os acidentados expostos durante a realização de procedimentos na lavanderia ou na lavagem de material apresentaram menor chance de abandono. Frente a elevada taxa de abandono encontrada sugere-se a implementação de estratégias para garantir o seguimento e reduzir o risco para o trabalhador.
Books on the topic "Material follows"
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Jitta, J. S. Kibaale District Development Programme follow-up household survey. [Kampala]: Child Health and Development Centre, Makerere University in collaboration with Irish Aid/AMREF, 1999.
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Bloys, J. Ben. Low invasion coring: Best practices regarding objectives, planning, equipment, materials, execution, and follow-up. Richardson, TX: Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2011.
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Moretti, Myla Emily. Prospective follow-up of infants exposed to 5-aminosalicylic acid containing drugs through maternal milk. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1998.
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Office, General Accounting. Maternity care: Appropriate follow-up services critical with short hospital stays. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1996.
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International Agriculture Forum (6th 1985 Geneva, Switzerland). Agri-energy roundtable, 1985-1986: Agri-enterprise in development : new leadership and technology for food security : selected papers and materials, Sixth & Seventh Annual International Agriculture Forum, Geneva, Switzerland, follow-up activities. Washington, DC (2550 M St., NW, Suite 300, Washington 20037): Agri-Energy Roundtable, Inc., 1986.
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Schmaltz, Tad M. The Metaphysics of the Material World. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190070229.001.0001.
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This book traces a particular development of the metaphysics of the material world in early modern thought. The route it follows derives from a critique of Spinoza in the work of Pierre Bayle. Bayle charged in particular that Spinoza’s monistic conception of the material world founders on the account of extension and its “modes” and parts that he inherited from Descartes, and that Descartes in turn inherited from late scholasticism, and ultimately from Aristotle. After an initial discussion of Bayle’s critique of Spinoza and its relation to Aristotle’s distinction between substance and accident, this study starts with the original re-conceptualization of Aristotle’s metaphysics of the material world that we find in the work of the early modern scholastic Suárez. What receives particular attention is Suárez’s introduction of the “modal distinction” and his distinctive account of the Aristotelian accident of “continuous quantity.” This examination of Suárez is followed by a treatment of the connections of his particular version of the scholastic conception of the material world to the very different conception that Descartes offered. Especially important is Descartes’s view of the relation of extended substance both to its modes and to the parts that compose it. Finally, there is a consideration of what these developments in Suárez and Descartes have to teach us about Spinoza’s monistic conception of the material world. Of special concern here is to draw on this historical narrative to provide a re-assessment of Bayle’s critique of Spinoza.
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Pennell, Sara. Material Culture in Seventeenth-Century ‘Britain’: The Matter of Domestic Consumption. Edited by Frank Trentmann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199561216.013.0004.
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This article focuses on three issues: the historiographies which have made the period prior to that in which Neil McKendrick confidently told us a ‘consumer revolution’ occurred both a necessary staging post en route to revolution and a prelapsarian era in striking contrast to it; the relative absence of ‘mundane materiality’ within these accounts; and consumption as a matter of practice, rather than as an abstract phenomenon in the ‘long’ seventeenth century in Britain (c .1600–1720). In this, it follows Joan Thirsk in her important 1975 Oxford University Ford Lectures, in accepting Jacobean and Stuart Britain (or at least England) as very much concerned with production for the ends of domestic consumption, in both senses of the word ‘domestic’. Through the case studies of objects very rarely found in public museum displays thanks to their ‘everyday’ qualities, the article then argues for a re-evaluation of non-elite consumption within the domestic sphere as significant within any story we might wish to tell of changing consumption practices and material culture in Britain across the seventeenth century.
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Meiton, Fredrik. Electrical Palestine. University of California Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520295889.001.0001.
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Like electricity, political power travels through physical materials whose properties govern its flow. Electrical Palestine charts the construction of Palestine’s electric grid in the interwar period and its implication in the area’s rapid and uneven development. It does so in an effort to rethink both the origins of the Arab-Israeli Conflict and the interplay of politics, capital, and technology more broadly. The study follows the coevolution of the power system and Zionist state building efforts in Palestine on the conceptual and material level. Conceptually, the design and construction of the system shaped Palestine as a precisely bounded entity with a distinct political, social, and economic character. Materially, the borders of the mandate were mapped onto the power system and structured an ethno-national division of capital, land, and labor. In 1948, these coevolving forces ultimately carried over into Jewish statehood and Palestinian statelessness.
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Schrijver, Lara, ed. The Tacit Dimension. Leuven University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.11116/9789461663801.
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Within architecture, tacit knowledge plays a substantial role both within the design process and its reception. This book explores the tacit dimension of architecture in its aesthetic, material, cultural, design-based, and reflexive understanding of what we build. Much of architecture’s knowledge resides beneath the surface, in nonverbal instruments such as drawings and models that articulate the spatial imagination of the design process. Tacit knowledge, described in 1966 by Michael Polanyi as what we ‘can know but cannot tell’, often denotes knowledge that escapes quantifiable dimensions of research. Beginning in the studio, where students are guided into becoming architects, the book follows a path through the tacit knowledge present in models, materials, conceptual structures, and the design process, revealing how the tacit dimension leads to craftsmanship and the situated knowledge of architecture-in-the-world. Awareness of the tacit dimension helps to understand the many facets of the spaces we inhabit, from the ideas of the architect to the more hidden assumptions of our cultures.
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Hogh-Olesen, Henrik. The First Humans and the First Art. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190927929.003.0003.
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The chapter follows the aesthetic impulse back to human prehistory and looks at prehistoric art. In order to establish our aesthetic inclinations as a primary impulse—and not just as a surplus phenomenon appearing in high cultures in times of plenty, when people have no better things to do—it is important to track this impulse back to its first expression and to the material living conditions at the time. Regarding the origin of this primary impulse, it is interesting to consider who these people were in terms of psychology. Who were the creators of the prehistoric art, and what motivated this activity?
