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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Maternal exposure to metals'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 11 December 2022

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Ramalingam, Malarvili. "Metal exposure in non-occupationally exposed pregnant women of Western Australia and contribution of environmental sources." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2011. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/450.

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Metals pollution is a growing global concern and human exposure has been associated with increased chronic and acute health effects even at low metal concentrations (Hu et al., 2006; US EPA, 2007; Rice et al., 2010; UNEP, 2010). Sensitive members of the population, such as neonates, children and pregnant women, in particular, are at increased risk due to their biological vulnerability (Jarup, 2003; Ettinger et al., 2007; US EPA, 2007). While much literature has examined exposure to metal contaminants, focussing on exposures from point sources, few studies have explored exposure in pregnant wom

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2

Au, Felicia. "The Impact of Environmental Heavy Metal Exposures on Pregnancy and Birth Outcomes." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/35558.

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Background: There is still a paucity of information on maternal biological mechanisms specific to adverse birth outcomes despite maternal environmental exposure and health status being known to influence neonatal morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this study was to explore maternal biomarkers pertinent to infant development in utero, specifically matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and determine their relationships to environmental heavy metals such as arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, and manganese as well as their relationships to outcomes such as preterm birth, low birth weight and small

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3

Li, Yan. "Contribution of ceramic food contact materials to the exposure of consumers to metals in Belgium." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2018. https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/277640/4/text.pdf.

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Ceramic articles intended to come into contact with foodstuffs are regulated in Europe through the Directive 84/500/EEC, which sets the permissible limits for lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) releasing from ceramic ware and describes the testing conditions to be used in measuring the amounts of Pb and Cd released. Scientific data have shown concern regarding the exposure to lead and cadmium, as well as to other elements, from ceramic ware. A revision of the Directive is expected, towards lowering the permissible limits for lead and cadmium and on extending the regulation to other metals. In the cont

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4

Paul, Arindam. "EXTRINSIC INFLUENCE OF COATING AND SURFACE TREATMENT ON THE TENSILE RESPONSE AND FRACTURE BEHAVIOR OF THREE HIGH STRENGTH METALS." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1470404392.

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5

McQueen, Heather L. "Estimation of prenatal exposure to glyphosate using maternal exposure assessment techniques." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2010. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/371.

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Glyphosate is a leaf-absorbed, systemic herbicide against a wide range of problem annual and perennial weeds that is widely used in crop production, general land management and home gardens. Though glyphosate is the most heavily used herbicide in Australia, its use is not monitored (ATSE, 2002). Controlled residue studies show that residues of glyphosate persist in food crops, creating the potential for a large number of people to be exposed (FAO/WHO, 1986; 2006b; U.S. EPA, 1993). Regulatory studies show that glyphosate per se is practically harmless to humans, wildlife and the environment; ho

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6

Riesgo, Victoria Rae. "Phthalate Exposure and Maternal Infection: Implications for Neurodevelopment." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1619553601242514.

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7

Lee, So-lun. "Foetal exposure to passive maternal smoking and childhood asthma." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B36887468.

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8

Almeida, Nisha. "Measures of maternal tobacco smoke exposure and foetal growth." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=112375.

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Objective. Most biomarker studies of maternal smoking have been based on a single blood or urinary cotinine value, which is inadequate in capturing maternal tobacco exposure over the entire pregnancy. This thesis used maternal hair biomarkers to investigate the association between maternal active and passive smoking, and birthweight for gestational age (BW for GA).<br>Methods. Subjects were 444 term controls drawn from 5,337 participants of a multi-centre nested case-control study of preterm birth in Montreal. Maternal hair, collected after delivery, was measured for average nicotine and cotin

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9

Lee, So-lun, and 李素輪. "Foetal exposure to passive maternal smoking and childhood asthma." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B39724840.

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10

Bronson, Stefanie L. "Neurobehavioral Consequences of Prenatal Exposure to Maternal Immune Activation." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1318606185.

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11

Cazan, Alfy Morales. "Maternal transfer of metals in live-bearing fish (Cyprinodontiformes| Poeciliinae)." Thesis, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3622929.

