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1
Henley, John S. The development of work incentives in Chinese industrial enterprises: Material versus non-material incentives. University of Edinburgh. Department of Business Studies, 1986.
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2
Tushkanov, Mihail, Vladimir Vodyannikov, Artem Maksimov, et al. Organization of agricultural production. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1048573.
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The textbook examines the laws and principles of the organization of agricultural production, the essence, organizational and economic foundations of the creation and operation of agricultural enterprises of various organizational and legal forms. The issues of organization and use of resource potential (land, fixed assets, labor), material incentives, economic calculation, intra-economic economic relations are described. The issues of organization of production of crop production, horticulture and animal husbandry, its storage and sale, environmental protection in the production of organic products are disclosed. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. For bachelor students studying in the direction of training 38.03.02 " Management "(profiles "Production Management", "Marketing", "Logistics").
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Tushkanov, Mihail, Artem Maksimov, Lyudmila Cherevko, Lyubov' Vinnichek, and Natal'ya Gur'yanova. Organization of production and entrepreneurship in the agro-industrial complex. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1984951.
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The textbook examines the patterns and principles of the organization of agricultural production; describes the essence and organizational and economic foundations of the creation and activities of agricultural organizations of various organizational and legal forms; outlines the issues of the organization and use of resource potential (land, labor, fixed and working capital), the composition and basic principles of the construction and management of the farming system and the crop industry: specializations and combinations of industries, on-farm planning. The principles and methods of labor rationing, forms and systems of its payment, material incentives for employees are disclosed. The material on the organization of crop production branches, the analysis of the production and economic activities of an agricultural enterprise, the organization of entrepreneurial and commercial activities, the nature of risk and the choice of a strategy in entrepreneurial activity is presented.
 Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
 It is intended for students of agricultural universities studying in the agronomic specialty (all profiles).
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(Nigeria), Anambra State. Incentives and investment potentials in Anambra State and natural resources base for industrial raw materials. Anambra State, 1997.
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S, Karelin V., ред. Stimulirovanie povyshenii͡a︡ ėffektivnosti proizvodstva i kachestva stroitelʹnykh materialov. Stroĭizdat, 1986.
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6
Naumov, Vladimir. Markets information and communication technology and sales organization. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/21026.
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In the textbook sets out the basic information about the structure of markets, information and communication technologies (ICT), the methods of their research, assessing the attractiveness and forecasting, criteria and methods of segmentation. Deals with the organization of the sales Department of an IT company, involving analysis of organizational forms, population division, methods of remuneration and non-material incentives for experts dealing with sales of ICT products. Sets out the methodology for strategic sales of complex IT solutions, the technique of negotiation and the basics of neurolinguistic programming.
 The textbook pays attention to the peculiarities of the sales and promotion of ICT products through the Internet, the possibilities of the use of CRM systems. The principles of the organization of partnerships with clients. This methodical approaches to the assessment of the efficiency of the sales Department of an IT company and its sales staff. Discusses the economic evaluation of the project implementation in selling IT solutions.
 The textbook is prepared in accordance with the requirements of Federal state educational standard of higher education of the last generation.
 Designed for students enrolled in training 38.03.05 "Business-Informatics", but it can be useful to students from other disciplines and practitioners working in the field of information and communication technologies.
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Akopi︠a︡n, I. G. Ėkonomicheskoe stimulirovanie rat︠s︡ionalʹnogo ispolʹzovanii︠a︡ materialʹnykh resursov. Izd-vo AN Armi︠a︡nskoi SSR, 1985.
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8
Andrea, Keenan, and Georges Danielle, eds. Green building: Project planning & cost estimating : a practical guide for constructing sustainable buildings : cost data for green materials, components & systems, special project requirements, financial analysis & incentives. R.S. Means, 2002.
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9
Indonesia. Biro Perencanaan dan Informasi. Perkembangan penanaman modal, Juni 2005: Persetujuan, persetujuan fasilitas keringanan bea masuk barang modal, persetujuan fasilitas keringanan bea masuk bahan baku, izin usaha tetap = Trend of investment, June 2005 : investment approvals, approvals of import duty incentives of capital goods, approvals of import duty incentives of raw materials, permanent licenses. Biro Perencanaan dan Informasi, Badan Koordinasi Penanaman Modal Republik Indonesia, 2005.
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10
Pay-For-Perfomance Model Refinement and Advocacy (Project : Bangladesh), Population Council (Bangladesh), and UNICEF Bangladesh, eds. Incentivizing providers to improve maternal, newborn and child health services in Bangladesh: Pay-for-performance model refinement and advocacy (P4P MRA) final report. Population Council, 2013.
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11
Krzywdzinski, Martin. Theory and State of the Research. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198806486.003.0002.
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This chapter discusses the state of the current research on workplace consent in authoritarian states. It reviews the existing empirical studies of factory regimes in Russia and China and existing theories of workplace consent. The core of the chapter focuses on developing the theoretical approach used in the study. This approach centers on three consent-generation mechanisms: socialization, incentives, and participation. Taken together, these mechanisms are referred to as the factory regime. Based on the assumption that participation mechanisms are absent or underdeveloped in authoritarian societies, the chapter develops the thesis that, to generate consent and compensate for the lack of participation, authoritarian societies need to rely on very intensive organizational socialization processes (including social engineering) and material incentives.
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Burçin, Demirbilek. Europeanisation in Turkish Water Management Policy. The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, 2022. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781666991444.
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Rational institutionalism’s theoretical explanations for external Europeanisation focus on material incentives such as accession conditionality in determining change in non-EU states. However, such exogenous explanations struggle to interpret ongoing Europeanisation where accession incentives have declined or even reversed (‘stalled’ accession), but institutional adjustment still continues. This Europeanization phenomenon is evident in Turkey, a state that had actively pursued EU membership between 1999 and 2004, resulting in domestic institutional reform to align governance structures with the EU. Thereafter, Europeanisation has reversed in some policy sectors but nonetheless continued in others such as Turkish water policy, despite a declining accession process. Rational institutional arguments therefore appear to lose explanatory power for such events post-2005. An alternative theoretical proposition forwarded is that the EU accession process embedded a self-sustaining cycle of socialization through social learning around water policy norms amongst policy actors that has continued beyond this accession imperative.
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California's incentives for production of virgin and secondary materials. The Board, 1993.
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14
Stoneman, Paul, Eleonora Bartoloni, and Maurizio Baussola. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198816676.003.0001.
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This chapter introduces the book and discusses its main objective—the microeconomic analysis of product innovation—and its potential readership—third-year undergraduate and postgraduate students, researchers, private and public sector policy professionals—both in economics and in management and business. The chapter argues that this book will fill an important gap in the literature. It also provides an overview of subsequent chapters, summarizes their content, and describes the way they interact. In particular, it indicates that the material provided encompasses the definition of product innovation, the sources of new products, the measurement and extent of product innovation, analytical material on the demand for new products, their supply, and the incentives to product innovation, empirical material on the determination of the extent of product innovation, the diffusion or spread of product innovations, the impact of product innovation on firm performance, price measurement, and welfare and policy issues relating to product innovation.
