Academic literature on the topic 'Materials chemistry'

The corrosion of infrastructure imposes a significant monetary cost, and at times human cost, upon society. Methods to improve corrosion resistance of materials are described herein which utilize the reversibility of the Diels-Alder reaction to impart thermal responsiveness upon materials. Such stimuli responsiveness can potentially play a role in self healing properties which lead to reduced cracking and thus increased corrosion protection. Reversible Diels-Alder chemistry was utilized to manipulate the surface energy of glass substrates. Hydrophobic dieneophiles were prepared and attached to glass slides and capillaries to yield a nonwetting surface. Thermal treatment of the surfaces cleaved the Diels-Alder linkage, and resulted in the fabrication of a hydrophilic surface. Preliminary analysis utilized contact angle (CA) measurements to monitor the change in surface energy, and observed a hydrophilic state (CA - 70±3°) before attachment of the dieneophile to a hydrophobic state (CA - 101±9°) followed by regeneration of the hydrophilic state (CA - 70±6°) upon cleavage of the Diels-Alder linkage. The treatments were then applied to glass capillaries, with effective treatment confirmed by fluid column measurements. Patterned treatments were also demonstrated to provide effective fluid flow gating. Reversible Diels-Alder linkages were incorporated into polymer thermoset binding resins in order to provide a means by which a crosslinked thermoset could undergo stimuli responsive reversible crosslinking. The binder systems which were utilized included two types of amine curing agents, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and Jeffamine® polyetheramines (PEA), and two types of epoxy resins, EPON resin based on diglycidyl ether of Bisphenol-A and epoxidized soybean oil. Various dienes and dienophiles were employed to functionalize the selected binder systems and were met with various degrees of success. The synthetic technique which proved to be the most promising was the Diels-Alder modification of the epoxidized soybean oil.

In many secondary education chemistry classrooms, teachers have a difficult time introducing chemistry topics in a way that will be interesting to the high school student. The development of a materials and environmental chemistry teacher's manual will help teachers introduce a variety of selected topics in an interesting fashion to the students. This manual focuses on the subjects covered for freshman and sophomore level students. The manual uses five separate experiments to introduce topics such as the electromagnetic spectrum and solubility. The five experiments include a test on tennis shoe stiffness and energy dissipation ability, pesticides in water, grease in vent hoods, concentration of salicin in willow, and a paint adhering test on a vehicle bumper. The manual introduces several chemistry concepts by relating the subject to projects that the students can understand because they are useful to society and the environment. By presenting the material in this manner, students should be able to focus on the specific concepts longer, thus understanding the concepts better. Some of the lessons cover a topic that is required by the American Chemical Society (ACS) for postsecondary education materials chemistry classes. The inclusion of these topics will increase the knowledge of future chemistry students in an area that will be required at multiple postsecondary education institutions. Each experiment topic includes background information, teacher information, lesson objectives, ACS topic and/or experimental subject covered, lesson, definitions, supplements, transparencies, and a worksheet.