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<p> This study assessed the occurrence and impacts of maternal metal transfer in live-bearing fish. The occurrence was investigated in two different species (<i>Gambusia affinis</i>and <i>Heterandria formosa</i>), while the impacts were studied only in <i>G. affinis.</i> Occurrence and impacts were addressed by exposing gravid females for 10 days to 0.15 μM of copper or cadmium, transferring the fish to clean water, monitoring their reproduction and collecting newborn offspring for further analyses of their health and reproductive success. </p><p> Maternal transfer of copper and cadmium

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12

Varendi, Heili. "Human newborn behavior during exposure to maternal and other odors /." Stockholm, 2001. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2001/91-628-4787-2/.

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13

Diao, Nancy. "Prenatal Metals Exposure and Child Birth and Growth in Bangladesh." Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:16121151.

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The objective of this dissertation is to contribute to ongoing research on prenatal metals exposure, in terms of arsenic, lead, and manganese, and infant health and growth, and to deepen the understanding of the complexity of such problems. We seek to do so in three parts. First we examine the association between combined prenatal metals exposure and infant birth weight and head circumference. Then, we look at the effect on birth weight from the HFE gene variants and its interaction effects with arsenic. Finally, we look at the association of prenatal metals exposure and child growth up to 36

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14

Zhang, Jinming. "Mixed Metals Exposure, Cardiac Autonomic Responses, Inflammation and DNA Methylation." Thesis, Harvard University, 2016. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:27201714.

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Background: welders are often exposed to various types of metals from the welding fumes and they also have high risks of cardiac autonomic dysfunction. Knowing the hazardous components within metals mixture as well as understanding the potential underlying mechanisms is essential for environmental and occupational regulations. Objective: to identify metal components which are associated with cardiac autonomic responses, as measured by two novel markers -acceleration capacity (AC) and deceleration capacity (DC); to examine whether inflammation mediates effects of metals exposure on AC/DC chang

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15

Lind, Jennifer N. "Maternal Medication Use and Risk of Hypospadias- An Exposure Spectrum Approach." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2012. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/iph_theses/207.

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Purpose To investigate associations between maternal use of selected medications during early pregnancy and the risk of hypospadias in male infants. Methods We used data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, a multi-site, population-based, case-control study. We analyzed data from 1,537 case infants with second or third degree isolated hypospadias and 4,314 male control infants born from 1997-2007. Exposure was based on reported use of any prescription or over-the-counter medication or herbal product, for which there were at least 5 exposed cases, from 1 month before to 4 months af

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16

Woo, Chit-shing Jackson, and 胡哲誠. "Ochratoxin A: endocrine disruption potential,transplacental kinetics and maternal exposure assessment." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4979954X.

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Mycotoxin contamination in food commodities is an age-old problem. Due to the detrimental impact of mycotoxins on human health, exposure to mycotoxins and their health implications have been increasingly recognized. Ochratoxin A (OTA), one of the mycotoxins, has been found to cause diverse toxicities in animals, with potential impact on human health. OTA has been reported to be teratogenic and interfere with steroidogenesis in vivo. Chronic exposure of pregnant women to OTA may be hazardous for the human foetus, especially when endocrine and developmental toxicities are taken into considerati

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17

Guan, Rui. "Bioavailability and toxicity of trace metals to the cladoceran daphnia magna in relation to CD exposure history /." View abstract or full-text, 2006. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?AMCE%202006%20GUAN.

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18

O'Reilly, James Richard. "Effects of maternal stress and obesity on human feto-placental glucocorticoid exposure." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/9540.

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Fetal exposure to excess glucocorticoids has been proposed as a key determinant of pregnancy outcome, as well as a predictor of long term health of the offspring through a phenomenon known as ‘developmental programming’. Obesity and ‘stress’ during pregnancy are two potential sources of altered fetal exposure to glucocorticoids. One in five pregnant women is obese at antenatal booking, and maternal obesity increases risk of offspring complications including higher birth weight, potentially leading to long-term programming effects on the offspring. Likewise, maternal anxiety during pregnancy ha

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19

Benincasa, Linda. "Placental responses to maternal perturbations: altered glucose homeostasis and Bisphenol A exposure." Doctoral thesis, Università di Siena, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11365/1071631.

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Glucose is one of the main nutrients for fetal development. Nevertheless, a significant gluconeogenesis ability by the fetus has not been reported, therefore the fetal glucose homeostasis depends on the ability of the placenta to carry out glucose from the maternal blood and to transport it to fetal tissues by means of specific transport molecules, known as GLUTs. Several conditions contribute to an imbalance in fetal glucose homeostasis, including incorrect mother feeding, maternal obesity, maternal type II diabetes and/or pregnancy complications. These conditions can affect the normal

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20

Ask, Björnberg Karolin. "Mercury exposure during early human development /." Stockholm, 2005. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2005/91-7140-224-1/.

