Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Material incentives'

Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Homeland Security and Defense))--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2008.<br>Thesis Advisor(s): Woolman, Lauren. "December 2008." Description based on title screen as viewed on January 28, 2009. Includes bibliographical references (p. 85-89). Also available in print.

Барбаш, Г. В. Система мотивації праці як елемент процесу управління персоналом в умовах загострення конкуренції : випускна кваліфікаційна робота : 073 «Менеджмент» / Г. В. Барбаш ; керівник роботи Г. М. Самійленко ; НУ "Чернігівська політехніка", кафедра менеджменту та державної служби. – Чернігів, 2021. – 70 с.<br>Об’єкт дослідження : процесний підхід до удосконалення існуючої системи мотивації персоналу ТОВ «Спортмастер» для підвищення конкурентних переваг організації. Предмет дослідження – теоретичні, методологічні та прикладні аспекти спрямовані на удосконалення мотивації праці на підприємстві «Спортмастер». Метою роботи є оцінка існуючої системи мотивації праці на підприємстві «Спортмастер» та розробка заходів щодо підвищення її ефективності. Методи дослідження – метод наукового пізнання, логічне узагальнення, системний підхід, графічний метод, порівняння, статистичний аналіз. В результаті проведеного аналізу на ТОВ «Спортмастер» виявлено існуючі недоліки та розроблена система мотивації, яка сприятиме підвищенню ефективності діяльності організації в умовах загострення конкуренції.

This thesis investigates how chief executive officer (CEO) equity incentives affect the remediation of material weaknesses (MWs) in internal control. First, we predict that the sensitivity of CEO stock and stock option portfolios to stock price (CEO price sensitivity or delta) has a positive impact on firm promptness in remedying MWs, because CEOs whose personal wealth is tied to stock price suffer losses from negative market reactions to the public disclosure of MWs. Second, we predict that the sensitivity of CEO stock option portfolio to stock-return volatility (CEO volatility sensitivity or vega) has a negative impact on firm promptness in remedying MWs, as firms with internal control weaknesses are associated with higher information and operating risks that manifest in stock return volatility. Our empirical results, based on a sample of firms disclosing MWs in internal control under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) during November 15, 2003 and August 27, 2006, are consistent with the above predictions. We further provide evidence that an effective board of directors could mitigate the undesirable, negative impact of CEO volatility sensitivity on MWs remediation. We measure firms’ promptness in remedying MWs based on their subsequent internal control audit opinions (e.g., Ashbaugh-Skaife et al. 2008; Goh 2009); and CEO price (volatility) sensitivity as the dollar change in CEO stock and option portfolios (option portfolio) from a 1 percent change in stock price (Core and Guay 2002). This thesis is innovative with respect to the prediction and evidence of the opposing effects from CEO price and volatility sensitivities on internal control quality. This new evidence contributes to the literature that examines managerial incentives embedded in stock-based and option-based compensation plans in various economic contexts (e.g., Knopf et al. 2002; Coles et al. 2006; Low 2009; Armstrong et al. 2013). Our findings suggest that when stock constitutes a major part of CEO compensation, the mandatory disclosure requirement of SOX provides a channel for the stock market to discipline CEO. However, when options dominate CEO compensation, volatility sensitivity and the associated risk-taking incentive can cause CEOs to delay rectifying internal control deficiencies. These results have interesting policy implications for regulators and firms concerning mandatory disclosure and compensation design. Moreover, this thesis contributes to the broad literature on corporate governance by documenting an interaction between corporate governance and CEO incentives, namely that strong corporate governance mitigates the undesirable risking-taking incentive caused by CEO option holdings. Overall, this thesis deepens our understanding on mechanisms through which regulators, firm executives, and boards of directors strengthen internal control over financial reporting in the post-SOX era.<br>published_or_final_version<br>Business<br>Doctoral<br>Doctor of Philosophy

Основою управління персоналом залишається система матеріального стимулювання працівників, що дозволяє значно підвищити кінцеві результати трудової діяльності. При цитуванні документа, використовуйте посилання http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/34585

People often behave in ways that are not in their best long term interest. Financial incentives are increasingly being used by governments to persuade individuals to improve health-related behaviours. In developing countries, financial incentives have been shown to increase uptake of preventive health interventions, but it is not well understood whether financial incentives are effective when targeted towards more complex types of care or when implemented at scale in low-income countries. This thesis explores the impact of financial incentives on health seeking behaviour, in the context of the Safe Delivery Incentive Programme (SDIP) in Nepal. Launched nationwide in 2005, the SDIP seeks to encourage greater use of professional care at childbirth by providing cash to women after they give birth in a health facility, as well as an exemption from user fees for those residing in the least developed districts. The thesis develops a theoretical model of the programme's causal pathway and draws on consumer choice theory to derive a set of predictions. These are tested empirically using a variety of econometric methods applied to household data (from a secondary data source and a primary data source). The analysis comprises three main parts. First, it estimates the demand for maternity care using discrete choice models to understand the most important factors influencing a household's decision of where to give birth. By focusing on the role of price, this analysis serves as an ex-ante evaluation of the SDIP. Second, it investigates implementation of the SDIP. The analysis uses a number of key process indicators that emerge from the conceptual framework to explore what factors may have constrained the implementation process. Third, it estimates the impact of the SDIP on health seeking behaviour at childbirth in two areas of Nepal using propensity score matching and longitudinal methods of analysis. It finds that the programme had a modest impact on utilisation of women who had heard of the SDIP, but because programme uptake was low, it has led to only a small increase in skilled birth attendance across the entire population. Implications for financial incentive programmes and maternal health care in low- income countries are explored.

