Relevant bibliographies by topics / Maternal mortality ratio (MMR)

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
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Academic literature on the topic 'Maternal mortality ratio (MMR)'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 19 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Maternal mortality ratio (MMR)"

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REHMAN, TASNIM TAHIRA, and MAHNAZ ROOHI. "MATERNAL MORTALITY." Professional Medical Journal 16, no. 01 (March 10, 2009): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2009.16.01.3002.

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Objective: To find out maternal mortality ratio (MMR) and to determine major causes of maternal death. S t u d y d e s i g n:A descriptive study. Setting: Department of Obstetric and Gynaecology, Allied Hospital, Faisalabad. S t u d y period: From 01.01.2008 to31.12.2008. Materials a n d m e t h o d s : All cases of maternal death during this study periods were included except accidental deaths. Results:There were 58 maternal deaths during this period. Total No. of live births were 5975. MMR was 58/5975 x 100,000 = 970/100,000 live births.The most common cause of maternal death was hemorrhage (34.5%) followed by hypertensive disorders/eclampsia (31%). Most of thepatients (75.86%) were referred from primary & secondary care level. C o n c l u s i o n : Maternal mortality is still very high in underdevelopedcountries including Pakistan. We must enhance emergency obstetric care (EOC) to achieve the goal of reduction in MMR.
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Goli, Srinivas, Parul Puri, Pradeep S. Salve, Saseendran Pallikadavath, and K. S. James. "Estimates and correlates of district-level maternal mortality ratio in India." PLOS Global Public Health 2, no. 7 (July 18, 2022): e0000441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0000441.

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Despite the progress achieved, approximately one-quarter of all maternal deaths worldwide occur in India. Till now, India monitors maternal mortality in 18 out of its 36 provinces using information from the periodic sample registration system (SRS). The country does not have reliable routine information on maternal deaths for smaller states and districts. And, this has been a major hurdle in local-level health policy and planning to prevent avoidable maternal deaths. For the first time, using triangulation of routine records of maternal deaths under the Health Management Information System (HMIS), Census of India, and SRS, we provide Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) for all states and districts of India. Also, we examined socio-demographic and health care correlates of MMR using large-sample and robust statistical tools. The findings suggest that 70% of districts (448 out of 640 districts) in India have reported MMR above 70 deaths—a target set under Sustainable Development Goal-3. According to SRS, only Assam shows MMR of more than 200, while our assessment based on HMIS suggests that about 6-states (and two union territories) and 128-districts have MMR above 200. Thus, the findings highlight the presence of spatial heterogeneity in MMR across districts in the country, with spatial clustering of high MMR in North-eastern, Eastern, and Central regions and low MMR in the Southern and Western regions. Even the better-off states such as Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Gujarat have districts of medium-to-high MMR. In order of their importance, fertility levels, the sex ratio at birth, health infrastructure, years of schooling, postnatal care, maternal age and nutrition, and poor economic status have emerged as the significant correlates of MMR. In conclusion, we show that HMIS is a reliable, cost-effective, and routine source of information for monitoring maternal mortality ratio in India and its states and districts.
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Shirin, Sonia, and Shamsun Nahar. "Maternal Mortality - A Public Health Problem." Ibrahim Medical College Journal 6, no. 2 (April 24, 2013): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/imcj.v6i2.14735.

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Maternal mortality is an important indicator which reflects the health status of a community. It can be calculated by maternal mortality ratio (MMR), maternal mortality rate (MMRate), and adult life time risk of maternal death. MMR estimates are based on varieties of methods that include household surveys, sisterhood methods, reproductive-age mortality studies (RAMOS), verbal autopsies and censuses. Main causes of maternal mortality are hemorrhage, infection, unsafe abortion, hypertensive disorder of pregnancy and obstructed labour. Factors of maternal mortality have been conceptualized by three delays model. Estimates of maternal mortality ratio (MMR) trend between 1990 and 2010 (over 20 years period) suggest a global reduction (47%), with a greater reduction in developing countries (47%) including Bangladesh than in developed countries (39%). However, to meet the challenge of Fifth Millennium Development Goal (MDG5 i.e. to ensure 75% reduction of MMR by the year 2015), the annual rate of MMR decline and increase of skilled attendant at birth need to be still faster. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/imcj.v6i2.14735 Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2012; 6(2): 64-69
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Nahidi, Fatemeh, and Mahboubeh Hajifoghaha. "Maternal Mortality Ratio in Eastern Mediterranean Region: A Priority of Reproductive Health." International Journal of Women's Health and Reproduction Sciences 8, no. 1 (October 11, 2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.15296/ijwhr.2020.01.