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Montibeller, Gilberto Ristow. O Mito do desenvolvimento sustentável: Meio ambiente e custos sociais no moderno sistema produtor de mercadorias. Brazil Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-451-7.
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In this book we analyse the sustainability question in the Modern Production System, which today encompasses most of the world economy. We present concepts, theories, indicators, indices, formulas, methods and historical date to examine the evolution and trends of two sustainable development dimensions: socioeconomic and environmental. We focus on the nature-economy nexus and analyse its contradictory process: the more the economics needs nature, the more its cause natural resources depletion and environmental degradation. The huge increase on CO2 emissions in the last three decades – from oil, coal and another non-renewable resources– provides strong evidence to such contradiction. We then analyze the role of material recycle as a solution against both, resources depletion and environmental degradation. Our analysis suggests that the recycle of materials can only contribute to reduce the problem. Moreover, there cycle process of materials depends, on many cases, of public or social subsidies – as financial incentives from the government and domestic material selection. The environment problem transcends borders (as an enterprise, a village, a city, or a country): one can be sustainable, but in fact transfer to other its environmental problem. We adopt the notion of Environmental Space to deal with the sustainability question. We then present and apply the concept of Eco-inequal Exchange to analyse such a question. The environmental movement, which started about fifty years ago, did transform the sustainable development into a global mission. By exposing socio-environmental problems generated by the modern production system itself, this book aims to contribute to a better understanding the limits and possibilities of ours actions as environmentalists.
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Sot͡s︡ialistichesko samoupravlenie, trudova aktivnost, sot͡s︡ialno-ikonomichesko stimulirane: Materiali ot diskusii͡a︡. Nauchnoizsl. in-t po profsŭi͡u︡zni problemi "Georgi Dimitrov" pri T͡S︡S na BPS, 1987.
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Bendix, Regina F., Kilian Bizer, and Dorothy Noyes. Holding Up and Folding Up. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040894.003.0006.
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The late stages of a project life cycle raise interlocking challenges of sustaining participation and producing results. External incentives and material challenges weigh more heavily, requiring attention to sociability and the transitions of junior researchers. With mutual knowledge gained, research team activities can shift from generative ambiguity to clarification, identifying unexpected points of convergence and laying out the stakes of irreconciliable differences. These activities in Göttingen offered hindsight to be reaped in subsequent projects regarding mechanisms for capturing emergent insights as well as sustaining an ecology of project "outputs": scholarly and public, disciplinary and interdisciplinary publications. In the absence of consensus on policy recommendations, projects can serve the public through communication elucidating the stakes of hot problems and the institutional contexts of proposed solutions.
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Bangladesh: Can Incentives for Community Authors Reduce Shortages in Minority Language Reading Materials? World Bank, Washington, DC, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/33915.
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Beninger, Richard J. Dopamine and social cooperation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824091.003.0008.
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Dopamine and social cooperation describes how, in humans, dopamine-innervated brain areas or cell body regions are activated during cooperative social interactions, suggesting that social stimuli may be primary incentive stimuli. Lactating female rats lever press for access to their pups, nucleus accumbens dopamine is released during maternal behavior, and accumbens dopamine lesions decrease maternal behavior, implicating incentive learning in maternal care. Adult male Syrian hamsters learn a preference for a place associated with a female scent that increases nucleus accumbens dopamine and a dopamine receptor antagonist blocks the learning implicating dopamine in incentive learning in sexually mature males. In songbirds, striatal dopamine release is associated with directed song used to attract a mate; dopamine may influence the incentive value of the mate. Dopamine is linked to social behavior in reptiles, amphibians, fish, and insects. Dopamine-mediated incentive learning may contribute to the organization of socially cooperative behavior in many species.
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Cole, Harold L. Finance and Financial Intermediation. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190941697.001.0001.
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Finance and financial intermediation are central to modern economies. This book covers all of the material a sophisticated economist needs to know about this area. It begins with an overview of financial markets and their operation. It then covers asset pricing for standard assets and derivatives, and analyses what modern finance says about firm behaviour and capital structure. The book covers money, exchange rates, electronic payments methods, and cryptocurrencies. The book then covers financial intermediation. The book then examines the role played by finance and financial intermediation in the Great Recession of the 2000s. After this, the book switches to public finance and government borrowing which is central to major economic events. It examines the incentives to monetize the public debt and its consequences. The book closes with an examination of sovereign debt crises and an analysis of their various forms.
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Kibita, Nataliya. The Institutional Foundations of Ukrainian Democracy. Oxford University PressOxford, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/9780191925351.001.0001.
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Abstract Ukraine and Russia are today at opposite ends of the political spectrum. Despite 300 years of full submersion into Russian authoritarian system, Ukraine has rejected authoritarianism. To explain why and how Ukraine’s road diverged from Russia’s, this monograph investigates the origins of regionalism in Ukraine, which is at the foundation of the Ukrainian institutional system. ‘Weak centre, strong regions’ was characteristic of both Ukraine and Russia in the early post-Soviet years. However, what was a detour for Russia was a long-standing framework in Ukraine. The story follows the relationship between Moscow, Kyiv, and the Ukrainian regions in the period from spring 1917 to summer 1994. Based on new archival material and guided by the theory of institutions, the book examines how interlinked political and economic incentives and constraints determined the opportunities and institutional interests of the Ukrainian leadership and the Ukrainian regions, and how the institutional framework affected the dynamic of the relationship between the central leadership in Moscow, the Ukrainian leadership, and the regions. It shows that, once established, the configuration of ‘weak centre, strong regions’ did not change, even when the Soviet centralized party-state system collapsed. The failure of the Ukrainian leadership to reconfigure the interplay of incentives and constraints that dictated the behaviour of the Ukrainian regions determined not only the insignificance of the disintegration of the Soviet system, but also the institutional weakness of the new Ukrainian executive branch and the failure by President Kravchuk to establish some form of authoritarian rule.
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Schmidt, Susanne K. Case-Law Development between Path Dependence and Legal Uncertainty. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198717775.003.0003.
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Chapter 3 turns to the analysis of case-law development. The overlapping nature of EU and domestic legal orders, coupled with the great material detail in the EU Treaty, leads to a state of legal uncertainty concerning the reach of EU law. Some private actors benefit from drawing on this supranational, alternative legal setting. The interpretation of the four freedoms and citizenship shows that legal uncertainty about the Treaty’s ever-broader scope is embedded in a path-dependent interpretation of rights. Principles established in one area are transferred to other areas, as most private actors perceive there to be benefits from such a transfer and legitimize their claims through established principles. Legal uncertainty and path dependence appear contradictory, but they are helpful concepts for understanding how the Court can further the stability and predictability of European law while giving new incentives for further integration.
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Ignazi, Piero. Party Resources at the Dawn of the New Millennium. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198735854.003.0007.