Este trabalho estuda a influência de determinados incentivos fiscais relacionados ao Imposto sobre Circulação de Mercadorias e Serviços na estruturação de projetos de rede de distribuição física. O objetivo consiste em desenvolver um modelo matemático que determine uma logística de menor custo considerando incentivos fiscais com base no crédito presumido, em que a característica do cálculo do incentivo é um crédito proporcional ao valor da base de cálculo das notas fiscais com saídas para venda. Para tanto, estruturou-se um modelo de Programação Linear Inteira Mista. A função objetivo do modelo foi estruturada para minimizar os custos totais, sendo estes compostos por duas parcelas de custos logísticos (frete e armazenagem) e uma parcela referente ao benefício fiscal, que entra como uma parcela negativa na função objetivo, haja visto que o benefício fiscal auferido equivale ao montante do saldo de impostos devido que se deixa de pagar. Alguns cenários que contemplam as características dos incentivos analisados foram estudados aplicando-se o modelo matemático a um problema fictício, formulado com base na rede de distribuição física de uma indústria que produz e comercializa bens de consumo não duráveis. Para que os resultados obtidos fossem realísticos, os valores referentes aos custos logísticos (fretes e transbordo) bem como os volumes e a distribuição da demanda foram levantados com base nos dados reais de um ano de operação dessa mesma indústria.<br>This research evaluates the influence of some specific fiscal benefits related to current states sale taxes for internal and interstate operations over distribution center location decisions. The objective is to develop a mathematic model that determines a distribution network with lower cost considering fiscal benefits based on presumed credit, which is calculated as a proportional value of sales prices. To reach this objective a Mixed Integer Linear Programming model was developed. The optimizing function was structured to minimize the total cost, composed by logistics costs (freight and warehousing) and by fiscal benefit, which is a negative cost function due to the fact that the fiscal benefit is related to the tax that won\'t be paid. Some scenarios considering these fiscal characteristics were studied. The model was applied on a fictitious problem based on the distribution network of a manufacturer that produces and commercializes non durables consumption products. In order to get realistic results, logistics costs (freight and warehousing) and demand parameters were real data gathered from that manufacturer.

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2016-06-14T16:58:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Mauricio Carlos Pichiliani.pdf: 772557 bytes, checksum: 4fd2547d6e865fe373022cf51022d077 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-14T16:58:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mauricio Carlos Pichiliani.pdf: 772557 bytes, checksum: 4fd2547d6e865fe373022cf51022d077 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-11<br>This paper's purpose is to study the differential tax treatment for legal microenterprises and small businesses, called the system “SIMPLES Nacional” as a way of materializing the constitutional principle of substantive equality and encourage the development of these institutions. Under the economic and legal perspective, it is initially outlined a concept of microenterprise and small business, to then be briefly discussed some recent historical aspects in Brazil about its existence and relevance. After brief comments on the legal principle of equality, particularly in the tax context, the comments made were the criteria used to establish the legal framework provided by the Constitution favored for micro and small businesses. Finally, after critical analysis of statistical data provided by official bodies such as SEBRAE and the IBGE and the research results, conclusions about the effectiveness of different tax legal system were presented, with the parameters of the theory of justice as fairness John Rawls and the constitutional goal of encouraging the development, understood as understood by Amartya Sen, as closely related to freedom.<br>O presente trabalho tem por objeto de estudo o tratamento jurídico tributário diferenciado destinado às microempresas e empresas de pequeno porte, denominado SIMPLES Nacional, como forma de materializar o princípio constitucional da igualdade material e incentivar o desenvolvimento dessas instituições. Sob a perspectiva econômica e jurídica, inicialmente delineou-se um conceito de microempresa e empresa de pequeno porte, para, em seguida, serem abordados brevemente alguns aspectos históricos recentes no Brasil sobre sua existência e relevância. Após breves comentários sobre o princípio jurídico da igualdade, em especial em âmbito tributário, foram tecidos comentários aos critérios utilizados para o estabelecimento do regime jurídico favorecido previsto na Constituição Federal para as microempresas e empresas de pequeno porte. Por fim, após a análise crítica de dados estatísticos veiculados por órgãos oficiais como o SEBRAE e o IBGE, e a investigação dos resultados obtidos, foram apresentadas conclusões acerca da efetividade do sistema jurídico tributário diferenciado, tendo por parâmetros a teoria da justiça como equidade de John Rawls e o objetivo constitucional de incentivo ao desenvolvimento, compreendido, segundo entendimento de Amartya Sen, como intimamente relacionado com a liberdade.

En esta tesis, se analizan otras medidas de cumplimiento o metodologías de enforcement, distintas a las utilizadas por el OSIPTEL; ello a fin de buscar otras medidas que puedan ser aplicadas por el OSIPTEL para incentivar el cumplimiento de los indicadores de calidad de servicio y de atención al usuario; para lo cual, se analizan los distintos mecanismos que se utilizan a nivel nacional en otros reguladores, como es el caso del OEFA, OSITRAN, SUNASS e INDECOPI; así como a nivel internacional en materia de telecomunicaciones, como es el caso de Brasil y Colombia. A partir del análisis de los mecanismos, se simularán casuísticas aplicables a los indicadores de calidad de servicio y de atención, a fin de evidenciar los beneficios y riesgos que se podrían obtener con la implementación de los distintos mecanismos. Posteriormente, se efectuará un análisis multicriterio respecto de los distintos mecanismos de enforcement analizados a fin de evidenciar la mejor alternativa para incentivar el cumplimiento de los indicadores de calidad del servicio y atención a los usuarios, las cuales procederemos a proponer.