Book chapters on the topic "Material follows"
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Olchawa, Joanna. "Material follows form follows function." In formlos – formbar, 19–42. Köln: Böhlau Verlag, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.7788/9783412502461-002.
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Pyeon, Cheol Ho. "Neutronics of Lead and Bismuth." In Accelerator-Driven System at Kyoto University Critical Assembly, 177–213. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0344-0_7.
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AbstractCross-section uncertainties of Pb and Bi isotopes could consequently affect the precision of nuclear design calculations of preliminary analyses, before the actual operation of upcoming ADS, since Pb and Bi are composed partly of coolant material (lead-bismuth eutectic: LBE) in ADS facilities. The main characteristics of LBE in ADS are recognized as follows: chemically inactive; high boiling point mechanically; excellent neutron economy caused by large scattering cross sections. From the viewpoint of neutronics, LBE exerts considerable impact on nuclear design parameters for numerical simulations of neutron interactions of Pb and Bi isotopes. As a suitable way of investigating cross-section uncertainties, sample reactivity worth measurements in critical states are considered effective with the use of reference and test materials in a zero-power state, such as a critical assembly, because integral parameter information on cross sections of test materials can be acquired experimentally. For the required experimental study on Pb and Bi nuclear data uncertainties, the sample reactivity worth experiments are carried out at the KUCA core by the substitution of reference (aluminum) for test (Pb or Bi) materials, and numerical simulations are performed with stochastic and deterministic calculation codes together with major nuclear data libraries.
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Kirschner, Heiko. "Follow the Meta." In Materiale Analysen, 369–88. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-12614-8_19.
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Ekström, Anna, and Oskar Lindwall. "To follow the materials." In Interacting with Objects, 227–48. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/z.186.10eks.
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Heimke, Günther, and Walter Hund. "Follow-Up Studies Based Material Selection for Dental Implants." In Materials for Medical Engineering, 90–101. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/3527606149.ch12.
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Minuto, Andrea, Gijs Huisman, and Anton Nijholt. "Follow the Grass: A Smart Material Interactive Pervasive Display." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 144–57. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33542-6_13.
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Ashby, Michael, and Kara Johnson. "Form Follows Material." In Materials and Design, 110–27. Elsevier, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-098205-2.00006-8.
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Ashby, Mike, and Kara Johnson. "Form Follows Material." In Materials and Design, 104–21. Elsevier, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-85617-497-8.50006-4.
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"Material und form — „Form Follows Material?“." In Transparente Kunststoffe, 24–29. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-8294-0_2.
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"= (CTOD) where material strength. It then follows." In Post-Yield Fracture Mechanics, 273–301. CRC Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482275537-16.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Material follows"
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Nandi, Soumitra, and Zahed Siddique. "Components for Composite Material Customization System." In ASME 2009 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2009-87341.
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With the advancements of composite materials and research in nano-composites, designers have the flexibility to select materials from a wide range of properties to meet their specific design needs. Even with all these advancements, the material selection process during design follows a very conventional approach. The conventional approach to material design is to select a certain material from a given pre-set material list that allows the attainment of nearest properties required for the product. One of the disadvantages of this approach is that the trade-off inherent in the selection of material, when multiple properties are targeted, can be cumbersome to achieve or addressed at all. In this paper we present an approach to select and design composite materials, where the designer will have flexibility to select multiple properties of materials during the design of a new product. This approach employs an index for selection combined with heuristic optimization techniques to select the optimized combination of composite materials that could meet closest possible property goals. In the case study presented in this paper, we did not perform any optimization; rather, emphasize is given to the explanation of material selection technique, and an RMS value is introduced as an index for the selection.
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Wang, Yaomei, Biye Yang, Guiyong Zhang, Yichen Jiang, and Zhi Zong. "Simulating Ice-Structure Interaction With the Material Point Method." In ASME 2017 36th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2017-61392.
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The process of ice-structure interaction is a complex problem which is influenced by the properties of both ice and the structure. In this paper, the material point method (MPM) is introduced to simulate the interaction between an ice sheet and a cylinder structure. MPM is efficient in solving history dependent and large deformation problems and has shown advantage in hyper-velocity impact and landslide issues, etc.. The constitutive relation of ice is based on elasto-viscous-plastic model with the Drucker-Pragers yield criterion. Ice follows the Maxwell elasto-viscous model before the yield criterion is reached and fails when the plastic strain surpasses the failure strain. Meanwhile, the constitutive model used in this work considers the effect of the Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio, density, temperature, cohesive force and internal friction angle of ice. A series of simulations are conducted and the results are in accord with existing theories. According to the comparison, the influences of ice temperature and penetration speed of the structure on the global ice load are testified. The numerical tests have proven the feasibility of MPM in simulating the interaction between an ice sheet and a cylinder structure. Future work in ice-structure interaction problems with MPM is also discussed.
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Alexandrov, S. "An Approach to Predicting Evolution of Material Properties Near Surfaces With High Friction in Metal Forming." In World Tribology Congress III. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/wtc2005-63296.
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In the case of rigid/perfectly plastic material, the velocity fields in the vicinity of maximum friction surfaces must be describable by nondifferentiable functions. In particular, the equivalent strain rate follows an inverse square root rule near such surfaces and, therefore, approaches infinity at the surface. Because the equivalent strain rate is involved in many evolution equations for material properties, its behavior near the maximum friction surfaces should lead to high gradients in the material properties near the surface, which is confirmed by experiment. To quantitatively describe the evolution of material properties in the vicinity of surfaces with high friction, the concept of strain rate intensity factor can be adopted.