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Chapter 6 deals with the resources parties enjoy at the present time, and examines how such resources impact on the parties’ internal dynamics and on the relationship with the mass public. The chapter first provides an empirical survey of the evolution of party membership in West European countries, and discusses the different balance between the collective-symbolic and selective-material incentives parties have been providing (and citizens demanding). Secondly, it presents a unique, original set of data on party finances demonstrating the growing and large availability of money in most of the cases. In this respect the chapter scrutinizes the relationship between increasing financial resources and declining membership. Finally, the parties’ interpenetration with the state is discussed considering their patronage and clientelistic practices. The chapter concludes with an assessment that the search for more resources and assets made parties richer but, at the same time, lonely and, ultimately, delegitimated.
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Schueftan, Alejandra, Florencia Aguilera, Claudia Aravena, Susana Benedetti, and Cecilia Gallardo. Incentivos para impulsar la construcción en madera en Chile. INFOR, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52904/20.500.12220/31354.
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El presente documento realizado en conjunto por el Instituto Forestal y A2S Arquitectos Asociados se enmarca en el desarrollo del proyecto “Fortalecimiento de capacidades tecnológicas del Instituto Forestal para el desarrollo de la industria secundaria de la madera, a través de bienes públicos orientados al sector de la construcción.” El objetivo de este estudio es describir el estado actual de avance de las políticas públicas de promoción de la construcción en madera en Chile y detectar cuáles son las brechas que impiden al país masificar el uso de este material en las edificaciones.
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Roșu, Felicia. Campaigning. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789376.003.0003.
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Chapter 2 focuses on electoral campaigning and underlines the interplay of idealism and pragmatism in the selection of a candidate. It starts by introducing the most important candidates competing in the first elections, then it discusses the most important factors influencing the voters’ decisions. The dominant factors in Poland-Lithuania were: the native–foreigner debate; the prestige of the Jagiellons; the power of the future king; geopolitical considerations such as fear of the ‘Turk’ or mistrust of the Habsburgs; religion; and manliness. In Transylvania, preferences revolved around the choice between Habsburg and Ottoman suzerainty. Similarly to Poland-Lithuania, the higher echelons of the political class favoured the Habsburg option and a limitation of electoral rights, but pressures from below made those inclinations impractical. The chapter then reviews campaigning strategies: rhetoric and propaganda; promises of military alliances and financial help; deception and white lies; and material incentives such as favours, offices, and bribes.
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Frey, Bruno S., and Jana Gallus. Honours versus Money. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798507.001.0001.
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Honours fulfil one of the most fundamental desires of human beings, to be recognized and held in esteem by others. There are thousands of awards in all areas of society: the state (orders), arts and media, sports, religion, the voluntary sector, academia, and business. The book presents empirical evidence using modern statistical techniques to argue that awards affect the motivation of recipients. They can significantly raise performance in different contexts (e.g. in academia, the voluntary and for-profit sectors)—even if they are purely symbolic. Overall, honours are shown to be a useful intervention, above and beyond monetary incentives in the form of pay-for-performance or bonuses. The book makes the case for reorienting our focus—away from the monetary or material dimensions of work and private life, and towards the symbolic dimensions to celebrate and shine a light on merit and achievement. This is the first book on the Economics of Awards; it integrates insights from economics, psychology, management, and political science.
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Frey, Bruno S., and Jana Gallus. Honours as Signals. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798507.003.0007.
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Awards are non-material and symbolic rewards, and do not necessarily have to go with money. Award givers may emit signals of quality, of intent, and of their beliefs. Managers can use the signalling functions of awards to subtly steer the behaviour of (present and future) employees, without having to recur to control through explicit, conditional incentives. Awards can also give rise to signalling failures. They have to be used with moderation, and they can rarely be substituted for money where money is already in place. If well designed, awards can raise intrinsic motivation, as the recipients are explicitly lauded when they receive the award. In comparison to money, awards tend to raise loyalty to the giver and avoid crowding out intrinsic motivation; moreover, they have a more sustainable effect on behaviour. They also remain visible in the future, creating a trophy value that maintains the awards’ salience and their signalling functions even over the medium and long term.
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Gopalan, Saji S., and Durairaj Varatharajan. Addressing Maternal Healthcare through Demand Side Financial Incentives: Experience of Janani Suraksha Yojana Program in India. BioMed Central, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1596/23163.
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Green, Alexandra. Buddhist Visual Cultures, Rhetoric, and Narrative in Late Burmese Wall Paintings. Hong Kong University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5790/hongkong/9789888390885.001.0001.
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This volume draws upon art historical, anthropological, and religious studies methodologies to delineate the structures and details of late Burmese wall paintings and elucidate the religious, political, and social concepts driving the creation of this art form. The combination of architecture, paintings, sculpture, and literary traditions created a complete space in which devotees could interact with the Buddha through his biography. Through the standardization of a repertoire of specific forms, codes, and themes, the murals were themselves activating agents, spurring devotees to merit-making, worship, and other ritual practices, partially by establishing normative religious behavior and partly through visual incentives. Much of this was accomplished through the manipulation of space, and the volume contributes to the analysis of visual narratives by examining how the relationships between word and image, layouts, story and scene selection, and narrative themes both demonstrate and confirm social structures and changes, economic activities, and religious practices of seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth century Burma. The visual material of the wall painting sites worked together with the sculpture and the architecture to create unified spaces in which devotees could interact with the Buddha. This analysis takes the narrative field beyond the concept that pictures are to be “read” and shows the multifarious and holistic ways in which they can be viewed. To enter temples of the seventeenth, eighteenth, and early nineteenth centuries was to enter a coherent space created by a visually articulated Burmese Buddhist world to which the devotee belonged by performing ritual activities within it.
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Silva, Jennyfer Ferreira da, and Michelle Márcia Viana Martins. Texto para Discussão 3090. Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (Ipea), 2025. https://doi.org/10.38116/td3090-port.
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Este estudo explora a interseção entre a economia circular (EC) e o comércio internacional (CI) ao destacar o potencial de políticas e instrumentos de comércio para promover a EC em escala global. O texto aborda, direta ou indiretamente, quatro questões fundamentais: como a EC promove o CI; como o CI promove a EC; como a EC prejudica o CI; e vice-versa. A EC promove o CI ao criar demanda por tecnologias verdes, serviços de reciclagem e produtos remanufaturados, que podem ser ofertados por outros países. A partir da integração de práticas circulares nas cadeias globais de valor (CGVs), pode facilitar a logística reversa (LR) e a troca de materiais recicláveis, tornando as cadeias de suprimento mais eficientes e resilientes. A liberalização comercial facilita a importação de materiais reciclados e remanufaturados, estimulando a reutilização e a reciclagem em escala global. Para isso, a cooperação internacional, a elaboração de acordos multilaterais e regionais e a harmonização de normas técnicas são importantes para integrar práticas circulares em diversas regiões. O CI prejudica a EC a partir de normas e padrões desnecessariamente rigorosos e sem evidências científicas, que podem criar barreiras ao comércio, pois aumentam os custos de conformidade para empresas que operam em múltiplos mercados. Além disso, a exigência de rotulagem específica, certificações e requisitos de qualidade para produtos reciclados pode dificultar a integração em CGVs, especialmente para países em desenvolvimento (PEDs) com capacidade regulatória limitada. Por fim, o CI pode prejudicar a EC ao facilitar a exportação de resíduos para países com regulamentações ambientais mais frouxas, o que resulta em problemas de poluição e saúde pública. Ademais, a dependência de matérias-primas importadas, a falta de incentivos para a reutilização e reciclagem e a complexidade das regulamentações sobre resíduos e produtos remanufaturados podem perpetuar práticas lineares de produção e consumo. A conclusão destaca a importância da cooperação internacional, da harmonização de normas e da promoção de políticas comerciais que incentivem práticas sustentáveis, garantindo que a EC e o CI possam coexistir e reforçar-se mutuamente na busca por um desenvolvimento econômico sustentável.
