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1
Ford, Hugh. "Materials Science and Technology: a journal for the future." Materials Science and Technology 1, no. 1 (January 1985): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/mst.1985.1.1.1.
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Stockdale, Bill. "Substrate Materials Micromachining and Surface Considerations." JALA: Journal of the Association for Laboratory Automation 4, no. 2 (May 1999): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/221106829900400208.
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Subject material presented describes substrate materials and their processing as key elements in microsystems technology manufacturing (MST) for Biochips (DNA arrays), Electronic MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical) Devices and electro-optics. Material choices are primarily glass, quartz and silicon, each of which may require mechanical features and exact surface finishes to enable design function and manufacturing. This paper will address some basic approaches to determining what substrates require for specific designs and manufacturing processes.
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Leamy, Harry J., and Jack H. Wernick. "Links of science & Technology." MRS Bulletin 22, no. 5 (May 1997): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400033200.
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We humans have employed and improved materials for millennia, but it required the Industrial Revolution of the last century to birth the systematic, science-based development of materials. During this time, effort expended in understanding the process-microstructure-properties relationships of materials conferred great economic and military advantage upon the successful. The introduction of machine power in this era created great leverage for improvements in the strength, ductility, corrosion resistance, formability, and similar properties of materials. Response to this opportunity led to the emergence of the materials profession. Stimulated by opportunity, materials scientists and engineers of the day met many of the challenges by first understanding and then controlling the composition and microstructure of materials. In the process, they defined the materials-engineering profession and left their names as a part of its vocabulary: Martens(ite), Bain(ite), Austen(ite), Schmid, Bessemer, Charpy, and Jomminy, to name a few. In fact the understanding and control of microstructure is the hallmark of materials science and engineering. Of course the ancient art of finding, mining, concentrating, and refining materials from the earth's crust does not apply to this definition since we wish to focus on the engineering of materials.Five decades ago, a new chapter in the evolution of this profession began by the invention of the transistor. This invention and the development of integrated circuitry that followed from it spawned a new era of materials achievement, again stimulated by the enormous economic and performance gains available. In this arena however, the object of the game was to completely eliminate microstructure while doing away with impurities, save for a desired few, to levels previously unimagined. Today a material thus prepared is a blank slate upon which we can write the microstructure of an integrated circuit.
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Elders, Job, Vincent Spiering, and Steve Walsh. "Microsystems Technology (MST) and MEMS Applications: An Overview." MRS Bulletin 26, no. 4 (April 2001): 312–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2001.69.
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Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), microsystems technology (MST), and micromachines are roughly synonymous terms applied in the United States, Europe, and Japan, respectively, for manufacturing technologies that are enabling miniaturization and the development of useful products.
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Haynes, Tony E. "Defects and Diffusion in Silicon Technology." MRS Bulletin 25, no. 7 (July 2000): 14–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2000.118.
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The silicon at the heart of highperformance integrated circuits (ICs) is the most precisely engineered material in mass production today. Crystalline silicon, purified to the level required for manufacturing modern, high-performance microelectronics (better than parts-per-billion purity), is arguably the most perfect material known. It is produced in large quantities and very economically. Continuing progress in basic silicon materials science has been central to this achievement. At the same time, access to such a perfect material and detailed knowledge of silicon's properties have provided the experimentalist with excellent opportunities to devise rather elegant experiments in whichthe parameters can be controlled very precisely. Silicon has similarly provided condensed-matter theorists with a nearly ideal test bed for new theoretical approaches. This issue of MRS Bulletin is dedicated to the materials physics that has both enabled the development of such a highly perfect material and benefited from its availability.
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Dao, Van-Duong, Duc Chien Nguyen, and Wiesław Stręk. "Enthusiastic discussions on solid physic and material science at SPMS2019." Science and Technology Development Journal 23, no. 2 (April 9, 2020): First. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v23i2.1768.
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At 11th National Conference of Solid Physics and Material Science (SPMS2019), to which eminent scientists (5 plenary speakers and 16 invited speakers) were invited, most of the discussion focused on solid physic and material science. Around 300 researchers interested in the subject attended the conference and actively participate in the discussion. There were more than 200 reports with five specialized subcommittees: (A) Physics and magnetic materials, (B) Semiconductor and dielectric physics, (C) Materials - semiconductor components - dielectric, (D) Biomedical materials - agriculture, energy - environment, (E) Composite materials - metals - ceramics. Besides, numerous reports submitted to the Journal of Science and Technology (Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology), full-text reports sent to the Organizing Committee, after a critical review process, had been summarized and published in the Collection of conference reports.
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Cekovic, Zivorad. "Challenges for chemical sciences in the 21st century." Chemical Industry 58, no. 4 (2004): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind0404151c.
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Chemistry and chemical engineering have changed very significantly in the last half century. From classical sciences they have broadened their scope into biology, medicine, physics, material science, nanotechnology, computation and advanced methods of process engineering and control. The applications of chemical compounds, materials and knowledge have also dramatically increased. The development of chemical sciences in the scientifically most advanced countries, at the end of the last century was extrapolated to the next several decades in this review and challenges for chemists and chemical engineers are described. Research, discovery and invention across the entire spectrum of activities in the chemical sciences, from fundamental molecular-level chemistry to large-scale chemical processing technology are summarized. The strong integration of chemical science and engineering into all other natural sciences, agriculture, environmental science, medicine, as well as into physics, material science and information technology is discussed. Some challenges for chemists and chemical engineers are reviewed in the following fields: i) synthesis and manufacturing of chemical products, ii) chemistry for medicine and biology, iii) new materials, iv) chemical and physical transformations of materials, v) chemistry in the solving of energy problems (generation and savings), vi) environmental chemistry: fundamental and practical challenges.
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Qu, Cui, and Huang Dai. "Application of polymer material science and technology in improving safety performance of coal mine." Material Science and Engineering 1, no. 2 (2019): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.35534/mse.0102007c.
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Zhang, Zegong. "The Analysis of the Characteristic Development of Material Chemistry Specialty under the Background of "Big Materials"." Advances in Higher Education 3, no. 3 (August 30, 2019): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.18686/ahe.v3i3.1494.
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<p>With the rapid development of science and technology, the material discipline also developed rapidly, and gradually developed a lot of new materials. With the emergence of new materials, there are many specialties such as nanometer materials and technology, functional materials, new energy materials and devices. The material chemistry major is a kind of material and chemistry cross traditional major. The teaching purpose of material chemistry major is to improve students' knowledge and skills in material chemistry, so that they can carry out scientific research, teaching, development and other management work in engineering, material science and other related industries, and become an innovative talent in the field of material science. At present, in the environment of rapid development of large materials, the most prominent problem of material chemistry major is how to highlight the specialty characteristics as much as possible in this environment, so as to realize the construction and development of specialty characteristics.</p>
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Dudek, P. "FDM 3D Printing Technology in Manufacturing Composite Elements." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 58, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 1415–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amm-2013-0186.