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Objectives: Maternal mortality reduction is a key international sustainable development goal. Although maternal mortality ratio (MMR) has changed in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, the trend of maternal deaths in the countries of the region is important. This review article provided the current situation and trend of MMR in the Eastern Mediterranean region between 1990 and 2015. Materials and Methods: In this review, country profiles and data were obtained through UNDPA, UNICEF, UNDP, WHO, and World Bank websites. Then, a literature search was performed in PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, and Google Scholar in this regard. Results: Based on the collected data, 36 out of 66 studies met the required criteria and were chosen for analysis. All countries of this region showed a downward trend between 1990 and 2015, and this change varied from 16.30% in Yemen to 76.56% in Lebanon. The maternal mortality reduction was 69.88% in Iran in the same time. Conclusions: Although all countries of the Eastern Mediterranean Region demonstrated a downward trend in MMR, this trend was not the same in all countries. Thus, it is needed to boost regional efforts to further reduce MMR and achieve sustainable development goals by 2030.
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JABEEN, SALMA, BUSHRA S. ZAMAN, AFZAAL AHMED, and SHER-UZ-ZAMAN BHATTI. "MATERNAL MORTALITY." Professional Medical Journal 17, no. 04 (December 10, 2010): 679–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2010.17.04.3024.

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Objectives: To estimate maternal mortality ratio (MMR), obstetrical causes and determinants of maternal mortality. Study Design: A descriptive study. Place & Duration of Study: The study was conducted in Obstetrics & Gynaecology Department at Bahawal Victoria Hospital, affiliated with Quaid-e-Azam Medical College, Bahawalpur. This was a 3 years study conducted from January 2006 to December 2008. Patients & Methods: All direct and indirect maternal deaths during pregnancy, labor and perpeurium were included. The patients who expired after arrival were analyzed on specially designed Performa from their hospital records and questions asking from their attendants. The reason for admission, condition at arrival, cause of death and possible factors responsible for death were identified. The other information including age, parity, booking status, gestational age and relevant features of index pregnancy, along with the distance from hospital was recorded on Performa and analyzed by SPSS version 11. Results: There were a total of 21501 deliveries and 19462 live births with 2039 peri-natal moralities. Total 133 maternal deaths occurred during last 3 consecutive years revealed MMR 683 per 100000 live births. Majority of the women who died were un-booked (91%). The highest maternal mortality age group was 20-30 years in which 54.2% deaths were observed. Out of 133 maternal deaths, 21% were primigravida. Obstetrical hemorrhage (44.4%) was the most frequent cause followed by hypertensive disorders (21.8%) & sepsis (15%). There were 33.8% of patients who were brought at compromised stage and 52.6% brought critical, only 13.5% died were stable at the time of arrival at hospital. Conclusions: Obstetrical haemorrhage was the leading cause of maternal deaths. Thisdreadful cause is preventable and manageable if steps are taken in time during antenatal period for risk detection and in postnatal period. Community awareness, training of traditional birth attendants to recognize the severity of disease and importance of being in time and improving referral can reduce the maternal deaths.
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Campbell, Jose, and Eliana Duarte Osis. "Maternal mortality, as a largely avoidable cause of death and reduction in maternal mortality has been a top priority in Brazil, despite massive program efforts to avert maternal deaths, the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) in Brazil is still high especially in the poor area. Estimates of maternal mortality rates in Brazil are affected by underreporting of deaths, especially in less developed areas of the country where maternal mortality tends to be higher, and the absence of specific information indicating maternal death in reported deaths of women of reproductive age The objective of this study is to identify the true number of maternal deaths. We use data obtained from Ministry of Health information systems from the 2000 and 2012 Brazil Maternal Mortality Surveys to measure change in the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) and to measure changes in factors potentially related to such change. We estimate the changes in risk of maternal death between the two surveys using Poisson regression." American Journal of BioMedicine 4, no. 2 (May 25, 2016): 178–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.18081/2333-5106/016-178-186.

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Maternal mortality, as a largely avoidable cause of death and reduction in maternal mortality has been a top priority in Brazil, despite massive program efforts to avert maternal deaths, the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) in Brazil is still high especially in the poor area. Estimates of maternal mortality rates in Brazil are affected by underreporting of deaths, especially in less developed areas of the country where maternal mortality tends to be higher, and the absence of specific information indicating maternal death in reported deaths of women of reproductive age The objective of this study is to identify the true number of maternal deaths. We use data obtained from Ministry of Health information systems from the 2000 and 2012 Brazil Maternal Mortality Surveys to measure change in the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) and to measure changes in factors potentially related to such change. We estimate the changes in risk of maternal death between the two surveys using Poisson regression.
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Upadhyaya, Indira. "Maternal Death Reviews of a Tertiary Care Hospital." Journal of Nepal Medical Association 52, no. 193 (March 31, 2014): 713–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31729/jnma.2034.