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21

Shi, Dalin. "Effects of trace metal pre-exposure on their bioaccumulation in marine bivalves /." View Abstract or Full-Text, 2003. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?BIOL%202003%20SHI.

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22

Chow, Wing-shan Claudia. "Maternal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and birth weight a retrospective cohort study /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2003. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31970989.

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23

McMartin, Kristen Ingrid. "Pregnancy outcome following maternal organic solvent exposure, a meta-analysis of epidemiological studies." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ28804.pdf.

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24

周詠珊 and Wing-shan Claudia Chow. "Maternal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and birth weight: a retrospective cohort study." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31970989.

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25

Xu, Wenjing, and 许文静. "The association between maternal formaldehyde internal exposure does and miscarriage in Guangzhou, China." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B48426969.

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Background: Pregnancy is the fertilization and development of one or more offspring. It is a period of significant importance, during the time of which, health status of the mother could have profound impact on that of the fetus. Due to the one child policy in Mainland China, ensuring the baby’s health is of the utmost priority. In the past two years the incidence rate of miscarriage has been gradually increasing. It has an impact on mothers both physically and psychologically. Formaldehyde can be released for a long time from compound and furniture products in newly decorated houses and have

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26

Damron, Karen R. "An Examination of Maternal Stress and Secondhand Smoke Exposure on Perinatal Smoking Status." UKnowledge, 2016. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/nursing_etds/23.

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The median prevalence of smoking among women of childbearing age in the United States is 22.4%. Of women who identify themselves as smokers in the three months prior to conception, 55% quit during pregnancy; however, 40% of those who quit relapse and return to smoking within six months after delivery. Smoking has been identified as an important means of stress management among smokers in general, and though limited to the perinatal period, pregnancy-specific stress adds to a woman’s typical day-to-day stress burden. Little data exists as to the effect of SHS exposure on smoking status during p

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27

Darby, Matthew G. "Preconception maternal exposure to Nippostrongylus brasiliensis transfers protection against Nb to her offspring." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20410.

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In early life the immature immune system has a reduced ability to control infection. This susceptibility is offset by transfer of protective immune components from the mother. Helminth infections are widespread and can have a long lasting influence on host immunity. Children of mothers exposed to helminth infections may display T cell sensitization to endemic helminth infections and associations have been made between maternal helminth infection and altered immune responses to childhood diseases and vaccinations. This shows that helminth-modified maternal immunity may imprint on early offsprin

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28

Li, Pei Zhi. "Maternal occupational exposure to extremely low frequency magnetic fields and risk of brain tumors in offspring." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=116091.

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Background: The causes of childhood brain tumors (CBT) are essentially unknown. Exposure to extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF) (3-3000Hz) is an ubiquitous part of modern life. However, very few studies have investigated the possible effect of maternal occupational ELF-MF exposure on CBT and the available findings are inconsistent across studies.<br>Methods: We examined the role of maternal occupational exposure to ELF-MF shortly before and during pregnancy on the incidence of childhood brain tumors. A total of 548 incident cases and 760 healthy controls recruited between 1980 and

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29

Schetzina, Karen E. "Media Exposure: The Link with Adolescent Health Risk Behaviors." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2008. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5101.

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It is estimated that US children 2 to 18 years of age spend an average of 5.5 hours, daily, using media of all types. 1 During these years, it is estimated they will have viewed over 200,000 acts of violence just on television. 2 In this issue of the Southern Medical Journal, Dr. Robert DuRant and colleagues reported on their findings that an increased frequency of watching professional wrestling on television was associated with an increase in reported date fighting and other violent behaviors, risky sexual behavior, and smoking cigarettes, among a multistate random sample of adolescents

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30

Sopinka, Natalie Marie. "Egg glucocorticoids and maternal stressor exposure as modulators of offspring quality in Pacific salmon." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/52312.