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Abstract In recent years, FDM technology (Fused Deposition Modelling) has become one of the most widely-used rapid prototyping methods for various applications. This method is based on fused fibre material deposition on a drop-down platform, which offers the opportunity to design and introduce new materials, including composites. The material most commonly used in FDM is ABS, followed by PC, PLA, PPSF, ULTEM9085 and mixtures thereof. Recently, work has been done on the possibility of applying ABS blends: steel powders, aluminium, or even wood ash. Unfortunately, most modern commercial systems are closed, preventing the use of any materials other than those of the manufacturer. For this reason, the Department of Manufacturing Systems (KSW) of AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering And Robotics purchased a 3D printer with feeding material from trays reel, which allows for the use of other materials. In addition, a feedstock production system for the 3D printer has been developed and work has started on the creation of new composite materials utilising ceramics.
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Kvietková, M. "Topography of material made by the application of abrasive water jet technology." Journal of Forest Science 60, No. 8 (September 1, 2014): 318–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/7591-jfs.
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Water jet cutting technology is widely applicable in all industrial areas in areas where the need for high dimensional precision machined material. Quality of surface corresponds to the scale from middle smooth milling to rough milling. It shows the results of undulation in dependence on technical and technological parameters ‒ feed rate and abrasive mass flow. The paper also contains the methodology for assessment of the effect of these parameters on surface finished undulation. Our paper presents significant results of experiments made by this methodology applied to MDF, OSB boards and to technical beech plywood. We can see from the above-mentioned results that the fundamental indicator for roughness assessment is the arithmetical mean deviation of roughness profile R<sub>a</sub>. MDF boards have the most homogeneous structure in the entire cut among the monitored materials, which affects the insignificance of parameter R<sub>a. </sub>For OSB boards, we can see the worse surface quality with higher feed rate and vice versa for plywood, higher feed rate improves the surface quality. A higher amount of abrasive flow causes the worse surface quality.
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Yang, Liu, and Liu Shuang. "Using New Technology Material to Make Inclusion Sheet." Materials Science Forum 1026 (April 2021): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1026.183.
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The research of fluid inclusion thin section is to understand the physical and chemical conditions (such as temperature, pressure, density, pH value, composition, etc.) of minerals, rocks and deposits, and to solve the genesis of rocks and deposits; in the process of production, gas inclusions or liquid inclusions should be produced at low temperature, otherwise the inclusions will be destroyed, especially quartz sandstone, weathered rock, mudstone and other minerals Therefore, when the film is made in a humid temperature environment, it is very easy to be deliquesced, especially for the rocks with developed cleavage and many cracks, after rough grinding after polishing, it is easy to produce warping edge, warping angle, bubbles, etc., thus causing the sample piece to deteriorate after polishing; therefore, a large number of pockmarks and cracks will be produced under the microscope. In this paper, starting from the applicable conditions of materials and technological methods, the practical problems of making materials and technological process in rock slice method are introduced in detail. Keywords Inclusion,Manufacturing, Grinding,Polishing,Filming
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Bogatyr, Natalia. "Of Things, Markets, and Material Embeddedness (A Book Review: Pinch T., Swedberg R. (eds.). 2008. Living in a Material World: Economic Sociology Meets Science and Technology Studies. Cambridge, MA; London, England: MIT Press.)." Journal of Economic Sociology 11, no. 1 (2010): 128–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1726-3247-2010-1-128-132.
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Chernaik, Laura. "Pat Cadigan's Synners: Refiguring Nature, Science and Technology." Feminist Review 56, no. 1 (July 1997): 61–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/fr.1997.15.
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This article analyses an anti-essentialist SF novel, focusing on the extent to which anti-foundationalism enables a more accurate as well as a more productive representation of postmodernity. My argument stresses the ways in which Pat Cadigan's novel Synners, mostly because of its remarkable narrative form, challenges some of the most dangerous norms and normativity of American thought and culture. I argue, that, in order to understand this complex novel correctly, we must approach technoscience and transnational capitalism as separate, interacting discourses and material practices. The representations of technoscience, in the novel, are definitely not ‘figures’ for late capitalism: they are representations of a discourse which interacts with capitalism in the fictional world as in the real world. Contrary to what has been suggested by a number of critics writing about Foucault, use of this notion of discourse does not preclude use of notions of agency. As the queer theorists who have drawn on Foucault's work show, agency can be theorized in terms compatible with the notions of discourses, material practices and technologies. My discussion of Synners thus focuses on questions of agency, showing how Cadigan uses a deconstruction of Judeo-Christian religious tropes to argue for a responsible, and knowledgable, ‘incurably informed’ approach to technology.
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Du, Qi Fei, and Xu Guo Huai. "Research on Multifunctional Characteristics and Application of Ultralight Porous Metal Materials Based on Structured." Materials Science Forum 1001 (July 2020): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1001.67.
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With the continuous development of Chinese science and technology, structured ultra-light porous metal materials are a new type of multifunctional materials that have emerged with the increasing demand for diverse materials preparation and machining technologies in recent years. New topics in feature and performance research. In the field of material manufacturing and machining, ultra-light porous metal materials have appeared. Ultralight porous metal materials have many functional characteristics. As a new type of material that is different from dense materials, porous metal materials are the first to explain the concept of ultralight porous metal materials and the functional characteristics of ultralight porous metal materials. Analysis, and finally the specific application of ultralight porous metal materials is studied. Structured ultralight porous metals are a multifunctional engineering material with excellent performance, have good application prospects, and have become the focus of attention and research.
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Koptioug, Andrey, Lars Erik Rännar, Mikael Bäckström, and Zhi Jian Shen. "New Metallurgy of Additive Manufacturing in Metal: Experiences from the Material and Process Development with Electron Beam Melting Technology (EBM)." Materials Science Forum 879 (November 2016): 996–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.879.996.
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Additive manufacturing (AM) is becoming one of the most discussed modern technologies. Significant achievements of the AM in metals today are mainly connected to the unprecedented freedom of component shapes this technology allows. But full potential of these methods lies in the development of new materials designed to be used specifically with AM. Proper understanding of the AM process will open up new possibilities, where material and component properties can be specifically tailored by controlling the parameters throughout the whole manufacturing process. Present paper discusses the issues related to the beam melting technologies AM and electron beam welding (EBW). We are speaking of new direction in material science that can be termed “non-stationary metallurgy”, using the examples from material and process development for EBW, electron beam melting (EBM®) and other additive manufacturing methods.
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Larsson, Elin M., Svetlana Syrenova, and Christoph Langhammer. "Nanoplasmonic sensing for nanomaterials science." Nanophotonics 1, no. 3-4 (December 1, 2012): 249–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2012-0029.