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Kalnins, Arturs, Jürgen Rudolph, and Adrian Willuweit. "Using the Nonlinear Kinematic Hardening Material Model of Chaboche for Elastic-Plastic Ratcheting Analysis." In ASME 2013 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2013-98150.
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Two calibration processes are selected for determining the parameters of the Chaboche nonlinear kinematic hardening (NLK) material model for stainless steel. One process is manual that requires no outside software and the other follows a finite element software. The basis of the calibration is the monotonic stress-strain curve obtained from a tension specimen subjected to unidirectional loading. The Chaboche model is meant for elastic-plastic ratcheting analysis that is included in commonly used design codes. It is chosen because it is known that it can represent realistically the materials that are used for power plant components and pressure vessels. To test the calibration results, a pressurized cylindrical shell subjected to thermal cycling is selected as an example. It was found that, for the example, no more than four Chaboche components should be used in the determination of its parameters.
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Castro, Alexandra, Cândida Vilarinho, Jorge Araújo, and Joana Carvalho. "Recovery of Paper Fibers From TetraPak® Packaging: Material and Energetic Valorization of the Remaining Fraction." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-38880.
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In this study, a methodology was developed for the treatment/valorization of all the constituent fractions of TetraPak ®, proposing pyrolysis technology for the recycling of plastic and aluminum fraction, resulting in the recovery process of the paper fibers. In percentage these three elements are distributed approximately as follows: 70% of cardboard (kraft paper), 25% of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and 5% of aluminum foil [1, 2, 3, 4]. It was developed an integrated and innovative methodology that starts with the recovery of the paper fibers, which must reintegrate the production cycle of the packaging company. Followed by the valorization of the remaining fraction, this fraction consists in plastic and aluminum, and is valorized through a pyrolysis process. The pyrolysis process is an irreversible chemical modification of compounds by the action of heat and in the absence of oxygen. This technology are used for energy recovery, which causes thermal degradation of the compounds in anoxic environment, and is therefore considered an environmentally friendly technology and it is considered one of the alternative routes for treatment of waste TetraPak ® packaging [4]. The pyrolysis tests were carried out in laboratory reactor at different temperatures (between 300 and 500°C). At the end of this process the aluminum was recovered and it was produced a synthesis gas with added value. This produced gas was constituted by CO, H2, CO2 e CH4 with maximum values recorded of 5000, 3200 e 7.5 ppm e 40%, respectively. The laboratory test were confirmed by the analysis of the thermal behavior by DTA/TGA and it was confirmed that the temperature of 500°C is the most indicated for energetic valorization of the aluminum, paper and plastic fraction.
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Poon, B., D. Rittel, and G. Ravichandran. "A Reexamination of the Extraction of Material Properties Using Nanoindentation." In ASME 2008 9th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2008-59413.
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The paper reexamines the extraction of material properties using nanoindentation for linearly elastic and elastic-plastic materials. The paper considers indentation performed using a rigid conical indenter, as follows. Linearly elastic solids: The reduction of nanoindentation test data of elastic solids is usually processed using Sneddon’s relation [1], which assumes a linearly elastic infinite half space and an infinitely sharp indenter tip. These assumptions are violated in practical indentation experiments. Since most of the research on the extraction of material properties relies heavily on numerical simulations, we used them to investigate the specimen dimensions required for it to qualify as an infinite body, and the indentation conditions for finite tip radius effect to be negligible. The outcome of this part is firstly, the definition of a “converged” 2D geometry so that additional magnification of the numerical model does not influence the load-displacement curve, and secondly, an explicit relationship between the measured load and displacement that takes into account the finite tip radius. Elastic-plastic solids: Here, the main data reduction technique was proposed by Pharr et al. [2], assuming elastic unloading of a plastic nanoindentation. We investigated the effects of finite tip radius in elastic-plastic indentations and found that the accuracy of the prediction is currently limited by the accurate determination of the projected contact area. This point will be discussed and a new experimental technique to measure the projected contact area will be proposed. The Poisson’s ratio effect in elastic-plastic indentations is found to be different from the linearly elastic case. This leads to the discussion on the applicability of the correction factor (for Poisson’s ratio effect) derived in linear elastic indentations, on elastic-plastic indentations. Finally, a technique to obtain an upper bound estimate of the yield stress for the indented elastic-plastic material (which is an exact estimation for non-hardening materials), will be presented.
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Endo, Masaya, Takahiro Tsukahara, and Yasuo Kawaguchi. "Relationship Between Diffusing-Material Lumps and Organized Structures in Turbulent Flow." In ASME/JSME/KSME 2015 Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajkfluids2015-24432.
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When a material spreads in the turbulent flow, its instantaneous concentration distribution becomes not homogenous in space, and areas with high concentration containing sudden change of the concentration are formed by the local intense turbulence. In this study, we extracted such localized high-concentration areas by a conditional sampling technique, and observed the behavior of the areas. In order to realize the scalar diffusion in quasi homogeneous isotropic turbulent flow, a model experiment was performed in a water channel flow. Fluorescent dye was introduced from a nozzle located at the center of the channel, and the concentration images of the dye were obtained at several downstream positions by PLIF measurement. To extract areas of high concentration containing a sudden change of the concentration, three types of analysis techniques including the conditional sampling technique were applied to PLIF images. By the conditional sampling technique, we can extract areas of high concentration, which cannot be identified by the other two kind methods, and the effectiveness of this technique was proved. It was found that the areas extracted by the conditional sampling technique appear as lumps. The spanwise numerical probability distribution of the lumps roughly follows the Gaussian distribution, and the peak of the distribution decreases while its standard variation increases as streamwise distance increases. This result implies that performing extraction of areas with high concentration appropriately would enable to realize the material diffusing process as a Lagrange particle and provide a prediction method about the material diffusion source and the damage of the pollutant.