Many organisations use incentive systems as a management control tool to steer the organisation towards defined goals by generating common incentives for the employees. Previous studies have shown that the design of an incentive system affect what results it may generate. Therefore, this study aims to, within the context of manufacturing industry, investigate a configuration of design choices’ impact on the effect of an incentive system. A literature study has been conducted to map what effect the research shows different design choices and how these impacts the employees and the organisation. This case study of Toyota Material Handling Manufacturing Sweden AB investigates how their incentive system is designed and what effects this generates from their organisational specific context. Motivation, participation, cooperation, culture and performance were factors evaluated in the study. Data was mainly gathered through qualitative interviews conducted with employees to gain an understanding of the use and design of the incentive system together with how it fit within the organisational context. The empirical data was then analysed and related to previous studies on the subject. The conclusion and discussion base on the effects of an incentive system and how these effects are affected by the design of the incentive system itself, together with how these effects may be reduced when alternative management control tools hold a stronger presence with the employees. Even when the incentive system is designed by what previous studies has shown to generate the desired effect, the organisational specific context may affect the result. Further, it is discussed that the highest results are achieved when the incentive system is designed to work within a specific context, as it then strives towards the same vision as other management control tools.

Submitted by Sara Ribeiro (sara.ribeiro@ucb.br) on 2017-08-07T19:03:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PricillaMariaSantanaDissertacaoParcial2016.pdf: 930028 bytes, checksum: eba3bbb15120056e8cb882ee1749d7e2 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Sara Ribeiro (sara.ribeiro@ucb.br) on 2017-08-07T19:03:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 PricillaMariaSantanaDissertacaoParcial2016.pdf: 930028 bytes, checksum: eba3bbb15120056e8cb882ee1749d7e2 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-07T19:03:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PricillaMariaSantanaDissertacaoParcial2016.pdf: 930028 bytes, checksum: eba3bbb15120056e8cb882ee1749d7e2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-02<br>The international financial crisis of 2007/2008 unleashed several events that combined lead to one of the worst crises of capitalism. As a reaction, the governments engaged in many efforts to mitigate its effects. The search for countercyclical measures became the center of the economic policy. In Brazil, the adoption of an active fiscal policy based on a package of tax reflief applied to specific sectors was one of the principle measures. In a clear rescue of the extrafiscal dimension of the Tax on Manufactured Products (IPI), it was implemented a systematic reduction of aliquots for durable white goods and furniture. This dissertation aims at evaluating the efficacy of these measures as well as to demonstrate and recognize the relevant strategic role of tax measures in the incentive or disincentive of specific behaviors. Therefore, an econometric model was developed, where from a set of regressions, it sought to verify if the measures of fiscal (tax reflief), credit and monetary policy, directed to the automotive, furnishings, domestic appliance, and construction materials sectors, were effective on boosting the economy, meantime keeping the levels of consumption and sectional production. The results point to an effectiveness of the monetary policy to the automotive and domestic appliance sectors, whereas the credit policy was efficacious in the sectors of civil construction, furnishings and domestic appliance. By its turn, the fiscal policy was effective and was able to leveraging the automobile sales. To the other sectors, the fiscal policy results were not satisfactory. Although the empiric results founded point to a moderate use of the fiscal policy, this study demonstrated in an unequivocal way the role of extrafiscal taxes, notably on IPI. Finally, it is noteworthy to mention that, as all econometric model, this one also has its limitations, in special, those related to the data availability, making necessary the use of proxies.<br>A Crise Financeira Internacional de 2007/2008 desencadeou um conjunto de eventos que associados ensejaram uma das maiores crises vivenciadas pelo Capitalismo. Em rea????o ?? Crise, os governos empreenderam diversos esfor??os para mitigar seus efeitos. A busca de medidas antic??clicas passou a ser a t??nica na pol??tica econ??mica. No Brasil, uma das principais medidas foi a ado????o de uma pol??tica fiscal ativa baseada em um pacote de medidas de desonera????es tribut??rias aplic??veis a determinados setores. Em um claro resgate da dimens??o extrafiscal do IPI, foi implementada uma redu????o sistem??tica das al??quotas para os setores automotivo, de m??veis e eletrodom??sticos e de materiais de constru????o. O objetivo desta disserta????o foi avaliar se as desonera????es fiscais empreendidas foram eficazes, bem como demonstrar e reconhecer a relev??ncia do papel estrat??gico da extrafiscalidade no incentivo ou desincentivo a determinados comportamentos. Para tanto, foi desenvolvido um modelo econom??trico, onde, a partir de um conjunto de regress??es, buscou-se verificar se as medidas de pol??tica fiscal (desonera????o tribut??rias), credit??cia e monet??ria voltadas para os setores automotivo, de m??veis e eletrodom??sticos e de materiais de constru????o foram eficazes no est??mulo ?? economia, mediante a manuten????o dos n??veis de consumo e produ????o setoriais. Os resultados observados apontam para uma efic??cia da pol??tica monet??ria para os setores automotivo e de m??veis eletrodom??sticos, enquanto a credit??cia foi eficaz para os setores de constru????o civil e de m??veis e eletrodom??sticos. A pol??tica fiscal, por seu turno, foi eficaz e conseguiu alavancar as vendas de autom??veis. Para os demais setores, os resultados da pol??tica fiscal n??o foram satisfat??rios. Assim, embora os resultados emp??ricos encontrados apontem para um uso comedido da pol??tica fiscal, o presente estudo demonstrou de modo inequ??voco o papel extrafiscal dos impostos, notadamente do IPI. Por fim, cumpre registrar que, como todo modelo econom??trico, este tamb??m apresenta limita????es, em especial, aquelas relacionadas ?? disponibilidade de dados, tornando necess??rio o uso de proxies.