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Lenilde de Araújo, Raimundo, and Lineu Aparecido Paz e Silva. Ensino de Geografia e Avaliação. Editora SertãoCult, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35260/87429175-2020.
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O leitor tem em suas mãos um ótimo material de estudo sobre avaliação escolar, que contribui para ampliar os conhecimentos teóricos a respeito do ensino de Geografia e as práticas avaliativas, seus desafios, seus resultados, suas potencialidades. Sua leitura certamente contribui para compreendermos a complexidade do processo de ensino e aprendizagem e para reforçar convicções sobre a relevância de uma escola de boa qualidade, que incentiva os alunos a estudar, os acolhe e os desafia a ampliar seu conhecimento sobre o mundo e sobre si próprios, o que é fundamental para o desenvolvimento da cidadania ativa, tão importante no contexto brasileiro atual.
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Insuasty Córboba, Sandra del Carmen, and Hyrcania Vanessa López Peñafiel. Metodología para la selección y conservación de semilla de papa de calidad: Cartilla para agricultores. Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (Agrosavia), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21930/agrosavia.nbook.7404791.
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El proyecto Mejoramiento Tecnológico y Productivo del Sistema Papa en el Departamento de Nariño, a través de su objetivo: “Diseñar un modelo de producción de semilla de papa que fortalezca la asociatividad entre los agricultores y permita proveer continuamente de material de calidad al departamento de Nariño”, buscó incentivar en los pequeños productores, teniendo en cuenta su cultura, el uso de semilla de calidad a través de la utilización de metodologías como la selección positiva para la conservación y el uso propio de semilla de calidad. Esta cartilla recoge los pasos básicos para la aplicación entre agricultores de la metodología de selección positiva y es una guía práctica para conservar y seleccionar semillas propias.
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Army Materiel Command: Providing early retirement incentives in 1990 could have saved money : report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Federal Services, Post Office, and Civil Service, Committee on Governmental Affairs, U.S. Senate. The Office, 1993.
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Messner, Patricia A., and Brenda S. Copeland. School Library Management. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216011309.
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Written in clear, simple language, this book provides information that will help an aide or paraprofessional manage a school library. Setting up and managing a library media center is a complex task best handled by a certified and experienced librarian, but the fact of the matter is that many school districts have had to cut librarian positions and are attempting to fill the gaps with aides. School Library Management: Just the Basics describes the step-by-step process of setting up the management processes in a school library and outlines easy management concepts that will guide aides through challenges like setting up activity centers and establishing rules for behavior. With over three decades of experience in librarianship between them, the authors cover topics such as student incentives and rewards; scheduling and supervising computer usage; circulation procedures; training materials for volunteers; passes, book marks, and other patterns; and privacy issues. This book can also serve as an effective training guide for district librarians responsible for training aides who are running multiple centers.
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Fullner, Sheryl Kindle. The Shoestring Library. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216014430.
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An organized collection of budget saving methods, materials, and strategies, these tips are all tried-and-true examples of ways to stretch the media specialist's budget and time, and change even the drabbest library into an inviting oasis of learning. The Shoestring Library offers hope, incentive, and direction to librarians who lack everything but passion. The book is organized around 300 hints—more than 114 of which are green alternatives—for administering a library in tough times. The book is divided into two parts, Support Functions and Physical Plant. The support section investigates such topics as how to best use volunteers and how to get free materials for your library. The physical plant section, amply supplemented with dozens of photos, helps a librarian identify and fix problems with dismal walls, ceilings, windows, shelving, desks, seating, and lighting, proposing low-cost or no-cost solutions to all these woes. Instructions are practical and thorough, concentrating on reuse, re-purposing, and recycling, and each idea is reversible. For quick access, chapters sport distinctive icons; time-management tips, for example, are distinguished by an alarm clock. Designed for institutions from preschools through college, The Shoestring Library proves that there is no expiration date on learning.
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Gartzke, Erik A., and Paul Poast. Empirically Assessing the Bargaining Theory of War: Potential and Challenges. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.274.
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What explains war? The so-called bargaining approach has evolved quickly in the past two decades, opening up important new possibilities and raising fundamental challenges to previous conventional thinking about the origins of political violence. Bargaining is intended to explain the causes of conflict on many levels, from interpersonal to international. War is not the product of any of a number of variables creating opportunity or willingness, but instead is caused by whatever factors prevent competitors from negotiating the settlements that result from fighting. Conflict is thus a bargaining failure, a socially inferior outcome, but also a determined choice.Embraced by a growing number of scholars, the bargaining perspective rapidly created a new consensus in some circles. Bargaining theory is radical in relocating at least some of the causes of conflict away from material, cultural, political, or psychological factors and replacing them with states of knowledge about these same material or ideational factors. Approaching conflict as a bargaining failure—produced by uncertainty and incentives to misrepresent, credible commitment problems, or issue indivisibility—is the “state of the art” in the study of conflict.At the same time, bargaining theories remain largely untested in any systematic sense: theory has moved far ahead of empirics. The bargaining perspective has been favored largely because of compelling logic rather than empirical validity. Despite the bargaining analogy’s wide-ranging influence (or perhaps because of this influence), scholars have largely failed to subject the key causal mechanisms of bargaining theory to systematic empirical investigation. Further progress for bargaining theory, both among adherents and in the larger research community, depends on empirical tests of both core claims and new theoretical implications of the bargaining approach.The limited amount of systematic empirical research on bargaining theories of conflict is by no means entirely accident or the product of lethargy on the part of the scholarly community. Tests of theories that involve intangible factors like states of belief or perception are difficult to pursue. How does one measure uncertainty? What does learning look like in the midst of a war? When is indivisibility or commitment a problem, and when can it be resolved through other measures, such as ancillary bargains? The challenge before researchers, however, is to surmount these obstacles. To the degree that progress in science is empirical, bargaining theory needs testing.As should be clear, the dearth of empirical tests of bargaining approaches to the study of conflict leaves important questions unanswered. Is it true, for example, as bargaining theory suggests, that uncertainty leads to the possibility of war? If so, how much uncertainty is required and in what contexts? Which types of uncertainty are most pernicious (and which are perhaps relatively benign)? Under what circumstances are the effects of uncertainty greatest and where are they least critical? Empirical investigation of the bargaining model can provide essential guidance to theoretical work on conflict by identifying insights that can offer intellectual purchase and by highlighting areas of inquiry that are likely to be empirical dead ends. More broadly, the impact of bargaining theory on the study and practice of international relations rests to a substantial degree on the success of efforts to substantiate the perspective empirically.