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Mousa, S., M. Atta, A. A. Abd-Elhady, Ahmed Abu-Sinna, O. Bafakeeh, and H. E. M. Sallam. "Mechanical and Bond Behavior of an Advanced Quranic Metal-Matrix Composite Material (QMMC)." In ASME 2019 14th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2019-2950.
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Abstract The holy Quran, from more than 1400 years, told us that Zul-karnain had made a metallic composite material between iron and copper [1,2] as follows: “Bring me sheets of iron” — until, when he had leveled [them] between the two mountain walls, he said, “Blow [with bellows],” until when he had made it [like] fire, he said, “Bring me, that I may pour over it molten copper * So Gog and Magog were unable to pass over it, nor were they able [to effect] in it any penetration.”: Translation of verses 96 and 97 in Surah Al-Kahf (18), The holy Quran [3]. According to the above story, the matrix is copper, while reinforcement is iron of this metal matrix composite. The present paper is going to investigate the Metal-Matrix Composite Material (MMC) suggested by Zul-karnain at different manufacturing conditions by using the experimental method. The effect of reinforcement temperature on the integrity of such MMC is one of the main goals of the present work. The mechanical behavior of the present QMMC is also examined in the present research as preliminary study. Furthermore, the finite element method is used to predicate the debonding force of MMC based on Virtual-Crack-Closing-Technique (VCCT).
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Horn, Agnes Marie, Erling Østby, Viggo Røneid, and Finn Kirkemo. "Environmental Assisted Cracking of High Strength Subsea Material due to CP." In ASME 2019 38th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2019-96685.
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Abstract Several of the offshore fields in the North Sea are approaching the end of their design life and a cost-effective solution to maximize production is to document that life extension is feasible for an asset. A trend the resent years [1] is that the BOP become larger, hence the required fatigue life increases. One way to meet the increased fatigue life and external loading is to use higher strength steel to meet the design requirements set by the operators. This has motivated research related to the fatigue performance of the base material connector material both for air and under sea water with cathodic protection (CP) [2,3,4] and possible degradation of ductility and toughness in seawater with CP. However, relevant test data for wellheads material that have been in service is not to the authors knowledge, available, nor recommendations in design guidelines related to possible material degradation to be safely applied for life extension of these assets. To better evaluate life extension of subsea wellheads, a test campaign was initiated by Equinor on a retrieved wellhead in 2015. The wellhead had been in operation since 2000 in the North Sea. The general purpose of the test program was to evaluate if the low alloy steel AISI 8630 modified material had been substantial degraded during 15 years in service compared to design material properties and the materials susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement. The test program performed consisted of slow strain rate testing (SSRT) to document possible reduction of strength and ductility, CTOD testing to document possible reduction in toughness and S-N testing to establish the fatigue strength reduction due to seawater with CP. The outline of the paper is as follows: first a summary of the latest research and trends within wellhead fatigue and materials are discussed. Next, a detailed description of the test program is given: SSRT, toughness testing and fatigue testing are presented. Finally, recommendations and proposal for further research work are given.
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Navazi, H. M., H. Haddadpour, and M. Rasekh. "An Analytical Solution for Nonlinear Cylindrical Bending of Functionally Graded Plates." In ASME 8th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2006-95252.
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In this paper, the nonlinear cylindrical bending of a functionally graded plate is studied. The material properties of the plate are assumed to be graded continuously in the direction of thickness. The variation of the material properties follows a simple power-law distribution in terms of the volume fractions of constituents. The von Karman strains are used to construct the nonlinear equilibrium equations of the plates subjected to in-plane and transverse loadings. The governing equations are reduced to linear differential equation with nonlinear boundary conditions yielding a simple solution procedure. The results show that the functionally graded plates exhibit different behavior from plates made of pure materials in cylindrical bending. Also, it is shown that the linear plate theory is inadequate for analysis of FG plate even in the small deflection range.
Reports on the topic "Material follows"
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Habert, Guillaume, and Francesco Pittau. Joint synthesis “Sustainable Concrete Structures” of the NRP “Energy”. Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), February 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46446/publication_nrp70_nrp71.2020.5.en.
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All structures in Switzerland - that is, all buildings, roads, infrastructure constructions and so on - consume over their entire life cycle around 50 % of Switzerland's final energy requirement. They are also responsible for around 30 % of emissions of the greenhouse gas CO2. In recent decades, the energy requirements and CO2 emissions resulting from the use of such structures have fallen sharply. However, the grey energy contained within the structures as well as the CO2 emissions associated with the construction, renovation and demolition of buildings, remain high. There is great potential for improvement here. The joint project “Low energy concrete” provides an important basis for transforming the construction industry into a sustainable sector. It primarily focuses on the building material concrete, which is responsible for an especially high amount of grey energy and significant CO2 emissions. The results of this joint project are summarised and interpreted in this synthesis on “Sustainable Concrete Structures”. The chief objectives of the joint project were as follows: CO2 emissions and grey energy are reduced by drastically decreasing the amount of clinker in the cement. Grey energy is reduced by replacing reinforcing and prestressing steel in concrete structures with wood and plastic. The service life of the structures is extended by professional monitoring and adequate renovation measures; this reduces the average annual grey energy and CO2 emissions. The research work shows that the CO2 emissions caused by concrete and concrete structures can be reduced by a factor of 4, while the bound grey energy can be decreased by a factor of 3.
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Doyle, Jesse D., Nolan R. Hoffman, and M. Kelvin Taylor. Aircraft Arrestor System Panel Joint Improvement. U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41342.