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Introduction: All pregnant women are at risk of obstetrical complications which occurs during labour and delivary that lead to maternal death. Here to report a 10 year review of maternal mortality ratio in "Paropakar Maternity and Women's Hospital (PMWH)" Thapathali Kathmandu, Nepal.Methods: Medical records of 66 maternal deaths were reviewed to study the likely cause of each death over the study period.Results: There were a total of 66 maternal deaths. While 192487 deliveries conducted over the 10 year period. The maternal mortality ratio (MMR) was 356.64/100000 live birth. The highest MMR of 74.22/100,000 was observed in 2059 and lowest was 17.42/100,000 in 2068 B.S. Leading cause of MMR was remained hemorrhage accounting for 30.30% followed by eclampsia 24.24%. Sepsis, suspected cases of pulmonary embolism and amniotic fluid embolism each contributing 15.15%, 4.54% and 3.03% respectively. Where as anesthetic complication and abortion constiuates 6.06 % each equally for maternal death. The death noted in older women (30+year) were 36.36%. Primipara accounted for more deaths (51.51%).Conclusions: The fall in maternal mortality rate has been observed except for year 2063 BS. Haemorrhage is the main contributing cause behind maternal mortality.
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Muula, Adamson S., and Angela Phiri. "Did Maternal Mortality Ratio Increase in Malawi between 1992–1998? Review of Malawi Demographic and Health Surveys and other Data Sources." Tropical Doctor 33, no. 3 (July 2003): 182–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004947550303300326.

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Despite various programmes aimed at reducing the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) and improving reproductive health globally, and in Malawi especially, the 2000 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) reported an MMR for Malawi as 1221 deaths per 100 000 live births. This represented an almost 80% rise from the 620 maternal deaths/100 000 live births estimated in the 1992 DHS. The possible reasons behind the rise in the MMR include: the growing HIV/AIDS pandemic in Malawi with an estimated infection rate of 14%; and the deteriorating healthcare situation and inherent inaccuracies in the estimation of maternal mortality. Continued surveillance and identification of factors responsible for the deterioration of Malawi's MMR are suggested. It is necessary to design, implement and evaluate corrective measures in order to improve the situation.
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Moaddab, Amirhossein, Gary Dildy, Michael Belfort, Haleh Sangi-Haghpeykar, Christina Davidson, and Steven Clark. "Maternal and Fetal Death on Weekends." American Journal of Perinatology 36, no. 02 (July 17, 2018): 184–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1667030.

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Background Higher mortality rates have been reported in patients admitted to the hospital on weekends. This study aimed to compare maternal mortality ratio (MMR), fetal mortality ratio, and other maternal and neonatal outcomes by day of death or delivery in the United States. Methods Our database consisted of a population-level analysis of live births and maternal and fetal deaths between 2004 and 2014 in the United States from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Center for Health Statistics. We also examined the relationship between these deaths and various documented maternal and fetal clinical conditions. Results A total of 2,061 maternal deaths occurred on weekends and 5,510 deaths on weekdays. During the same period of time, 65,063 and 210,851 cases of fetal demise were delivered on weekends and on weekdays, respectively. Maternal mortality was significantly higher on weekends than weekdays (22.9 vs. 15.3/100,000 live births, p < 0.001) as was fetal mortality (7.21 vs. 5.85/100,000, p < 0.001), despite a lower frequency of serious comorbidities among women delivering on weekends. Conclusion Our data demonstrate a significant increase in the U.S. MMR and stillbirth delivery on weekends. Relative representation of antepartum, intrapartum, and postpartum deaths cannot be ascertained from these data.
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Achem, F., C. Agboghoroma, A. Massa, and M. O. Adeoye. "I004 MATERNAL DEATH REVIEW (MDR): A VERITABLE TOOL FOR SUSTAINABLE REDUCTION OF MATERNAL MORTALITY RATIO (MMR) IN NIGERIA." International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 119 (October 2012): S162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7292(12)60034-4.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Maternal mortality ratio (MMR)"

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M’Rithaa, Doreen K. M. "A framework for information communication that contributes to the improved management of the intrapartum period." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1414.