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Maternal experiences can have profound effects on offspring phenotype. In oviparous animals, prolonged maternal exposure to stressors can elevate circulating cortisol and is thought to also elevate egg cortisol. Experimental increases in egg cortisol are known to affect offspring performance. In fishes, past research has focused on how chronic maternal exposure to stressors affects egg size and embryonic survival, but changes to egg hormones and progeny phenotype beyond early development are not well understood. The aim of this thesis was to test the hypothesis that maternal exposure to a stre

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31

Kulin, Nathalie A. "Pregnancy outcome following first trimester maternal exposure to the newer selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ29322.pdf.

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32

Kunkler, Chelsea. "The impact of maternal prenatal methamphetamine exposure on child behavioural development: A systematic review." Thesis, Kunkler, Chelsea (2019) The impact of maternal prenatal methamphetamine exposure on child behavioural development: A systematic review. Masters by Coursework thesis, Murdoch University, 2019. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/60641/.

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Methamphetamine (MA) use during pregnancy is associated with a range of adverse neurodevelopmental implications for a developing fetus. This systematic review examines studies which report the effects of prenatal MA exposure in utero on infant and child behavioural development. A systematic search of PSYCINFO, Scopus, PubMed and ERIC databases was conducted and 839 records were identified. A total of 15 articles met inclusion criteria, examining behavioural outcomes in children from birth to nine years of age. This review found consistent reports of behavioural dysregulation in neonates an

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Lorenzoni, Giulia. "Impact of perfluoroalkylated substances (PFAS) exposure on maternal and newborn health in Veneto region." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3425872.

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Background. Perfluoroalkylated substances (PFAS) are persistent organic pollutants that accumulate in the fish, wildlife, and humans. In 2013, it has been discovered an area of the Veneto Region in which ground water, surface water, and drinking water were contaminated by PFAS. Appropriate interventions have been undertaken to contain the water pollution, reducing it effectively. However, it has been estimated that the contamination had started about fifty years before its discovery, leading to the long-term exposure of the population. The long-term exposure to PFAS is worrying because PFAS ha

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Dreifaldt, Ann Charlotte. "Epidemiological aspects on malignant diseases in childhood /." Örebro : Örebro University : Universitetsbiblioteket, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-585.

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35

Mager, Edward Michael. "Interactions Between Water Chemistry and Waterborne Lead Exposure to Freshwater Organisms." Scholarly Repository, 2010. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/666.

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This dissertation characterizes the influences of water chemistry on the acute toxicity of lead (Pb) to two of the long-standing sentinel test organisms commonly employed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) and daphnid (Ceriodaphnia dubia), for parameterization of an acute Pb Biotic Ligand Model (BLM). In addition, a toxicogenomic approach was employed to identify genes that might serve as molecular markers of Pb exposure and long-term effects, as well as provide new insights as to the underlying toxic mechanisms of chronic Pb

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36

Rudra, Carole B. "Periconceptional ambient air pollutant exposure and subsequent preeclampsia risk /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10914.

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37

PAVANELLI, LUCIANA da C. "Diagnóstico ambiental das áreas susceptíveis a contaminação por metais no pólo industrial de fundição em Loanda, Paraná." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2007. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11672.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:54:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0<br>Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:07:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0<br>Dissertação (Mestrado)<br>IPEN/D<br>Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

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38

Keough, T. Montgomery. "Adverse effects of second hand smoke exposure in non-smoking women: maternal and neonatal outcomes /." Internet access available to MUN users only. Search for this title in:, 2009.

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39

Alfourti, Abdalrauf M. AB. "The effects of maternal nicotine exposure during pregnancy or lactation on hypertension of the offspring." University of the Western Cape, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5653.

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>Magister Scientiae - MSc<br>Blood pressure and heart rate is known to increase during smoking. These effects are specifically associated with nicotine while the other components of tobacco smoke seem to be of minor importance. It is becoming increasingly clear that fetal nicotine exposure, through transfer of nicotine via the placenta, has numerous consequences that is detrimental to the health of the fetus and that these effects may last into adulthood or perhaps even manifest itself later in life. In this study, we investigated the effects of maternal nicotine exposure during pregnancy and

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40

Hirotsu, Akiko. "Maternal exposure to volatile anesthetics induces IL-6 in fetal brains and affects neuronal development." Kyoto University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/253146.

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Salie, Yusrah. "The effect of maternal nicotine exposure on cellular senescence in the lungs of the offspring." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5211.

