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Journal articles on the topic 'Material monuments'
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1
Herasymenko, I., and S. Maksymov. "PROBLEMATIC ISSUES OF CULTURAL HERITAGE VALUATION OF MONUMENTS." Criminalistics and Forensics, no. 65 (May 18, 2020): 477–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.33994/kndise.2020.65.47.
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The article analyzes the current state of the regulatory framework governing the valuation of cultural monuments, in particular, the Monetary Valuation of Monuments approved by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine dated September 26, 2002 No. 1447. The classification of conservation categories by a monument (national and local significance) and types of monuments (archeology, history, monumental art, architecture and urban planning, landscape gardening art, historical landscape, science and technology) is given. The main problem in determining the value of monuments is to take into account not only the material factors of the monuments and its degree of wear, but also the consideration of its intangible factors, such as its historical, social, artistic value, the presence of objects of decorative art. That is, the cost of buildings-monuments of cultural heritage is formed: – due to the cost of the material “carrier” (land with improvements in the form of buildings, structures, small forms, etc.); – due to the value of the contribution of the intangible asset to the carrier. The article also describes the main problems that arise when assessing such objects (the presence of a monument’s status, the lack of an information base on market transactions, high operating costs, the need for restoration work, and high investment risks). The factors raising and lowering the value of a cultural heritage monument are characterized. Based on the analysis of the current regulatory framework, it was decided to develop practical recommendations for determining the value of real estate – monuments of architecture and urban planning, in particular built-in premises.
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Popadić, Milan. "What makes a good monument?: Theoretical starting points to the heritological interpretation of commemorative values in the city space." Zbornik radova Filozofskog fakulteta u Pristini 53, no. 1 (2023): 253–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrffp53-40834.
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The initial research question in this paper is whether the predispositions for the evaluation of contemporary monumental culture in the city can be determined in the context of heritological research. In order to reach a possible answer, it is necessary to first determine the meaning of the word 'monument', and then present the dominant interpretations of what makes a 'good' monument. Thus, the paper starts from abstracted experiences concerning the place of monuments in the urban structure, then pays attention to issues of material, shape, and meaning, as well as multiple identities of monuments in the city. Finally, the basic theoretical starting points for the valorization of monuments are determined, which point out the relationship between commemorative values, monumental identities, and urban structure. The aim of this paper is to offer a synthesis of the heritological approach, which could then serve as a model for the analysis of contemporary monumental culture in the city. We can express this approach in the following way: the city is viewed as a heritage corpus, as a function of the relationship of material, form and meaning that is associated with its identities (conceptual, factual, and actual). Hence the initial answer to the question of what the city is through the prism of heritology: the city is a heritage corpus that evokes the maximum of memory in a minimum of space. What would then be a monument-in-a-city? The monumentin-the-city is a point of high commemorative value, an element that activates the memory potential of the urban structure. Thus, we get a basis for answering the question of what makes a 'good' monument: a good monument is one that satisfies the requirement of intensive commemorativeness (ie communicativeness of memory contents) in the city, while a 'bad' monument is what is insufficient in the mentioned sense.
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Thøfner, Margit. "MATERIAL TIME." Daphnis 38, no. 1-2 (2009): 181–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18796583-90001098.
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In early modern Europe the making of commemorative monuments for the deceased is a common and standardized practice with specific samples. Prevalently it is the wives task to — in agreement with the dying — attend to the memorials and thus prepare for death. The commemorative monuments are not only due to yoke the time present and hope for an era of grace in afterlife. Often the figures of chubby child-angels point to the cycle of birth, death an rebirth. Moreover the monument-makers not only try to visualize the artistic embodiment in religious context, but also the deceased as an individual.
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Jackson, Sarah E., and Joshua Wright. "The Work of Monuments: Reflections on Spatial, Temporal and Social Orientations in Mongolia and the Maya Lowlands." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 24, no. 1 (2014): 117–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774314000018.
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In this article, we look at two very different contexts of monument use – Bronze Age Inner Asia and the Classic period Maya lowlands – in order to explore the function and meanings of monuments and the variety of ways in which they worked to mark and differentiate ancient landscapes. Our goal in uniting such disparate contexts is to examine how power and social organization in these settings were translated into monumental material forms, and how such materializations were experienced by those who viewed and re-interpreted the monuments. In particular, we explore how monuments acted as orientational markers within specific cultural contexts. Our discussion finds common ground between the disparate settings through several common interpretive frameworks focused on spatial, temporal and social orientational work accomplished by active, agentive monuments through their relationships with humans, which we frame as a ‘technology of the monument’. Monuments are instrumental in situating groups within these different layers, or landscapes, of lived experience, yet even while physically fixed, allow for movement through changing meanings and ideas.
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Barać, Mirjana. "Urban-architectural and symbolic review of the memorial-monumental heritage of Kosovo and Metohija in the works of Svetomir Arsić Basara." Bastina, no. 55 (2021): 511–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/bastina31-33676.
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The subject of the paper is a spatial, urban-architectural, and symbolic interpretation of the monuments of the National Liberation War in Kosovo and Metohija, by Svetomir Arsić Basara. The Monument to People's Heroes Boris Vukmirović and Ramiz Sadiku and the Monument to the Šar Mountains Partisan Detachment were chosen for the analysis. The aim of this paper is to determine the relations between the sculptural form and man, but also the basic urban-architectural and monumental relations, characteristics, messages, and meanings, through the interpretation of the principles of spatial perception of the monuments. For the purposes of this research, data on the available archival material and the existing condition of the monuments were collected, an interview was conducted with the author of the monuments, Svetomir Arsić Basara, and then an urban-architectural and symbolic interpretation of the monuments was given. The paper provides a historical overview, an overview of social circumstances and relations, as well as authorial processes in urban-architectural designing solutions, therefore, this paper can contribute to the expansion of the current modest knowledge about the urban-architectural characteristics of the monuments, and a better understanding of their memorial symbolism.
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Lysandrou, Vasiliki, Athos Agapiou, Manolis Ioannides, Nikolaos Kantiranis, Eleftherios Charalambous, and Diofantos Hadjimitsis. "Integrated Investigation of Built Heritage Monuments: The Case Study of Paphos Harbour Castle, Cyprus." Heritage 1, no. 1 (2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage1010001.
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The state of preservation of built heritage monuments is often evaluated by means of several destructive techniques, which are mainly focused on the analysis of small parts of the monuments’ construction materials. The necessary sampling for the accomplishment of these destructive analyses is usually restricted to confined parts of a monument, since monuments are usually under protective legislation, and therefore only indicative of larger areas. Current research attempts to enhance the results of provided by destructive methods, using non-destructive image processing techniques. Towards this end, the potential use of image processing based on rectified images is examined, along with material sampling and laboratory analyses as part of a multi-disciplinary methodology for the investigation of Paphos (Cyprus) Harbour Castle. This approach has been adopted in order to map the degradation patterns observed on the monument’s masonry walls, minimizing destructive methods and attempting to visualize the results of the monument as a whole. The combination of both analytical and non-destructive techniques resulted in the acquisition of large amounts of information, permitting the evaluation of applied non-destructive techniques for the study of the deterioration present on a monument’s external surfaces. This approach led to the assessment of the overall state of preservation of the masonry walls of the structure in an extended scale covering all external façades in a semi-automatic way.
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Tilinger, Dezire. "Between planned and executed: A multiscale spatial analysis of the monument Prozivka." SAJ - Serbian Architectural Journal 16, no. 3 (2024): 355–82. https://doi.org/10.5937/saj2403355t.