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Aircraft Arresting Systems (AAS) for military applications utilize sacrificial panels made of Ultra-High Molecular Weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) that are embedded into the pavement beneath the AAS cable to protect the pavement from cable damage. Problems have been observed with the materials and practices used to seal the UHMWPE panel joints from water and debris. Data obtained from laboratory and field studies were used make improvements to current practice for sealing UHMWPE panel joints. The study evaluated four joint-sealant materials, eight alternative surface treatment and preparation techniques to promote adhesion to UHMWPE, and seven joint-edge geometries. Bond-strength testing of joint-sealant specimens was conducted in the laboratory, followed by field evaluation of construction techniques. Field performance of the joint systems was monitored for 24 months after installation. Additionally, a thermal response model was developed to refine the joint design dimensions. Results confirmed that the best material to use was self-leveling silicone joint sealant. It was recommended that a dovetail groove be cut into the edge of UHMW panels to provide positive mechanical interlock and to reduce adhesive failures of the sealant. It was also recommended that the panel-to-panel joint-sealant reservoir be widened to prevent sealant compression damage.
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Kennedy, Alan, David Moore, and Taylor Rycroft. Field survey to prioritize needs for modernizing dredged material evaluation guidance. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40701.
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This technical note synthesizes and disseminates results of a 2020 survey of USACE dredging program and project managers to identify and prioritize needs related to the modernization and streamlining of the dredged material assessment decision guidance pursuant to Section 404 of the Clean Water Act (CWA) and Section 103 of the Marine Protection Research and Sanctuaries Act (MPRSA). Priorities identified through the survey and subsequent follow-on interviews—together with advances in science and technology—will facilitate development of an electronic decision guidance tool to enable consistent, timely, and cost-effective dredged material management decisions. This tool will also facilitate a standardized database for ready access to historical data.
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Boehm, Ted W., and Jim Handy. Central HMA Acceptance Lab Process Improvement Implementation Plan Project. Purdue University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317130.
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The Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) Central Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) Acceptance Lab was opened on March 29, 2018 at the Office of Materials Management (OMM) facility in Indianapolis. The state-of-the-art lab conducts acceptance testing on HMA samples from INDOT’s Crawfordsville and Greenfield districts, as well as testing of appeals samples from the other four INDOT districts. Each HMA sample undergoes multiple sequences acceptance testing processes. In 2019, project SPR-4353 “Central HMA Acceptance Lab Process Improvement Project” was conducted with the goal to improve organization, flow of work and efficiency in the central region HMA Acceptance Lab for all tests done, and provide implementation leading to the reduction of turnaround time from six days to four days. This project follows key recommended actions from SPR-4353 to implementation.
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Qamhia, Issam, and Erol Tutumluer. Evaluation of Geosynthetics Use in Pavement Foundation Layers and Their Effects on Design Methods. Illinois Center for Transportation, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-025.
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This report presents findings of a research effort aimed at reviewing and updating existing Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT) specifications and manuals regarding the use of geosynthetic materials in pavements. The project consisted of three tasks: evaluate current IDOT practice related to the use of geosynthetics; review research and state of the practice on geosynthetics applications, available products, design methods, and specifications; and propose recommendations for geosynthetic solutions in pavements to modernize IDOT’s practices and manuals. The review of IDOT specifications revealed that geotextiles are the most used geosynthetic product in Illinois, followed by geogrids. Several of IDOT’s manuals have comprehensive guidelines to properly design and construct pavements with geosynthetics, but several knowledge gaps and potential areas for modernization and adoption of new specifications still exist. Based on the review of the available design methods and the most relevant geosynthetic properties and characterization methods linked to field performance, several updates to IDOT’s practice were proposed. Areas of improvement are listed as follows. First, establish proper mechanisms for using geogrids, geocells, and geotextiles in subgrade restraint and base stabilization applications. This includes using shear wave transducers, i.e., bender elements, to quantify local stiffness enhancements and adopting the Giroud and Han design method for subgrade restraint applications. Second, update IDOT’s Subgrade Stability Manual to include property requirements for geogrids, geotextiles, and geocells suitable for subgrade restraint applications. Third, establish proper standards on stabilization, separation, and pumping resistance for geotextiles by incorporating recent research findings on geotextile clogging and permeability criteria. Fourth, promote the use of modern geosynthetic products, such as geotextiles with enhanced lateral drainage, and fifth, elaborate on proper methods for construction/quality control measures for pavements with geosynthetics.
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Brophy, Kenny, and Alison Sheridan, eds. Neolithic Scotland: ScARF Panel Report. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, June 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.06.2012.196.