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AbstractNanoplasmonic sensing has over the last two decades emerged as and diversified into a very promising experimental platform technology for studies of biomolecular interactions and for biomolecule detection (biosensors). Inspired by this success, in more recent years, nanoplasmonic sensing strategies have been adapted and tailored successfully for probing functional nanomaterials and catalysts in situ and in real time. An increasing number of these studies focus on using the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) as an experimental tool to study a process of interest in a nanomaterial, with a materials science focus. The key assets of nanoplasmonic sensing in this area are its remote readout, non-invasive nature, single particle experiment capability, ease of use and, maybe most importantly, unmatched flexibility in terms of compatibility with all material types (particles and thin/thick layers, conductive or insulating) are identified. In a direct nanoplasmonic sensing experiment the plasmonic nanoparticles are active and simultaneously constitute the sensor and the studied nano-entity. In an indirect nanoplasmonic sensing experiment the plasmonic nanoparticles are inert and adjacent to the material of interest to probe a process occurring in/on this material. In this review we define and discuss these two generic experimental strategies and summarize the growing applications of nanoplasmonic sensors as experimental tools to address materials science-related questions.
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Romanenko, Igor, and Alexey Fadin. "Steelmaking Slag - A Complex Material for the Production of Small-Size Materials Using Hyper-Press Technology." Materials Science Forum 1037 (July 6, 2021): 737–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1037.737.
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The solution to the problem of large industrial cities with a developed metallurgical industry is the creation of environmentally friendly conditions for the life of the population through the disposal of industrial waste. The studies carried out have shown that the developed technology makes it possible to widely use steel-making slags and carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere in the production of small-piece wall stones with high operational properties. It is shown that only slag is required to obtain wall material without the use of a hydraulic binder.
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KIISKINEN, HARRI, KRISTIAN SALMINEN, TIMO LAPPALAINEN, JAAKKO ASIKAINEN, JANNE KERANEN, and ERKKI HELLEN. "Progress in foam forming technology." August 2019 18, no. 8 (September 1, 2019): 499–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj18.8.499.
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This paper summarizes recent developments in foam forming that were mainly carried out in pilot scale. In addition to improving the efficiency of existing processes and allowing better uniformity in material, a wide variety of raw materials can be utilized in foam forming. The focus of this paper is thin webs—papers, boards and foam-laid nonwovens, along with the pilot scale results obtained at VTT in Finland. For paper and board grades, the most direct advantage of foam forming is the potential to produce very uniform webs from longer and coarser fibers and obtain material savings through that. Another main point is increased solids content after a wet press, which may lead to significant energy savings in thermal drying. Finally, the potential to introduce “difficult” raw materials like long synthetic or manmade fibers into a papermaking process enables the manufacturing of novel products in an existing production line. This paper also briefly discusses other interesting foam-based applications, including insulation and absorbing materials, foam-laid nonwovens, and materials for replacing plastics.
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Horie, Yasuyuki. "Hot Spots, High Explosives Ignition, and Material Microstructure." Materials Science Forum 767 (July 2013): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.767.3.
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This paper reviews the subject of high explosives ignition with focus on impact and shock loadings from the view point of modeling and identifying scientific issues that need to be addressed to establish a science basis on which to build a better predictive methodology for explosives safety. A motivation is to move explosives safety from empiricism to an advanced computation based analytic scientific and engineering basis, facilitating innovation. But because of the vastness of the subject, the scope of coverage is limited primarily to select aspects of shock and impact loadings that are relevant to the project the author has been involved in and presented in the companion paper by Min Zhou et al. of Georgia Institute of Technology.* (*Min Zhou et al., Materials Science Forum, in this volume)
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Bodnenko, Dmitriy, Sergej Radchenko, and Ivan Jurtin. "The Usage of Illustration for Material Perception Improvement in Studying Natural Disciplines." SOCIETY, INTEGRATION, EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 1 (July 24, 2015): 356. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2014vol1.776.
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The article is devoted to university’s scientific research "Technology of implementation competent approach for future professionals’ training in multidisciplinary university" (KUBG). The research’s aim is generalizing of the analysis of illustrative material characteristics influence on the perception of the theoretical material by the students. The objects of the studying are science teaching, using of the illustrative material in the learning process. The test module and questionnaires were used in Moodle, system of distance learning. The features of representation about illustrative material during the science teaching were generalized. The most effective methods of illustrative material’s formation for improving the teaching of natural sciences were offered.
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Imamuara, Daisuke, Takashi Todaka, and Masato Enokizono. "Fe-Mn-Si/6.5wt%Si-Fe Bilayer Ribbons produced by Using Melt Spinning Technique." Materials Science Forum 721 (June 2012): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.721.53.
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Recently, progress of the intelligent materials plays a big role in development of science and technology. We have ever tried to develop ferromagnetic shape memory alloys to expand application range of the common non-magnetic shape memory alloys, which are typical intelligent material. However the saturation magnetization and the shape memory effect were in a relation of trade-off, so we couldn’t get a good result. In this research, we tried to develop ferromagnetic shape-memory alloys as a composite material by using the single-roll melt spinning technique. They are bilayer ribbons, which have both shape memory layer and magnetic layer.
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Chludzinski, Mariane, Rafael Eugenio dos Santos, Cristina Churiaque, Marta Ortega-Iguña, and Jose Maria Sánchez-Amaya. "Pulsed Laser Welding Applied to Metallic Materials—A Material Approach." Metals 11, no. 4 (April 14, 2021): 640. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11040640.
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Joining metallic alloys can be an intricate task, being necessary to take into account the material characteristics and the application in order to select the appropriate welding process. Among the variety of welding methods, pulsed laser technology is being successfully used in the industrial sector due to its beneficial aspects, for which most of them are related to the energy involved. Since the laser beam is focused in a concentrated area, a narrow and precise weld bead is created, with a reduced heat affected zone. This characteristic stands out for thinner material applications. As a non-contact process, the technique delivers flexibility and precision with high joining quality. In this sense, the present review addresses the most representative investigations developed in this welding process. A summary of these technological achievements in metallic metals, including steel, titanium, aluminium, and superalloys, is reported. Special attention is paid to the microstructural formation in the weld zone. Particular emphasis is given to the mechanical behaviour of the joints reported in terms of microhardness and strength performance. The main purpose of this work was to provide an overview of the results obtained with pulsed laser welding technology in diverse materials, including similar and dissimilar joints. In addition, outlook and remarks are addressed regarding the process characteristics and the state of knowledge.
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Kondratiev, Andrii, Oleksandr Haidachuk, and Anton Tsaritsynskyi. "Research of Safe Technology of Impregnation of Heated Reinforcing Materials with Binder." Materials Science Forum 1038 (July 13, 2021): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1038.119.