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This research delves into the dialogue between monuments and their context, focusing on the Prozivka monument, a socialist Yugoslav monument dedicated to the People's Liberation Struggle. Created by renowned sculptor Oto Logo, the monument was erected in 1977 as a centrepiece in Prozivka, the largest socialist mass housing neighbourhood in Subotica, Serbia. The analysis follows the monument from its conception to the current state and takes a multi-scale approach, examining the monument's relationship with its material and immaterial context, from the urban plan to the level of detail. The study draws on archival materials, including technical documentation, restoration projects, old photographs and newspapers. The paper is divided into two sections. The first section provides a brief biography of Oto Logo, highlighting his notable works, exhibitions and awards. The second section is dedicated to the Prozivka monument, one of Logo's largest creations
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Sims, Lionel, and David Fisher. "Through the Gloomy Vale: Underworld Alignments at Stonehenge." Culture and Cosmos 21, no. 1 and 2 (2017): 11–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.46472/cc.01221.0203.
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Three recent independently developed models suggest that some Neolithic and Bronze Age monuments exhibit dual design properties in monument complexes by pairing obverse structures. Parker Pearson’s1 materiality model proposes that monuments of wood are paired with monuments of stone, these material metaphors respectively signifying places of rituals for the living with rituals for the dead. Higginbottom’s2 landscape model suggests that many western Scottish megalithic structures are paired in mirror-image landscape locations in which the horizon distance, direction and height of one site is the topographical reverse of the paired site – all in the service of ritually experiencing the liminal boundaries to the world. Sims’3 diacritical model suggests that materials, landscapes and lunar-solar alignments are diacritically combined to facilitate cyclical ritual processions between paired monuments through a simulated underworld. All three models combine in varying degrees archaeology and archaeoastronomy and our paper tests them through the case study of the late Neolithic/EBA Stonehenge Palisade in the Stonehenge monument complex.
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Fine, Gary Alan. "The Monumental Crowd: Collective Attention in Symbolic and Material Spaces." Social Research: An International Quarterly 90, no. 2 (2023): 315–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sor.2023.a901707.
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Abstract: Although often ignored in one's daily routine, monuments can serve as potent magnets for crowd gatherings in unveilings, preservation, and protest. The materiality of the monument provides a point of collective attention that binds participants in common cause within a civic space. When successful, these gatherings depend on enacting a set of processes: planning, organizing, gathering, performing, and dispersing. Each occurs within the context of state sponsorship or opposition. As is evident from cases in colonial New York and contemporary Virginia, monuments, no longer mute, can speak to crowds with shared images of morality and justice in their metal and marble materiality.
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Mirwa, Tetty, Sugito Sugito, Khaerul Saleh, and Nelson Tarigan. "KARAKTERISTIK PATUNG MONUMEN DAN TUGU DI KOTA MEDAN." Gorga : Jurnal Seni Rupa 12, no. 1 (2023): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/gr.v12i1.38907.
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This research was conducted to explore the works of monuments in the city of Medan. This study aims to reveal, explain and document the works of monuments and monuments. Related to this, this research is also: (1) to find out in real terms the techniques, materials of manufacture, visualization of ideas, shape characteristics, and layout arrangements in terms of the observer's perspective on the art of sculpture, monuments, and monuments, (2) to produce teaching materials for Sculpture. with local content in the Department of Fine Arts at the State University of Medan. The study was conducted on a population and a sample of 3 works. Data were collected by using the methods of observation, documentation, and questionnaires. Data analysis was used descriptively and qualitatively with the type of taxonomic analysis. The results of the analysis and discussion conclude that the meaning of monumental sculpture in the city of Medan expresses the value of state ideology, history, and culture. The meaning is contained in the shape, color, size of the material, and the location of the work which is based on the philosophy of Pancasila, the history of struggle, and the culture of the Indonesian nation. While the techniques used were the grain technique and cast iron reinforced concrete, the techniques were also modeling (printing), then the materials used were cement, concrete, and bronze. The average visualization of the work displayed human figures, while the monument displayed rectangular concrete objects towering upwards.Keywords: statues, monuments, teaching materials. AbstrakPenelitian ini dilakukan untuk mendalami tentang karya patung monumen dan tugu yang terdapat di Kota Medan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkapkan, menjelaskan, dan mendokumentasikan karya patung monumen dan tugu. Terkait hal ini, penelitian ini juga adalah: (1) mengetahui secara nyata teknik, bahan pembuatan, visualisasi ide, karakteristik bentuk, pengaturan tata letak ditinjau dari perspektif pengamat pada seni patung monumen dan tugu, (2) menghasilkan bahan ajar Seni Patung yang bermuatan lokal pada Jurusan Seni Rupa di Universitas Negeri Medan. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap populasi dan 3 sampel karya. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode observasi, dokumentasi dan kuesioner. Analisis data digunakan secara deskriptif kualitatif dengan jenis analisis taksonomi. Hasil analisis dan pembahasan menyimpulkan bahwa makna karya seni patung monumen di Kota Medan mengungkapkan nilai pada ideologi negara, sejarah dan budaya. Makna tersebut terkandung pada bentuk, warna, ukuran, bahan dan lokasi karya yang berlandaskan pada falsafah Pancasila, sejarah perjuangan dan budaya bangsa Indonesia. Sedangkan teknik yang digunakan adalah teknik butsir, cor beton bertulang besi, juga teknik modelling (cetak), selanjutnya bahan yang digunakan rata-rata semen beton dan ada perunggu. Rata-rata visualisasi karya menampilkan sosok/figur manusia, sedangkan tugu menampilkan benda bentuk beton persegi panjang menjulang ke atas.Kata Kunci: patung, tugu pengayaan, bahan ajar.Authors:Tetty Mirwa : Universitas Negeri MedanSugito : Universitas Negeri MedanKhaerul Saleh : Universitas Negeri MedanNelson Tarigan : Universitas Negeri MedanReferences:Gie, L. (1976). Garis Besar Estetik. Yogyakarta: UGM.Hoeve, V. W. (1950). Ensiklopedia Indonesia. Bandung: Hoeve Press.Muchtar, B. (1992). Seni Patung Indonesia. Yogyakarta: ISI Yogyakarta.Primadi, P. (1978). Proses Kreasi dan Apresiasi Seni. Jakarta: Ghalia Indonesia.Saylor, H. H. (1952). Dictionary of Architecture. New York: John Wilcy and Son Inc.Sirait, B. (1985). Komposisi Seni Rupa. Medan: IKIP Medan.Soedarso, S.P. (1976). Tinjauan Seni. Yogyakarta: ASRI.Soekadarman, M. S. (1977). Filsafat Seni dan Fenomenologi Karya Seni. Malang. Malang: IKIP Malang.Suryabrata, S. (2012). Metodologi Penelitian. Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada.Webster, M. (1971). Webster Seven New Dictionary. New York: G & C Merriam Company.
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Kolosov, V. A., M. V. Zotova, A. I. Alexandrova, and A. S. Karasev. "Material Elements of the Political Landscape of Moscow as a Capital." Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk Seriya Geograficheskaya 87, no. 8 (2023): 1190–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s2587556623080095.
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The urban environment of Moscow is considered through the concept of the political landscape as a complex of environment-shaping, representative objects. The image of the capital is not only the political history of the state, captured in buildings and monuments, but also a mirror of the representations of the national elite about its social support, development prospects, the outside world, and diverse social ideas about space. Official buildings as the focus of the political and administrative functions of the capital and city monuments are shown in the study as the dominant categories of place, a matrix of new representations that determine the evolution of the urban political and symbolic landscape. The objective of the study is to trace the stages of evolution of the most important material elements of the Moscow political landscape: the location, the construction time, the origin, and other features of the buildings of state institutions and monuments. The features of the modern spatial distribution of government buildings and monuments are studied. The historical hyperconcentration of government buildings in the capital center has been confirmed. Two large areas of high concentration of government buildings are identified: around Lubyanka, Kitai-Gorod, Staraya and Novaya squares and within the Moscow City business complex, as well as the relationship between the significance of a government agency and proximity to the Presidential Administration and the Kremlin as the main centers of decision-making. Despite the transfer of several federal agencies outside the center, there has not yet been a noticeable spatial decentralization of the administrative functions of the capital. In turn, the geography of the monuments repeats the general patterns of the capital plan. Their location reveals the radial-ring and sectoral structures of the city, as well as the specialization of districts. The absolute dominants of the landscape are the monuments dedicated to the heroes and events of the Great Patriotic War (more than 40% of the total number of monuments), which is one of the basics of modern Russian identity. The importance and significance of many capital monuments as an element of the political landscape is based on a strong long-term discourse. Despite some changes (the installation of monuments to rehabilitated public and political figures, victims of new wars and terrorist acts, as well as orthodox monuments), the monumental landscape of the capital is quite stable.