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Dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Technology: Informatics in the Faculty of Informatics and Design at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology
Background: Daily activities within a health care organization are mediated by information communication processes (ICP), which involve multiple health care professionals. During pregnancy, birth and motherhood a woman may encounter different professionals including midwives, doctors, laboratory personnel and others. Effective management requires critical information to be accurately communicated. If there is a breakdown in this communication patient safety is at risk for various reasons such as; inadequate critical information, misconception of information and uninformed decisions being made. Method: Multi method, multiple case study approach was used to explore and describe the complexities involved in the (ICP), during the management of the intrapartum period. During the study the expected ICP, the actual ICP, the challenges involved and the desired ICP were analysed. 24 In-depth interviews with skilled birth attendants were conducted, observer- as- participant role was utilized during the observation, fild notes, reflective diaries and document review methods were used to gather the data. Thematic analysis and activity analysis were applied to analyse the data. Findings: The findings illuminated that there are expectations of accessibility to care of the woman during pregnancy birth and the intrapartum, especially linked to referral processes. The actual ICP focused on documentation and communication of the information within and between organizations. Communication was marked by inadequate documentation and therefore errors in the information communicated. The desires for communication were illuminated by the need to change the current situation. Further a framework for effective information communication was developed: the FAAS framework for the effective management of the intrapartum period. Conclusion: In conclusion what is expected is not what is actually happening. The skilled birth attendants (SBAs) do not necessarily have the answers for change but the challenges were identified as desires for change. I urge that the framework will provide a basis for the evaluation of the effectiveness involved in the ICP for the effective management of the intrapartum period.
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Bazirete, Oliva. "Utilization of partogram among nurses and midwives in Rwamagana health facilities in the eastern province of Rwanda." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3858.

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Magister Curationis - MCur
The present study examined the extent of utilization of partogram among nurses and midwives in Rwamagana health facilities located in the eastern province of Rwanda. The study specifically sought to; assess knowledge and use of partogram among nurses and midwives in Rwamagana health facilities, to identify the challenges facing nurses and midwives with regards to the utilization of partogram in the health facilities and to determine factors influencing the use of partogram among nurses and midwives in Rwamagana health facilities. Patricia Benner’s model of nursing practice was used to guide this study
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(9530807), Sanchita Chakrovorty. "Maternal Mortality: Spatial and Racial Disparities in United States." Thesis, 2020.

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Over the last century, developed countries have been successful in enhancing maternal health and reducing Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR). By 2018, MMR across OECD countries and World Bank Group Regions have converged towards very low levels, averaging more than 5 deaths per 100,000 live births. The United States has become an outlier among the developed countries in maternal deaths and compares unfavorably to a number of poorer countries where the ratio has declined. In 2017, the US ranked worst in MMR among the 39 industrialized nations. United States has experienced almost a 142 percent increase in MMR from 1987-2018. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), every year in the US, more than 700 women die due to the pregnancy or childbirth-related complications, with 60 percent of these deaths being preventable. Within the US, MMR varies considerably, leaving large disparities across states as well as between all racial groups. This research study aims to understand the interplay of spatial and racial impacts on the variation of maternal mortality ratios within the US. The paper estimates Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Spatial Lag Models for MMR using cross-sectional US state data for 2012-2017, taken from CDC. The results show that the dominant root causes of high maternal mortality differ between black and white women.

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Mudokwenyu-Rawdon, Christina. "Factors influencing pregnancy outcome in high-risk patients." Thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/17533.

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Abortion and severe pre-eclampsia/eclampsia remain the major causes of maternal mortality in Zimbabwe. Based on this problem, factors associated with maternal mortality due to abortion and severe pre-eclampsia/eclampsia were investigated to improve pregnancy outcomes. Cases and controls were selected from 4895 abortion and 318 severe preeclampsia/ eclampsia obstetric records to conduct a retrospective case-control study. Significant risk factors identified for reducing maternal mortality due to postabortion complications included the administration of oxytocic drugs and evacuations of the uterus whilst anaemia and sepsis apparently reduced these women's chances of survival. No significant factors could be identified which influenced maternal deaths among women suffering from severe pre-eclampsia/eclampsia. Magnesium sulphate was not routinely administered, as recommended internationally. In both groups, cases apparently received better reported quantitative care than controls. Recommendations based on this research report include improved midwifery education and in-service training, regular audits of patients' records and changed policies for managing these conditions more effectively in Zimbabwe.
Health Studies
D. Litt. et Phil. (Advanced Nursing Sciences)
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Books on the topic "Maternal mortality ratio (MMR)"

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Mir, Ali Mohammad. Using the community informant based (made-in and made-for) methodology for estimating maternal mortality ratio (MMR) in Punjab. Islamabad: Population Council, 2015.

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Halder, Suni, and Steve Yentis. Maternal mortality and morbidity. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713333.003.0031.