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The main recommendations of the Panel report can be summarised as follows: The Overall Picture: more needs to be understood about the process of acculturation of indigenous communities; about the Atlantic, Breton strand of Neolithisation; about the ‘how and why’ of the spread of Grooved Ware use and its associated practices and traditions; and about reactions to Continental Beaker novelties which appeared from the 25th century. The Detailed Picture: Our understanding of developments in different parts of Scotland is very uneven, with Shetland and the north-west mainland being in particular need of targeted research. Also, here and elsewhere in Scotland, the chronology of developments needs to be clarified, especially as regards developments in the Hebrides. Lifeways and Lifestyles: Research needs to be directed towards filling the substantial gaps in our understanding of: i) subsistence strategies; ii) landscape use (including issues of population size and distribution); iii) environmental change and its consequences – and in particular issues of sea level rise, peat formation and woodland regeneration; and iv) the nature and organisation of the places where people lived; and to track changes over time in all of these. Material Culture and Use of Resources: In addition to fine-tuning our characterisation of material culture and resource use (and its changes over the course of the Neolithic), we need to apply a wider range of analytical approaches in order to discover more about manufacture and use.Some basic questions still need to be addressed (e.g. the chronology of felsite use in Shetland; what kind of pottery was in use, c 3000–2500, in areas where Grooved Ware was not used, etc.) and are outlined in the relevant section of the document. Our knowledge of organic artefacts is very limited, so research in waterlogged contexts is desirable. Identity, Society, Belief Systems: Basic questions about the organisation of society need to be addressed: are we dealing with communities that started out as egalitarian, but (in some regions) became socially differentiated? Can we identify acculturated indigenous people? How much mobility, and what kind of mobility, was there at different times during the Neolithic? And our chronology of certain monument types and key sites (including the Ring of Brodgar, despite its recent excavation) requires to be clarified, especially since we now know that certain types of monument (including Clava cairns) were not built during the Neolithic. The way in which certain types of site (e.g. large palisaded enclosures) were used remains to be clarified. Research and methodological issues: There is still much ignorance of the results of past and current research, so more effective means of dissemination are required. Basic inventory information (e.g. the Scottish Human Remains Database) needs to be compiled, and Canmore and museum database information needs to be updated and expanded – and, where not already available online, placed online, preferably with a Scottish Neolithic e-hub that directs the enquirer to all the available sources of information. The Historic Scotland on-line radiocarbon date inventory needs to be resurrected and kept up to date. Under-used resources, including the rich aerial photography archive in the NMRS, need to have their potential fully exploited. Multi-disciplinary, collaborative research (and the application of GIS modelling to spatial data in order to process the results) is vital if we are to escape from the current ‘silo’ approach and address key research questions from a range of perspectives; and awareness of relevant research outside Scotland is essential if we are to avoid reinventing the wheel. Our perspective needs to encompass multi-scale approaches, so that ScARF Neolithic Panel Report iv developments within Scotland can be understood at a local, regional and wider level. Most importantly, the right questions need to be framed, and the right research strategies need to be developed, in order to extract the maximum amount of information about the Scottish Neolithic.
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Lee, Jusang, John E. Haddock, Dario D. Batioja Alvarez, and Reyhaneh Rahbar Rastegar. Quality Control and Quality Assurance of Asphalt Mixtures Using Laboratory Rutting and Cracking Tests. Purdue University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317087.
Full textAbstract:
The main objectives of this project were to review the available balanced-mix design (BMD) methodologies, understand the I-FIT and Hamburg Wheel Tracking Test (HWTT) test methods using INDOT asphalt mixtures, and to explore the application of these tests to both a BMD approach and as performance-related Quality Control (QC) and Quality Acceptance (QA) methods. Two QA mixture specimen types, plant-mixed laboratory-compacted (PMLC) and plant-mixed field-compacted (PMFC) were used in the determination of cracking and rutting parameters. Distribution functions for the flexibility index (FI) values and rutting parameters were determined for various mixture types. The effects of specimen geometry and air voids contents on the calculated Flexibility Index (FI) and rutting parameters were investigated. The fatigue characteristics of selected asphalt mixtures were determined using the S-VECD test according to different FI levels for different conditions. A typical full-depth pavement section was implemented in FlexPAVE to explore the cracking characteristics of INDOT asphalt mixtures by investigating the relationship between the FI values of QA samples with the FlexPAVE pavement performance predictions. The FI values obtained from PMFC specimens were consistently higher than their corresponding PMLC specimens. This study also found that FI values were affected significantly by variations in specimen thickness and air voids contents, having higher FI values with higher air voids contents and thinner specimens. These observations do not agree with the general material-performance expectations that better cracking resistance is achieved with lower air voids content and thicker layers. Additionally, PG 70-22 mixtures show the lowest mean FI values followed by the PG 76-22 and 64-22 mixtures. The same order was observed from the ΔTc (asphalt binder cracking index) of INDOT’s 2017 and 2018 projects. Finally, it was found that the HWTT showed reasonable sensitivity to the different characteristics (e.g., aggregate sizes, binder types, and air voids contents) of asphalt mixtures. Mixtures containing modified asphalt binders showed better rut resistance and higher Rutting Resistance Index (RRI) than those containing unmodified binders.
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McDonagh, Marian, Andrea C. Skelly, Amy Hermesch, Ellen Tilden, Erika D. Brodt, Tracy Dana, Shaun Ramirez, et al. Cervical Ripening in the Outpatient Setting. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer238.