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Myrberg, Nanouschka. "Burning Down the House: Mythological Chaos and World Order on Gotlandic Picture Stones." Current Swedish Archaeology 13, no. 1 (2021): 99–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.37718/csa.2005.06.
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The Gotlandic picture stone monuments of the oldest type constitute a material manifestation of a "concept" which basically deals with world order and balance, from the single picture to the monument as a whole. This concept is detectable in myths, sagas and material culture alike. Only by paying more attention to the female agents of the sagas is it possible to reach an understanding ofthe common content of ideas between the different expressions. That the elements play an important role in the sagas is reflected in the setting and execution of monuments and artefacts.
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Caner-Saltık, Emine N. "Atmospheric Weathering of Historic Monuments and Their Related Conservation Issues." MATEC Web of Conferences 149 (2018): 01009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814901009.
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Atmospheric environment affects the materials of historic monuments and their structure starting from the time of their construction. Daily and seasonal changes in temperature and humidity, wind, snow and rainfall, soluble salts carried by water, biological agents, pollutant gases and particulate matter are some of the agents in atmospheric environment that introduce weathering by physical, chemical and biological processes in the materials of the monuments such as natural building stones, bricks, mortars and plasters, mud brick etc. The weathering processes need to be well diagnosed by identification of main mechanisms of decay and major responsible agents, degree and depth of deterioration expressed with measurable parameters of physical, physicomechanical properties, and micro structural changes together with their distribution on the monument. Success of conservation treatments strongly depend on those diagnostic studies and compatibility of the treatments with the deteriorated and relatively sound parts of the historic materials. Current approach to materials conservation is to be able to make minimum intervention to historic material by targeting the conservation treatment to the deteriorated area for the purpose of controlling the deterioration factors and achieving compatible and durable conservation of historical material. In this presentation, two examples of diagnostic research and conservation treatments based on and guided by the diagnostic results are summarized concerning historic stone monuments exposed to atmospheric environment since more than two thousand years. The first example is on the marble walls of Temple of Augustus in Ankara exposed to polluted urban atmosphere. The second example is on the limestone statues of Nemrut Mount Monument in Adıyaman-Turkey, exposed to rural atmosphere with harsh climatic conditions. Finally, a brief discussion on current research issues related to historic materials conservation in atmospheric environment is made.
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Williams, Howard. "Monument and material reuse at the National Memorial Arboretum." Archaeological Dialogues 21, no. 1 (2014): 75–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1380203814000117.
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AbstractExploring the relocation and reuse of fragments and whole artefacts, materials and monuments in contemporary commemorative memorials in the United Kingdom (UK), this paper focuses on the National Memorial Arboretum (Alrewas, Staffordshire, hereafter NMA). Within this unique assemblage of memorial gardens, reuse constitutes a distinctive range of material commemoration. Through a detailed investigation of the NMA's gardens, this paper shows how monument and material reuse, while used in very different memorial forms, tends to be reserved to commemorate specific historical subjects and themes. Monument and material reuse is identified as a form of commemorative rehabilitation for displaced memorials and provides powerful and direct mnemonic and emotional connections between past and present in the commemoration through peace memorials, of military disasters and defensive actions, the sufferings of prisoners of war, and atrocities inflicted upon civilian populations. In exploring monument and material reuse to create specific emotive and mnemonic fields and triggers, this paper engages with a hitherto neglected aspect of late 20th- and early 21st-century commemorative culture.
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Maré, Estelle. "A critique of monuments." Acta Academica: Critical views on society, culture and politics 36, no. 3 (2004): 73–97. https://doi.org/10.38140/aa.v36i3.839.
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This article deals with the purpose of monuments, both sculptural and architectural. At issue is the assessment of the congruence between the aesthetic design and material expression, and the ethical or ideological meaning of monuments. Historical examples have been selected from the category of architectural structures and statues representing defunct ideologies. Such structures are often neglected, vandalised, destroyed, toppled, appropriated or recycled by rival groups. The discussion also focuses on two proposed monuments, both of which are intended to honour the victims of past events inspired by ideological bias. An attempt is made to solve the problem ofremembering the past in ways other than the erection of monumental constructions intended to celebrate past or present political ideologies or heroes.
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Amatya, Pooja, Rohit Ranjitkar, Prachand Man Pradhan, and Lochan Rijal. "Bricks, Mud and Lime Mortars in Heritage Restoration: A case study." MATEC Web of Conferences 403 (2024): 07002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202440307002.
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This paper is based upon an extensive eight-year experience in the restoration of monuments from the World Heritage Site Patan Darbar Square to Tripureshwor Mahadev Temple, Sattals, and Garden Area and the Sama Center, representing historically significant Malla, Shah and Rana period architectures respectively, after the Gorkha earthquake of 2015. These monuments date back from 6th to the 20th century. All structures employ a masonry system as the structural system. The main materials observed in these heritages were burnt clay bricks, stones, mud mortars, and lime mortars. This study examines the technical aspects such as material properties (compressive strength, bending strength, mechanical properties), and composition of mortars according to their use in different locations and types of structures, even within the same building. The study acknowledges the Department of Archaeology’s preservation and monument act, highlighting the potential for material reuse in heritage restoration. The primary aim of this study is to comprehensively understand and analyze the strength of antiquated materials and traditional mortars used in historical construction and restoration. It provides practical recommendations for future preservation efforts.
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Zaitseva, G. I., K. V. Chugunov, A. Yu Alekseev, et al. "Chronology of Key Barrows Belonging to Different Stages of the Scythian Period in Tuva (Arzhan-1 and Arzhan-2 Barrows)." Radiocarbon 49, no. 2 (2007): 645–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200042545.
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This paper focuses on the chronological study of 2 Scythian period monuments that are the key to the chronology of the entire Eurasian Scythian culture. These are the unique monuments of Arzhan-1 and Arzhan-2 in Central Asia (Tuva Republic). The dating of both these monuments began immediately after their discovery, but discussion about their chronological position is still current. Both monuments contained considerable wooden material from their construction suitable for dendrochronology and radiocarbon dating. The first results for the Arzhan-1 barrow were obtained by wiggle-matching in 2004–2005, while the Arzhan-2 barrow was first dated in 2003. It is now possible to compare the chronological position of these barrows using the same methods. As postulated earlier, Arzhan-1 is the oldest Scythian period monument and is dated to the boundary of the 8–9th centuries BC. The position of the Arzhan-2 monument stretches to the middle of the 7th century BC. δ13C values for annual tree rings in logs from both barrows were also determined to gain a better understanding of the climatic conditions at the time of barrow construction.
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Hodzhakulieva, Bahar A. "FROM THE HISTORY OF STUDYING MATERIAL OBJECTS OF THE UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITE." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 8/4, no. 139 (2023): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2023.08.04.009.
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The article discusses a range of issues related to the relevance of the study of historical monuments of a global scale, which are rich in the territory of Turkmenistan. The role of UNESCO in the study, protection and promotion of these objects is emphasized. On the example of the monument of ancient Nisa, the capital of the Parfian state, the aspects of cooperation between UNESCO and Turkmenistan are studied. Based on the analysis of a number of sources, the role of famous orientalists, archaeologists in the research of Old and New Nisa is shown. Considerable attention is paid to modern archaeological research, which is carried out by joint Turkmen-Italian, Turkmen-Russian expeditions. The importance in the history of world civilization of the monuments of Turkmenistan included in the list of tangible objects of UNESCO World Heritage is emphasized.