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Prepreg manufacturing process is one of the most important preparatory technological processes, quality of which has the decisive influence on the physical, mechanical, processing and operational characteristics of the finished composite product. However, manufacturing of prepregs is associated with a number of harmful factors, negatively affecting the participants in the technological process and the environment. Consequently, significant additional costs are required in order to ensure specified maximum permissible levels and concentrations of the harmful products released by the components of polymeric composite materials in the product manufacturing process. The paper deals with the study of peculiarities and efficiency of impregnation of the heated reinforcing material using solvent-free binder. The method for predicting the optimal process parameters of binder solutions for impregnation of prepregs, taking into account the safety of production activity, has been developed. The problem of thermal conductivity from the heated reinforcing material to the binder, which allowed establishing the law of temperature distribution over the depth of the impregnating bath, depending on the duration of continuous impregnation, has been solved. It is found that the binder, with the duration of impregnation even within one working shift, heats up to the temperatures excluding the formation of centers of exothermic polymerization reaction in it. It indicates the availability of the effective regimes of impregnation using the method under study. The paper proposes the practical ways of improvement of the investigated method of impregnation by varying the wavelength, programmed change of the temperature of the reinforcing material at the entry to the bath, and setting of the optimal coordinates of the binder supply as it is drawn in the process of continuous impregnation of the reinforcing material.
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Chigarev, B. N. "Total numbers matter. Landscape of China’s scientific publications in 2018-2020 on the energy issue." Actual Problems of Oil and Gas, no. 32 (April 21, 2021): 76–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.29222/ipng.2078-5712.2021-32.art7.
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This study aims to reveal and analyze the landscape of China’s scientific publications in 2018–2020 on the subject “Energy Engineering and Power Technology” using bibliometric data from the Lens platform. Bibliometric data of 26,623 scholarly works that satisfy the query: “Filters: Year Published = (2018–); Publication Type = (journal article); Subject = (Energy Engineering and Power Technology); Institution Country/Region = (China)” were used to analyze their main topics disclosed by Fields of Study and Subject; the leading contributors to these R&D activities were also detected. Chinese Academy of Sciences, China University of Petroleum, Tsinghua University, Xi’an Jiaotong University, China University of Mining and Technology are the leading institutions in the subject. Most research works were funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China. China carries out its research not only in conjunction with the leading economies: United States, United Kingdom, Australia and Canada, but also with the developing countries: Pakistan, Iran, Saudi Arabia and Viet Nam. Materials science, Chemical engineering, Computer science, Chemistry, Catalysis, Environmental science are the top Fields of Study. Analysis of co-occurrence of Fields of Study allowed to identify 5 thematic clusters: 1. Thermal efficiency and environmental science; 2. Materials science for energy storage and hydrogen production; 3. Catalysis and pyrolysis for better fossil fuels; 4. Computer science and control theory for renewable energy; 5. Petroleum engineering for new fossil fuel resources and composite materials. The results of the work can serve as a reference material for scientists, developers and investors, so that they can understand the research landscape of the “Energy Engineering and Power Technology” subject.
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Griffith, John F., Stephen B. Weisberg, and Charles D. McGee. "Evaluation of microbial source tracking methods using mixed fecal sources in aqueous test samples." Journal of Water and Health 1, no. 4 (December 1, 2003): 141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2003.0017.
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Microbiological source tracking (MST) methods are increasingly being used to identify fecal contamination sources in surface waters, but these methods have been subjected to limited comparative testing. In this study, 22 researchers employing 12 different methods were provided sets of identically prepared blind water samples. Each sample contained one to three of five possible fecal sources (human, dog, cattle, seagull or sewage). Researchers were also provided with portions of the fecal material used to inoculate the blind water samples for use as library material. No MST method that was tested predicted the source material in the blind samples perfectly. Host-specific PCR performed best at differentiating between human and non-human sources, but primers are not yet available for differentiating between all of the non-human sources. Virus and F+ coliphage methods reliably identified sewage, but were unable to identify fecal contamination from individual humans. Library-based isolate methods correctly identified the dominant source in most samples, but also had frequent false positives in which fecal sources not in the samples were incorrectly identified as being present. Among the library-based methods, genotypic methods generally performed better than phenotypic methods.
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Li, Qing Tian. "Electron Micro Technology Study on BN Fiber’s Microcosmic Structure and Mechanics Properties." Advanced Materials Research 588-589 (November 2012): 104–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.588-589.104.
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This paper uses transmission electron microscope technology, studies microcosmic structure’ s feature of BN fiber, clarifies existing crystal structure’s state of BN fiber during its producing and transform course. It is studied that BN fiber has a sound mechanical properties, which most of crystalline phase is turbine layer phase and whose nitrogen is high and size is small .During the course of BN fiber’s producing, adding suitable tension from axial can promote directional arrange of BN fiber’s surface crystalline grain and put forward the improving direction of manufacturing technology in order to improve materials’ mechanical properties. BN fiber(indicated by BNf) is a kind of new inorganic material. Because of its fine stable, corrosion-resisting, anti-oxidant properties and high ability of absorbing neutron and so on, it is attached more and more importance and it get constant development and usefulness. BNf and ceramics, metal, various compound materials made of resin material can be used in metallurgy, electron, aviation etc science and technology fields. But the intensity of BNf and its elasticity modulus are lower than basic fundamental material. When BNf’s compound material get fine properties above mentioned, the mechanics properties of the material will drop. So its application degree will be limited to a certain extent. In order to improve and raise BNf’s mechanics properties, this essay makes use of electron micro analytical technology to study its microcosmic structure and mechanics properties, providing scientific basis for designing reasonable manufacturing technology.
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Csanády, Ágnes, János Gábor, Péter Jenei, Jenő Gubicza, Péter János Szabó, Enikő Réka Fábián, György Radnóczi, et al. "Secrets of Abraham Ganz’s Train Wheels Enlightened by Materials Science Methods." Materials Science Forum 885 (February 2017): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.885.55.
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Case hardened, double-walled train wheel, produced in the foundry of Abraham Ganz in 1867 and used for long time on the railroad tracks, was studied and evaluated by modern methods of materials sciences. The investigations indicated the presence of 0.059m% antimony (Sb), distributed uniformly in the material of the wheel. This quantity is several times higher than the average Sb amounts (<0.01m%) of the other components get into the castings. Sb was detected even in the several mm thick crust; except in the outermost surface layer with < 1 µm thickness. Based on the 20th century comprehensive studies, the antimony content, detected in the wheel, was found to be ideal. In grey iron it is a powerful pearlite stabilizer which has favourable effects on its mechanical properties and serviceability.The investigation of the surface structure proved that the excellent hardness (~600 HV) at the crust surface was due to the “nano-composite” structure formed from the pearlite as a consequence of severe plastic deformation during service. This was also promoted by the high amount (4.09m%) of carbon present in the casting. The microstructure refinement during operation most probably contributes to the long service lifetime of the wheels.The secret of the Abraham Ganz’s train wheels is inherently present – besides the novel construction and production technology (case hardening) – in the above mentioned composition and the structure of the material.