Full textAbstract:
Objectives. To assess the comparative effectiveness and potential harms of cervical ripening in the outpatient setting (vs. inpatient, vs. other outpatient intervention) and of fetal surveillance when a prostaglandin is used for cervical ripening. Data sources. Electronic databases (Ovid® MEDLINE®, Embase®, CINAHL®, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews) to July 2020; reference lists; and a Federal Register notice. Review methods. Using predefined criteria and dual review, we selected randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort studies of cervical ripening comparing prostaglandins and mechanical methods in outpatient versus inpatient settings; one outpatient method versus another (including placebo or expectant management); and different methods/protocols for fetal surveillance in cervical ripening using prostaglandins. When data from similar study designs, populations, and outcomes were available, random effects using profile likelihood meta-analyses were conducted. Inconsistency (using I2) and small sample size bias (publication bias, if ≥10 studies) were assessed. Strength of evidence (SOE) was assessed. All review methods followed Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Evidence-based Practice Center methods guidance. Results. We included 30 RCTs and 10 cohort studies (73% fair quality) involving 9,618 women. The evidence is most applicable to women aged 25 to 30 years with singleton, vertex presentation and low-risk pregnancies. No studies on fetal surveillance were found. The frequency of cesarean delivery (2 RCTs, 4 cohort studies) or suspected neonatal sepsis (2 RCTs) was not significantly different using outpatient versus inpatient dinoprostone for cervical ripening (SOE: low). In comparisons of outpatient versus inpatient single-balloon catheters (3 RCTs, 2 cohort studies), differences between groups on cesarean delivery, birth trauma (e.g., cephalohematoma), and uterine infection were small and not statistically significant (SOE: low), and while shoulder dystocia occurred less frequently in the outpatient group (1 RCT; 3% vs. 11%), the difference was not statistically significant (SOE: low). In comparing outpatient catheters and inpatient dinoprostone (1 double-balloon and 1 single-balloon RCT), the difference between groups for both cesarean delivery and postpartum hemorrhage was small and not statistically significant (SOE: low). Evidence on other outcomes in these comparisons and for misoprostol, double-balloon catheters, and hygroscopic dilators was insufficient to draw conclusions. In head to head comparisons in the outpatient setting, the frequency of cesarean delivery was not significantly different between 2.5 mg and 5 mg dinoprostone gel, or latex and silicone single-balloon catheters (1 RCT each, SOE: low). Differences between prostaglandins and placebo for cervical ripening were small and not significantly different for cesarean delivery (12 RCTs), shoulder dystocia (3 RCTs), or uterine infection (7 RCTs) (SOE: low). These findings did not change according to the specific prostaglandin, route of administration, study quality, or gestational age. Small, nonsignificant differences in the frequency of cesarean delivery (6 RCTs) and uterine infection (3 RCTs) were also found between dinoprostone and either membrane sweeping or expectant management (SOE: low). These findings did not change according to the specific prostaglandin or study quality. Evidence on other comparisons (e.g., single-balloon catheter vs. dinoprostone) or other outcomes was insufficient. For all comparisons, there was insufficient evidence on other important outcomes such as perinatal mortality and time from admission to vaginal birth. Limitations of the evidence include the quantity, quality, and sample sizes of trials for specific interventions, particularly rare harm outcomes. Conclusions. In women with low-risk pregnancies, the risk of cesarean delivery and fetal, neonatal, or maternal harms using either dinoprostone or single-balloon catheters was not significantly different for cervical ripening in the outpatient versus inpatient setting, and similar when compared with placebo, expectant management, or membrane sweeping in the outpatient setting. This evidence is low strength, and future studies are needed to confirm these findings.
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Saville, Alan, and Caroline Wickham-Jones, eds. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Scotland : Scottish Archaeological Research Framework Panel Report. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, June 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.06.2012.163.
Full textAbstract:
Why research Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Scotland? Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology sheds light on the first colonisation and subsequent early inhabitation of Scotland. It is a growing and exciting field where increasing Scottish evidence has been given wider significance in the context of European prehistory. It extends over a long period, which saw great changes, including substantial environmental transformations, and the impact of, and societal response to, climate change. The period as a whole provides the foundation for the human occupation of Scotland and is crucial for understanding prehistoric society, both for Scotland and across North-West Europe. Within the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods there are considerable opportunities for pioneering research. Individual projects can still have a substantial impact and there remain opportunities for pioneering discoveries including cemeteries, domestic and other structures, stratified sites, and for exploring the huge evidential potential of water-logged and underwater sites. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology also stimulates and draws upon exciting multi-disciplinary collaborations. Panel Task and Remit The panel remit was to review critically the current state of knowledge and consider promising areas of future research into the earliest prehistory of Scotland. This was undertaken with a view to improved understanding of all aspects of the colonization and inhabitation of the country by peoples practising a wholly hunter-fisher-gatherer way of life prior to the advent of farming. In so doing, it was recognised as particularly important that both environmental data (including vegetation, fauna, sea level, and landscape work) and cultural change during this period be evaluated. The resultant report, outlines the different areas of research in which archaeologists interested in early prehistory work, and highlights the research topics to which they aspire. The report is structured by theme: history of investigation; reconstruction of the environment; the nature of the archaeological record; methodologies for recreating the past; and finally, the lifestyles of past people – the latter representing both a statement of current knowledge and the ultimate aim for archaeologists; the goal of all the former sections. The document is reinforced by material on-line which provides further detail and resources. The Palaeolithic and Mesolithic panel report of ScARF is intended as a resource to be utilised, built upon, and kept updated, hopefully by those it has helped inspire and inform as well as those who follow in their footsteps. Future Research The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarized under four key headings: Visibility: Due to the considerable length of time over which sites were formed, and the predominant mobility of the population, early prehistoric remains are to be found right across the landscape, although they often survive as ephemeral traces and in low densities. Therefore, all archaeological work should take into account the expectation of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic ScARF Panel Report iv encountering early prehistoric remains. This applies equally to both commercial and research archaeology, and to amateur activity which often makes the initial discovery. This should not be seen as an obstacle, but as a benefit, and not finding such remains should be cause for question. There is no doubt that important evidence of these periods remains unrecognised in private, public, and commercial collections and there is a strong need for backlog evaluation, proper curation and analysis. The inadequate representation of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic information in existing national and local databases must be addressed. Collaboration: Multi-disciplinary, collaborative, and cross- sector approaches must be encouraged – site prospection, prediction, recognition, and contextualisation are key areas to this end. Reconstructing past environments and their chronological frameworks, and exploring submerged and buried landscapes offer existing examples of fruitful, cross-disciplinary work. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology has an important place within Quaternary science and the potential for deeply buried remains means that geoarchaeology should have a prominent role. Innovation: Research-led projects are currently making a substantial impact across all aspects of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology; a funding policy that acknowledges risk and promotes the innovation that these periods demand should be encouraged. The exploration of lesser known areas, work on different types of site, new approaches to artefacts, and the application of novel methodologies should all be promoted when engaging with the challenges of early prehistory. Tackling the ‘big questions’: Archaeologists should engage with the big questions of earliest prehistory in Scotland, including the colonisation of new land, how lifestyles in past societies were organized, the effects of and the responses to environmental change, and the transitions to new modes of life. This should be done through a holistic view of the available data, encompassing all the complexities of interpretation and developing competing and testable models. Scottish data can be used to address many of the currently topical research topics in archaeology, and will provide a springboard to a better understanding of early prehistoric life in Scotland and beyond.