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Hogue, Timothy. "Thinking Through Monuments: Levantine Monuments as Technologies of Community-Scale Motivated Social Cognition." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 31, no. 3 (2021): 401–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774321000020.
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This study proposes that monuments are technologies through which communities think. I draw on conceptual blending theory as articulated by Mark Turner and Gilles Fauconnier to argue that monuments are material anchors for conceptual integration networks. The network model highlights that monuments are embedded in specific spatial and socio-historical contexts while also emphasizing that they function relationally by engaging the imaginations of communities. An enactivist understanding of these networks helps to explain the generative power of monuments as well as how they can become dynamic and polysemic. By proposing a cognitive scientific model for such relational qualities, this approach also has the advantage of making them more easily quantifiable. I present a test case of monumental installations from the Iron Age Levant (the ceremonial plaza of Karkamiš) to develop this approach and demonstrate its explanatory power. I contend that the theory and methods introduced here can make future accounts of monuments more precise while also opening up new avenues of research into monuments as a technology of motivated social cognition that is enacted on a community-scale.
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Ismayilova, A.V., and S.H. Abbasova. "MATERIAL-CULTURAL SAMPLES OF WESTERN AZERBAIJAN AS A HISTORICAL SOURCE." Annali d'Italia 62 (December 24, 2024): 41–46. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14552234.
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In the territory of Western Azerbaijan, there are rock paintings, temples, mosques, bridges, etc., among the material and cultural heritage of the Azerbaijani people. Each of these monuments is a historical source that carries traces of the history of Azerbaijan. There is information about the historical monuments and material and cultural samples found here in written sources from various periods - travelers' diaries, reports, political documents, etc. As a result, it is possible to clarify information about the period, character, and main features of historical monuments. Historical monuments of Western Azerbaijan are falsified by Armenians and presented as their own, and most of them were destroyed in order to erase our historical traces. However, the study of these monuments and their comparative analysis with information obtained from various written sources and historical documents once again show that the territory of Western Azerbaijan is the historical land of the Azerbaijani people and Azerbaijanis were forcibly and purposefully deported from their native places. The article provides information about the currently destroyed and destroyed monuments based on sources from various periods. It is emphasized here once again that historical monuments carry a lot of information about the past. Regardless of the reason, the destruction of historical monuments is unacceptable and it is important to protect them as universal values.
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Unal, Ugur, Akman Erdogan, and Niyazi Ayhan. "Semiotic analysis of the Taksim Republic Monument as the symbol of Turkish-Russian friendship." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2020, no. 10-3 (2020): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202010statyi53.
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Russia’s material and moral support during Turkey’s National Movement in the 1920s is of great importance to Turkey. The Taksim Republic Monument, which was built in the largest square of Istanbul in 1928, is one of the monuments depicting a country’s struggle for independence and modernization. The monument discussed in the study is evaluated within the framework of the communication perspective and studied through semiotic analysis.
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Usmanovich, Yusupov Zafar, and Abdurahmanov Nomonkhon. "Attention to material and cultural monuments." ACADEMICIA: An International Multidisciplinary Research Journal 11, no. 3 (2021): 1861–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2249-7137.2021.00931.9.
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Tatsenko, Nataliia, and Ivan Donik. "THE CONCEPT OF MONUMENT IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE: TOWARD A LEXICAL AND SEMANTIC ANALYSIS." Fìlologìčnì traktati 16, no. 2 (2024): 160–66. https://doi.org/10.21272/ftrk.2024.16(2)-16.
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This article delves into the lexical and semantic analysis of the concept MONUMENT, with a focus on its historical and cultural significance within various linguistic traditions. By employing componential analysis, the study reveals both common and differential semes associated with the lexeme “monument”, highlighting its multifaceted roles as a physical structure, a symbol of memory, and a marker of historical and cultural identity. Common semes such as “remembrance”, statue”, “tombstone”, and “historic significance” underscore the unifying aspects of the concept MONUMENT, while differential semes, including “boundary marker”, “lasting evidence”, “written tribute”, and “exceptional example”, reveal the diverse and multifaceted roles that monuments play in different contexts. Tracing the etymological evolution of the term “monument” from its Latin roots, the research demonstrates how the concept extends beyond its material form to encompass deeper cultural meanings related to commemoration, boundary marking, and exemplary achievements. The study underscores the dynamic nature of monuments, emphasizing their importance not only as cultural artifacts but also as symbolic embodiments of collective memory and identity. In light of ongoing global conflicts and natural disasters, this research also emphasizes the critical need for the preservation of monuments, which are vital to maintaining cultural heritage. Prospective areas for future study include the cross-cultural analysis of the concept MONUMENT and its evolving role in contemporary geopolitical contexts.
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Namichev, Petar, Ekaterina Namicheva Todorovska, and Vladica Nikolovska. "The Interaction Between the Isar and the Urban Landscape of Shtip." Journal of Balkan Architecture 1, no. 2 (2025): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.69648/ulkg5287.
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This study explores the relationship between the Memorial Complex to the Fallen Fighters of the Revolution in Shtip, designed by Bogdan Bogdanović, and the topography of Isar Hill. While previous scholarship has examined Bogdanović’s unique approach to memorial architecture, limited attention has been given to how his monuments engage with their immediate landscapes. Addressing this gap, the study analyzes the spatial, material, and experiential dimensions of the Shtip monument, emphasizing its integration with the natural contours of the terrain. Employing a qualitative research methodology, the study combines site analysis, archival research, and theoretical interpretation. Field observations document visitor movement, lighting conditions, and the interplay between the monument’s form and the surrounding landscape. Archival materials—including architectural plans and Bogdanović’s writings—offer historical insight, while phenomenological and landscape theories provide a conceptual framework for understanding the spatial experience of the site. The findings reveal how the monument’s design encourages a ritualized engagement with the landscape, guiding visitors through a contemplative journey that amplifies its commemorative purpose. By situating the Shtip memorial within broader discussions of landscape-based commemoration and site-specific design, this research deepens our understanding of Bogdanović’s architectural philosophy. It demonstrates how the strategic placement, use of natural materials, and integration with the sloped terrain generate a dynamic, immersive experience, reinforcing the monument’s symbolic and emotional resonance.
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Pestereva, Kiunnei Aidaarovna, Irena Semenovna Khokholova, Marina Il'inichna Kysylbaikova, and Alina Petrovna Vasilyeva. "The symbolism of urban space: socio-cognitive approach (based on the material of Yakutsk)." Социодинамика, no. 2 (February 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-7144.2021.2.35102.
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This article is dedicated to the currently relevant direction in the humanities – the study of city monuments as the tools of commemoration that contribute to the formation of historical and cultural memory in the society. The author classifies the monuments and art objects of Yakutsk by designation, as well as presents the survey results of the citizens on perception of the city’s symbolic space of the city. An overview and analysis of the monuments of Yakutsk demonstrated that they reflect history of the city and the republic, as well as contribute to the formation of sustainable representation of the citizens on the historical events. The most remarkable component in the formation of collective memory and historical identity remains the Memorials of Military Glory. This article reviews an example of the memorial complex “Victory Square” as the major memorial site in the city. It is substantiated by the fact that due to the government’s policy of emphasizing and reconsideration of the role of the Soviet people in victory in the Great Patriotic War, the monument retains its functionality and reminds on the tough years of war experienced by the people. The acquired results indicate that the residents are familiar with the history of their city and support the strengthening of commemorative functions assigned to the monuments. The research is carried out within the framework of project No. 20-011-31324 under the Russian Foundation for Basic Research “The Symbolic Space of Northern Cities of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) in the context of Sociopolitical Processes”.
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Budnukaeku, Alexander Chinago, and Irimiagba Gibson Francis. "Impact of Climate on the Environment: Effect of Driving Rain on Buildings and Monuments in Port Harcourt, South-South Nigeria." Saudi Journal of Civil Engineering 6, no. 7 (2022): 184–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sjce.2022.v06i07.002.