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The risk to women’s health is increased during pregnancy, and maternal mortality is used as an indicator of general healthcare provision as well as a target for improving women’s health worldwide. Morbidity is more difficult to define than mortality but may also be used to monitor and improve women’s care during and after pregnancy. Despite international efforts to reduce maternal mortality, there remains a wide disparity between the rate of deaths in developed (maternal mortality ratio less than 10–20 per 100,000 live births) and developing (maternal mortality ratio as high as 1000 or more per 100,000 live births in some countries) areas of the world. Similarly, treatable conditions that cause considerable morbidity in developed countries but uncommonly result in maternal death (e.g. pre-eclampsia (pre-eclamptic toxaemia), haemorrhage, and sepsis) continue to be major causes of mortality in developing countries, where appropriate care is hampered by a lack of resources, skilled staff, education, and infrastructure. Surveillance systems that identify and analyse maternal deaths aim to monitor and improve maternal healthcare through education of staff and politicians; the longest-running and most comprehensive of these, the Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom, was halted temporarily after the 2006–2008 report but is now active again. Surveillance of maternal morbidity is more difficult but systems also exist for this. The lessons learnt from such programmes are thought to be important drivers for improved maternal outcomes across the world.
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Book chapters on the topic "Maternal mortality ratio (MMR)"

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Katdare, Ninad. "Obstacles and Optimisation of Oncology Services in India." In Improving Oncology Worldwide, 107–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96053-7_14.

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AbstractIndia is a land of huge geographical, demographic and economic variations. As such, it has a very heterogeneous population and huge variations in the socio-economic status, access to health care and literacy. These provide unique challenges in the development of health-care policies. With other pressing health issues like malnutrition, maternal and child’s health and infectious diseases, there are no nationwide policies for cancer care. In addition to this, the health-care budget allocation compared to developed countries is abysmal. This has led to inequities in the distribution and availability of cancer care in India. With a majority of the patients ending up in the private sector for treatment, and because of misuse of technology in cancer care for profit because of dysregulated health care, there is inequity in distribution of cancer care. Lack of affordable care and inaccessible areas lead to many patients presenting very late and or dropping out of treatment, thus adversely affecting the prognosis. This is reflected in a disproportionately high mortality to incidence ratio. In this chapter, we will see the obstacles faced and the optimisation efforts to improve cancer care in India.
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"Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR)." In Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research, 3876. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_102427.

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Prabhu, Deepa Fernandes, and Richard C. Larson. "Scaling the Maternal and Newborn Survival Initiative (MANSI)." In Innovations in Global Maternal Health, 224–46. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2351-3.ch010.

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The infant mortality rate (IMR) and maternal mortality ratio (MMR) are unacceptably high in many parts of rural India. This article focuses on a system analysis approach to the best practices for scaling and replicating of maternal and newborn survival initiative (MANSI), a field-tested pilot program for addressing high IMRs and MMRs. A system dynamics model of the village birthing system is used to understand the resources needed for the viability of scaling or replication, is constructed and incorporated in the analysis. The MANSI program is a public and private partnership between a few key players. Implemented in the Seraikela area of India's Jharkhand state, the program has achieved a 32.7% reduction in neonatal mortality, a 26.5% reduction in IMR, and a 50% increase in hospital births, which tend to have better health outcomes for women and newborns. The authors conclude with a discussion of the prospects for and difficulties of replicating MANSI in other resource-constrained areas, not only in India but in other developing countries as well.
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Mehboob, Riffat, Syed Amir Gilani, Sidra Khalid, Amber Hassan, and Ahmad Alwazzan. "Maternal Mortality Ratio in Low Income Developing Countries." In Global Women's Health [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95258.

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Maternal mortality (MM) is a matter of serious concern in low income developing countries (LDCs). A great reduction has been observed regarding the maternal deaths globally after huge efforts since 1990 todate. However, the situation continues to be either stagnant or worsening in developing countries, suggesting that the efforts to cope with this issue are either insufficient or not properly implemented. We need to first diagnose the problem areas that are a great hurdle in the road to success towards the reduction of MM. Postpartum hemorrhage and preeclampsia are one of the most common causes of MM. Malnutrition, neurological dysfunction and cancer are among the non-obstetric causes. Trained medical and paramedical staff can be of great help in this regard by increasing awareness among masses at grass root level. Target set by Millennium Development goal has minimized the MM by 44%. But it has not met the target set by Millenium Development Goals 5 and a lot of measures need to be taken in this regard. Majority of the MDs are preventable and can be avoided by adopting appropriate frameworks, linked data sets, surveillance, birth attendants training, preparation for births, etc. Delay in decision to get healthcare, access to healthcare center and receiving these facilities are the main factors in MM.
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Hanif, Muhammad, Siddra Khalid, Akhtar Rasul, and Khalid Mahmood. "Maternal Mortality in Rural Areas of Pakistan: Challenges and Prospects." In Rural Health [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96934.

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Pakistan is one of the countries in South Asia ranking high in maternal mortality rate. Though, a signatory of Agenda 2030, the country still lags behind considerably in achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The ratio of maternal mortality is, even higher in rural areas of the country. Lack of health care facilities, education, malnutrition, poverty, high prevalence of violence against women in rural areas, and socioeconomic factors are some of the major contributing elements for elevated levels of maternal mortality and morbidity rate in Pakistan. By making inclusive policies at the national level to improve the reach of the rural population to healthcare facilities, educating women and eliminating gender-based disparities, introducing family planning interventions, accountability, and continuity of democracy are essentially needed to improve maternal health in Pakistan’s rural areas. This chapter focuses on challenges to maternal health in rural areas and possible options to resolve these issues.
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Sharma, Renee, Jai K. Das, and Zulfiqar A. Bhutta. "Positive Strategies in Achieving Health for All Children: An Equity Framework and Its Effect on Research Design and Education." In Principles of Global Child Health: Education and Research, 43–60. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/9781610021906-part01-ch03.