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Zhao, Jingwei, Zhengyi Jiang, Leszek A. Dobrzański, Chong Soo Lee, and Fuxiao Yu. "Recent Development in Micromanufacturing of Metallic Materials." Materials 13, no. 18 (September 11, 2020): 4046. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13184046.
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Product miniaturization is a trend for facilitating product usage, enabling product functions to be implemented in microscale geometries, and aimed at reducing product weight, volume, cost and pollution. Driven by ongoing miniaturization in diverse areas including medical devices, precision equipment, communication devices, micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) and microsystems technology (MST), the demands for micro metallic products have increased tremendously. Such a trend requires development of advanced micromanufacturing technology of metallic materials for producing high-quality micro metallic products that possess excellent dimensional tolerances, required mechanical properties and improved surface quality. Micromanufacturing differs from conventional manufacturing technology in terms of materials, processes, tools, and machines and equipment, due to the miniaturization nature of the whole micromanufacturing system, which challenges the rapid development of micromanufacturing technology. Against such a background, the Special Issue “Micromanufacturing of Metallic Materials” was proposed to present the recent developments of micromanufacturing technologies of metallic materials. The papers collected in the Special Issue include research articles, literature review and technical notes, which have been highlighted in this editorial.
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Böschen, Stefan, Jochen Gläser, Martin Meister, and Cornelius Schubert. "Material Agency as a Challenge to Empirical Research." Nature and Culture 10, no. 3 (December 1, 2015): 257–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/nc.2015.100301.
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Recent years have seen an increasing interest in materiality in social research. Some might say that materiality is now back on the agenda of social research. The challenges of bringing materiality back have spurred lively debates about material agency, most of which, however, are leveled at the largely dematerialized theories of the social in the social sciences, for example, in material culture studies (Appadurai 1986; Miller 1998) as well as science and technology studies (Latour 1988; Law/Mol 1995). Since the turn of the century, a marked shift towards the material has emerged (cf. Hicks 2010), ranging from questions concerning nature (Grundmann/Stehr 2000) and everyday objects (Molotch 2003; Costall/Dreier 2006; Miller 2010) to issues of cultural theory (Reckwitz 2002), post-phenomenology (Verbeek 2005), ethnography (Henare et al. 2007), distributed cognition (Hutchins 1995), and materiality in general (Dant 2005; Miller 2005; Knappett/Malafouris 2008). A perspective on materiality is now being developed in diverse fields such as archaeology (Meskell 2005), economic sociology (Pinch/Swedberg 2008), political science (Bennett 2010; Coole/Frost 2010), and organization studies (Carlile et al. 2013). Yet the status of the material remains debated in the evolving fields of various “new” materialisms (cf. Lemke 2015).
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Rodrigues, J., M. R. N. Soares, A. J. S. Fernandes, T. Monteiro, and F. M. Costa. "Laser Assisted Flow Deposition: a New Method to Grow ZnO." Microscopy and Microanalysis 18, S5 (August 2012): 87–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927612013098.
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Zinc oxide (ZnO) has been one of the most studied materials in the last decades. Either as bulk material, epilayers or nanostructures, this direct wide band gap semiconductor is known to possess great potential for fundamental science and modern technology applications.
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Goldhahn, Christian, Etienne Cabane, and Munish Chanana. "Sustainability in wood materials science: an opinion about current material development techniques and the end of lifetime perspectives." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 379, no. 2206 (August 2, 2021): 20200339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2020.0339.
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Wood is considered the most important renewable resource for a future sustainable bioeconomy. It is traditionally used in the building sector, where it has gained importance in recent years as a sustainable alternative to steel and concrete. Additionally, it is the basis for the development of novel bio-based functional materials. However, wood's sustainability as a green resource is often diminished by unsustainable processing and modification techniques. They mostly rely on fossil-based precursors and yield inseparable hybrids and composites that cannot be reused or recycled. In this article, we discuss the state of the art of environmental sustainability in wood science and technology. We give an overview of established and upcoming approaches for the sustainable production of wood-based materials. This comprises wood protection and adhesion for the building sector, as well as the production of sustainable wood-based functional materials. Moreover, we elaborate on the end of lifetime perspective of wood products. The concept of wood cascading is presented as a possibility for a more efficient use of the resource to increase its beneficial impact on climate change mitigation. We advocate for a holistic approach in wood science and technology that not only focuses on the material's development and production but also considers recycling and end of lifetime perspectives of the products. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Bio-derived and bioinspired sustainable advanced materials for emerging technologies (part 1)’.
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Zhao, Shang Qiang, Ming Xie, Ji Heng Fang, Yong Tai Chen, and Sai Bei Wang. "Research Progress in Silver Zinc Oxide Electrical Contact Material." Materials Science Forum 1036 (June 29, 2021): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1036.77.
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Since the performance of silver metal oxide (Ag/MeO) electrical contact materials directly affects the reliability and service life of switching apparatus, the related research on high-performance Ag/MeO electrical contact materials has not stopped. And with the rapid development of switching apparatus, higher and higher requirements are put forward for the performance of Ag/MeO electrical contact materials. Thanks to low and stable contact resistance, short arc burning time, good resistance to high current impulse (3000-5000 A) and good anti-arc erosion, silver zinc oxide (Ag/ZnO) more than just serves as an indispensable environmentally friendly alternative to silver cadmium oxide (Ag/CdO) electrical contact material, and has become one of the important research hotspots of Ag/MeO in recent years. Nevertheless, Ag/ZnO is suffering the increasingly serious challenges, especially the poor processability and electrical properties due to the easy segregation of zinc oxide (ZnO) during the process of preparation, which urge scholars at home and abroad to seek favorable methods to optimize the Ag/ZnO. As yet, impressive strides have been made in optimization the preparation process, nano-technology and additive modification of materials, and research on the failure mechanism of materials. Aiming to provide reference for optimizing Ag/ZnO electrical contact material, this review retrospects the research progress in Ag/ZnO electrical contact materials in recent years, and expounds the preparation methods, processing technology, modification research and failure mechanism of Ag/ZnO, and points out the future development directions of Ag/ZnO.
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Uhlemann, Jens, Holger Diedam, Werner Hoheisel, Tobias Schikarski, and Wolfgang Peukert. "Modeling and Simulation of Process Technology for Nanoparticulate Drug Formulations—A Particle Technology Perspective." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 1 (December 24, 2020): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13010022.