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This work is an attempt to understand the effect of climate in an environment, therefore the effect of driving rain on buildings and on monuments is considered a case study. The study area is Port Harcourt Metropolis, a subequatorial climate environment, located in southern part of Nigeria. The study made use of questionnaire, and response were analyse using a descriptive statistical tool (simple percentage and pie chart). The study observed among other things that driving rain defaces buildings and monuments. Furthermore majority of those interviewed are of the opinion that driving rain has made them spend more money in building and monument maintenance as the case may be. It was also observed that driving rain contributes to rill erosion within and around buildings and monuments. The study also finds out that driving rain affects the strength of buildings negatively, and that electrical appliance can also be affected. This work suggests among other things, that water resistance paints and material should be used on buildings and monuments. The windward side of buildings should be designed in a way that the effect of driving rain should be minimal on the wall or windows. Furthermore, materials like books, cloths and other weather sensitive materials should be kept away from the damp windward side of the rooms. This implies that wardrobes should not be fixed or constructed in the windward side of the building. The study suggested that strong materials and standard specification of concrete mixture and standard original materials should be used in building construction especially in a humid environment like Port Harcourt metropolis. Finally, geographical factors need to be considered before building construction and professionals should be engaged in the business of building of houses and monuments construction to avoid collapse and damages.
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Useinov, Memedulla A. "Dated Muslim epigraphic monuments of the Solkhat/Kirim city and its environs." Golden Horde Review 12, no. 2 (2024): 333–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2024-12-2.333-355.
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Purpose of the study: Identification of patterns and heterogeneities in the chronological distribution of epigraphic monuments. An attempt to correlate dated material with certain events in the life of the medieval city of Solkhat/Kirim. Detection of chronological markers in the typology and design of lapidary monuments, on the basis of which it will be possible to give a chronological reference for monuments without dating. Research materials: The article contains information about more than a hundred dated epigraphic monuments with Arabic inscriptions found at different times on the territory of the Golden Horde city of Solkhat/Kirim and in its environs. The data was collected on the basis of lapidary material stored in museum and private collections, including 26 monuments that are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The information mentioned in the works of Evliya Celebi, domestic researchers of the 19th to the beginning of the 20th century was taken into account, the studies of O.N. Akchokrakly, diaries and drawings of U. Bodaninsky, and photographic materials of archaeological expeditions of the 1920s. Research results: The work presents the distribution of dated monuments over the time period from the second half of the 13th century to the last quarter of the 15th century. Also presented are the results of the chronological distribution for some subtypes of grave monuments and the time frame for the use of the Turkic language on the epigraphic monuments of Solkhat/Kirim.
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Budi Santosa, Revianto, Josef Prijotomo, and Murni Rachmawati. "Considering Ephemeral Monuments: Towards a Greener Architectural Theory." Applied Mechanics and Materials 747 (March 2015): 192–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.747.192.
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The existence of buildings employing perishable material, however, is often marginalized partly because architecture is primarily understood as permanent structure built to last forever. This notion is heavily supported in Western architectural theory considering “permanence” (or “firmitas” in Vitruvian term) as one of the fundamental characteristics of architecture, especially monumental architecture which is intended to be “eternal”. To construct a permanent architecture, in general, requires greater amount of resources compared to the ephemeral. The marginalization of ephemeral architecture causes the depletion of resources due to the effort to make most of the buildings permanent since only those which withstand the ravage of time are deemed valuable as architecture This paper explores some meaningful pieces of architecture having values of monuments in Java yet they are constructed as ephemeral architecture requiring periodical renewal. The discussion on these ephemeral monuments will focus on the way perishable material is composed, the way renewal actions are conducted and the meaning of the monuments for their people are enhanced by these actions. In the conclusion, some criticism towards mainstream architectural theory is addressed by including ephemerality in the notion of [monumental] architecture so that we may proceed towards greener architectural theory in which the ephemeral has respectable roles.
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Lewicki, Jakub. "O POCZĄTKACH KLASYFIKACJI ZABYTKÓW.O WADACH I ZALETACH POLSKICH SYSTEMÓW WARTOŚCIOWANIA ZABYTKÓW." Protection of Cultural Heritage, no. 2 (November 28, 2016): 91–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.24358/odk_2016_02_08.
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This article discusses practices of classification of historic monuments and sites which have been adopted in Poland so far. The author of this article presents criteria pertaining to categorising and making inventory of historic monuments and sites developed in the first half of the twentieth century by Jan Zachwatowicz, Zdzisław Bieniecki, and Michał Witwicki. Furthermore, what is also presented is classification of materials that are relevant by their use or invention, classification of modernism monuments, and classification of historic monuments and sites which was carried out in the years 19590–1962, at the time when classes 0 and 1–4 were introduced.In future, historic monuments and sites should be classified by members of different expert teams cooperating with each other on different levels (regional and supralocal). The lists must be verified by academic authorities from various communities (art and architecture historians, conservators, etc.) and all works must be carried out in compliance with currently binding regulations. The criteria should be developed in accordance with the regulations set forth in the Polish Act on Protection and Guardianship of Monuments and Sites of 23 July 2003, unless major amendments are made to it. The author of this article suggests the following criteria, compliant with the legal regulations in force:– artistic merit (art. 3.1): the form of a property or a group of properties (quality and scope of their influence – European, supraregional, and local)– scientific and academic merit (art. 3.1): authenticity of the idea, material, function as well as construction, material, and innovation on local and supraregional scale.– historical merit (art. 3.1): the value and significance of the site, people and events - European, supraregional, and local scaleIt is necessary to define the significance and value of historic monuments and sites of European (supranational), regional, and local importance. Classification of both single historic monuments and sites and their groups should be clear, simple, and include the smallest possible number of valuing criteria. Furthermore, it should be compliant with Polish laws in force. When applied, the classification should result in factual selection of properties and sites - not on creating new groups of properties and sites of great historical importance and new categories of values being difficult to define. It is not possible to have standardised cirtieria matching all requirements and assigning high rank to each historic monument and site.
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Absi, Joseph, Sarah Al Adgham, Ghina Sabalbal, Wahib Arairo, and Marianne Saba. "Sustainable approach in the restoration of his approach in the restoration of historical monuments using geopolymer material." E3S Web of Conferences 436 (2023): 08004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202343608004.
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The restoration of historical monuments using eco-friendly materials such as geopolymer is a good aspect that is being developed for a more sustainable approach. It takes into account several factors such as cultural heritage preservation, durability, and environmental sustainability [1]. While providing excellent durability and strength properties when submerged in different environmental conditions, the use of geopolymer material in the restoration of old sandstone rocks can significantly reduce the carbon footprint associated with traditional construction materials. This approach can support the preservation of cultural heritage by maintaining the monument’s original aesthetics and offering a long-term solution for its restoration [2]. Overall, a sustainable restoration approach that incorporates geopolymer material can be environmentally friendly while assisting in the long-term preservation of cultural assets.
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Bremner, G. A. "Colonial careerists in Central Africa, 1888–1913: a survey of monuments in St Paul’s Cathedral." Sculpture Journal 33, no. 2 (2024): 265–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/sj.2024.33.2.11.
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This article considers a number of monuments in St Paul’s Cathedral dedicated to soldiers and administrators who served in various parts of Central Africa during the British colonial period, namely Sir Bartle Frere (1815–84), Lord Robert Cornelis Napier (1810–90), Major Arthur Blyford Thruston (1865–97), Admiral Sir Harry Holdsworth Rawson (1843–1910) and Captain Sir John Hawley Glover (1829–85). It discusses the careers of these colonial agents in context, relating this, where appropriate, to the symbolic and material conditions of the monuments themselves. It considers the artists involved, their techniques of representation, and the architectural associations of the monumental form during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In conclusion, it suggests that the commemorative form represented in these monuments presents empire and imperial expansion as a modernizing enterprise.
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Everhart, Timothy D. "Scioto Situations and the Steel Group Monument Assemblage." Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 45, no. 3 (2020): 269–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/26989080.