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Pereira, Maria Cristina Correia L., and André Pelegrinelli, eds. Laboratório de imagens: estudos sobre as imagens medievais. Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/9788575064054.
Full textAbstract:
A Série Primeiros Olhares abriga trabalhos produzidos por discentes que se iniciam nos estudos das imagens, sem limitação de tema e período histórico. À curiosidade desses novos olhares, somam-se os cuidados com o rigor da pesquisa, resultando em experiências e material bibliográfico importantes tanto para a formação das autoras e dos autores quanto para a ampliação do campo dos estudos das imagens no Brasil. Este primeiro volume nasceu de uma experiência didática em torno da disciplina “Introdução aos manuscritos medievais” (FLH0116 – Introdução à História da Arte Medieval), no segundo semestre de 2020, junto do Departamento de História da USP. Realizada remotamente, por exigência da pandemia de Covid-19, às sextas-feiras à noite, logo o apelido de “Sextando no medievo” colou-se a ela. Em meio àquele difícil contexto, as discussões sobre o conteúdo das aulas mostraram-se como um verdadeiro alento intelectual. Como os doze textos desta publicação demonstram, não se tratou aqui apenas de complementar a formação acadêmica de seus autores, mas sobretudo de fornecer material bibliográfico acessível, em português, e de qualidade, para estudantes interessados nas imagens medievais – e, mais particularmente, futuros alunos da disciplina, para os quais este livro pode servir de incentivo a participar das futuras edições.
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Waltman, Max. Pornography. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197598535.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This book assesses American, Canadian, and Swedish legal challenges to the explosive spread of pornography and its contribution to violence against women within their significantly different democratic systems and constructs a political and legal theory for effectively challenging the sex industry under law. The obstacles are exposed as more ideological and political than strictly legal, although they often play out in the legal arena. The pornography industry is documented to exploit vulnerable populations in making its materials. A thorough analytical review of empirical studies that use complementing methods demonstrates that using pornography substantially contributes to consumers becoming more sexually aggressive, on average desensitizing them and contributing to a demand for more subordinating, aggressive, and degrading materials. Consumers often wish to imitate pornography with unwilling partners; many demand sex from prostituted people, who have few or no alternatives. Most young men regularly consume pornography. Legal challenges to the harms are shown to be more effective under legal systems that promote equality and when the laws empower those most harmed, in contrast to state-enforced regulations (e.g., criminal obscenity laws). Drawing on feminist theory, among others, this book argues that pornography is among the linchpins of sex inequality, contending that a civil society forum can empower those harmed, with representatives who have more substantial incentives to address them. This book explains why democracies fail to address the harms of pornography and offers a political and legal theory for making the necessary changes. The insights can be applied to other intractable problems of hierarchy.
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Ávila-Parga, Guerly, Pedro Ricardo Dueñas-Ramírez, Reyes Sánchez-García, and Miguel Villatoro-Fraile. Manual de zooplancton: ensenada de Gaira. Universidad de Bogotá Jorge Tadeo Lozano, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21789/9789587253207.
Full textAbstract:
Este manual surge como una estrategia de aprovechamiento del material obtenido durante los muestreos zooplanctónicos realizados con estudiantes de Biología Marina, en la Ensenada de Gaira, región de Santa Marta en el Caribe colombiano, y la conveniencia de contar con un registro de algunas de las especies componentes del zooplancton presente en esas aguas; registro que facilitará en particular a los estudiantes de la región y en general a los investigadores interesados el conocimiento de las especies zooplanctónicas locales. En atención a la biodiversidad encontrada en las muestras y al no poder trabajar en todos los grupos presentes, se hizo una selección que tuviera en cuenta que los organismos escogidos representaran a los grupos más desconocidos en la zona de muestreo y sus alrededores. Esperamos que este manual se considere el inicio de una serie, y sea un incentivo para que investigadores y amantes de estos organismos realicen un atlas de zooplancton del Caribe y Pacífico de Colombia.
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Sanclemente Reyes, Óscar Eduardo, Miltón César Ararat Orozco, Julián Eduardo Mejía Ballesteros, et al. Relaciones agroambientales en sistemas productivos rurales. Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22490/9789586518048.
Full textAbstract:
Como externalidades se distinguen aquellos aspectos ambientales no deseados en los sistemas de producción agropecuarios que en últimas afectan su sostenibilidad; por ejemplo, la pérdida de la agrobiodiversidad por simplificación del germoplasma, la degradación del suelo por uso excesivo de maquinaria y aplicación de fertilizantes sintéticos, la contaminación del agua y el aire por solubilidad de moléculas empleadas en el manejo de arvenses, plagas y enfermedades, entre otros, que limitan su reproducibilidad en el tiempo, reducen los beneficios económicos obtenidos por los produc-tores y, en últimas, ocasionan su deserción del sector. No se trata solo de analizar cómo las prácticas de agricultura convencional afectan estos sistemas de producción, sino también de evaluar alternativas de manejo que reduzcan estos impactos, basadas en la simulación de procesos que ocurren naturalmente en los ecosistemas. Entre estos procesos se destacan el aprovechamiento de la energía solar para generación de biomasa, sobre todo por ser Colombia un país de trópico, el incremento de la diversidad en sistemas de cultivo aprovechando las relaciones sinérgicas entre las especies, el manejo a favor de los agroecosistemas de los ciclos biogeoquímicos de elementos como el carbono, nitrógeno, fósforo y potasio, el incentivo de los organismos del suelo como transformadores de materia orgánica, la estabilización y habilitación de residuos como abonos y sustratos orgánicos mediante procesos de compostaje y el aprovechamiento de materiales vegetales fibrosos para elaboración de materiales de construcción con el fin de ser incorporados en la infraestructura rural. Por esta razón el presente libro se titula Relaciones agroambientales en sistemas productivos rurales. La redacción del libro se basa en el lenguaje técnico-científico y pretende abarcar un gran número de lectores que incluyen agricultores, estudiantes de las ciencias agropecuarias y ambientales, tomadores de decisiones en el sector agropecuario y la comunidad académica en general, con miras de aportar al desarrollo de masa crítica y servir de referencia para otras investigaciones enfocadas al desarrollo de una agricultura más limpia y la producción sostenible de alimentos.
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White, Robert. Moral Case for Profit Maximization. Edited by Edward W. Younkins. Lexington Books, 2020. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781978736474.