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Crystalline organic nanoparticles and their amorphous equivalents (ONP) have the potential to become a next-generation formulation technology for dissolution-rate limited biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) class IIa molecules if the following requisites are met: (i) a quantitative understanding of the bioavailability enhancement benefit versus established formulation technologies and a reliable track record of successful case studies are available; (ii) efficient experimentation workflows with a minimum amount of active ingredient and a high degree of digitalization via, e.g., automation and computer-based experimentation planning are implemented; (iii) the scalability of the nanoparticle-based oral delivery formulation technology from the lab to manufacturing is ensured. Modeling and simulation approaches informed by the pharmaceutical material science paradigm can help to meet these requisites, especially if the entire value chain from formulation to oral delivery is covered. Any comprehensive digitalization of drug formulation requires combining pharmaceutical materials science with the adequate formulation and process technologies on the one hand and quantitative pharmacokinetics and drug administration dynamics in the human body on the other hand. Models for the technical realization of the drug production and the distribution of the pharmaceutical compound in the human body are coupled via the central objective, namely bioavailability. The underlying challenges can only be addressed by hierarchical approaches for property and process design. The tools for multiscale modeling of the here-considered particle processes (e.g., by coupled computational fluid dynamics, population balance models, Noyes–Whitney dissolution kinetics) and physiologically based absorption modeling are available. Significant advances are being made in enhancing the bioavailability of hydrophobic compounds by applying innovative solutions. As examples, the predictive modeling of anti-solvent precipitation is presented, and options for the model development of comminution processes are discussed.
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Wang, Yi Fei, Zhong De Shan, Hao Qin Yang, Yong Xin Ren, and Ling Han Meng. "Research on Thermal Inkjet Technology Based on CFD." Materials Science Forum 1032 (May 2021): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1032.101.
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In this paper, a thermal inkjet printing simulation model is established in the CFD simulation platform, and the influence of inkjet driver parameters and ink physical parameters on the printing process is studied by numerical simulation. The evaporation-condensation model is coupled with the VOF multiphase flow model in Fluent software to establish a thermal inkjet printing process simulation model. Based on the orthogonal test method, we investigate the influence of fluid physical parameters (ink viscosity, surface tension) and inkjet driver parameters (heater temperature value) on droplet formation by changing the physical parameters of the material and the boundary conditions of the model. Through the comparison of the results, exploring the adjustment rules of thermal inkjet technology and obtaining the optimal combination of material and process parameters for high-quality ink drop formation.
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Vitezovic, Selena. "Studies of technology in prehistoric archaeology." Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no. 137 (2011): 465–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn1137465v.
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Technology studies have always been the most important focus of archaeology, as a science which analyzes human past through the study of material culture. To say that something is technological in archaeology, means to put the concept of technology in the centre of theoretical studies, and to study not only the form of the object, but also the entire sequence of technological factors, from raw material choice, mode of use, up to the reasons for abandonment. The concept of technology in anthropology and archaeology is based on the original meaning of the word ????? in ancient Greek, meaning the skill, i. e., to study how something is being done. Such a concept of technology as a skill or mode of doing something was for the first time outlined by the French anthropologist Marcel Mauss, whose starting point was that every technological statement was at the same time social or cultural statement and that technological choices have social foundations. Pierre Lemonnier further developed the anthropology of technology, focusing on the question of technological choices, as well as numerous other anthropologists. In archaeology, the most important contribution to the study of technology was the work of Andr? Leroi-Gourhan, who created the concept of cha?ne op?ratoire, as an analytical tool for studying the mode of creating, using and discarding an artefact, starting with raw material acquisition, mode of manufacture, final form, use (including caching, breaking and repairing) up to the final discarding. It is not only about reconstructing the algorithmic sequence of operations in creating one object, but it is a complex analysis of operational chain within one society which includes the analysis of technological choices. The analyses of technologies today include a variety of different approaches, most of them with emphasis on the cultural and social aspects of technology. The analysis of bone industry in the Early and Middle Neolithic in central Balkans (Starcevo culture), which included not only final objects, but also manufacture debris and semi-finished products, revealed a well developed industry, with a high level of technological knowledge on the properties of raw materials, skillful manufacture, well organized production, as well as possibility of a certain degree of specialization on the micro and macro level (within one settlement and within a group of settlements). Both raw material choices and manufacturing techniques, as well as the final forms, demonstrated a high standardization level. Also certain symbolic value was attributed to some raw materials, and there is a possibility that skill itself was valued. Further analyses of multiple technologies will help in reconstructing the organization of production, social and economic aspects in Neolithic societies, as well as the role of technology in everyday and ritual life.
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Guo, Bin, Qing Shan Li, and Zong Zhe Jin. "Development of Ion Materials and Health Methodology." Advanced Materials Research 178 (December 2010): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.178.77.
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The development of health functional materials and the healthy law were focused on in this paper. Several world-renowned health regimen liquid was introduced, and the basic principles of health from the material, medicine and biological sciences were analyzed, then a healthy and anti-aging effect cell-food that containing circulating balanced ions was developed, and finally the health ion methodology was proposed. Ion is the forth morphology existing in soild, liquid and gas. Ion is smaller than nano, but it has a higher potential and can be applied in electronic, energy, environment, building materials, food, textile, agriculture, health industry and so on, such as ‘Solid Ion Science’ of electronic, semiconductor, battery, ‘Ion Liquid’ of pollution-free chemistry, ionic conductivity cement, water changed to fuel, purify CO2 in industry and more. So we can conclude that ion technology will become one of the most cutting-edge technologies after nano technology. In this paper, healthy materials and circulating ions were mainly introduced.
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Kumar, Ranvijay. "Analysis and Visualisation of Research Trends in Nano Material: A General Review." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 2 (April 11, 2021): 2959–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i2.2335.
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Technically, the material possessing a minimum, one external dimension measuring 1-100nm is called Nanomaterial, and cannot be seen by the naked eye. The bibliometric analysis had been conducted to understand the active authors, organizations, journals, and countries involved in the research domain of “Nanomaterial”[1], [2]. All published articles related to “Nanomaterial” from “Scopus”, were analyzed using the VOS viewer to develop analysis tables and visualization maps.This article had set the objective to consolidate the scientific literature regarding the “Nanomaterial”and also to find out the trends related to the same.The most active journals in this research domain were Construction and Building Materials and Composites Science and Technology. The most active countries were China and the United States of America. The leading organizations engaged in the research regarding Nanomaterial was the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the North Eastern University of China, and the Ministry of Education of China.The most active authors who had made valuable contributions related to Nanomaterial were Wang Y. and Yang H.
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Šlekienė, Violeta, Loreta Ragulienė, and Vincentas Lamanauskas. "DIDACTIC POSSIBILITIES OF REALISATION OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RELATIONS: SUBJECT FRUIT JUICE PROPERTY." GAMTAMOKSLINIS UGDYMAS / NATURAL SCIENCE EDUCATION 12, no. 3 (December 25, 2015): 127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.48127/gu-nse/15.12.127.