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Abstract Scholars have offered various approaches to create a synthetic view of the Middle Woodland period that integrates geographically expansive and heterogenous material remains. Situation theory offers a synthetic analytical approach to the multiplicity of Middle Woodland ceremonialisms, allowing us to conceive of how people and communities across the midcontinent got caught up in shared conditions. Scioto situations—the Middle Woodland situations occurring within the central Scioto River valley of southern Ohio—have long been famous for their earthen monuments and ornate material symbols. This article analyzes Scioto situations through an examination of the monument assemblage of the Steel Group—an earthwork site with at least 13 earthen enclosures. In doing so, it offers an approach to monumentality that grounds interpretations of the aesthetic and physical nature of monuments within the complicated historical entanglements from which they emerged.
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Mahnič, Katja. "Collective Memory between Tradition and Archive: Josip Mantuani, Heimatschutz and Monument Protection." Ars & Humanitas 13, no. 1 (2019): 205–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/ah.13.1.205-218.
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In 1911, Josip Mantuani attended a joint meeting for monument protection and Heimatschutz (homeland protection) in Salzburg, which he covered extensively in the Slovenec newspaper. Even though his practice as a member of the Monument Council and director of the Provincial Museum undoubtedly centred on the protection of historical monuments, he was also well acquainted with Heimatschutz. This is clearly shown in his text “Domovinsko varstvo” (Heimatschutz), which he published in the scientific journal Čas in 1914. The two aforementioned texts, along with his five-instalment feuilleton on the modern principles of monument protection, which he published in the Slovenec newspaper in late 1909, provide a good insight into Mantuani’s understanding of the mutual relationship between monument protection and Heimatschutz. In all three texts one can clearly discern that Mantuani distinguished between monuments that were still rooted in the existing tradition through their character, form and content, and those he viewed as “silent witnesses” to past cultures, or, in other words, as historical sources. He attributed “a living cultural” role to the former, while viewing the latter as “archival material”.
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Mahnič, Katja. "Collective Memory between Tradition and Archive: Josip Mantuani, Heimatschutz and Monument Protection." Ars & Humanitas 13, no. 1 (2019): 205–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/ars.13.1.205-218.
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In 1911, Josip Mantuani attended a joint meeting for monument protection and Heimatschutz (homeland protection) in Salzburg, which he covered extensively in the Slovenec newspaper. Even though his practice as a member of the Monument Council and director of the Provincial Museum undoubtedly centred on the protection of historical monuments, he was also well acquainted with Heimatschutz. This is clearly shown in his text “Domovinsko varstvo” (Heimatschutz), which he published in the scientific journal Čas in 1914. The two aforementioned texts, along with his five-instalment feuilleton on the modern principles of monument protection, which he published in the Slovenec newspaper in late 1909, provide a good insight into Mantuani’s understanding of the mutual relationship between monument protection and Heimatschutz. In all three texts one can clearly discern that Mantuani distinguished between monuments that were still rooted in the existing tradition through their character, form and content, and those he viewed as “silent witnesses” to past cultures, or, in other words, as historical sources. He attributed “a living cultural” role to the former, while viewing the latter as “archival material”.
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Vukliš, Vladan. "Pieces of contested memories: The history of monuments in Banja Luka." Geoadria 29, no. 2 (2025): 227–58. https://doi.org/10.15291/geoadria.4536.
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In the last century and a half, the city of Banja Luka has passed through the existence of six different states that came and left in dramatic, paradigm altering shifts. The historical breaks which occurred in 1878, 1918, 1941, 1945 and 1990 were manifested as deep discontinuities. In this paper, we present a history of monuments and memorial markers in Banja Luka, with the following aims: to reconstruct the memory politics of states and local actors as they have changed through time; to identify the material remains of mnemonic practices; and, to determine their fates after the states that placed them were removed from the historic arena. This work does not represent a thorough list of each monument or their full typology. Rather, it examines the main memorial markers, with additional focus on those monuments which are deemed important, such as the Monument to the Fallen of Krajina (1961), including their meaning and their subsequent use. While a detailed history of monuments and memorial practices spans from 1880 to 1990, the current, post–socialist era is reviewed in the form of an epilogue, with attention on the dominant mnemonic paradigm.
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Vechersky, Victor. "HOW TO DETERMINE MONUMENT PROTECTION ZONES." Current Issues in Research, Conservation and Restoration of Historic Fortifications 16, no. 2022 (2022): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/fortifications2022.16.040.
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The article is devoted to the issues of determining the boundaries and modes of use of the zones of protection of immovable monuments of cultural heritage in Ukraine. The urgency of this issue is due to the objective complexity and ambiguity of the subject area, as well as insufficient knowledge of the "material part" among those who practice in this field. The need to take into account not the monument itself, but its territory as a basic factor is emphasized. The peculiarities of defining protection zones of monuments of different types are considered. The error of the discrete approach to the definition of protection zones of each specific monument, regardless of other monuments and their mutual location, is noted. The need for a comprehensive and systematic definition of protection zones for all immovable monuments within the settlement is emphasized. It is important to emphasize the priority of careful and concrete determination of the modes of use of the territories of the zones of protection of monuments, imposed on them town-planning restrictions and encumbrances. This should be done in accordance with the principle of reasonable sufficiency, avoiding, where possible, bans on any urban planning activity and preferring its clear regulation. The usefulness for the society of correctly defining the zones of protection of monuments on the basis of a properly verified scientific methodology can be easily diminished. And not just the political situation, but also the petty urban politics of unencumbered people who care only about their own temporary gain, ignoring the catastrophic losses for the nation in the future. Until Ukrainian society learns to recognize such threats and engage experts in combating them, the methods and criteria for defining the boundaries of cultural heritage protection zones will remain at the level of academic exercises that have little to do with reality.
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Muratkulovich, Abduraimov Sherzod. "Principles of Combination of Architecture in the Process of Restoration and Conservation of Architectural Monuments." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 12 (2021): 2434–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.39331.
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Abstract: The article deals with the history of construction of monuments in Uzbekistan, architectural formation, the initial task, architectural and functional changes that took place before our arrival, the historical value of the monument, material, structural, artistic and architectural aspects. the degree of preservation, the principles of determining the need for conservation and restoration of monuments, as well as their drawings, ie history, style, appearance of devices, decorations, patterns he worked on the spreads, fragments, sketches and projects of Nigorlam, and in some cases the model or layout of the future building, the proportions of architectural forms, paigor in drawing, all the proportions used in architecture, the law of proportions in architecture, the principles are explained as architectural decorations are designed in accordance with the shapes of the building. Keywords: Historical cities, architectural monuments, cultural and natural cultural heritage, architecture and urban planning, principles, forms, construction, restoration, conservation.
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Lizak, Agata. "Prawna ochrona nazw jako wartości niematerialnych na gruncie ustawy o ochronie zabytków i opiece nad zabytkami." Acta Iuridica Resoviensia 32, no. 1 (2021): 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/actaires.2021.1.6.
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Regulations of the Act from 23 July 2003 on the Protection of Monuments and the Guardianship of Monuments concerns especially material heritage. Nevertheless, the legislator in several articles of mentioned act has referred also to intangible values, such as geographical, traditional and historic names. As regards the question of their protection, it has been mentioned only in two laconic provisions – one of them concerns possibility of names’ protection in general (art. 6 par. 2), while the second one stipulates that the name of immovable historic monument entered in the register of monuments may be also listed in such register. Bearing this in mind, the reflection is needed under which circumstances name may be protected and what are the specific rules of such a protection. Given the above, in the article, as a first issue, status of the names has been analyzed. Furthermore, attention has been paid to the scope of protection.
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Ma, John. "Chaironeia 338: topographies of commemoration." Journal of Hellenic Studies 128 (November 2008): 72–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0075426900000069.