L’elaborato è rivolto all’analisi del progetto didattico Dea Minerva, un’iniziativa avviata presso l’Istituto scolastico di Savignano sul Panaro (Comune in provincia di Modena) e sostenuta dall’Amministrazione comunale. Si tratta di un’esperienza a favore dell’ambiente, che si concretizza attraverso l’organizzazione di una raccolta differenziata integrativa di qualità d'imballaggi primari e secondari presso le scuole. Il progetto rientra tra le iniziative di promozione sul territorio dell’economia circolare, un nuovo paradigma a favore di una società più sostenibile, che si sta diffondendo, promosso in particolar modo dall’Unione Europea. L’obiettivo del lavoro svolto è stato quello di ricercare per il progetto didattico un supporto normativo e procedurale definitivo, al fine di aiutarlo a superare le problematiche che attualmente si trova ad affrontare, vista l’incertezza del quadro normativo in cui si inserisce. Per esaminare questo caso, è stato prima inquadrato il contesto normativo europeo e italiano in materia di rifiuti, in particolare rifiuti di imballaggi, e di gestione degli stessi. Successivamente sono state analizzate nel dettaglio, ricercando anche contatti diretti con i soggetti interessati, esperienze simili al Dea Minerva avviate sul territorio italiano, come la raccolta di tappi, di abiti usati o l’uso di compattatori intelligenti, con lo scopo di identificare, a partire da essi, una soluzione per il caso in esame. Alla fine delle ricerche svolte, l’unica soluzione risultata percorribile per l’iniziativa di Savignano, nel quadro normativo italiano, è stata quella di non considerare più il conferimento da parte dei cittadini come raccolta di rifiuti, bensì come donazione di materiale, di cui il soggetto non intende disfarsi, ma decide di tenere da parte e donare volontariamente ad una specifica iniziativa. Per implementare tale soluzione sono richieste diverse modifiche al progetto che, tuttavia, ne consentono un’ulteriore estensione in futuro.

Il concetto di rete dell'informazione può diventare uno schema logico con cui descrivere l'evoluzione delle politiche sulle energie rinnovabili e sulla sostenibilità? La ricerca è stata svolta analizzando l'architettura delle due reti (internet e reti energetiche) e l'evoluzione del bene prodotto e distribuito nella rete energetica, l'energia, esplicitando l'accessibilità da parte della distribuzione mondiale delle risorse petrolifere tradizionali e delle risorse rinnovabili. La struttura metodologica del progetto di ricerca si basa due tipi di analisi teorica: 1) l'analisi della nascita delle società in rete attraverso le teorie di Manuel Castells (concetto di spazio di flussi) e di Saskia Sassen e l'evoluzione delle città (cap.2 e cap.5) 2) le analisi dei flussi dei materiali e delle energie avendo come riferimento metodologico l'approccio ecologico ideato dai ricercatori dell'istituto per il Clima, l'Ambiente e l'Energia di Wuppertal, Germania (cap.3 e cap.4) La contraddizione tra città innovative e città che sono ai livelli di enormi discariche o di baraccopoli è esposta nel cap.6 attraverso casi studio e progetto dei Programmi Europei. Nell'ultimo capitolo (cap.7) si riassumono le ipotesi di partenza e i risultati della ricerca e si espongono le questioni aperte.<br>Can internet logic scheme be used as a basis to describe public policies evolution on renewable energies production and sharing in urban areas all over the world? The research project analyses the two networks (internet and energetic grids) architectures in actual and future urban areas. This analysis is connected with present and future forecasts energy productions from traditional fuels and from renewable sources. Theoretical analysis is conducted following a double conceptual pathway: - societal networks (Manuel Castells theory) and urban areas evolution (Saskia Sassen and Mike Davis) in order to picture the evolution of cities and towns in modern economies and in developing countries (Chapters 2 and 5); - Material and Energy Flow Analysis (approach by Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy) applied to renewable energy (Chapters 3 and 4) In Chapter 6 case studies are exposed on the deep cleavage between two different worlds: innovative, rich towns on a side and the landfills cities, slums on the other side. In the last part hypothesis and thesis are put together and open questions are explained (Chapter 7).

Il concetto di rete dell'informazione può diventare uno schema logico con cui descrivere l'evoluzione delle politiche sulle energie rinnovabili e sulla sostenibilità? La ricerca è stata svolta analizzando l'architettura delle due reti (internet e reti energetiche) e l'evoluzione del bene prodotto e distribuito nella rete energetica, l'energia, esplicitando l'accessibilità da parte della distribuzione mondiale delle risorse petrolifere tradizionali e delle risorse rinnovabili. La struttura metodologica del progetto di ricerca si basa due tipi di analisi teorica: 1) l'analisi della nascita delle società in rete attraverso le teorie di Manuel Castells (concetto di spazio di flussi) e di Saskia Sassen e l'evoluzione delle città (cap.2 e cap.5) 2) le analisi dei flussi dei materiali e delle energie avendo come riferimento metodologico l'approccio ecologico ideato dai ricercatori dell'istituto per il Clima, l'Ambiente e l'Energia di Wuppertal, Germania (cap.3 e cap.4) La contraddizione tra città innovative e città che sono ai livelli di enormi discariche o di baraccopoli è esposta nel cap.6 attraverso casi studio e progetto dei Programmi Europei. Nell'ultimo capitolo (cap.7) si riassumono le ipotesi di partenza e i risultati della ricerca e si espongono le questioni aperte.<br>Can internet logic scheme be used as a basis to describe public policies evolution on renewable energies production and sharing in urban areas all over the world? The research project analyses the two networks (internet and energetic grids) architectures in actual and future urban areas. This analysis is connected with present and future forecasts energy productions from traditional fuels and from renewable sources. Theoretical analysis is conducted following a double conceptual pathway: - societal networks (Manuel Castells theory) and urban areas evolution (Saskia Sassen and Mike Davis) in order to picture the evolution of cities and towns in modern economies and in developing countries (Chapters 2 and 5); - Material and Energy Flow Analysis (approach by Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy) applied to renewable energy (Chapters 3 and 4) In Chapter 6 case studies are exposed on the deep cleavage between two different worlds: innovative, rich towns on a side and the landfills cities, slums on the other side. In the last part hypothesis and thesis are put together and open questions are explained (Chapter 7).