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Magister Scientiae (Medical Bioscience) - MSc(MBS)<br>Several studies conducted in laboratories at the University of the Western Cape has demonstrated an interference with the parenchymal lung tissue of the offspring when exposed to nicotine (smoking cigarettes and/or Nicotine Replacement Therapy [NRT]), maternally i.e. during gestation and lactation. This in turn, decreases the amount of air sacs (alveolar number) resulting in a reduced surface area available for efficient gas exchange in the offspring. Since the foetus and offspring are only exposed to nicotine during gestation and lactation

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42

Moore, Melinda B. "Maternal Caregivers' Organization of and Reasoning Behind Coping Suggestions to Deal with Community Violence Exposure." VCU Scholars Compass, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10156/1795.

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Kadawathagedara, Manik. "Maternal Diet During Pregnancy and Early Growth : Focus on Diet Duality and Food Chemicals Exposure." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS014/document.

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Introduction Des études épidémiologiques ont montré qu'une restriction nutritionnelle pendant la grossesse pouvait conduire à une réponse adaptative du fœtus conduisant à une altération durable du métabolisme. Ainsi, les enfants nés avec un petit poids de naissance sont plus à risque de développer des maladies cardiovasculaires à l'âge adulte. L'exposition à des contaminants obésogènes pourrait également jouer un rôle dans l'augmentation du risque d'obésité. L’alimentation est une des principales voies d'exposition à ces contaminants. Après une description de la qualité de l’alimentation penda

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Wang, Jiajia. "Assessment of the effects of maternal exposure to heatwave on birth outcomes in Brisbane, Australia." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2014. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/76289/1/Jiajia_Wang_Thesis.pdf.

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Even though heatwave events have become more frequent and intense in most regions around the world, little is known about the impact of heatwave on birth outcomes. This thesis uses a population-based study design to investigate the relationship between maternal heatwave exposure and adverse birth outcomes in Brisbane, Australia. This study found that heatwave exposure at any stage of pregnancy can be harmful to fetal growth, and further increase the risk of adverse birth outcomes. Both short- and long-term effects of heatwave on adverse birth outcomes were found. The findings in this thesis ma

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Kistin, Caroline J. "Prevalence of maternal trauma exposure and association with teacher rating of child social skills in preschool." Thesis, Boston University, 2013. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/21192.

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Thesis (M.S.M.) PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you.<br>OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between maternal trauma exposure and children's social skills in preschool. METHODS: We nested a prospective cohort study within an ongoing randomized controlled trial of a maternal depressi

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Whelan, Martin Francis. "Temporal trends in exposure of the general population to lead and influences upon the body burden of lead." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.368429.

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Wang, Liang, Hadii M. Mamudu, Arsham Alamian, James Li Anderson, and Billy Brooks. "Independent and Joint Effects of Prenatal Maternal Smoking and Maternal Exposure to Second-Hand Smoke on the Development of Adolescent Obesity: A Longitudinal Study." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.12667.

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AIM: To examine associations of prenatal maternal smoking and second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure with the development of adolescent obesity. METHODS: Longitudinal data (1991-2007) from National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development involving mothers that smoked and or exposed to SHS during the year before birth were analysed. Adolescent obesity in ages 12.0-15.9 years was defined as a BMI ≥ 95th percentile. Generalised estimating equations (GEE) were used for the analyses. RESULTS: Obesity was more prevalent among adolescents whose mother

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48

Bonwick, Graham Andrew. "The chronic exposure of roach (Rutilus rutilus L.) to sub-lethal doses of heavy metals." Thesis, University of Salford, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.360407.

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49

Zurahanim, Fasha Anual null. "Exposure assessment for mercury and other metals in commonly consumed fish of West Peninsular Malaysia." Doctoral thesis, importedStudentThesis, 2014. https://researchprofiles.canberra.edu.au/en/studentTheses/ea7a7342-8069-4b53-b2eb-d396ff2ddf1d.

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Windvogel, Shantal Lynn. "An investigation into the effect of maternal exposure to nicotine and copper on neonatal lung development." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2006. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_3411_1194336120.

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<p>In the 20th century, where tobacco smoking continues to be the leading preventable cause of death, an alarming number of people continue to smoke, despite awareness of the implications of exposure for themselves and those around them. Campaigns for the promotion of effective tobacco legislation and awareness are continuously being confronted by the tobacco industry's reluctance to put the health of their consumers before company profits, leading to a ripple effect of misinformation, serious health risks and economic implications, at least for the consumers. Pregnant women are especially a c

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