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Abstract:This article examines two funerary monuments associated with the battle of Chaironeia in 338: first, the mound, covering a mass cremation, by the Kephissos; second, near the town of Chaironeia, the mass burial surrounded by a stone enclosure and topped by a colossal stone lion. The accepted identifications are confirmed (the mound is that of the Macedonian dead, the lion monument that of Theban dead, in all probability the Sacred Band), and two propositions developed: the mound does not relate to the tactical dispositions of the battle, and hence the generally accepted reconstruction of the battle must be discarded; the lion monument must date to much later than 338. In developing these propositions, I examine material which has been long known, but never considered in depth; I notably present what I believe are the first photographs of some of the osteological material from the mass burial under the lion monument. More generally, the two monuments, located at different points of the battlefield, set up by different actors and at different moments, offer the opportunity for considerations on the different functions of ‘memory’ surrounding an historical event: the Macedonian mound reflected the needs and self-imagining of the victorious army, imposing a trace in the landscape; the lion monument embeds itself in preexisting topographies, for a more reflective, and more troubled, effect.
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Spielberg, Lydia. "Monumental Absences in Ancient Historiography." Trends in Classics 11, no. 1 (2019): 51–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tc-2019-0004.
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Abstract This article demonstrates that ancient historians did not simply draw upon inscriptions and statues as sources, but also subverted the original messages of these artefacts by placing their own spin on events. These readings ‘against the grain’ take place both where the historical monument exists and has been seen by the historian, as in Thucydides’ digression on the Peisistratids’ inscriptions and decrees, and where the monument is either inaccessible or nonexistent (e. g. Livy’s discussion of the 493 BC Latin treaty and Tacitus’ analysis of the senate-decrees issued for Germanicus’ funeral). By reinterpreting monuments, historians enable sources to transcend their semiotic function and elevate them into commemorative objects. However, this process of reframing and negotiation does not only occur to individual monuments; as this chapter demonstrates, Classical historiography also includes more general commentary on the usefulness of material sources as transmitters of the past.
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Kuznetsova, Helena S. "Range of Values of Architectural Monument." Observatory of Culture, no. 1 (February 28, 2014): 62–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/2072-3156-2014-0-1-62-70.
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Presents detailed review of the main values inherent to architectural monuments and draws a distinction between their sources and characteristics. Author analyzes six main values: practical, sacred, historical, artistic, scientific, and urban. The combination of some or all values can give the monument ability to provide emotional impact on the viewer which is examined separately. The sources of this ability can be: an artistic image, appearance (patina, later historical layers), authentic material, relation to the history, as well as the ambience of the building. Each value is determined by a number of features and has a diapason. Particular value is more or less expressed in different monuments, has different quality and potentially can be increased
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Dąbkowska, Monika. "KLASYFIKACJA ZABYTKÓW W CZESKIM USTAWODAWSTWIE." Protection of Cultural Heritage, no. 2 (November 28, 2016): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24358/odk_2016_02_01.
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In Czechia, provisions of law pertaining to historic preservation were established in 1958, during Stalinism. The regulations were provided in Czechoslovakian Act on Cultural Monuments.It was superseded by the Act on State Care for Historic Monuments and Sites being currently in force, which was adopted in the former political system in 1987. Due to dynamic economic, political, and ownership-related transformations taking place at that time, it was necessary to amend it. Consequently, for several years, the legislators have been working on a new act referred to as “The Act on Protection of Resources of Historic Monuments and Sites.” This article pertains to legislative solutions and classification of historic monuments and sites in the light of the Act being developed. In this document, historic monuments and sites are not grouped into specific categories. Instead, they are all considered material elements of cultural heritage. On the other hand, assets of historical significance are classified into cultural monuments, monument ensembles, and national culture monuments and sites of the most outstanding significance. Additionally, two temporary forms of historic preservation have been developed: areas and reserves of historical significance. Archaeological monuments and properties considered as having outstanding historical values under certain international agreements are treated separately. This classification allows for assigning tasks to appropriate administrative bodies and, at the same time, encouraging institutions responsible for historic preservation of monuments and sites on the national level to become advisory bodies of regional administration institutions. What is worth mentioning in the field of historic preservation in Czechia are government’s attempts at making historic monuments and sites more available to citizens by introducing certain legal regulations, i.e. providing the government with pre-emptive right to purchasea property of historical significance from a private owner. This approach results in increasing government’s profits from tourism and culture-related products.
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Fedyuneva, Galina V. "A New Handwritten Dictionary of the Komi-Zyryan Language in the History of Komi Lexicography." Voprosy leksikografii, no. 21 (2021): 87–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/22274200/21/4.
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The article presents an analysis of the lexical composition of the newly discovered Zyryan-Russian dictionary of the 17th century and clarifies its place in the history of Komi lexicography. The article solves the problems of classification of lexicographic monuments and systematization of approaches to their description, and reveals gaps in research that has not been conducted since the mid-20th century. The currently known lexicographic monuments of the Komi language are limited to the dictionary materials of D.G. Messerschmidt, F.I. Stralenberg, G.F. Miller, P.S. Pallas and I.I. Lepekhin; the materials were collected during their expeditions in the 1720s–1770s. Unlike the church monuments of the Old Komi language of the 14th–17th and 18th centuries, the materials have not yet received a thorough archaeographic description, textual analysis and cultural and historical interpretation. The new Zyryan-Russian dictionary, discovered as part of the manuscript collection of the monk Prokhor Kolomnyatin and accurately dated (1668), is the earliest monument in the history of Komi lexicography today. The dictionary is interesting because it belongs to the period almost undocumented by written evidence and differs from all existing monuments in its dialect basis. The article describes the structure of the dictionary, thoroughly analyzes the lexical composition and presents most of its content, and reveals parallels with the dictionary materials of other monuments. The Russian-Komi dictionary-phrasebook that I.I. Lepekhin found and published in his Diary Notes is considered in more detail. Later V.I. Lytkin reprinted and deciphered the phrasebook, as well as made commentaries on it in his Old Permic Language (1952); thus, it became an auxiliary material for the reconstruction of the Old Komi language of the 14th–17th centuries. The dictionary dates back to the 18th century, although it has not been subjected to serious cultural-historical and chronological attribution. The newly discovered monument, unlike Lepekhin’s dictionary created by the type of translated old Russian dictionaries-phrasebooks based on the Russian questionnaire, reflects the live Komi-Zyryan language of the second half of the 17th century. It does not contain typical phrases, phrases from dialogues and connected texts that are typical of translated phrasebooks. There is only a certain tendency towards a thematic presentation of the material, although not always consistent. Like the dictionary materials contained in the draft papers of Russian and foreign travellers of the 18th century, the vocabulary of the new dictionary was written by the author of the collection directly from the words of a native speaker (or native speakers) of the Komi language in order to fix it and, apparently, was not intended for communicative use. Unlike the existing dictionary materials, which often contain short lists of Komi numerals, the new dictionary contains a consistent detailed money vocabulary list, from “denga” to “thousand rubles”. Numerical values are given in the Cyrillic numeral system using letters, which is undoubtedly of interest for ethnohistorical research and Russian paleography.
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Muratkulovich, Abduraimov Sherzod. "Principles of Architectural Form Harmony in The Process of Restoration and Conservation of Architectural Monuments." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 12 (2022): 2365–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.48364.
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Abstract: In the article, the history of the construction of monuments in Uzbekistan, their architectural formation, their initial function, the architectural and functional changes that took place before they came to us, the historical value of the monument, from the material, structural, artistic and architectural aspects. principles such as the level of preservation, determining the extent to which monuments need conservation and restoration, as well as the architects of the past, before constructing buildings and structures that have been preserved in the form of monuments to us, drew their drawings, that is, their design, style, views of devices, decorations, patterns he worked on the layouts, fragments, drafts and projects, and in some cases, the model or layout of the future building, the proportions of architectural forms, paigor in the drawing, all proportions used in architecture, the law of proportionality and harmony in architecture, architectural decorations the principles of how it is designed in accordance with the building forms are described.
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Dražeta, Bogdan. "Monuments in Mostar as markers of the symbolic border and post-war memorialization." Geoadria 29, no. 2 (2025): 259–82. https://doi.org/10.15291/geoadria.4454.