This study addresses a new way to pool financial resources through an open call on the internet – crowdfunding. As this new industry continues to grow and develop, it is important to evaluate its current status and recent developments to try to find clues about the future. The analysis conducted focused on the types of material incentives that crowdfunding platforms use to entice their users to invest and, more specifically, on the relationship between the types of incentives (equity, revenue shares, prizes, interests and donations - no incentives) and the total money raised by the platforms. Findings indicate that the type of incentive used by a crowdfunding platform has a significant impact on the amount of money it raises. Additionally, the most used type of incentive, prizes, is outperformed by other types of incentive in terms of total money raised. Consequently, and also considering recent developments such as the passing of legislation in the United States regarding crowdfunding, evidence suggests that crowdfunding could become an important alternative source of financing for startups and small companies. It is important for both investors and capital seekers to learn about the viability of crowdfunding as an alternative that allows both parts to generate significant income – or “for-profit crowdfunding”.

碩士<br>靜宜大學<br>國際企業學系<br>100<br>In a modern and competitive business world the usage of Internet for promoting and developing the organization and its product is an important factor. It is evident that for the promotional activities and operation carried out by the organization, internet surveys act as important factor. This study compares two different types of promotional aspects material and immediate download incentives to answer a survey. The study has adopted primary data collection measures by using survey as the instrument and has attempted to arrive at a conclusion to the proposed hypothesis with regards to delayed and immediate gratification.

碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>電信工程學研究所<br>93<br>Content digitalization and advancement of communication network lead to content sharing on the internet. Teaching material sharing (TMS) is one of the important applications of content delivery networks (CDNs). TMS enables teachers to leverage on each other’s specialty, to produce quality teaching materials and to nurture creative teaching. TMS may also help alleviate digital divide. How to makes teachers create and share TM conveniently and how to incite teachers sharing their TMs positively are important problem in TMS. This thesis focuses on TMS among elementary school teachers over TANet. Our research aims at two issues: (i) How to design a P2P-based CDN for TMS that matches the organizational structure of elementary school system, and (ii) How to design incentives that encourage teachers to use and sharing teaching materials (TM) over the P2P TMS network. Challenges include TM presentation, TM discovery and delivery, TM quality evaluation, credit accounting, teacher behavior modeling, modeling organizational objective, incentive in a non-profit environment. We design a P2P-based TMS environment over TANet by combining the following four items: (i) Sharable Content Object Reference Model (SCORM) for TM presentation, (ii) Hybrid P2P network for TM discovery and delivery, (iii) a review system of TM quality evaluation, (iv) A transaction and credit accounting system. The Hybrid P2P architecture matches the organizational structure of elementary school system. In designing the incentive, firstly we build system model by considering: (i) utility from reward minus cost of creating TM equals to teacher’s benefit function, (ii) using Bass model to capture the dynamics of teacher’s willingness to upload TM. Secondly two kinds of incentive are proposed: (i) Accounting of TM quantity and quality for reputation-based reward incentive, (ii) Credit-based constraint avoids free-riding by enforcing teacher to review. Two parts of incentives are supported by government’s resource. Under our model, the numerical analysis results show that the incentive can induce more upload and more material exchange. Effects of incentive includes: (i) credit enforce teacher give feedback to the TMS system, (ii) Reputation incite teacher to share TM, (iii) TM score quantizes the quality of TM, (iv) Accounting system makes contribution and exploitation visual. A Hybrid P2P-based TMS environment is implemented over .Net framework and IIS web service. The corresponding entities in organizational structure of elementary school system are realized. In additional, two parts of incentive mechanism proposed by us also be applied to our TMS system that make our TMS more complete.

Метою даної роботи є розроблення загальних та конкретних рекомендацій та пропозицій щодо удосконалення системи мотивації персоналу як основи розвитку ТОВ «Цемент».<br>Целью данной работы является разработка общих и конкретных рекомендаций и предложений по совершенствованию системы мотивации персонала как основы ООО «Цемент».<br>The purpose of this work is the development of general and specific recommendations and proposals for the improvement of the personnel motivation system as the foundation of Cement LLC.