Full textAbstract:
The Moral Case for Profit Maximization argues that profit maximization is moral when businessmen seek to maximize profit by creating goods or services that are of objective value. Traditionally, profit maximization has been defended on economic grounds. Profit, economists argue, incentivizes businessmen to produce goods and services. In this view, businessmen do not need to be virtuous as long as they deliver the goods. It challenges the traditional defense of profit maximization, arguing that profit maximization is morally ambitious because it requires businessmen to form normative abstractions and to cultivate a virtuous character. In so doing, the author also challenges the moral basis of corporate social responsibility. Proponents of CSR argue that businessmen can do good while doing well. This book argues that businessmen already do good by maximizing profit, drawing upon the histories of the wheel, the refrigerator, and the shipping container, as well as the biographies of J. P. Morgan, John D. Rockefeller, and Thomas Edison to demonstrate the role of values in the creation of material goods and the role of the virtues in value creation. The author challenges readers to rethink the relationship between profit, value, and virtue.
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Keohane, Georgia Levenson. Capital and the Common Good. Columbia University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7312/columbia/9780231178020.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Despite social and economic advances around the world, poverty and disease persist, exacerbated by the mounting challenges of climate change, natural disasters, political conflict, mass migration, and economic inequality. While governments commit to addressing these challenges, traditional public and philanthropic dollars are not enough. Here, innovative finance has shown a way forward: by borrowing techniques from the world of finance, we can raise capital for social investments today. Innovative finance has provided polio vaccines to children in the DRC, crop insurance to farmers in India, pay-as-you-go solar electricity to Kenyans, and affordable housing and transportation to New Yorkers. It has helped governmental, commercial, and philanthropic resources meet the needs of the poor and underserved and build a more sustainable and inclusive prosperity. Capital and the Common Good shows how market failure in one context can be solved with market solutions from another: an expert in securitization bundles future development aid into bonds to pay for vaccines today; an entrepreneur turns a mobile phone into an array of financial services for the unbanked; and policy makers adapt pay-for-success models from the world of infrastructure to human services like early childhood education, maternal health, and job training. Revisiting the successes and missteps of these efforts, Georgia Levenson Keohane argues that innovative finance is as much about incentives and sound decision-making as it is about money. When it works, innovative finance gives us the tools, motivation, and security to invest in our shared future.
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Stephenson, Steven. Secretive Slime Moulds. CSIRO Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486314140.
Full textAbstract:
Neither plants, nor animals, nor fungi, the myxomycetes are a surprisingly diverse and fascinating group of organisms. They spend the majority of their life out of sight as single-celled amoeboid individuals in leaf litter, soil or decaying wood, foraging for bacteria and other simple life forms. However, when conditions are right, two individual cells come together to give rise to a much larger, creeping structure called a plasmodium, which produces the even more complex and often beautiful fruiting bodies. Indeed, the fruiting bodies of myxomycetes are often miniature works of art!
 Their small size (usually only a few millimetres tall) and fleeting fruiting phase mean that these organisms, although ubiquitous and sometimes abundant, are overlooked by most people. However, recent research by a few dedicated individuals has shown that Australia has a very diverse myxomycete biota with more than 330 species, the largest number known for any region of the Southern Hemisphere.
 This comprehensive monograph provides keys, descriptions and information on the known distribution for all of these species in addition to containing introductory material relating to their biology and ecology. Many species are illustrated, showing the diversity of their fruiting bodies, and greatly facilitating their identification.
 This book will give naturalists a new insight into an often overlooked group of organisms in addition to providing an incentive to search for the many species which have undoubtedly thus far escaped notice.
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BOINI, Daniele, Fatima FORTUNATO, Leoni PEREIRA, et al. Proposta de sequência didática para educação infantil. Editorial Casa, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55371/978-65-89999-38-6.
Full textAbstract:
Apresentamos o e-book PROPOSTA DE SEQUÊNCIA DIDÁTICA PARA EDUCAÇÃO INFANTIL, que propõe novos desafios que devem se pautar em diferentes metodologias, sempre privilegiando o brincar. Dessa forma, faz-se necessário o desenvolvimento de sequências didáticas e projetos que atendam às particularidades essenciais dessa faixa etária, com propostas lúdicas que permitam experimentações, descobertas e principalmente atividades práticas e divertidas. É necessário buscar maneiras de valorizar o trabalho pedagógico na Educação Infantil, disseminando ideias que incentivem a curiosidade e a experimentação das crianças a partir de possibilidades no uso de materiais diversos. Sendo assim, o Centro Municipal de Educação Infantil Governador José Garcia Neto, por meio deste e-book, traz uma proposta que vem ao encontro pedagógico do docente para a construção de uma educação para todos e sempre em busca de melhoria na qualidade do ensino, estimulando a interação com seus pares, apresentando regras de convívio social e desafios, a partir dos quais a criança irá construir sua moralidade, afetividade, autonomia, conhecimento e socialização, em que a ludicidade faz parte do processo de ensino-aprendizagem, acreditando em seu potencial transformador e cultivando dentro de si uma forte vontade de viver em um mundo melhor. Elizabeth Soares dos Santos Miranda Ligiane Oliveira dos Santos Souza Maria Alves Daniel Marlene Pereira Dourado Neusa de Lima Neves
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Prática de Ensino e Didática Pedagógica para Formação de Professores. Brazil Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-646-7.
Full textAbstract:
We present the Practical Collection of Teaching and Pedagogical Didactics for Teacher Training, consisting of 2 volumes, which expresses the production of articles by educators, in different thematic fields, to contribute to the learning process in teacher education. This is about three important contextualizations that the internship seeks to offer: Early Childhood Education, Elementary School and School Management. In the first volume we will be addressing about early childhood education and elementary school and the second volume related article teaching project. Teaching and, consequently, teacher education is a field of education that has raised countless reflections on teacher identity, practices and knowledge, since being a teacher today brings very complex challenges and thus there is a need for formative projects that prepare them to face them. We consider that the internship in question has a very large professional formative dimension, because this is a moment that provides to unite knowledge and do. Knowledge that will become a guide of action of the practice, and to contribute to the acquisition of professional and pedagogical skills in view of future professional performance. As organizers, we want this collection to become an incentive for teacher training and for this collection to find convergences capable of building living and creative proposals for quality education for all. We also hope that the joy lived by us in the production path of this material will be present between the lines of these texts, so as to weave, jointly and severally, a huge network of commitments to education on our planet.
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Pérez Guarnieri, Augusto. África en el Aula. Editorial de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata (EDULP), 2007. https://doi.org/10.35537/10915/178129.
Full textAbstract:
Los alumnos quieren tocar instrumentos, las instituciones no están en condiciones de comprarlos, los padres tampoco. Los alumnos evidencian graves problemas sociales y comunicativos. ¿Los docentes estamos preparados para desenvolvernos en este escenario? La cultura africana posee características que le son propias y que la hacen única, diferente, especial. Su música es comunitaria, funcional. Existe porque es parte de la vida misma y por ello todos los integrantes de la comunidad la practican; es vital para el funcionamiento del núcleo social. Para hacer música no hace falta ser músico ni subirse a un escenario ni sobresalir en la ejecución de un sofisticado instrumento. Familiarizar a los alumnos con esta música presenta innumerables ventajas, que en muchos aspectos superan lo estrictamente musical. A partir de una investigación de sus características, orígenes e influencia, el proyecto propone la implementación de la música africana en el aula y describe sus consecuentes beneficios en un marco institucional interdisciplinario. No se limita a un planteo teórico de conocimientos acerca de otras culturas, sino que se traduce en la implementación de un método de percusión que solo requiere la utilización del pupitre en el aula. Se trata de un material accesible y de fácil comprensión que no sólo permite a los alumnos variedad de ritmos y que incentiva sus potencialidades creativas tanto individuales como grupales; fomenta la participación y la integración social.