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Natural Science Education improvement remains one of the most important current challenges in education system. In general, 21st century raises new challenges for Natural science, Mathematics, Technology teachers. Young generation interest in Natural Sciences and Technology is poor. It is predicted that in not so far future, a shortage of qualified specialists will be felt in this sphere. It is obvious, that Natural science and Technology education basics is being formed in general education school. How to strengthen the pupils’ Natural science and Technology learning motivation, to increase their interest? This is one of the most important questions of today’s education. On the other hand, improvement has to be carried out in different directions. Not only motivation strengthening is important, but also creating proper educational environments (spoken here about green environment, so-called outdoor didactics, teacher competence and so on). Extra didactic material preparation for teachers becomes an urgent question. It is very important to help teachers prepare for practical work lessons and to give them, using ordinary and digital devices for the performance of practical-experimental works. In this analysis, a didactic scenario is presented realising an interdisciplinary – integral teaching/learning. The investigated topic is “Juice properties”. Natural sciences and Mathematics teachers’ collaboration possibilities are revealed. Key words: interdisciplinary relations, natural science education, titration, vitamin C.
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Berladir, K. V., P. V. Rudenko, К. O. Dyadyura, V. A. Sviderskiy, and О. A. Budnik. "Features of Technology for Obtaining Polymer Composite Materials Based on Polytetrafluoroethylene (Review)." Фізика і хімія твердого тіла 17, no. 4 (December 15, 2016): 582–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/pcss.17.4.582-593.
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The experience of many theoretical and practical works concerning the technology of PTFE-composites formation has been analyzed and systematized. The peculiarity of the work consists in the fact that PTFE-composites reinforced by carbon fibers are considered to be complex objects with properties characteristic to tribotechnical material science of composite materials. The structure complexity of such objects provides their consumer properties due to many factors, which influence the significant increase of physicomechanical characteristics. The research results defined operation regimes of process equipment: after the processing PTFE-composites have increased operation properties in comparison with basic and can be most effectively used for industrial implementation.
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Leung, Albert Y. "Tradition- and Science-Based Quality Control of Chinese MedicinesIntroducing the Phyto-True System." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 93, no. 5 (September 1, 2010): 1355–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/93.5.1355.
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Abstract The current QC practice of quantifying presumed active chemicals or arbitrarily selected chemical markers is of doubtful value in assessing multicomponent complex traditional Chinese medicines (CMs) and often leads to an inconsistent or irreproducible research and clinical outcome. Consequently, the first and most important step in the QC of CMs (or other botanical medicines) whose exact active chemical components are unknown is to use analytical techniques that can comprehensively define the totality of the components/attributes making up their identity and quality. One of the most versatile techniques is HPTLC. Using HPTLC, along with other simple techniques such as FTIR spectroscopy and UV-Vis spectroscopy combined with complementary gene expression profiling, we have been able to correctly identify CM materials, detect adulterants, and differentiate closely related materials and botanical species. Our research has resulted in the introduction of the concept and specimens of Phyto-True Reference Material (PTRM™), aka Representative Botanical Reference/Research Material (RBRM™), now commercially available, and a novel patent-pending technology (Phyto-True™ system) that can serve as a starting point for the meaningful QC of traditional CMs so far not possible for these complex materials. Examples will be highlighted to demonstrate this new concept.
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Elbakyan, L. S., I. V. Zaporotskova, and D. E. Vilkeeva. "The Mechanism of Getting New Composite Polymer Materials with Improved Hardness Properties." Key Engineering Materials 887 (May 2021): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.887.85.
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The main aims and the objectives of the study focused on solving current problems of nanomaterial science of new materials – creating the scientific basis for competitive methods of obtaining and controlling new composite materials having improved strength properties based on carbon-containing polymer matrices with nanotubes stabilized in them. A technology for obtaining experimental samples of nanocompositional polymer material based on polymethylmethacrylate, polybutylmethacrylate, and methacrylic acid doped with carbon nanotubes has been developed, using ultrasonic action and mechanical mixing of the composite mixture to achieve the most uniform distribution of nanotubes in the matrix. To determine the possibility of implementing the mechanism of adsorption interaction of the studied polymer material with the surface of carbon nanotubes, DFT calculations of the interaction of the polymer material component and single-layer carbon nanotubes of various types have been done.
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Wang, Zhong Xun, Shu Ai Zhang, Qin Xing, Bao Shan Liu, and Gang Zhang. "Study on Coating Material and Preparation Technology of Aluminum Alloy Tube by Low Temperature Self-Propagating Molding." Materials Science Forum 1026 (April 2021): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1026.157.
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Low temperature self-propagating forming coating material system for aluminum alloy cylinder parts was designed with Al, Fe2O3, Mo, Cu, Ni and Ti powders as raw materials. Low temperature self-propagating wear-resistant coating was prepared on the inner wall of aluminum alloy cylinder parts by thermal spraying ignition condensation centrifugal self-propagating fusion technology. XRD, DSC and SEM were used to study the microstructure, thermodynamic properties and cross-section morphology of the coating after thermal reaction of four kinds of low-temperature self-propagating materials with different proportions. The preparation process parameters of the coating were optimized by orthogonal test, including the amount of coating, the rotation speed of self-propagating centrifuge and the reaction time of self-propagating coating. The results show that the addition of Si, Mo and Zn powders in the four low temperature self-propagating powder systems can reduce the occurrence temperature of aluminothermic reaction; the optimal process parameters for coating preparation are rotational speed of 2000r/min, powder filling amount of 0.9g/cm3 and rotational reaction time of 16S.The results show that the coating with 20wt.% Al, 60wt.% Fe2O3, 12wt.% Si, 4wt.% Mo and 4wt.% Zn has better density and interface adhesion.
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Duan, Hao Ran, Peng Zhao, Lei Qin, and Feng Jiao Shi. "Research on Grouting Materials for Underground Construction Projects." Materials Science Forum 1036 (June 29, 2021): 319–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1036.319.
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The engineering practice shows that the application of grouting technology to treat underground engineering has strong applicability and is one of the most commonly used technical means at present. Based on the underground engineering, this paper introduces the research achievements of grouting materials in recent years, including cement-based grouting materials, mixed grouting materials, anti-scouring grouting materials, and ultra-fine cement grouting materials. Current demand of grouting materials in underground engineering, there exists large dosage of cement, high content, high cost, serious environmental pollution problems, such as looking for alternatives or mixed with other raw materials for preparation of cementation material become the development trend, compared with the cement grouting material, chemical grouting material with higher performance, but in smaller projects within the scope of application. How to reduce the production cost of chemical grouting materials, simplify the production process, overcome the existing toxicity, reduce environmental pollution and improve the durability of solidified body has become the bottleneck of its popularization and application. Some achievements have been made in the modification of cement or chemical materials by nanometer components, but there is still a long way to go before the large-scale application of grouting engineering.