The dissertation revealed that pre-colonial animosities and political divisions remained very strong in the political calculation of various ethnic groups in Nigeria and Kenya. This is proven by analyzing the ethnic mobilization campaign strategy adopted by political actors, especially in Nigeria and Kenya. However, it could be shown how debate on national policy issues directed the 2012 presidential election campaign in Ghana, while in Nigeria and Kenya ethnic identity legitimacy rights dominated public discourse and directed voter mobilization in the 2011 and 2007 presidential elections. The dissertation discovered how the collaboration between the media and the public compelled political actors in Ghana to defocus inter-ethnic grievances and concentrate on issues with national policy implications instead. It revealed that the political party alliances and interest alignments, which produced a “coalition of convenience”, were a direct product of ethnicity and religion identity legitimacy rights in two of the three case study countries; namely Nigeria and Kenya. Consequently, campaigns in the focused elections were streamlined to support the political concerns of each group under the premise of solidarity. Voters’ electoral loyalty was focused on ethnic and regional political concerns. In that sense, ethnicity identity legitimacy rights and political interest were raised above policy goals and national interests during the elections in Nigeria and Kenya. By extension, the active political participation of the people was anchored on the ethnic affiliation of the candidates. This was very evident in the observed voting pattern in Nigeria and Kenya. The use of “Ethnicity-centered Mobilization Strategy” was a disservice to democracy and the electoral processes along the 2011 and 2007 elections in both Nigeria and Kenya. The author is convinced that electoral mobilization strategies, oriented towards inter-ethnic grievances, identity legitimacy rights, regional and religious affiliation, were catalysts to the election violence experienced during these presidential elections. The dissertation argues that the desire and privilege to wield political power and authority in the case study societies contributed heavily to the violent mob action that emerged from the focused elections. It shows how campaigns, anchored on inter-ethnic grievances and the desire to exert identity legitimacy rights for political relevance, created ethnic irredentists, religious hard-liners and shaped the mobilization and voter participatory capacity in each ethnic group during the focused elections. The dissertation was able to establish how campaign strategy as used by the political actors through “material and solidarity incentives” drove the electoral processes. To that extend the use of ethnicity-centered solidarity prepared the ground for violent response in Nigeria and Kenya. Nevertheless, the use of a material incentive strategy to lure voters compromised voters’ electoral conscience and subsequently led to commercialization of the elections, especially in Nigeria. Consequently, the binary effects of the strategy are represented in the compromised status of the voters and the commercialization of the processes. The various events as orchestrated by the political actors devalued the elections and democracy itself. The spontaneous eruption of violence in Nigeria and Kenya was as result of campaign strategy as the “Ethnic Alliance” supporting each of the two opposition groups had expected their candidate to win the election in Kenya and Nigeria in 2007 and 2011 respectively. The violent outcome of the Presidential thus confirmed the negative role of “Solidarity Incentive Strategy” as a campaign method in a distressed society. Ethno-regional voter mobilization methods centered on inter-ethnic grievances, as well as religion influenced voter mobilization to achieve electoral success negatively and distorted the basis for violent-free democratic elections in the case study countries.

碩士<br>臺灣大學<br>工業工程學研究所<br>95<br>Teaching material sharing (TMS) websites grow rapidly in Taiwan due to one-outline-multiple-texts policy under nine-year compulsory curriculum. The prevalence of personal computers provides convenient way to share teaching resources and experiences on TMS system. Teachers can enhance their teaching abilities and provide high-quality education to increase the competitiveness of our next generation. However, no effective incentives to encourage sharing activities are proposed. This thesis focuses on modeling TMS behavior over different reward incentive and different quality and quantity of teaching materials on TANet among elementary teachers. We aim to propose a prescriptive model for incentive design to establish a high quality and sustainably increasing quantity for teaching material sharing system. User behaviors discussed in this thesis including joining in to the community, leaving from the community, uploading and downloading teaching materials. Recent researcher investigated teacher behavior on knowledge sharing mainly influenced by website resources and reward incentive. Hence we consider two issues that are critical to the TMS: (1) Collective behavior modeling with SCTNet empirical data without reward incentive. (2)Experiment design for modeling response to reward incentive under constant website resources. We extend the Bass Model [Lai05] to S-shaped curve model for constructing collective behavior model. Bass Model uses the S-curve for describing the relation between uploading probability over time. The S-curve has a characteristic: slow start in the initial period, fast growth when the amount accumulated to a level and saturation in final. Based on this characteristic, we propose an S-shaped model which describes the relation between website resources and collective behavior which includes the probabilities of joining, download and upload. With empirical data from SCTNet without reward incentive, we analyze empirical data obtained from SCTNet and use regression to derive the parameter of the S-shaped model. This prescriptive model could serve as an estimation method for future network manager to predict the collective behavior under different teaching material quantity and quality. To design experiment for modeling response to monetary reward, the reward policy we consider is relatively ranking policy. Under constant community resources, we design small experiment on P2P TMS system in lab to model the user response including the probability of joining, upload and download over different reward proportion and reward budget. We replace the horizontal axis of the S-curve in Bass Model [Bas69] to conjecture the variation of user response including upload, download and upload under different reward budget in fixed reward proportion. We also base on the Expectancy theory [Ger04] and Expected Utility Theory [Nic02] to sketch the user response under different proportion in reward fixed reward. Through the Two-Factor factorial lab experiment, future researcher can obtain the user response data, which includes the probability of joining, download and upload, under different reward budget and different proportion of reward winner. Such results may help construct the modules of reward policy management in the prescriptive modeling framework for incentive design.