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The United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) adopted by world leaders in 2000 aimed to address some of the most pressing global issues of our times: extreme poverty, unequal health, and inequities in development. The MDGs, a set of interrelated targets to be met by 2015, catalyzed political commitment toward improving child survival and maternal health. Millennium Development Goals 4 and 5 called for a two-thirds reduction in the younger-than-5 child mortality rate and a three-quarters reduction in the maternal mortality ratio, respectively, from 1990 base figures.1 Although concerted global efforts have led to substantial reductions in maternal and child mortality over the past 25 years, MDG 4 and 5 targets have not been fully realized. Only 62 of the 195 countries with available estimates achieved the MDG 4 target, of which 24 were low-income and lower-middle–income countries.2 Only 2 regions, East Asia and the Pacific (69% reduction) and Latin America and the Caribbean (67% reduction), met the target at a regional level.2 For MDG 5, of the 95 countries that had a maternal mortality ratio of more than 100 in 1990, only 9 achieved the target for reduction in maternal mortality: Bhutan, Cambodia, Cape Verde, Iran, Laos, Maldives, Mongolia, Rwanda, and Timor-Leste.3 As we celebrate the fact that the global younger-than-5 mortality rate and maternal mortality ratio have fallen by 53% and 43.9%, respectively, since 1990, we also face the sobering reality that high numbers of women and children are still dying every year, largely due to conditions that could have been prevented or treated if existing cost-effective interventions were universally available.2–4 The burden of mortality also remains unevenly distributed, with the largest numbers and highest rates of maternal and younger-than-5 deaths concentrated in countries of sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, especially in lower-income countries and among fragile states, especially those with ongoing conflict.2,3,5 2015 marked the end of the MDG era and the beginning of a new global framework, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This new framework presents an opportunity to leverage the momentum built over recent decades to tackle global inequities in maternal and child health. Of these SDGs, goal 3 also calls for an end to preventable deaths of newborns and children younger than 5 years, as well as a reduction in maternal mortality to less than 70 per 100,000 live births, by 2030.6 Achieving this target would require overcoming barriers and inequities in access to quality health services and, thus, implementing strategies to reach all mothers and children, including those who are most vulnerable, remote, and at risk. In this chapter, we discuss the current burden of younger-than-5 and maternal mortality, barriers contributing to health inequities, and, finally, evidence-based strategies to bridge these gaps.
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Eshiet, Idongesit. "Sustainable Development Goal 3 and Maternal Health in Nigeria." In Innovations in Global Maternal Health, 247–71. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2351-3.ch011.

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This chapter addresses the feasibility of Nigeria achieving Target 3.1 of Sustainable Development Goal 3, which aims at reducing maternal deaths to less than 70 per 100,000 live births by 2030. Maternal deaths occur due to lack of access to maternal healthcare, which encompasses the healthcare dimensions of family planning, preconception, prenatal, and postnatal care for women. Nigeria is presently the second largest contributor to maternal deaths globally, having a maternal mortality ratio of 814 per 100,000 live births. Will Nigeria achieve this goal by 2030? This chapter assesses the maternal health landscape of Nigeria and the measures taken by the government to address maternal health from the perspective of the feasibility of achieving SDG 3, Target 3.1 by 2030.
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Sharma, Jeevan R., and Radha Adhikari. "Politics of Childbirth in Nepal." In Childbirth in South Asia, 264–82. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190130718.003.0011.

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Nepal has been hailed as a global success in reducing the maternal mortality ratio from around 540 women dying per 100,000 births in 1996 to about 240 in 2016. The chapter will critically analyse two interventions implemented around 2005. First, we will look at the USAID-funded Nepal Family Health Program, through which oral misoprostol (to control bleeding after delivery) was launched across Nepal. Second, we will look at Aama Surakshya Karyakram (or mother programme), which was implemented to promote institutional delivery. These two programmes, despite aiming to address high maternal mortality ratio in Nepal, adopted very different approaches, reflecting ideological struggles on women’s agency and the politics of childbirth. The chapter concludes that the costs of these changes (such as the lack of resources or the commercialization of healthcare) have been overlooked in the claims of Nepal’s ‘success’.
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Eshiet, Idongesit. "Sustainable Development Goal 3 and Maternal Health in Nigeria." In Advances in Healthcare Information Systems and Administration, 247–71. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-6133-0.ch012.