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Ege, Gian, Andreas Schloenhardt, and Christian Schwarzenegger. Wildlife Trafficking: the illicit trade in wildlife, animal parts, and derivatives. Carl Grossmann, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24921/2020.94115945.
Full textAbstract:
Wildlife trafficking threatens the existence of many plant and animal species and accelerates the destruction of wildlife, forests, and other natural resources. It contributes to environmental degradation, destroys unique natural habitats, and deprives many countries and their populations of scarce renewable resources. The more endangered a species becomes, the greater is the commercial value that is put on the remaining specimen, thereby increasing the incentive for further illegal activities. Preventing and supressing the illegal trade in wildlife, animal parts, and plants is presently not a priority in many countries. Despite the actual and potential scale and consequences, wildlife trafficking often remains overlooked and poorly understood. Wildlife and biodiversity related policies, laws, and their enforcement have, for the most part, not kept up with the changing levels and patterns of wildlife trafficking. Poorly developed legal frameworks, weak law enforcement, prosecutorial, and judicial practices have resulted in valuable wildlife and plant resources becoming threatened. The high demand for wildlife, animal parts, plants, and plant material around the world has resulted in criminal activities on a large scale. Considerably cheaper than legally sourced material, the illegal trade in fauna and flora offers opportunities to reap significant profits. Gaps in domestic and international control regimes, difficulties in identifying illegal commodities and secondary products, along with intricate trafficking routes make it difficult to effectively curtail the trade. Although several international and non-governmental organisations have launched initiatives aimed at bringing international attention to the problem of wildlife trafficking, political commitment and operational capacity to tackle this phenomenon are not commensurate to the scale of the problem. There is, to date, no universal framework to prevent and suppress this crime type and there is a lack of critical and credible expertise and scholarship on this phenomenon. As part of their joint teaching programme on transnational organised crime, the University of Queensland, the University of Vienna, and the University of Zurich examined the topic of wildlife trafficking in a year-long research course in 20182019. Students from the three universities researched selected topics and presented their findings in academic papers, some of which have been compiled in this volume. The chapters included in this v edited book address causes, characteristics, and actors of wildlife trafficking, analyse detection methods, and explore different international and national legal frameworks.
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Echeveste, Horacio José, ed. Manual de levantamiento geológico. Editorial de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata (EDULP), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.35537/10915/69363.
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El libro <i>Manual de levantamiento geológico, una introducción a la geología de campo</i> consta de 14 capítulos y 5 anexos escritos por diversos autores. Los primeros nueve capítulos están dedicados a explicar y describir las herramientas necesarias para la confección del mapa geológico. Incluyen los sistemas de referencias geográficas, la carta topográfica y su confección como mapa base, técnicas planimétricas y altimétricas, fotografía aérea e imágenes satelitales como auxiliares del levantamiento geológico y los métodos para construir el mapa geológico. Los cuatro capítulos siguientes están dedicados a mapeos geológicos específicos como el mapeo de estructuras, de unidades sedimentarias, de rocas ígneas, rocas metamórficas. El último capítulo está destinado a la confección de secciones geológicas y a la redacción del informe. Los cinco anexos que contiene el libro proporcionan información y metodologías de trabajo adicionales, así como la solución de problemas frecuentes. En el último anexo se introduce al lector en los sistemas de información geográfica, indispensable en la actualidad para la confección del mapa geológico y que permite volcar los datos automáticamente en mapas georeferenciados. La comunidad geológica apreciará, sin duda, la publicación de este libro sobre mapeo geológico. Para los estudiantes de geología significa una materia inestimable en su formación. También será de gran utilidad a toda la comunidad geológica, para mejorar la calidad de los mapas, y adicionalmente incentivar la inclusión en informes y publicaciones de mapas geológicos que sinteticen las novedades estratigráficas que se proponen a raíz de nuevos datos. Es de desear que nuevas propuestas estratigráficas basadas en datos nuevos se reflejen en nuevos mapas. <i>(de la presentación de Eduardo Llambías)</i>
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Sepúlveda, Jovanny. Fortalecimiento empresarial: investigación y aplicaciones. CUA Medellín, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.52441/ciadcon201804.
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La casuística tiene entre sus objetivos educar para el ser y para el hacer, para incentivar que la generación de conocimiento en las Instituciones de Educación Superior se lleve al trabajo real o a su campo de aplicación más idóneo que son las empresas. Es por ello, que la formación para llevar adelante estudios de caso con una clara metodología genera competencias y habilidades directivas y de orientación al logro, todo ello en contextos reales que requieren creatividad, proactividad y conocimientos técnicos para la toma de decisiones, que conlleven a la solución de retos empresariales. Los estudios de caso como metodología y forma de aplicación de conocimiento, han generado una revolución en la forma de enseñar tanto en el ámbito local como en el internacional, ya que las diferentes formas de enfrentar las problemáticas empresariales en grandes empresas y multinacionales forman al estudiante para enfrentar sus propios retos en la industria. El ejercicio que aquí se propone es interesante, en la medida que proporciona información valiosa acerca de casos reales de intervención en las empresas, haciendo una unión importante entre dos actores del desarrollo y el crecimiento económico como lo es la academia y la empresa, para que a través de la aplicación de conocimiento teórico y de la práctica se logren resolver problemáticas puntuales en distintas áreas en las organizaciones. En este sentido, los docentes y estudiantes de la Institución se han interesado en la metodología de estudios de caso, bajo la cual se intervienen las realidades productivas de las empresas, y se busca – por intermedio de los convenios con las mismas- el darle solución práctica y temprana a diferentes aspectos problemáticos con los que cuentan las diferentes unidades en las organizaciones, así: El primer capítulo corresponde al caso de intervención de organizaciones empresariales en el municipio de Yarumal – Antioquia, donde se ayudó a diferentes empresas a conocer la normativa vigente para consolidase como empresa y a establecer estrategias para formalizar algunas de ellas. El capítulo 2 corresponde al estudio técnico realizado a la Pyme Don Bolejo Patacones de Banano donde se presenta un caso de estudio interesante de fortalecimiento de la empresa mediante los estudios de prefactibilidad, factibilidad y viabilidad financiera. El capítulo 3 corresponde al caso de estudio de la Agrícola Naranjas San José SAS, para conocer su historia y los factores que le han llevado a ser un caso de éxito en la producción y comercialización de cítricos. En el capítulo 4 se muestra cuál fue el diseño propuesto para un sistema Industrial de seguimiento y evaluación a la producción de biogás y bioabono para biodigestores de campana en el Municipio de Ituango, Antioquia, esto con el fin establecer procesos de medición de las cantidades de gas generadas por los biodigestores, equipos industriales especializados en la producción de dicho material, buscando prestar este servicio de suministro de gas en la región y aprovechar una segunda materia prima conocida como el bioabono/biol, y finalmente en el capítulo 5 se muestren los resultados de la sistematización de un estudio de tiempos y métodos en el proceso de verificación de cuentas médicas y aplicaciones en el sector de salud, lo que permitió a la empresa tomar una serie de decisiones estratégicas y establecer protocolos de mejoramiento productivo. El resultado de los procesos de fortalecimiento empresarial se presenta en los diferentes casos que componen la presente publicación, que, sin duda, además de su propósito divulgativo, puede ayudar a desarrollar estrategias prácticas de formación en los diferentes programas de la Corporación Universitaria Americana.