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Civil<br>As questões relacionadas com a reabilitação urbana desde sempre acompanharam as sociedades modernas e na maioria das vezes são de difícil resolução. A par desta problemática urge repensar, à escala global, a forma de construir, tal é a quantidade de resíduos gerados diariamente pelo setor da construção. A perspetiva de que a construção e a sustentabilidade terão de se relacionar intrinsecamente é comummente aceite mas a realidade que se vive neste setor é inequívoca quanto ao longo caminho que há a ser percorrido. Em Portugal, a aprovação do Decreto-Lei n.º 104/2004, de 7 maio, criou a figura das sociedades de reabilitação urbana nas quais se depositaram expetativas substanciais na alavancagem das intervenções de reabilitação urbana. Na verdade, conclui-se que as estratégias, os programas e outras formas de incentivo existentes não revelaram a eficácia esperada, sendo a situação agravada negativamente por um mercado de arrendamento muito pouco dinâmico. Entretanto, a conversão das Áreas Críticas de Recuperação e Reconversão Urbanística em Áreas de Reabilitação Urbana, ditada pelo Decreto-Lei n.º 307/2009, de 23 de outubro, e a atual conjuntura económica fazem renascer a preocupação e o debate em torno das matérias afetas à reabilitação urbana, assistindo-se a um desenvolvimento lento mas estruturado da reabilitação das urbes. É então nesse âmbito que se procedeu ao estudo das práticas de incentivo adotadas por câmaras municipais e sociedades de reabilitação, das estratégias que estes intervenientes nos processos de reabilitação urbana delinearam no ataque à inércia que se vive nos mesmos e ainda o retrato das práticas de reaproveitamento de materiais implementadas.<br>Issues related to urban renewal have always been present in modern societies and in most cases they are difficult to solve. Alongside this issue, it is urgent to rethink, on a global scale, how to build, due to the huge amount of waste generated daily by the construction sector. The perspective that supports the idea that building and sustainability will have to relate intrinsically is commonly accepted, but the reality is that there is still a long way to go. In Portugal, the approval of Decree-Law no. 104/2004, of 7 May, created the legal concept of urban renewal companies, which was supposed to increase substantially the number of urban rehabilitation interventions. But, in fact, the strategies and incentives did not reveal the efficacy that was expected, which was aggravated in a very negative fashion by a sluggish rental market. Meanwhile, the conversion of the Urban Reconversion and Restoration Critical Areas into Urban Renewal Areas, made by the Decree-Law no. 307/2009, of 23 October, and the current economic climate are source of concern and debate on matters dealing with urban renewal. Yet, it is being carried out a slow but structured development of urban renewal. Taking this into account, it was done an analysis of incentive practices adopted by municipal councils and urban renewal companies, of strategies used by these entities in urban renewal processes to address the existing underlining inertia and, finally, of implemented practices of building material reuse.

O presente Relatório Final surge no âmbito de um estágio, inserido na unidade curricular Prática Educativa do Mestrado de Educação Pré-Escolar da Escola Superior de Educação de Coimbra, 1 ano. Decorreu no ano letivo 2015/2016 e enquadrou-se institucionalmente num Jardim-de-infância. É constituído por uma reflexão acompanhada pela investigação de uma temática, neste caso a Gestão de comportamentos em idade pré-escolar. Sabemos que a recompensa deve ir ao encontro aos interesses das crianças, mas deve servir apenas para o reconhecimento de um bom comportamento ou podem também proporcionar / fortalecer outras aprendizagens? A nossa intervenção demonstrou que este tipo de recompensas (confecionadas e não materiais) permite não só a aquisição de novas aprendizagens mas também a “comemoração” do progresso do grupo em termos comportamentais. Ao utilizarmos o incentivo de grupo promovemos não só a mudança de um comportamento como também estamos a fortalecer as relações interpessoais entre crianças (sentido grupo, partilha e o não há competição). Podemos assim concluir que as recompensas podem e devem ser pensadas não só como incentivo ao bom comportamento mas também como oportunidade de novas aprendizagens.

Об’єкт дослідження - діяльність персоналу підприємства, зокрема ресторану «Марсала». У роботі розглядаються теоретичні аспекти стимулювання персоналу в ресторані. Master's qualification work consists of three sections.<br>The object of study is the activity of the personnel of the enterprise, in particular the restaurant «Marsala».