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This chapter addresses the feasibility of Nigeria achieving Target 3.1 of Sustainable Development Goal 3, which aims at reducing maternal deaths to less than 70 per 100,000 live births by 2030. Maternal deaths occur due to lack of access to maternal healthcare, which encompasses the healthcare dimensions of family planning, preconception, prenatal, and postnatal care for women. Nigeria is presently the second largest contributor to maternal deaths globally, having a maternal mortality ratio of 814 per 100,000 live births. Will Nigeria achieve this goal by 2030? This chapter assesses the maternal health landscape of Nigeria and the measures taken by the government to address maternal health from the perspective of the feasibility of achieving SDG 3, Target 3.1 by 2030.
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Liese, Kylea Laina. "Childbirth in the Context of Conflict in Afghanistan." In War and Health, 41–56. NYU Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479875962.003.0002.

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The livelihoods of Afghan women have been transformed by decades of war, violence, and political upheaval. Chronic fear of violence and instability shape the daily practices, perceptions, and behaviors of Afghan families in ways that directly affect maternal health outcomes. This chapter examines the multiple pathways to maternal risk as they intersect through historically rooted structural inequalities, such as lack of roads, lack of education, and poverty. Ethnographic data from 2005 to 2008 focus on the northern province of Badakshahn, which suffered the highest known maternal mortality ratio in the world. Long after the Taliban left Kabul, the draconian edicts on female education, marriage, and seclusion continue to impact how isolated Badakhshani villages police women and their bodies.
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Conference papers on the topic "Maternal mortality ratio (MMR)"

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"Maternal health seeking behaviors and health care utilization in Pakistan." In International Conference on Public Health and Humanitarian Action. International Federation of Medical Students' Associations - Jordan, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56950/xzpo9700.

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Background: Direct estimations of maternal mortality were carried out in Pakistan for the first time. Maternal health and health issues, maternal mortality and the specific causes of death among women must be studied to improve the health care of women and better utilization of maternal health services for better public health. Objective: The main objectives of this study are to analyze maternal health, morbidity and mortality indicators. The causes of death and health care utilization will be highlighted, hence, useful recommendations can be made to reduce maternal deaths and to attain the Sustainable Development Goal 3.1. Method: Utilizing the data of Pakistan Maternal Mortality Survey 2019, crosstabs and frequency tables are constructed and multivariant analysis was conducted to find out the most effective factors contributing to the deaths. IBM SPSS and STATA were used for the analysis. Results and Conclusion: 40% population surveyed was under 15, age 65 or above. Average household members were 6-7. Drinking water facility was majorly improved in both urban and rural areas. Hospital services in rural areas were mostly (54%) in the parameter of 10+ kms and Basic Health Units were mainly found inside the community. Very few urban households were in the poorest quantile while very few rural households were in the wealthiest quantile. Women education distribution showed that a high percentage of women (52%) were uneducated and only a 12% had received higher education. Maternal mortality ratio (MMR) for the 3-year period before the survey was 186 deaths per 100,000 live births while pregnancy related mortality rate was 251 deaths per 100,000 live births, which was higher compared to the MMR. Maternal death causes were divided into direct and indirect causes, where major causes were reported to be obstetric Hemorrhage (41%), Hypertensive disorders (29%), Pregnancy with abortive outcome (10%), other obstetric pregnancy related infection (6%) and non-obstetric (4%). 37% women who died in the three years before the survey sought medical care at a public sector health facility while 26% at private sector and 5% at home. A majority (90%) of women who had pregnancy complications in the 3 years before the survey received ANC from a skilled provider. Keywords: Maternal health, antenatal care, maternal mortality rates, pregnancy related diseases
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Hariani, Nurul Jamila, and Falih Suaedi. "Collaborative Innovation in Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) and Neonatal Mortality Rate (NMR) Handling Program in Sidoarjo." In 2nd International Conference Postgraduate School. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0007549506800684.

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Lestari, Yayuk Puji, and Farida Kartini. "Antenatal Service Quality: A Scoping Review." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.31.