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Hernández, Carlos. Metodología de la investigación jurídica. Universidad Libre Sede Principal, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18041/978-958-8981-45-1.
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Habiendo ingresado hace ya muchos años al quehacer de la investigación y, posteriormente, a la docencia universitaria, nos hemos visto felizmente acompañados por la permanente preocupación de compartir nuestra experiencia vivida en la práctica y el deseo de incentivar el espíritu y las habilidades propias del investigador científico entre los estudiantes universitarios que se forman como futuros profesionales y líderes de la nación. A la educación de este contingente social, que seleccionadamente accede al alto nivel universitario, le corresponde, sin duda, comprometerse con la investigación científica que es un pilar decisivo del desarrollo. No se pretende que todos los estudiantes universitarios se conviertan en investigadores científicos, antes es preciso que adquieran las necesarias competencias para ordenar el pensamiento y construir nuevos conocimientos. Por principio, es necesario contribuir a que la universidad cumpla efectivamente la misión de enseñar, investigar y realizar extensión hacia la comunidad. ¿Cómo hacer para que la cantera de los futuros investigadores se de efectivamente en la práctica? Uno de los caminos privilegiados es el de la “práctica obligatoria”, esto es el ejercicio personal de la investigación para cumplir con el requerimiento de la tesis de grado, como paso indispensable para la profesionalización en una determinada área del conocimiento. Los graduandos que asumen la tesis con la responsabilidad que ella requiere, siguen haciendo importantes contribuciones al conocimiento de la realidad nacional y su transformación. A todos los que se inclinan por seguir este camino está dirigido el material organizado en este libro que espera contribuir con orientaciones metodológicas coherentes y ciertamente perfectibles. Lucas Lavado, en su reciente obra sobre materiales para incentivar la investigación, manifiesta que los manuales o guías para la ejecución de la investigación no son lo más conveniente, que lo deseable es que los estudiantes se capaciten a partir de la lectura y la comprensión de la realidad para llegar a la necesidad de investigar. Consideramos que ésta no es una idea que se deba desechar, pero somos claros en señalar que nos propone el camino más largo, y que seguirlo requeriría de una implementación hasta ahora inexistente, que debiera ir desde la formación de la educación inicial hasta los más altos niveles de formación académica, tal como teóricamente se consignó en un proyecto de desarrollo educativo planteado en las ultimas décadas. Nuestra visión del problema difiere del planteamiento del profesor Lavado. Los denominados manuales, constituyen recursos de aplicación especialmente adecuados a las condiciones de una sociedad con altas deficiencias en el hábito de lectura. Es evidente que un manual será tanto más útil cuanto más se acerque a solucionar los apremios metodológicos del investigador que no cuenta aún con la experiencia necesaria, considerando desde luego la necesidad de afirmar sus referentes con lecturas pertinentes, sobre todo en los aspectos de compresión teórica que un manual no suele decantar a cabalidad. Ciertas disciplinas, entre ellas el Derecho, han tenido poca predilección por perfeccionar la investigación científica en el medio académico que conduce a la profesionalización. Ello obedece probablemente a una tendencia tradicional que considera estos campos como excluyentes por su carácter eminentemente normativo, lo que supuestamente los releva de someterse a procedimientos demostrativos empíricos. Otros no dejan de considerar que el Derecho cuenta con una metodología propia, sustentada por diversas corrientes ius filosóficas que parten como toda explicación de la discrecionalidad que la ley se confía al jurista y al juez. Por el contrario, diversas corrientes, sostienen que la el Derecho, como parte del las Ciencias Sociales, debe someterse a la metodología de la investigación científica y a la demostración empírica, aunque evidentemente existen aspectos que requieren tratamientos mucho más sofisticados que surgen sobre todo en el campo de la estadística, en particular de la estocástica para los aspectos netamente cualitativos. En efecto, el uso de los medios matemáticos y estadísticos es una de las dificultades que confronta en nuestro medio la investigación en el Derecho. Como se sabe, la Estadística es una disciplina que en la actualidad concurre eficazmente al trabajo interdisciplinario, particularmente en campos que requieren de predicciones vinculadas a al análisis cualitativo y a la aplicación de modelos de simulación. Con la experiencia de campo acumulada en el trayecto de la vida profesional y la certidumbre necesaria sobre las dificultades que existen en el campo de la investigación científica del Derecho, se ha seguido en este libro el esquema “normal”, que se maneja en la investigación social. El volumen consta de cuatro partes: Aspectos epistemológicos y gnoseológicos de base; El planeamiento, diseño y acciones operativas en la investigación científica; Metodología de la investigación científica; y, Redacción del plan y del informe de investigación. En los dos capítulos de la primera parte se aborda el marco general vinculado con los aspectos, epistemológicos y ontológicos. En la segunda parte se ingresa al tratamiento de las etapas iniciales del proceso investigativo, mostrando los beneficios del planeamiento estratégico en el proceso de investigación. La tercera parte se ocupa con detenimiento de los aspectos centrales, específicamente referidos a la metodología de la investigación científica, empezando por los aspectos de identificación del problema y su planteamiento, los antecedentes y objetivos, marcos de explicación e interpretación usuales, diseños de investigación, hipótesis y variables, métodos, técnicas e instrumentos de investigación, población y muestra, y el procesamiento de la información. La cuarta y última parte entra al examen de las cuestiones relativas a la formulación y presentación primero del plan de investigación y luego de la tesis o informe final propiamente dicho de la investigación. Como toda obra humana, la presente aproximación a la investigación científica es perfectible. Nos sentiremos recompensados en la medida en que el esfuerzo puesto en el empeño cumpla con facilitar el trabajo de investigación entre los estudiantes de Derecho, y logre incentivar su interés por superar permanentemente todas las formas tradicionales y obsoletas se han enraizado en la práctica social y que no permiten la adecuación del Derecho a las exigencias de una sociedad en continua y ahora acelerada transformación. El Dr. Héctor Cornejo Chávez llamó la atención sobre la falta de interés por la innovación y el desarrollo de la investigación científica en este campo tan importante de la vida de las sociedades, sobre todo de las que tiene composiciones tan complejas como las nuestras. Este llamado merece ser escuchado. Nuestros países han de verse beneficiado si conseguimos ampliar la base de investigadores en todos los campos del conocimiento, especialmente en el Derecho, pues la sociedad podrá contar con agentes activos que promuevan el cambio esperado para el bienestar social.