Con l’espressione “marketing internazionale” ci si riferisce a quell’insieme di attività adottate dall’impresa al fine di sviluppare o perfezionare la propria presenza sul mercato estero. Oggetto della presente ricerca è l’analisi degli aspetti problematici che tali attività sollevano sul piano giuridico: attraverso un approccio basato sull’integrazione della cultura economica del marketing d’impresa con quella più propriamente giuridica, l’indagine mira ad individuare le fattispecie di marketing rilevanti sotto il profilo giuridico e giuspubblicistico, ad analizzarne i profili che risultano più critici per l’impresa e proporre soluzioni concrete. La ricerca è stata condotta in collaborazione all’azienda Gruppo Meccaniche Luciani, che oltre ad essere un affermato fornitore di stampi per calzature, progetta design innovativi attraverso una sua articolazione organizzativa creativa, denominata Luciani LAB. L’impresa investe molto nell’innovazione, ed in questo senso, particolarmente significativo è stato l’acquisto di una potente stampante 3D, tecnologicamente all’avanguardia, che ha consentito all’azienda di progettare diversi prodotti, tra cui una borsa, realizzarli in prototipazione rapida, e successivamente renderli oggetto di specifiche campagne promozionali, illustrate nel presente lavoro. Viene evidenziato come queste rispecchino la peculiarità dell’approccio al marketing da parte della piccola/media impresa, descritto dalla dottrina maggioritaria come intuitivo ed empirico, distante da quello teorico e strategico del marketing management. La collaborazione con l’impresa partner del progetto ha costituito il riferimento principale per l’elaborazione del metodo con cui condurre la ricerca: l’azienda ha promosso i propri prodotti mediante diverse strumenti di marketing, come inserti pubblicitari su riviste, campagne di e-mail marketing e fiere di settore. Queste attività si distinguono tra esse non solo rispetto alle funzioni, alle differenti modalità con cui vengono impiegate e al pubblico cui si rivolgono, ma anche e soprattutto rispetto alla disciplina giuridica di riferimento: ognuna di esse infatti è regolata da un determinato complesso di regole e solleva questioni che si inseriscono in una specifica cornice giuridica. Al fine di giungere ad una sistematica trattazione dei profili giuridici connessi, si è scelto di classificare le diverse azioni di marketing in tre gruppi: quelle riferite alla comunicazione, quelle inerenti l’aspetto del prodotto e quelle che si riferiscono al cliente Per ognuna di queste aree si individua una precisa questione critica per l’impresa, e se ne trattano i profili problematici dal punto di vista giuridico. In relazione al primo gruppo, ovvero la comunicazione pubblicitaria d’impresa, si evidenziano le criticità connesse alla possibilità di tutelare giuridicamente l’idea creativa alla base del messaggio pubblicitario: si mette in discussione l’efficacia degli strumenti giuridici invocabili a sua tutela, in particolare della disciplina del diritto d’autore, della concorrenza sleale e dell’autodisciplina. Si prende come riferimento principale il contesto italiano, considerando la pluralità degli interessi pubblici, collettivi ed individuali coinvolti. Il secondo profilo d’indagine riguarda la disciplina giuridica riconducibile all’e-mail marketing, uno degli strumenti più diffusi di comunicazione digitale. L’invasività di questo sistema nella sfera personale dei destinatari impone l’adozione di adeguati rimedi da parte delle imprese per evitare di incorrere nella violazione delle disposizioni a tutela della privacy. Si trattano le diverse implicazioni derivanti dall’uso di tale strumento, in particolare quelle riferite al trattamento dei dati personali alla luce della normativa vigente in Italia e nell’Unione Europea, e connesse alle modalità di raccolta degli indirizzi e-mail dei destinatari potenzialmente interessati. Infine, la costante partecipazione alle fiere di settore da parte dell’azienda dimostra quanto l’esteriorità del prodotto costituisca uno strumento di marketing decisivo per la competitività aziendale, dunque grande è l’interesse dell’impresa a che il suo aspetto esteriore venga protetto dall’imitazione dei concorrenti. Il tema giuridico più significativo che lega il processo di marketing al prodotto dell’azienda è proprio la protezione legale del suo aspetto, ovvero la tutela del diritto esclusivo di utilizzarlo, e vietarne l’uso a terzi. L’aspetto di un prodotto può essere oggetto di protezione sulla base di diverse discipline che concorrono tra loro, sia a livello nazionale che sovranazionale, dei disegni e modelli, del marchio di forma, del diritto d’autore e della concorrenza sleale. Si è scelto di concentrare il lavoro, in particolare, sulla prima: si ricostruisce il quadro normativo e l’assetto degli interessi implicati dalla fattispecie, per arrivare ad evidenziare le principali criticità nell’interpretazione delle norme, sia a livello nazionale, che nell’Unione Europea. Si approfondiscono gli orientamenti di dottrina e giurisprudenza di alcune disposizioni chiave per l’applicazione della disciplina, quali gli artt. 6 e 7 del Regolamento CE, n. 6/2002, concernenti rispettivamente il «carattere individuale» e la «divulgazione», i due requisiti fondamentali per ottenere la registrazione e conseguente protezione giuridica del disegno. Tali nozioni sono soggette ad interpretazioni parzialmente difformi da parte dei giudici dei diversi Stati membri, e ciò contribuisce a minare l’applicazione omogenea della disciplina in tutto il territorio UE. In questo senso, viene messo in evidenza il ruolo chiave dell’orientamento della Corte di Giustizia dell’Unione Europea nell’interpretazione di tali concetti, avente l’effetto di uniformare l’approccio degli Stati. La Direttiva 98/71/CE ha introdotto la possibilità di cumulare la protezione conferita all’aspetto del prodotto dalla disciplina dei disegni e modelli con quella riconosciuta dalle altre normative. Tale previsione solleva questioni di rilievo sistematico e concorrenziale: ci si interroga su quali problemi di tipo sistematico e di concorrenza vengano sollevati dal riconoscimento su uno stesso prodotto della protezione sia come disegno che come marchio di forma, e sia come disegno che come opera dell’ingegno. In particolare nell’ambito del diritto dei marchi d’impresa e del diritto d’autore, le tutele hanno durata potenzialmente perpetua, diversamente dalla registrazione come disegno o modello, che garantisce la titolarità del diritto di utilizzare il proprio disegno in via esclusiva per un periodo limitato di massimo 25 anni. Questa differenza temporale rende il cumulo problematico sia a livello di coordinamento, che di concorrenza, poiché incentiva il sorgere di “monopoli creativi” sulle forme del prodotto. Il presente lavoro ha come obiettivo l’ampliamento della conoscenza sul tema del marketing con particolare riferimento ai profili giuridici che si pongono, con riguardo alla promozione del prodotto nell’ambito dell’Unione Europea. Si ritiene che il valore aggiunto e l’aspetto più originale della ricerca consista nella sua forte aderenza alla realtà della piccola/media impresa: tramite l’integrazione della ricerca giuridica e dello studio dei fenomeni di marketing si delineano i problemi pratici che questa si trova a dover affrontare nell’implementazione delle attività quotidiane di marketing. Tale indagine vuole essere utile a tutte le piccole/medie imprese che si trovano impreparate nell’affrontare le sfide poste dal marketing e nel conoscere le implicazioni giuridiche che da questo derivano.

Defence date: 14 November 2006<br>Examining board: Prof. Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann (Supervisor, European University Institute) ; Prof. Francesco Francioni (European University Institute) ; Prof. Thomas Cottier (University of Bern, Switzerland) ; Dr. Graham Dutfield (Queen Mary, University of London)<br>PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017