The aim of this thesis was to test existing theories concerning biocompatibility of polymeric materials, and in the process to try and identify the major factors which pertain to their use as bioseparation matrices. The surface chemistry of cellulose and poly(tetrafluoroethyIene) based bioseparation materials have been examined. We have been able to demonstrate a direct link in the case of the cellulose materials between the crystallinity and the accessibility of the hydroxyl groups which are the primary sites of functionalization. In addition, the effect of processing conditions on the pore structure of an amorphous cellulose matrix was demonstrated and this has been shown to have a direct consequence for the protein binding characteristics of the material. The functionalisation of PTFE has been achieved by reaction with sodium naphthalenide, which lead to the defluorination of the PTFE surface and the formation of a unsaturated carbonised layer containing oxygenated functionalities. The reaction has also been shown to alter the morphology of PTFE membranes as evidenced by AFM analysis. In the case of powdered PTFE we observed the formation of a microporous layer, however this was found to revert back to a fluorinated layer with gentle heating. A novel insight in to the defluorination reaction was obtained using the bombardment of PTFE and PVDF with a Na atom beam under ultra-high vacuum conditions. This demonstrated the single valence electron mechanism of the reaction and also showed the formation of NaF at the surface of the polymer. The formation of CF(_3) groups was attributed to the nucleophilic attack of fluoride ions from molecular NaF species formed at the initial stages of the reaction.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2001Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:07:17Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 goncalves_rr_dr_araiq.pdf: 4816799 bytes, checksum: 0ead4e8520f4bac562bdbb2a9a71bc5c (MD5)<br>Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)<br>A preparação dos sistemas dopados com ions lantanídeos (Eu e Er): SnO2, HfO2, HfO2 disperso em matriz híbrida, SiO2-HfO2, Ta2O5, Ta2O5 disperso em matriz híbrida, através da metodologia sol gel, foi objetivo desta tese . São apresentados resultados para suspensões coloidais, sólidos (géis, xerogéis e pós) e filmes preparados por spin coating. Suspensões coloidais de SnO2 dopados com até 2% em mol de íons Eu e Er foram preparadas a partir da redispersão, em meio aquoso básico, de nanoparticulas com a superfície modificada. Diâmetro médio de 4 e 6 nm foram observados para os compostos dopados e puros respectivamente, através de espalhamento de luz e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. Os compostos apresentam nanocristalitos, estrutura cassiterita. O íon Eu3+ ocupa dois diferentes sítios de simetria na matriz SnO2. Um referente ao ion Eu3+ na rede cristalina de SnO2, substituindo átomos de Sn4+, sítio de alta simetria (D2h, C2h) apresentando um tempo de vida de emissão do 5D0 de 6ms; e o segundo referente ao Eu3+ adsorvido na superfície da partícula apresentando um tempo de vida de emissão do 5D0 de 0,3 ms. A proteção da superfície da partícula com moléculas orgânicas, beta dicetonas, originou suspensões coloidais altamente luminescentes em meio aquoso, formando um complexo com o ion Eu3+ presente na superfície da partícula, apresentando tempo de vida de 0,6 ms. Filmes finos homogêneos e transparentes foram depositados a partir das suspensões coloidais usando spin coating. Monocamadas de até 200 nm foram depositadas, observando-se o aumento linear da espessura com a concentração de material e número de depósitos. Filmes tratados a 500oC apresentam nanocristalitos de 10nm, estrutura cassiterita. Os filmes apresentam alto índice de refração e uma porosidade de 26% foi calculada. Guias...<br>The preparation of the systems doped with lanthanide ions (Eu3+ and Er3+): SnO2, HfO2, organic-inorganic hybrid system containing HfO2, SiO2- HfO2, Ta2O5 and organic-inorganic hybrid system containing Ta2O5, by using the sol gel process, have been the aim of this work. The Results of the colloidal suspension, solids (gel, xerogel and powder) and films are presented. Luminescent SnO2 colloidal suspension, with Eu3+ and Er3+ up to 2 mol%, have been prepared by redispersion of the powder (nanoparticles with modified surface) in a basic aqueous solution. Average diameter of 4 and 6nm were observed to the compounds doped and pure respectivelly, by dynamic light scattering and high resolution transmission electron microscopy. Cassiterite structure is attributed to the crystalline phase of the nanoparticles. Eu3+ ions occupied two different symmetry site. One of them corresponds to the ion in the cassiterite structure, substituting the Sn4+ ions , high symmetry site (D2h or C2h), with a 5D0 lifetime of 6ms; and the second one corresponds to the adsorbed ions on the surface, with a 5D0 lifetime of 0,3 ms. The presence of Eu3+ ions at the surface of the particles hinder their growing and also has allowed the preparation of new materials consisting of water redispersable powders coated with Eu3+-beta diketonate complex. Enhanced UV excited photoluminescence was observed in water. Homogeneous and transparent films were deposited by using the colloidal suspension by spin coating technique. Monolayers up to 200nm were prepared and a linear increase of the thickness value were observed with the concentration of the material and also the number of the layers. Films heat treated at 5000C show nanocrystals of 10nm, cassiterite structure. High ...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below)