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Lin, Wei-Chun, Fang-Yu Fan, Hsing-Chung Cheng, Yi Lin, Yung-Kang Shen, Jing-Shiuan Lai, Liping Wang, and Muhammad Ruslin. "Optimization Shape-Memory Situations of a Stimulus Responsive Composite Material." Polymers 13, no. 5 (February 25, 2021): 697. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13050697.
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In these times of Industrial 4.0 and Health 4.0, people currently want to enhance the ability of science and technology, to focus on patient aspects. However, with intelligent, green energy and biomedicine these days, traditional three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has been unable to meet our needs, so 4D printing has now arisen. In this research, a shape-memory composite material with 3D printing technology was used for 4D printing technology. The authors used fused deposition modeling (FDM) to print a polylactic acid (PLA) strip onto the surface of paper to create a shape-memory composite material, and a stimulus (heat) was used to deform and recover the shape of this material. The deformation angle and recovery angle of the material were studied with various processing parameters (heating temperature, heating time, pitch, and printing speed). This research discusses optimal processing related to shape-memory situations of stimulus-responsive composite materials. The optimal deformation angle (maximum) of the stimulus-responsive composite material was found with a thermal stimulus for an optimal heating temperature of 190 °C, a heating time of 20 s, a pitch of 1.5 mm, and a printing speed of 80 mm/s. The optimal recovery angle (minimum) of this material was found with a thermal stimulus for an optimal heating temperature of 170 °C, a heating time of 90 s, a pitch of 2.0 mm, and a printing speed of 80 mm/s. The most important factor affecting both the deformation and recovery angle of the stimulus-responsive composite material was the heating temperature.
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Arifa, Bithi, and Kumar Suker. "Geography Information System (GIS) and Geography Teaching Material." Sumatra Journal of Disaster, Geography and Geography Education 2, no. 1 (June 6, 2018): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/sjdgge.v2i1.141.
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GIS technology applies geographic science with tools for understanding and collaboration. It helps people reach a common goal: to gain actionable intelligence from all types of data. GIS integrates many different kinds of data layers using spatial location. Most data has a geographic component. GIS data includes imagery, features, and basemaps linked to spreadsheets and tables. Spatial analysis lets you evaluate suitability and capability, estimate and predict, interpret and understand, and much more, lending new perspectives to your insight and decision-making.
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Rizwan, Md, Man Singh, Chanchal K. Mitra, and Roshan K. Morve. "Ecofriendly Application of Nanomaterials: Nanobioremediation." Journal of Nanoparticles 2014 (June 19, 2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/431787.
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Nanomaterials exhibit unique physical and chemical properties and, hence, they have received much attention from scientists and researchers in different areas of environmental sciences, specifically in bioremediation. Bioremediation provides a good clean-up strategy for some types of waste, but as it is expected, it will not be useful for all. For example, bioremediation may not provide a feasible strategy at sites with high concentrations of chemicals that are toxic to most microorganisms. These include heavy metals and salt. Further, the advancement in science and technology has increased standard of living which directly or indirectly contributes to the increase in waste and toxic material. Therefore, the remediation of contaminants by use of existing technology is not effective and efficient in cleaning up the environment. Hence, nanomaterials may be applied for bioremediation, which will not only have less toxic effect on microorganisms, but will also improve the microbial activity of the specific waste and toxic material which will reduce the overall time consumption as well as reduce the overall cost. In this paper we have briefly summarized the major types of nanomaterials that have been used so far in bioremediation of waste and toxic materials.
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Baitimerov, R. M., and V. A. Bykov. "Processing of Alumina Reinforced Copper Metal Matrix Composite by Selective Laser Melting Technology." Solid State Phenomena 316 (April 2021): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.316.175.
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For the development of the additive technologies it is necessary to expand the range of the used materials. One of the most promising directions is the creation of products from composite materials. In this work copper-alumina composite powder was prepared by ball milling, and used in selective laser melting, to produce a composite material. The raw powder materials consisted of the gas atomized Cu powder (with the regular spherical shape and mean particle diameter of 32 μm) and alumina powder, produced by condensation of vapor on electrostatic filter (average particle size is about 220 nm). The alumina weight ratio was 5%. Four 30x10x6 mm copper-alumina specimens were manufactured. The scanning electron microscopy was used for the analysis of composite microstructure. Obtained copper-alumina composite material has higher hardness, in comparison with cast copper (HRB is 60 and 45, respectively).
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Boxall, J. B., P. J. Skipworth, and A. J. Saul. "Aggressive flushing for discolouration event mitigation in water distribution networks." Water Supply 3, no. 1-2 (March 1, 2003): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2003.0101.
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Discolouration is one of the biggest causes of customer complaint associated with potable water. The flushing of systems has been widely identified as an appropriate pro-active means of removing material from distribution networks and hence controlling discolouration. Such flushing involves creating aggressive hydraulic forces within the network such that the materials that contribute to discolouration are mobilised and removed. Understanding of the causes and mechanisms leading to discolouration are poor. Previous work has been presented on the characterisation of material and particles collected at hydrants during flushing trials in the UK. From this data it was hypothesised that the materials causing discolouration originated from cohesive layers on pipe walls, and that once disturbed the material is maintained as a permanent suspension even under the most quiescent of networks conditions. The work presented in this paper attempts to validate the hypothesis that the discolouration materials originate from cohesive layers, and investigate the nature and variability of such layers within live distribution systems. The study involved the aggressive flushing of a long discrete length of cast iron pipe with known discolouration problems. The results showed a progressive generation of material over the length of the pipe, confirming that the material originated from a uniformly distributed cohesive source. This was followed by a sequence of flushing operations for the systematic cleaning of a complex network area, encompassing a mixture of pipe materials and ages. All measured turbidity traces showed exponential decay with time. Such exponential decay may be predicted by a model based on a change in layer strength with degree of erosion. Hydraulic forces appear to be a key factor governing the availability and mobilisation of material. Iron is the dominant material mobilised from all the pipes. There is no direct trend between the amount or the composition of the material mobilised from the different pipes.
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Teng, Shui Sheng, Jian Jun Pang, and Xiao Long Liu. "The Application Prospects Of Superconducting Materials In Household Products Design." Applied Mechanics and Materials 372 (August 2013): 104–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.372.104.
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Superconducting materials are a new kind of high-end technology materials mainly used in the fields of cutting-edge technology and military. However, the superiority of its various aspects is becoming familiar and understood gradually which steps this new material into all areas of the society. In the spirit of "people-oriented" principle, the purpose of every progress in science and technology or in any other field of social development is to accomplish people's all-round development, therefore, new technologies and new materials can always be integrated quickly into our daily life, in which they are improved and developed continuously. Family life is the most important element of people's daily life; therefore, given their superior properties, the wide application of superconducting materials to design household products is an inevitable trend in the future.