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McKenna, Patrick, and Mark Evans. Emergency Relief and complex service delivery: Towards better outcomes. Queensland University of Technology, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.211133.
Full textAbstract:
Emergency Relief (ER) is a Department of Social Services (DSS) funded program, delivered by 197 community organisations (ER Providers) across Australia, to assist people facing a financial crisis with financial/material aid and referrals to other support programs. ER has been playing this important role in Australian communities since 1979. Without ER, more people living in Australia who experience a financial crisis might face further harm such as crippling debt or homelessness. The Emergency Relief National Coordination Group (NCG) was established in April 2020 at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic to advise the Minister for Families and Social Services on the implementation of ER. To inform its advice to the Minister, the NCG partnered with the Institute for Governance at the University of Canberra to conduct research to understand the issues and challenges faced by ER Providers and Service Users in local contexts across Australia. The research involved a desktop review of the existing literature on ER service provision, a large survey which all Commonwealth ER Providers were invited to participate in (and 122 responses were received), interviews with a purposive sample of 18 ER Providers, and the development of a program logic and theory of change for the Commonwealth ER program to assess progress. The surveys and interviews focussed on ER Provider perceptions of the strengths, weaknesses, future challenges, and areas of improvement for current ER provision. The trend of increasing case complexity, the effectiveness of ER service delivery models in achieving outcomes for Service Users, and the significance of volunteering in the sector were investigated. Separately, an evaluation of the performance of the NCG was conducted and a summary of the evaluation is provided as an appendix to this report. Several themes emerged from the review of the existing literature such as service delivery shortcomings in dealing with case complexity, the effectiveness of case management, and repeat requests for service. Interviews with ER workers and Service Users found that an uplift in workforce capability was required to deal with increasing case complexity, leading to recommendations for more training and service standards. Several service evaluations found that ER delivered with case management led to high Service User satisfaction, played an integral role in transforming the lives of people with complex needs, and lowered repeat requests for service. A large longitudinal quantitative study revealed that more time spent with participants substantially decreased the number of repeat requests for service; and, given that repeat requests for service can be an indicator of entrenched poverty, not accessing further services is likely to suggest improvement. The interviews identified the main strengths of ER to be the rapid response and flexible use of funds to stabilise crisis situations and connect people to other supports through strong local networks. Service Users trusted the system because of these strengths, and ER was often an access point to holistic support. There were three main weaknesses identified. First, funding contracts were too short and did not cover the full costs of the program—in particular, case management for complex cases. Second, many Service Users were dependent on ER which was inconsistent with the definition and intent of the program. Third, there was inconsistency in the level of service received by Service Users in different geographic locations. These weaknesses can be improved upon with a joined-up approach featuring co-design and collaborative governance, leading to the successful commissioning of social services. The survey confirmed that volunteers were significant for ER, making up 92% of all workers and 51% of all hours worked in respondent ER programs. Of the 122 respondents, volunteers amounted to 554 full-time equivalents, a contribution valued at $39.4 million. In total there were 8,316 volunteers working in the 122 respondent ER programs. The sector can support and upskill these volunteers (and employees in addition) by developing scalable training solutions such as online training modules, updating ER service standards, and engaging in collaborative learning arrangements where large and small ER Providers share resources. More engagement with peak bodies such as Volunteering Australia might also assist the sector to improve the focus on volunteer engagement. Integrated services achieve better outcomes for complex ER cases—97% of survey respondents either agreed or strongly agreed this was the case. The research identified the dimensions of service integration most relevant to ER Providers to be case management, referrals, the breadth of services offered internally, co-location with interrelated service providers, an established network of support, workforce capability, and Service User engagement. Providers can individually focus on increasing the level of service integration for their ER program to improve their ability to deal with complex cases, which are clearly on the rise. At the system level, a more joined-up approach can also improve service integration across Australia. The key dimensions of this finding are discussed next in more detail. Case management is key for achieving Service User outcomes for complex cases—89% of survey respondents either agreed or strongly agreed this was the case. Interviewees most frequently said they would provide more case management if they could change their service model. Case management allows for more time spent with the Service User, follow up with referral partners, and a higher level of expertise in service delivery to support complex cases. Of course, it is a costly model and not currently funded for all Service Users through ER. Where case management is not available as part of ER, it might be available through a related service that is part of a network of support. Where possible, ER Providers should facilitate access to case management for Service Users who would benefit. At a system level, ER models with a greater component of case management could be implemented as test cases. Referral systems are also key for achieving Service User outcomes, which is reflected in the ER Program Logic presented on page 31. The survey and interview data show that referrals within an integrated service (internal) or in a service hub (co-located) are most effective. Where this is not possible, warm referrals within a trusted network of support are more effective than cold referrals leading to higher take-up and beneficial Service User outcomes. However, cold referrals are most common, pointing to a weakness in ER referral systems. This is because ER Providers do not operate or co-locate with interrelated services in many cases, nor do they have the case management capacity to provide warm referrals in many other cases. For mental illness support, which interviewees identified as one of the most difficult issues to deal with, ER Providers offer an integrated service only 23% of the time, warm referrals 34% of the time, and cold referrals 43% of the time. A focus on referral systems at the individual ER Provider level, and system level through a joined-up approach, might lead to better outcomes for Service Users. The program logic and theory of change for ER have been documented with input from the research findings and included in Section 4.3 on page 31. These show that ER helps people facing a financial crisis to meet their immediate needs, avoid further harm, and access a path to recovery. The research demonstrates that ER is fundamental to supporting vulnerable people in Australia and should therefore continue to be funded by government.