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This article argues that monuments in Mostar have functioned as markers of symbolic borders and competing memorializations after abrupt changes in the political orders of the polities of which Mostar has been a part. In that sense, monuments in Mostar can be seen as manifestations of sedimentation and erosion of communities in the urban zone. For analytical purposes, the concept of monument is defined as an object that commemorates a specific event. Almost all of the monuments in Mostar can be traced according to their function, while shape and design are secondary. Four historical periods in which larger changes to ethno-religious dominance in the political and social systems took place are analyzed regarding memorialization of urban space in Mostar. These are Austro-Hungarian rule, the period during the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes / Yugoslavia, that of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, and the post-socialist era in Bosnia and Herzegovina since 1992. Research results show how material structures, such as monuments, tell identity-based stories about the intertemporal relations of communities in Mostar, within the frameworks the wider historical and contemporary social contexts in which members of these communities have interacted.
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Howes, Hadley. "Even Now the Sun: Monuments to Impermanence." Public 32, no. 64 (2021): 146–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/public_00079_1.
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In the summer of 2021, the sun melted the King Edward VII Equestrian Monument in Queen’s Park into a heap of bronze, releasing the occupants of the city of Toronto from the sculpture’s (both symbolic and material) colonial power. The sun finally did its work in the wake of artistic engagements that, in previous years, had defied the monument’s authority and challenged its permanence. These aesthetic actions both reveal the value of the equestrian monument to the neocolonial state (as a method of maintaining structures of hierarchy, exclusion and dominance), and offer the city’s occupants opportunities to practice how we can live together otherwise.
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Aksenov, K. E., and R. A. Gres. "Geopolitical Symbolic Capital and Monumental Space of Cities in the North-West of the Russian Federation." Geographical Environment and Living Systems, no. 2 (September 16, 2023): 113–37. https://doi.org/10.18384/2712-7621-2023-2-113-137.
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Aim. We identify and conceptualize the symbolic geopolitical capital of the territory, represented by monumental urban space.Methodology. We examined 515 monuments related to geopolitical topics in 9 model cities of the Northwestern Federal District of the Russian Federation. By studying the hierarchies of occurrence of geopolitical dedications in monuments—”geopolitical traces” left by monuments in model cities, an attempt was made to compare the significance for urban symbolic politics of such factors as the capital city status legacy, a specific geopolitical position, the experience of foreign control, and a change of sovereignty.Results. It is found that the specifics of topics and the parameters of representation of geopolitical symbols correlate with the degree of involvement of the city/region in certain geopolitical events. Geopolitical symbolic capital, represented by the resources of the monumental space in different cities of the North-West of the Russian Federation, is very significantly differentiated by the factors described in the paper. The factor of change of sovereignty over the territory turned out to be by far more significant than the capital city legacy. Symbols of the communist / Soviet expansion are more characteristic of regional capitals. Russian geographical research/discovery/development with a regional connotation (except for Kaliningrad) is the most significant in the monuments of all coastal cities in the sample.Research implications. In the context of increased attention to geopolitical issues, monuments bearing such a connotation represent a resource for its interpretation and use in order to achieve political dominance in symbolic politics, as evidenced by the large-scale “war of monuments” that has unfolded in the world. At the same time, the significance of urban symbols, fixed and thus “legitimized” in the urban material space, significantly increases the effectiveness of symbolic management based on them.
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Aparajita, Sharma. "KONARK: INDIAN MONUMENTS." International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Modern Education 4, no. 2 (2018): 56–62. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1472983.
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Caring and preservation of Indian medieval monuments and sculptures is a necessary step towards their survival and prolonged exposure to the natural processes The Historical Monuments (HM)and Ancient Heritage Structures (AHS) severally affected by environmental, region. conditions prevailing in the<strong> </strong>ancient medieval Kalinga Architecture, KONARK, nearer to The Chandrabhaga shoreline Bay of Bensal which is dedicated to SUN (God Surya), declared UNESCO as World Heritage Site” have been critically analyzed and interpreted with a view of conservation and protective measures in caring of monuments. The study reveals that survival structure largely influenced by physical and chemical factors which causes the etching and deterioration of stones. It has been observed that mineralogical composition of Monumental rock shows very susceptible to erosion. Natural weathering causes the tarnish of colour. The development of etching occurs due to the reaction of stone with air/water admixture of salt vapour and winds. Under useful mitigative measures the preservation of sculpture includes cementing material coating/Vinyl coating can be practicised .Vegetal coverage/plantation/ Fencing of Casuarinas/Pteridophytes / Hedges/Ferns towards the sea shore sites would provide protective barriers for sandy winds blown from seabeaches. Another protective measure related with load bearing capacity of the foundation soil need supports of steel framework.
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Rudy, Hryhorii. "The problems of cultural protection sphere in the UkrSSR in the Kyiv periodicals’ representation (the 1970s)." Proceedings of Research and Scientific Institute for Periodicals, no. 9(27) (2019): 207–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.37222/2524-0331-2019-9(27)-12.
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The paper seeks for the first time to develop new avenues for the study of the monuments preservation of the Ukrainian SSR in the 1970s via a prism of the Kyiv newspapers. The article aims to research general trends and forms of development of the monument preservation policy in the Soviet Ukraine on the basis of a wide range of the Kyiv periodicals of the 1970s. A comprehensiveness and accuracy of coverage in the Kyiv periodicals of the development of the museum sphere in the Ukrainian SSR have been analyzed. The rediscovered publications allow us to conclude that active participation of the periodicals in the cultural protection movement as well as a pressure from the cultural protection activists contributed in an adoption in 1978 of the legislative acts (of the Soviet Ukraine and the USSR) «About protection and usage of monuments of history and culture». It shows that the Kyiv mainstream press of that period was presented as a rich event-actual phenomenon as well as an important factor in the protection and preservation of historical and cultural monuments in Ukraine. A juxtaposition of the content of different Kyiv newspapers makes possible to trace back paradoxes of development of the cultural protection sphere of that time, a struggle of views and positions of representatives of the Soviet authorities and devotees of monuments protection. Having researched the Kyiv periodicals’ corpora of the 1970s, we draw a conclusion that the periodicals of that time give historians a considerable empirical material for studying problems of the searching, scientific and mass work of the Kyiv museums in the Soviet Ukraine. Keywords: the UkrSSR, the Kyiv newspaper periodicals, periodical press, the cultural monument protection sphere, protection and preservation of monuments of history and culture, historical and archaeological researches.
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Irwan, Khorina, and Ridho Bayu Yefterson. "ANALISIS KEBUTUHAN MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN DIGITAL BERBASIS MONUMEN PERISTIWA SEJARAH DI KOTA PAYAKUMBUH DAN KABUPATEN LIMA PULUH KOTA UNTUK MEMBANGUN KESADARAN SEJARAH." Puteri Hijau : Jurnal Pendidikan Sejarah 9, no. 1 (2024): 51. https://doi.org/10.24114/ph.v9i1.55276.
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This research discusses the development of e-teaching materials based on historical event monuments in Payakumbuh City and Limapuluh Kota Regency as a historical learning resource to build historical awareness. This E-Teaching Material media contains material on the history of monuments in Payakumbuh City and Limapuluh Kota Regency. The purpose of this research is as a learning resource in the history learning process and to build students' historical awareness of the monuments in the city of Payakumbuh and the fifty city districts. The research method used in this research is a qualitative descriptive method where the researcher is the key instrument and data processing is descriptive. Data collection techniques in this research used observation and interviews. The results and discussion of this research are that students have low enthusiasm for learning history which is caused by the monotonous use of history learning media so that students need interesting and creative learning media so that they can attract students' interest in learning history. The media that is the solution in this research is E-Teaching Material media which is based on monuments of historical events in the city of Payakumbuh and fifty city districts. It is hoped that this e-teaching material can be a solution to problems related to students' low enthusiasm for learning, so that effective history learning will be created and can achieve history learning goals.