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ABSTRACT Background: Maternal mortality rate (MMR) is an indicator of the success of health development in a country. The World Health Organization (WHO) has issued a series of new recommendations to improve the quality of antenatal care to reduce the risk of birth and pregnancy complications and provide a positive pregnancy experience. This study aimed to review the antenatal service quality. Subjects and Method: This was a scoping review using an electronic bibliographic database method. Articles were collected from 5 databases, namely Science Direct, PubMed, EBSCO, Wiley, and ProQuest. This study was carried out systematically from 2009 to 2019. The articles used in this scoping review were described in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) flowchart. Results: Based on 10 articles out of 190 articles according to inclusion criteria, the review results showed that the quality of antenatal care was divided into physical examinations and supporting examinations carried out in antenatal care services, suggestions and infrastructure in antenatal care services, and availability of health personnel in antenatal care services. Conclusion: The quality of antenatal care services is strongly influenced by the standard of the equipment used, the standard of examination, facilities and infrastructure and the availability of health personnel. Keywords: quality, antenatal care, scoping review Correspondence: Yayuk Puji Lestari. Universitas ‘Aisyiyah Yogyakarta. Jl. Ringroad Barat No.63, Mlangi Nogotirto, Gamping, Rice Field Area, Nogotirto, Kec. Gamping, Sleman Regency 55592, Yogyakarta Special Region. Email: yayuk.pujilestari1892@gmail.com. Mobile : 085349033588. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.31
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Rahayu, Esty Puji, and Lailatul Khusnul Rizki. "Effect of Affirmation Flashcards on Level of Anxiety in Second Stage of Labor at Midwifery Clinic, East Java." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.49.

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ABSTRACT Background: The Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS) 2017 reported a high maternal mortality rate (MMR) in Indonesia. Safe and effective management of the second stage of labor presents a clinical challenge for laboring women and practitioners of obstetric care. This study aimed to examine effect of affirmation flashcards on level of anxiety in second stage of labor at midwifery clinic, East Java. Subjects and Method: This was a quasi-experiment with pre and post-test design was conducted at Mei Kurniawati, Amd.Keb midwifery clinic, Surabaya from July to September 2020. A sample of 30 pregnant women who planned to give birth normally at Mei Kurniawati, Amd.Keb midwifery clinic was selected by simple random sampling. The dependent variable was anxiety in second stage of labor. The independent was flashcard affirmation treatment. The data were analyzed by Paired T test. Results: Effect of Flashcard Affirmation treatment on anxiety, control variable (Mean=-3.70; SD= 1.48; p< 0.001) was higher than treatment variable (Mean= -2.15; SD= 1.44; p< 0.001). Effect of flashcard affirmation on the duration of second stage of labor, control variable was higher (Mean= -8.88; SD= 3.81; p< 0.001) than treatment variable (Mean=-1.02; SD= 1.17; p< 0.001). Conclusion: Maintaining the mother’s psychological condition can be done by giving positive affirmations to the mother, besides that the support of husband and family is also an important point, for that research that may be carried out to develop this research is the role of husband support in the smooth delivery of labor. Keywords: flashcard affirmation, second stage of labor, anxiety Correspondence: Esty Puji Rahayu. Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Surabaya. Jl. SMEA no.57, Surabaya. Email: esty@unusa.ac.id Mobile: 085755196600. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.49
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Kartika, Fanny, Bhisma Murti, and Eti Poncorini Pamungkasari. "The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on The Pre-Eclampsia Risk Reduction in Pregnant Women: A Meta-Analysis." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.122.

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ABSTRACT Background: Pre-eclampsia (PE), a complication of pregnancy, remains a major cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Research showed that vitamin D reduces the risk of pre-eclampsia in pregnant women. The recommended dose for vitamin D supplementation is 600 IU per day. This study aimed to determine the effect of vitamin D supplementationon the pre-eclampsia risk reduction in pregnant women. Subjects and Method: This was a meta-analysis and sytematic review toward vitamin supplementation and pre-eclampsia in pregnant women. Published original studies from PubMed, Science Direct, Springer Link, and Google Scholar databases, from year 2013 to 2017 were collected for this study. Keywords used “Vitamin D” AND “Decrease Risk” OR “Prevention” OR “Reduce Risk” AND “Pre-eclampsia”. The inclusion criteria were full text, in English language, using randomized controlled trial study design, and reporting odds ratio. The selected articles were analyzed using PRISMA guideline and Revman 5.3. Results: 7 studies were met inclusion criteria. This study showed that vitamin D supplementation reduced the risk of pre-eclampsia in pregnant women (OR= 0.97; 95% CI= 0.79 to 1.18; p=0.730), with (I2 = 86%; p<0.001). Conslusion: Vitamin D supplementation reduces the risk of pre-eclampsia in pregnant women. Keywords: vitamin D supplementation, pre-eclampsia Correspondence: Fanny Kartika Fajriyani. Masters Program in Public Health. Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: fannykfa9@gmail.com. Mobile: 085728125412. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.122
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Reports on the topic "Maternal mortality ratio (MMR)"

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Mir, Ali, Saleem Shaikh, Mumraiz Khan, and Irfan Masood. Using the community informant based (Made-in and Made-for) methodology for estimating maternal mortality ratio (MMR) in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Population Council, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh8.1084.

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Using the community informant based (MADE-IN and MADE-FOR) methodology for estimating maternal mortality ratio (MMR) in districts Haripur and Nowshera, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Population Council, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh8.1083.

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